JP6082402B2 - 加齢に伴う機能障害の処置に使用するための薬学的組成物 - Google Patents
加齢に伴う機能障害の処置に使用するための薬学的組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6082402B2 JP6082402B2 JP2014542884A JP2014542884A JP6082402B2 JP 6082402 B2 JP6082402 B2 JP 6082402B2 JP 2014542884 A JP2014542884 A JP 2014542884A JP 2014542884 A JP2014542884 A JP 2014542884A JP 6082402 B2 JP6082402 B2 JP 6082402B2
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- B60G21/05—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected mechanically between wheels on the same axle but on different sides of the vehicle, i.e. the left and right wheel suspensions being interconnected
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Description
本発明は、加齢に伴う機能障害の処置又は予防に使用するためのAPJレセプターアゴニスト又はアペリン模倣体に関する。
加齢に関連した機能障害は、加齢に関連したヒト臓器の機能低下として定義することができる。多くの機能障害が脳に出現し得、そして一部の変性疾患の原因となり得るが、また筋肉にも出現し得る。この場合、その筋肉の機能障害を有する人々は筋肉減少症に苦しむ。
本発明者らは、アペリンが、エネルギー代謝、特にミトコンドリアにおけるエネルギー機序において役割を果たすことを示す。本発明者らは、アペリンによる処置が、インシュリン耐性マウスの筋肉において、完全な脂肪酸酸化(FAO)、グルコース輸送、ミトコンドリア酸化能及びミトコンドリア生合成を増加させることを示す。さらに、本発明者らは、骨格筋がアペリン作用にとっての主要な組織標的のように見えることを示し、その場所で増加した燃料の消費を媒介する。従って、アペリンは、ミトコンドリアにおけるエネルギー機序の問題に関連した疾病に使用することができる。
APJレセプターアゴニスト又はアペリン模倣体及びその使用
本発明の第1の目的は、加齢に伴う機能障害の処置又は予防に使用するためのAPJレセプターアゴニスト又はアペリン模倣体に関する。
(式中、
R1は、アリール基、アルキルアリール基、ヘテロアリール基又はアルキルヘテロアリール基であり、
R2は、水素原子又はアリール基であり、
R3及びR4は、水素原子又はヘテロシクロアルキル基を示し、ただし、R3及びR4は同時に水素原子を示すことはできず、そしてR3及びR4は両方共に、ヘテロシクロアルキル基の一部であることができ、
R5は、boc、fmoc、テキサスレッド、パテントブルーV、リサミン、及びローダミン101からなる群より選択された基を示し、
nは0〜1の整数であり、
Yは、−CO−(NH)n’−A−NH−基を示し、ここで
n’は、0〜1の整数であり、
Aは、−(CH2)n''−、
−[(CH2)2−O]n'''−(CH2)2−、
−(CH2)m−NH−CO−(CH2)m’−、
−(CH2)m−NH−CO−(CH2)m’−NH−CO−(CH2)m''−、
−(CH2)m−CO−NH−(CH2)m’−、
−(CH2)m−CO−NH−(CH2)m’−CO−NH−(CH2)m''−、
からなる群より選択された基であり、
n''は、1〜20の整数を示し、
n'''は、1〜10の整数を示し、
m、m’及びm''は、互いに独立して、1〜15の整数を示し、
Xは、以下のリスト
から選択された基を示す)
を有する。
第2の局面において、本発明は、患者から得られたサンプル中でアペリンの発現を検出することからなる工程を含む、加齢に伴う機能障害に患者が罹患する能力をex vivoにおいて予測するための方法に関する。
1)抗原賦活化(例えば圧力鍋にかける、プロテアーゼによる処理、電子レンジにかける、適切な緩衝液中での加熱などによって);
2)一次抗体(すなわち抗アペリンタンパク質抗体)の適用及び洗浄;
3)一次抗体に結合する標識された二次抗体(しばしば、工程5での検出を可能とする二次抗体コンジュゲート)の適用及び洗浄;
4)増幅工程が含まれ得る;
5)検出試薬の適用(例えば、色原体、蛍光でタグ化された分子、又はアッセイに必要とされるレベル又は感度を達成するために適切なダイナミックレンジを有する任意の分子);
6)対比染色を使用し得る、そして
7)定性的又は定量的分析のための、タンパク質の存在を可視化(肉眼又は自動分析システムのいずれかに対して)する検出システムを使用した検出。
a)前記被験者の生物学的サンプル中のアペリン発現レベルを決定する工程;
b)健康個体、好ましくは100人の健康個体の集団の生物学的サンプル中のアペリンの平均発現レベルを決定する工程;及び
c)a)で得られた比を、b)で得られた比と比較する工程。
実施例1:
材料及び方法
動物
マウスを、国立衛生医学研究所(INSERM)によって確立された原則及びガイドラインに従って取り扱った。C57Bl6/J野生型マウスは、Harlan (Gannat, France)から入手した。CMV−KOアペリンマウスは、Genoway (Lyon, France)から入手した。マウスを、12時間/12時間の明暗サイクル(午前8時に点灯)の一定温度(20〜22℃)の加湿した(50〜60%)動物部屋で、食物及び水に自由に近付けるようにして慣用的に飼育した。マウスに、離乳から10週令まで固形飼料を与え、その後、固形飼料で維持した(Research Diet, NJ)。
アペリンによる処置を、31週令から35週令のマウスに行なった。マウスに1日1回、28日間、以前に記載されているように(Higuchi et al 2005; Yue et al 2010)アペリンの腹腔内注射液(0.1μmol/kg/日)を注射した。年齢の一致した対照マウスに、同じ期間中、PBSを注射した。全マウスを、摂食状態で最後のアペリンの腹腔内注射から24時間後に屠殺した。腹腔内アペリン(0.1μmol/kg/日)のボーラス後に測定した血漿中アペリン濃度は、注射から10分後に丁度2.5倍を超えて増加した。
全RNA(1mg)を、GeneJET RNA精製キット(Fermentas, USA)を使用して筋肉から単離した。全RNAを、ランダムヘキサマー及びSuperscriptII逆転写酵素(Invitrogen, UK)を使用して逆転写した。リアルタイムPCRを、以前に記載されているように(Boucher et al. 2005)実施した。
I.アペリンによる処置
1)ミオスタチン
図1A及びBは、アペリンによる処置が、中年の年齢のマウスの大腿四頭筋におけるミオゲニン、MyoD及びMyf5などの筋原性マーカー発現を増加させたことを明瞭に実証する。平行して、この28日間の処置は、これらの筋肉におけるミオスタチンの発現を減少させることができ、これは、筋形成におけるアペリンの有益な役割を確認する。
材料及び方法
ニューマン指数に従って筋肉減少症と診断された高齢の個体(n=30)又は健康な高齢の個体(n=30)の血漿中のアペリンを、市販のELISAキット(Pheonix Pharmaceutical Inc., USA)によって単純盲検法で測定した。この指数は、付属器官の筋肉量及び脂肪量を考慮する。個体の四分位は、そのニューマン指数に従って実施し、そして極端な4分位数を選択して、筋肉減少症状態又は筋肉減少症ではない状態を決定した。
図3は、血漿中アペリンレベルは、筋肉減少症個体(ヒト)において有意に減少していることを示す。この減少は、肥満度指数又はインシュリンに相関しておらず、このことは、血漿中アペリンレベルは、加齢に伴う筋疾病の強力なバイオマーカーと考えることができることを示唆する。
材料及び方法
マウスを、INSERMによって確立された原則及びガイドラインに従って取り扱った。C57Bl6/J野生型(WT)マウスはHarlan (Gannat, France)から入手した。筋肉特異的な不活性AMPKを有するマウス(AMPK−DNマウス)は、Moris J. Birnbaum博士(Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA)によって提供された。アペリン欠損(アペリン−/−)マウスは以前に記載されているように(10)作成され、そしてC57Bl6/Jマウスに10回超で戻し交配された。マウスを12時間/12時間の明暗サイクル(午前7時に点灯)の一定温度(20〜22℃)の加湿した(50〜60%)動物部屋で、食物及び水に自由に近付けるようにして慣用的に飼育した。C57Bl6/J及びAMPK−DNマウスに、離乳から10週令まで正常食を与え、その後、正常食(対照群)で維持するか、又は20%のタンパク質、35%の炭水化物及び45%の脂肪を含む高脂肪食を与えた(Research Diets, New Brunswick, NJ)。アペリン処置は、23週令の雄におけるインシュリン耐性の発症後に開始した。マウスに、28日間、以前に記載されているように(7)、0.1μmol/kg/日のアペリン−13(Phoenix Biotech)を腹腔内に1日1回注射した。年齢の一致した対照マウスに、同じ期間中、PBSを注射した。標準的なマウスもまた、28日間の間、0.2μmol/kg/日の特異的APJレセプターアンタゴニスト(F13A)(Phoenix Biotech)(11)で、又はアペリンとF13Aとの組合せで処置した。全マウスを、摂食状態で最後のアペリン注射から24時間後に殺滅した。高脂肪食マウスへのアペリン(0.1μmol/kgを腹腔内に)のボーラス後に測定された血漿中アペリン濃度は、注射から10分後に2.4倍超で増加したが(注射前には4.12±0.96vs1.73±0.24ng/mL、n=5)、血漿中アペリン濃度は、処置終了時にPBS処置マウスとアペリン処置マウスとの間で差異はなかった。
和光NEFAキット(和光ケミカル)及びPAP150キット(bioMerieux)をそれぞれ用いて比色定量技術によって測定された血漿中脂肪酸(FA)及びTG、並びに、血漿中レプチン、アディポネクチン(Quantikine; R&D Systems)及びアペリン(Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)が、処置終了時に摂食状態で測定された。血糖値計(Accu-check; Roche Diagnostics)を用いて測定されたインシュリン血症(Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden)及び糖血症が、断食状態で尾静脈からの血液で測定された。
全ヒラメ筋又は脂肪組織におけるパルミチン酸の酸化が、以前に記載されているように決定された(12)。前記組織を、1.5%FA非含有BSA、5mmol/Lのグルコース、1mmol/Lのパルミチン酸、及び0.5μCi/mLの[14C]パルミチン酸(PerkinElmer)を含む改変クレブス・ヘンセレイト緩衝液中で60分間かけてインキュベーションした。インキュベーション終了時に、組織を取り出し、そして800μLの溶解緩衝液中でホモジナイズした。完全酸化は、インキュベーション緩衝液を1mLの1mol/LのH2SO4を用いて酸性化することによって決定され、そして14CO2を、封をしたガラスバイアル中の0.5mLのマイクロチューブ中に入れた水酸化ベンゼトニウム(Sigma-Aldrich)によって補足した。120分後、マイクロチューブを取り出し、そしてシンチレーションバイアル中に入れ、そして放射能を計測した(Cytoscint; MP Biomedicals)。合計で500μLのホモジネートをガラスチューブに入れて、クロロホルム−メタノール(2:1)及び2mol/LのKCl−HClで脂質を抽出した。遠心分離後、水相(500μL)を液体シンチレーションによって定量して、酸に可溶性の代謝物の産生(不完全酸化)を決定し、そして有機相(200μL)を使用して、以前に記載されているように(12)パルミチン酸のエステル化を測定した。
O2の消費を、以前に記載されているように(13、14)、呼吸計(Oxygraph-2k; OROBOROS INSTRUMENTS, Innsbruck, Austria)を使用してヒラメ筋から調製された新鮮な透過処理された線維上で測定した。最初に、4mmol/Lのリンゴ酸塩混合物あたり20mmol/Lのグルタミン酸を注入して、複合体Iの活性(gmState2)を評価した。その後、複合体Iを、5μmol/Lのロテノンの添加によって遮断した。その後、10mmol/Lのコハク酸を加えて、複合体IIの活性(sState2)を評価した。State3の呼吸が、10mmol/LのADPのさらなる添加によって得られた。各状態についてのO2消費を、DataGraphソフトウェアを使用して計算した。
ヒラメ筋を切断して小さな破片とし、そして以前に報告されているように(15)固定した。その後、組織を切断し、そして銅グリッド上に載せ、そして高分解能カメラを備えた日立HU12A透過型電子顕微鏡を用いて観察した。得られた写真をLuciaGソフトウェアを用いて分析した。
全DNAを、市販のキット(DNeasy; QIAGEN)を使用してヒラメ筋から抽出した。ミトコンドリア(mt)DNAの含量を、以前に記載されているように(15)、ミトコンドリアにコードされる遺伝子(COX1)と核にコードされている遺伝子(シクロフィリンA)の閾値サイクル比を測定することによって、リアルタイム定量PCRを使用して計算した。
筋ホモジネートの一部(20μL)を、フィルター膜(Protein Saver 903 cards; Whatman)上にスポットした。その後、乾燥したスポットを、報告されているように(17)処理した。簡潔に言えば、アシルカルニチンを、ブタノールHClの添加によって誘導体化し、そしてNeoGramMSMS−AAACキット(PerkinElmer)の試薬を用いて処理した。遊離カルニチン及びアシルカルニチンを、液体クロマトグラフィー−タンデム質量分析計によって定量した。データを、2795高速液体クロマトグラフィーモジュール及びMassLynx4.1オペレーティングシステムによって制御されたデータシステムの備えられた、Micromass Quattro Micro API分光計(Waters, Milford, MA)を使用して得た。
筋肉(5〜10mg)を、5mmol/LのEGTAあたり2mLのメタノール(2:1v/v)中でFAST−PREP(MP Biomedicals)を用いてホモジナイズした。全100μLを蒸発させ、乾燥ペレットを0.1mLのNaOH(0.1mol/L)中に一晩かけて溶解し、そしてタンパク質をBio−Radアッセイを用いて測定した。0.9mLのホモジネートに対応する中性脂質を、Bligh and Dyer (18)に従って、クロロホルム/メタノール/水(2.5:2.5:2.1、v/v/v)中で内部標準の存在下で抽出し、そして以前に記載されているように(19)測定した。
マロニル−CoAレベルを、以前に記載されているように(20)凍結したヒラメ筋上で測定した。簡潔に言えば、筋肉をポッターを用いて氷上でホモジナイズし(1mol/LのKPO4及び10mmol/LのEDTAを含む250μLのリン酸緩衝液(pH7.0)中10mgの組織)、そしてその後、遠心分離にかけた。その後、上清(100μL)を1時間かけて37℃でアッセイ緩衝液(2.5mmol/Lのジチオトレイトール、0.2mmol/LのNADPH、0.01%の遊離FA BSA、13μmol/Lのアセチル−CoA、及び0.63μCiの3H−アセチル−CoAを含むリン酸緩衝液)(PerkinElmer)、及び25mUのFAシンターゼ(Marc Prentki博士, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal Research Centre, Montreal, Ontario, Canadaによって提供された)と共にインキュベーションした。反応を25μLの過塩素酸を用いて停止させ、その後、エタノール及び石油酸を加えた。全4mLの上層を、2mLの水を含む新しいチューブに移し、そして遠心分離後、3mLの上層を乾燥させ、そして10mLのシンチレーション液を添加した後に放射能を測定した。
ウェスタンブロット分析を、4〜12%のCriterion/XTゲル(Bio-Rad)上にサンプル(溶解した筋肉)をローディングし、そして1/1,000の希釈率で使用される抗リン酸化−AMPK−α抗体(Thr172)、抗リン酸化−アセチルCoAカルボキシラーゼ抗体(ACC)(Ser79)(Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA)又は抗OxPhos抗体(MitoSciences, Mundolsheim, France)でプローブしておいたニトロセルロース膜(Schleicher & Schuell Bioscience)に転写することによって以前に記載されているように(4)実施した。膜を、全タンパク質についてβ−アクチン抗体又はAMPK抗体又はACC抗体を用いてプローブした。
サンプルの濃度を、製造業者の指示に従ってDCタンパク質アッセイキット(Bio-Rad)を使用して決定した。
全RNA(1μg)を、RNA STAT(AMS Technology, Lutterworth, U.K.)を使用して筋肉から単離し、そしてランダムヘキサマー及びSuperscript II逆転写酵素(Invitrogen, Paisley, U.K.)を使用して逆転写した。リアルタイムPCRを、以前に記載されているように(1)実施した。18SリボソームRNAの分析を、リボソームRNA対照TaqManアッセイキット(Applied Biosystems)を使用して実施して、遺伝子発現を規準化した。
筋肉を単離し、そして2mg/mLのBSA、2mmol/Lのピルビン酸ナトリウム、及び20mmol/LのHEPESを含むクレブス−ヘンセレイト緩衝液(pH7.4)中で10分間プレインキュベーションした。その後、筋肉を45分間、100nmol/Lのインシュリンの非存在下又は存在下で以前に報告されているように(4)インキュベーションした。
データは平均±SEMとして提示する。群間の比較は、Prism5.0ソフトウェア(GraphPad Software)を使用して種々のパラメーターに関して行なった。二元配置分散分析を適用して、処置と時間との間の相互作用を検出した。適切である場合には、対応のある又は対応のないスチューデントt検定を適用した。P<0.05の差異を統計学的に有意と判断した。
HFD(高脂肪食)マウスの骨格筋脂質代謝に対するex vivoにおけるアペリンによる慢性的な処置の効果
HFDマウスにおけるアペリン処置は、PBS処置と比較した場合、IMTG及びDAGの量を減少させない(図4A)。アペリンによる処置はまた、TGへのパルミチン酸の取り込みの速度に対して全く影響を及ぼさない(図4B)。脂質の運命をさらに調査するために、完全及び不完全な[14C]パルミチン酸の酸化の両方を評価した。アペリンによる慢性的な処置は、PBS処置と比較した場合、ヒラメ筋において、[14C]パルミテートからCO2への完全な酸化を有意に増加させた(図4C)。興味深いことに、不完全な酸化は、アペリンによる慢性的な処置によって有意に増加しなかった(図4C)。さらに、HFDアペリン−/−マウスのヒラメ筋において、完全な酸化は増加しなかった(アペリン−/−マウスにおいてタンパク質1gあたり243.5±9.6vs198.4±59.9nmolのCO2が放出される、n=3〜4)。総合すると、これらの結果は、アペリンによる処置が、肥満及びインシュリン耐性マウスの骨格筋における完全なFAO(脂肪酸の酸化)を促進することを示す。
アペリンの効果に対するさらなる洞察を得るために、ミトコンドリア呼吸をまず、新鮮な透過処理された筋肉線維で評価した。グルタミン酸/リンゴ酸により駆動されるミトコンドリア呼吸における差異は、PBS処置マウスとアペリン処置マウスの間には全く見られず、このことは、複合体I活性は、アペリンによる処置によって影響を受けなかったことを示唆する(データは示していない)。しかしながら、コハク酸により駆動されるミトコンドリア呼吸は、対照と比較してアペリン処置マウスの線維においては有意により高く、このことは、FAOに由来する補酵素を使用する複合体IIの酸化能の増加を示唆する(図5A)。コハク酸及びアデニル酸により駆動される呼吸もまた、アペリン処置マウスにおいて有意により高く、このことは、酸化的リン酸化能は、アペリンによる処置後にヒラメ筋において増加したことを示す。複合体II、III及びVのタンパク質発現もまた、アペリン処置マウスにおいて有意に増加した(図5B)。さらに、ミトコンドリア含量の定量マーカーである増加したクエン酸シンターゼ活性もまた、対照と比較してアペリン処置マウスの筋肉ホモジネートに見られた(2.62±0.02vs2.91±0.07μmol/分/mg(タンパク質)、n=7〜9;P<0.001)。ミトコンドリア生合成を媒介する転写コアクチベーターであるペルオキシソーム増殖剤活性化レセプターγコアクチベーター1−α(PGC1−α)の発現もまた、アペリン処置マウスの筋肉において有意に増加し、一方、PGC1−βの発現は改変されなかった(図5C)。さらに、ミトコンドリア酸化的リン酸化及びミトコンドリア生合成を増加させるように協奏して作用する、核呼吸因子1(NRF1)及びミトコンドリア転写因子A(TFAM)の発現もアップレギュレーションされた。総合すると、これらの結果は、アペリンによる処置に応答して、ミトコンドリア生合成は、インシュリン耐性マウスの骨格筋において増加したことを強く示唆する。この仮説を試験するために、本発明者らは、筋肉のmtDNA及び密度を測定した。mtDNAと核DNAの比は、PBS処置マウスよりもアペリン処置マウスのヒラメ筋において有意により高かった(図5D)。さらに、電子顕微鏡は、アペリンによる処置は、全ミトコンドリア含量の最大の画分である筋原線維内(IMF)ミトコンドリアの密度を有意に増加させたことを実証した(図5E)。ミトコンドリア超微細構造のより少ない逆の変化(マトリックスの減少した電子密度及びクリステの減少)がまた、アペリン処置マウスのヒラメ筋のIMFミトコンドリア及び筋細胞膜下(SS)ミトコンドリアの両方に観察され(図5E)、これはミトコンドリア機能及びミトコンドリア生合成に対するアペリンの効果を強化する。
アシルカルニチンは、不完全なFAOから生じる基質の異化反応の副産物を示す。上昇したアシルカルニチンレベルは、肥満及びインシュリン耐性に関連していることが示された。長鎖アシルカルニチンは、ND対照マウスと比較して、HFDインシュリン耐性マウスのヒラメ筋のホモジネートにおいて上昇していた(図7A)。HFDアペリン処置マウスにおいては、アシルカルニチンレベル、特にC16:1及びC18:1種は、HFD PBS処置マウスと比較した場合に減少していたことは興味深い。アペリンによる慢性的な処置は、ヒラメ筋において完全なFAOを増加させたが不完全なFAOは増加させなかったので、本発明者らは、得られた低レベルのアシルカルニチンは、筋肉における改善されたインシュリン感受性と相関すると仮定した。実際に、インシュリンにより刺激されたグルコース取り込みは、PBS処置マウスと比較して、アペリン処置マウス筋肉において有意に増加した(図7B)。
本発明者らは、アペリンによる慢性的な処置は、インシュリン耐性マウスの骨格筋において、完全なFAO、ミトコンドリア呼吸能及びミトコンドリア生合成を増加させることを示す。ミトコンドリアへの脂質の流入は、低下したアシルカルニチンレベルと関連し、このことはFAOとトリカルボン酸サイクルとの間のより強固な共役を示唆する。このようなより強固な共役は、インシュリン感受性を高めるために重要であるようである。なぜなら、アペリン処置マウスの筋肉において、インシュリンにより刺激されたグルコース輸送の増加が観察されるからである。筋肉において増加したFAO及びミトコンドリア生合成並びに全体的な脂肪症の減少は、アペリンによる慢性的な処置で観察されたインシュリン感受性の全体的な改善に寄与し得る。
本出願全体を通して、種々の参考文献が、本発明が属する当技術分野の最新技術を記載する。これらの参考文献の開示は、本開示への参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
Claims (5)
- 筋肉減少症の処置又は予防に使用するためのAPJレセプターアゴニストを含む組成物。
- 前記アゴニストがアペリンである、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 患者から得られたサンプルにおけるアペリンの発現を検出することからなる工程を含む、患者の筋肉減少症に罹患する能力をエクスビボにおいて予測するための方法。
- 前記アペリン発現が閾値と比較される、請求項3記載のエクスビボにおける方法。
- 前記サンプルが血漿である、請求項3又は4記載のエクスビボにおける方法。
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- 2012-11-27 WO PCT/EP2012/073743 patent/WO2013079487A1/en active Application Filing
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ES2638649T3 (es) | 2017-10-23 |
US20150290286A1 (en) | 2015-10-15 |
WO2013079487A1 (en) | 2013-06-06 |
US9381229B2 (en) | 2016-07-05 |
EP2785365B1 (en) | 2017-07-19 |
JP2014534255A (ja) | 2014-12-18 |
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