JP5996146B2 - Metadichol(登録商標)液状およびゲル状ナノ粒子配合物 - Google Patents
Metadichol(登録商標)液状およびゲル状ナノ粒子配合物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、米国特許出願第61/794,490号明細書(2013年3月15日出願)(特許文献1)の優先権を主張し、その内容は、あらゆる目的でその全体が参照として援用される。
光防御。光損傷は、紫外(UV)光により誘導される肌損傷を示す。UV光は、線量に依存して、DNA損傷、炎症反応、皮膚細胞アポトーシス(プログラム細胞死)、肌老化、および皮膚癌を導く可能性がある。複数の研究(その多くはin vitro(細胞培養物)研究(Dixon,KM,et al.2005,J Steroid Biochem MoI Biol,97(1−2):137−143)(非特許文献3)および1,25−ジヒドロキシビタミンD3を照射前または照射直後に肌に外用塗布するマウス研究であった)から、ビタミンDは、光防御効果を示すことがわかった(Gupta,et al,2007,J Invest Dermatol.127(3):707−715)(非特許文献4)。皮膚細胞で記録された効果は、DNA損傷の減少、アポトーシスの減少、生存細胞の増加、および紅斑の減少である。そのような効果についての機構は不明であるものの、1件のマウス研究から、1,25−ジヒドロキシビタミンD3は、基底層(stratum basale)において、メタロチオネイン(フリーラジカルおよび酸化損傷に対する保護となるタンパク質)の発現を誘導したことがわかった。ビタミンDの非遺伝子性作用が光防御に寄与すること;ビタミンDのそのような効果は、カルシウムチャンネルを開く細胞シグナル伝達カスケードに関与することも推論されている。1,25−ジヒドロキシビタミンD3は、カテリシジン(LL−37/hCAP18)の発現を調節する(40、41)が、カテリシジンは、創傷治癒および組織修復を促進することにより肌における自然免疫に関係しているらしい抗菌タンパク質である。1件のヒト研究から、カテリシジン発現は、正常な創傷治癒の初期の段階の間に増加することがわかった(Gombart AF,Faseb J.,2005,19(9):1067−1077)(非特許文献5)。他の研究では、カテリシジンが肌における炎症を調節すること(Kratz,G, et al.,2003,J Invest Dermatol.120(3):379−389(非特許文献6)、血管新生を誘導すること(Kupatt C,et al.,J Clin Invest.,2003,111(11):1665−1672)(非特許文献7)、および再上皮化(上皮バリアを復旧して、下にある細胞を環境に曝されないよう保護する機能的バリアを再確立する課程)を改善することが示されている。活性型ビタミンDおよびその類似体は、培養ケラチン生成細胞においてカテリシジン発現を増加させることが示されている(Sthale M,2005,J Invest Dermatol.,124(5):1080−1082)(非特許文献8)。
本発明は、新規VDRインバースアゴニストであるMetadichol(登録商標)を提供する。この種の受容体は、製薬産業の最も重要な標的の1つであり、顕著な治療作用を持つ薬の多くは、インバースアゴニストであることが示されてきた。本明細書中提供されるVDRインバースアゴニストは、良好な親和性でVDRと結合することが実証されてきた。さらに、このインバースアゴニストは、ビタミンD受容体と結合することにより、遺伝子転写および細胞増殖を調節することができる。
他に特に定義されないかぎり、本明細書中使用される全ての技術用語および科学用語は、概して、本発明が属する技術分野の当業者により一般的に理解されるのと同じ意味を有する。
Metadichol(登録商標)ナノゲル
発展途上世界の人口の高齢化は、骨粗鬆症および骨転移などの筋骨格系疾患の増加を招いてきた。未処置で放置すると、多くの骨疾患は、衰弱性の痛みを引き起こし、癌の場合は、死を引き起こす。疾患を治療するのに有効である可能性がある薬は多数あるものの、副作用をもたらすために、臨床におけるそれらの有効性は妨げられている。しかしながら、骨および肌は、無機固体の独特の環境を提供し、そのような環境は、薬物が疾患組織を効果的に標的として狙うように開拓することができる。骨を標的とする部分を薬物運搬水溶性重合体と統合することにより、副作用を減少させながら、疾患領域へのペイロードを増加させることができる。
上記のとおり、本発明の化合物は、VDR受容体のインバースアゴニストである。このことは、本発明の化合物が、天然の受容体1,25−ジヒドロキシビタミンD3と同じ部位に結合することを意味する。望ましくない副作用(それらは抑制または寛解されるのが理想的であるが)の部位および性質に依存して、本発明に従って使用される化合物は、VDR受容体のインバースアゴニストである可能性がある。
VDRアッセイは、Indigo Biosciences Inc.(College Town PA)が供給するVDRアッセイキットに記載されるとおりに行った。製造元のキットにより指定されるとおりの全ての適切な管理および標準を用いた。手順は、Vanden Heuve, et al.,PPAR Res,2006,69612;Vanden Heuve, Toxicol Sci,92:476−489(非特許文献47および48)に記載されている。
プラスミド。SV40プロモーターの制御下で、核受容体のリガンド結合ドメインを、酵母菌転写因子Gal4のDNA結合ドメインと融合させた。レポータープラスミドは、Gal4DNA応答配列(UAS)の制御下で、ホタルルシフェラーゼ遺伝子をコードする。ほとんどのアッセイに、導入効率制御ベクターが含まれる(pRL−ルシフェラーゼ、Promega、Madison、WI)。全てのプラスミドは、配列決定により、および陽性対照の試験を通じて、確認された。(Tien, et al,2006;Vanden Heuvel,et al.,2006)(非特許文献51および52)全。
10%ウシ胎児血清(FBS、Sigma)、0.2mg/mlのストレプトマイシン、および200U/mlのペニシリン(Gibco、Grand Island、NY)を補充した高グルコースダルベッコ基礎培地(DMEM)で、HEK293−T線維芽細胞(ATCC、Manassas、VA)を培養した。一過性導入レポーターアッセイについては、リポフェクタミン試薬(Invitrogen、Carlsbad、CA)を用い、メーカー指定の手順に従って、HEK293−T細胞を10cm培養皿中に約80%の集密度で用いて、HEK293−T細胞にプラスミドDNAを遺伝子導入した。6時間後、DNAリポフェクタミン複合体を取り出した。一晩培養後、試験化合物のDMSO溶液(0.1%の最終濃度)を含有するDMEM(10%FBS)で培養を繰返してから4時間後、培地を交換した。化合物の濃度は、図の説明文に示す。処理から16時間後、細胞を、受動溶解緩衝液(Promega、Madison、WI)で30分間溶解した;ルシフェラーゼ活性を、ルシフェラーゼ二重レポーターアッセイキット(Promega、Madison、WI)およびTecan GeniosPro(ResearchTrianglePark、NC)を用い、メーカー指定の手順に従って測定した。正規化したルシフェラーゼ活性に対して誘導が何倍であったかを、ビヒクル処理した細胞との比較で計算し、処置群1群あたり3つの独立した試料の平均で表す。
寄生虫培養;この実験で用いるP.ファルシパルムの株は、薬剤感受性NF54(起原不明の空港株)である。これらの株を、25mMのN−2−ヒドロキシエチルピペラジン−N’−2−エタンスルホン酸(HEPES)、25mMのNaHC03、ネオマイシン(100U/ml)、および5g/lのAlbumax(登録商標)II(富脂質ウシ血清アルブミン、GIBCO、Grand Island、NY、USA)を補充した、0.36mMのヒポキサンチン含有RPMI1640培地中に、5%洗浄ヒトA+赤血球と一緒に維持する。全ての培養およびアッセイは、4%CO2、3%O2、および93%N2雰囲気下、37℃で行う。培養物は、この混合気体で満たしたインキュベーションチャンバーに入れて維持する。継代培養物を希釈して、0.1〜0.5%の寄生虫血濃度にし、培地は毎日交換する。
Desjardins et al. (Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 16, 710−718, 1979)(非特許文献49)、およびMatile and Pink (In: Lefkovits,I.and Pernis,B.(Eds.)Immunological Methods Vol.IV,Academic Press,San Diego,pp.221−234,1990)(非特許文献50)が記載した手順を適合させて用いて、抗マラリア活性を査定する。
様々な実施形態において、本発明は、液状またはゲル状のMetadichol(登録商標)を提供し、これは米国特許出願第12/691,706号明細書(特許文献2)に記載されるポリコサノールのナノ配合物である。
使用する重合体は、以下のうちの1種に由来する:Carbopol(登録商標)重合体(Lubrizolの登録商標)、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)、(ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP))、ポリ乳酸(PLA)、ポリアクリル酸(PAA)、ポリメタクリラート(PMA)、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)(Singh et al.)、または天然の生体重合体、例えば、アルギン酸化合物、寒天、キトサン、カラギーナン、ヒアルロナン、およびカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)。
本発明は、液状またはゲル状の、Metadichol(登録商標)のナノ粒子を使用する方法を提供し、そして疾患を予防し、および代謝を調節する。様々な実施形態において、液状の本発明のナノ粒子は、Lp(a)、Apo(a)およびApo(b)タンパク質レベル、尿酸、副甲状腺ホルモンレベルを調節するのに、腎臓患者の血中尿素窒素比を低下させるのに、亜リン酸およびカルシウムレベル、高血圧患者のカリウムレベル、フェリチンレベル、TSHレベル、好中球減少を調節するのに、アスパラギン酸アミノトランスフェラーゼ(AST)または血清グルタミン酸オキサロ酢酸トランスアミナーゼ[SGOT]、アラニンアミノトランスフェラーゼ(ALT)または血清グルタミン酸ピルビン酸トランスアミナーゼ[SGPT]レベルを調節するのに、好中球絶対数およびリンパ球比を調節するのに、ならびに高脂血症患者のアルブミンを調節するのに有用である。
本発明は、対象の尿酸レベルを低下させ、したがって、この酸化の有害な帰結を減少させる方法を提供する。本方法は、Metadichol(登録商標)を治療上有効量で対象に投与して対象におけるタンパク質酸化を減少させることを含む。
レッシュ・ナイハン症候群は、非常に稀な遺伝性障害であるが、これも、非常に高い血清尿酸レベルと関連する。この症候群の場合、痙攣、不随意運動、および認知遅滞、ならびに痛風の出現が、見られる。(Nyhan W.L,2005,Journal of the History of the Neurosciences,14(1):1−10)(非特許文献59)。
飽和レベルの血中尿酸は、腎臓で尿酸塩が結晶化した場合という腎臓結石の一形態をもたらす可能性がある。尿酸結石は、慢性的な下痢、激しい運動、脱水、および動物性タンパク質の負荷などの二次要因が無い状態で形成され、フェルト状になって代謝症候群で見られる肥満およびインスリン抵抗性に続発する。食事で摂取される酸が増えると、肝臓および筋肉における内因性酸産生の増加がもたらされ、この増加が次に腎臓への酸の負荷の増加を導く。この負荷は、腎臓の脂肪浸潤およびインスリン抵抗性のために、対処することがいっそう困難になり、これらはフェルト状になってアンモニア(緩衝液)排出を損なう。したがって、尿はかなり酸性になり、尿酸は不溶性になって結晶化し、結石を形成する。また、生来存在するプロモーターおよび阻害剤因子が影響を受ける可能性がある。このことは、II型糖尿病の患者で見られる尿酸結石および異常な酸性尿の高い有病率を説明する。尿酸の結晶はまた、「種結晶」として作用して、シュウ酸カルシウム結石の形成も促進する可能性がある(異種核形成)。(Pak C.Y,et al.2008;The Journal of Urology,180(3):813−9)(非特許文献60)。
PDは、米国では二番目に多い加齢性神経変性症状であり、北米および欧州の65歳超の人口のうち約1パーセントが患っている。PDの症候は、黒質におけるドーパミン作動性神経の減少を特徴とする。この減少の原因は、多因子性であると考えられているものの、神経変性の因子として酸化ストレスを支持する証拠が存在する。研究者らは、これらの原則に基づいて、尿酸レベルの上昇が、PDの発症および進行に対して保護効果をもたらすと提唱している。食事で摂取される尿酸塩の多さとPD発生率の低下との関連を支持する証拠も存在する。なお、高尿酸血症には多数の危険性(痛風、脳卒中、および高血圧など)が伴う。この点において、本発明者らが持っているデータは、関連性を示唆するが、低い血清尿酸塩とPD発生率の間の因果関係は示唆しない。将来、医師が、食事の変更を提案することにより、または薬理学的補助食品を用いることで、患者のPD危険性を修飾できるようになる可能性があることから、この関連性は興味深いものである。全体として、最近の研究は、男性における血清尿酸塩レベルとPD発生率との反比例関係を支持する。(Mandel,et al.,2009,Practical Neurology,p21)(非特許文献62)。
フェリチンは、鉄の細胞内貯蔵に関与する、偏在性かつ特殊化したタンパク質である;フェリチンは、血清および他の生体液中にも存在するが、その分泌プロセスは依然として不明である。フェリチンは、鉄および酸素の制御された安全な使用に対する自然独特の保存されたアプローチであり、動物におけるそのタンパク質合成は、二重の、遺伝的DNAおよびmRNA配列により調整されており、これらの配列は、鉄または酸化剤シグナルに選択的に反応して、フェリチンを、鉄、酸素、および抗酸化剤代謝のタンパク質と結びつける。(Cairo,et al.2008,Journal of Autoimmunity 30,84−89)(非特許文献63)。
Lp(a)は、修飾されたLDL粒子であることが、1963年に最初に報告された(Berg,1963,Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand, 59:369−82)(非特許文献80)。SwedenのBergおよび彼の同僚らは、その後、Lp(a)レベルが高い個人では、低Lp(a)の集団よりも心臓発作の発生率が著しく高いことを明らかにした。動脈硬化病変および静脈移植片においてLp(a)が検出された研究は、病変部位でのLp(a)の直接関与の最も強力な証拠を提供している(Walton, KW,et al.,1981,Atherosclerosis, 20:323−46)(非特許文献81)。
LDLコレステロール(LDL−C)が冠血管心疾患の危険性の上昇と関連すると考えられているものの、他のリポタンパク質およびそれらの構成要素、アポリポタンパク質も、粥状動脈硬化で重要な役割を担っている可能性がある。
アポリポタンパク質Bは、2つの形、ApoB−48およびApoB−100で存在する。ApoB−48は、腸で合成され、そこで、腸管内腔から吸収された食物由来TGおよび遊離コレステロールと複合してカイロミクロン粒子を形成する。カイロミクロン粒子は、循環血液および肝臓において代謝される。ApoB−100は、肝臓で合成され、LDL、IDL、およびVLDL粒子中に存在する。これらのリポタンパク質粒子のそれぞれには、ApoB分子が1つだけ存在する(Elovson J,et al.,1998,J Lipid Res,29:1461−73)(非特許文献117)。ApoBの合計値は、潜在的なアテローム生成リポタンパク質の合計数を示す(Walldius G,et al.,2001,Lancet,2001,358:2026−33)(非特許文献118)。ApoBは、LDL粒子がLDL受容体と結合するのに必須であり、結合により細胞はLDLを内部移行させ、したがってコレステロールを吸収することができる。過剰なApoB含有粒子は、アテローム生成プロセスの主要な引き金である。
慢性腎疾患(CKD)は、腎臓機能の進行性喪失およびその結果として生じる多くの合併症を特徴とする重大で進行性の健康問題である。腎臓の排泄、制御、および内分泌機能の喪失の結果として、CKD患者は、複数の医学的合併症(電解質異常、貧血、続発性副甲状腺機能亢進症(SHPT)、および腎性骨異栄養症など)を経験する。また、これらの患者は共通して、他の重篤な医学的合併症(軟部組織および血管の石灰化、循環器疾患、感染、および栄養失調など)を有する。(Horl WH,2004,Nephrol Dial Transplant,19 suppl 5,V2−V8)(非特許文献124)。結果として、CKD患者は、罹患率および死亡率が上昇する危険性がある。心血管死亡率は、透析を受けている患者で母集団よりも15倍高くなる。(Sarnak,MJ, 2000,Am J Kidney Dis,35(suppl 1):S117−S131)(非特許文献125)。
糸球体濾過速度(GFR)が<60ml/分/1.73m2に減退すると、ネフロンでのリン排出は、変わってしまう。ネフロンの半分がリンを排出するように働いていないとしても、残りのネフロンが毎日のリン負荷を過剰排出することで代償して、正常な血清リン濃度を維持する。代償は、一般に、GFRが<25〜40ml/分/1.73m2に減退するまで継続可能である。進行性CKDでは、残りのネフロンがもうそれ以上リン負荷を十分に排出できなくなったときに、高リン酸血症になる。
骨塩の欠乏および疾患に加えて、カルシウム、リン、ビタミンD、およびPTHにおける変化は、CKD患者に他の有害な帰結を引き起こす。余分な骨格石灰化(主に心臓血管石灰化)が、CKD患者で記録されており(Goodman WG,2000,N Engl J Med,342:1478−1483)(非特許文献134)、これは心血管罹患率および死亡率の上昇と直接相関している。CKD患者、特に末期の腎疾患(ESRD)患者は、心血管罹患率および死亡率の危険性が上昇している。
糸球体濾過速度(GFR、これは「e−GFR」または「eGFR」とも称する)は、医療専門家から腎臓機能の最良の基準であると見なされている。誰かのGFRを知ることは、医療専門家が腎臓疾患の段階を知る助けとなる。医者は、この情報を用いて、自分の患者の治療を計画する。
前立腺癌は、男性で最も一般的に診断される癌であり、米国および欧州において癌死原因の第一位である(Boyle P,et al.,2005,Ann Oncol,16:481−488)(非特許文献139)。
肝機能検査における異常とは、生化学物質検査でのレベルの上昇であり、そのような物質として、アスパラギン酸アミノトランスフェラーゼ(AST)または血清グルタミン酸オキサロ酢酸トランスアミナーゼ[SGOT])、アラニンアミノトランスフェラーゼ(ALT)または血清グルタミン酸ピルビン酸トランスアミナーゼ[SGPT])、アルカリホスファターゼ、ビリルビン、およびアルブミンが挙げられる。
アルカリホスファターゼ(ALP)は、細胞膜と関連し、そのレベルの上昇は、肝臓、骨、腎臓、腸、胎盤、または白血球の損傷により引き起こされる可能性がある。肝臓では、この酵素は、毛細胆管に位置する。胆管閉塞は、アルカリホスファターゼの合成の増加および血液循環への溢流を誘導する。血清ALPレベルの上昇は、2つの供給源、肝臓および骨に主に由来する。ALPは、腎臓、小腸、および胎盤にも存在する。そのレベルは年齢とともに変化する。成長が著しい青年期は、骨から流出する結果として、血清ALPレベルが健康な成人のレベルの2倍になる。また、血清ALPレベルは、通常、特に女性において、40歳から65歳の間に徐々に増加する。妊娠の第三三半期にある女性は、胎盤ALPが自分の血液に流入するため、ALPの血清レベルが上昇する。血液型がO型かB型かに応じて、血清ALPレベルは、脂肪食の摂取後に上昇する可能性がある;腸管のALPの流入による、腸管のALPのレベル上昇による良性家族性の血清ALPレベルの上昇の報告もある(Wolf PL,1978,Arch.Pathol.Lab.Med,102:497−501)(非特許文献153)。
ヒト身体は、1日あたり1kgあたり約4mgのビリルビンをヘムの代謝から産生する。ヘム部分の約80パーセントが、赤血球の異化作用に由来し、残りの20パーセントは、無駄な赤血球生成ならびに筋肉ミオグロビンおよびシトクロムの分解による。ビリルビンは、抱合および排出のため、血漿から肝臓に輸送される。
世界保健機構(WHO)によれば、甲状腺疾患は、全ての内分泌障害の中で、真性糖尿病に迫る2番目に高い有病率を有する。世界で665百万人を超える人々が風土性甲状腺腫または他の甲状腺疾患を患っている;15億人がヨウ素欠乏症状を発症する危険性がある。統計データは、甲状腺疾患の症例数が、毎年5%増加していることを示す。甲状腺機能低下症は、甲状腺ホルモンの欠乏により生じる一般的な内分泌障害である。世界的には、ヨウ素の欠乏が、依然として甲状腺機能低下症の最大の原因である。米国および他のヨウ素摂取が適切な地域では、自己免疫性甲状腺疾患(橋本病)が、甲状腺機能低下症の最も一般的な原因である;世界的には、ヨウ素の欠乏が依然として最大の原因である。甲状腺(甲状腺)の疾患を治療するのに利用可能な方法全ての中で、優先されるのは、ホルモン補充療法(HRT)、抗甲状腺薬を用いた治療、外科的介入(甲状腺摘除)、および放射性ヨウ素療法である。アメリカ甲状腺学会によれば、推定で2千万人のアメリカ人が、なんらかの形の甲状腺疾患を患っている。女性の8人に1人が、その生涯において甲状腺障害を発症する。合成型の甲状腺ホルモンであるレボチロキシンは、米国で4番目の売上高がある薬である。売り上げ上位50種の薬のうち13種は、直接または間接のいずれかで、甲状腺機能低下症と関連する。
甲状腺は蝶の形をした臓器で、首の喉仏のすぐ下に位置する。小嚢からなり、この腺は、甲状腺ホルモンチロキシン(T4)および少量のトリヨードチロニン(T3)とともにチログロブリンと呼ばれるヨウ素豊富なタンパク質で満たされている。
過活動甲状腺から多すぎる甲状腺ホルモンが出ていることを、甲状腺機能亢進症と呼ぶ。なぜならその状態は身体の代謝を加速するからである。このホルモンの不均衡は、全女性の約1パーセントで発生し、女性は男性よりも高い頻度で甲状腺機能亢進症になる。甲状腺機能亢進症の最も一般的な形態の1つは、グレーブス病として知られる。甲状腺機能亢進症では甲状腺が多すぎるホルモンを産生しているため、身体は、代謝が上昇した状態になり、多くの身体システムが異常に機能するようになる(Wondisford, Clinical Management of Thyroid Diseases, ISBN: 978−1−4160−4745−2,Copyright(c)2009 by Saunders.Philadelphia)(非特許文献168)。
不活発甲状腺から少なすぎる甲状腺ホルモンが出ていることを、甲状腺機能低下症と呼ぶ。甲状腺機能低下症では、身体の代謝は遅くなっている。この症状は複数の原因があり、それらのほとんどは直接甲状腺に影響を及ぼして、甲状腺が十分にホルモンを作る能力を障害する。稀になるが、脳下垂体腫瘍の可能性もあり、脳下垂体腫瘍は下垂体がTSHを産生するのを遮断する。結果として、甲状腺は、良好な健康のために必要とされるホルモンを十分な供給量で産生することができなくなる。この問題を引き起こすのが甲状腺の状態であるのか脳下垂体であるのかに関わらず、その結果は、甲状腺のホルモン産生不足であり、多くの身体および精神プロセスの緩慢化を引き起こす。身体の酸素消費は減少し、身体の熱産生も減少する。
胃腸管問題。甲状腺機能低下症は、便秘の一般的な原因である。甲状腺機能低下症の便秘は、腸の運動が減弱したことに由来する可能性がある。場合によっては、便秘は、腸管閉塞または結腸の異常拡張を導く可能性がある。36甲状腺機能低下症は、食道の運動の低下とも関連し、この低下は、嚥下困難、胸焼け、消化不良、悪心、または嘔吐を引き起こす。このような場合、消化不良に続いて、小腸の細菌増殖とともに腹部不快感、鼓腸、および腹部膨満が起こる。抑うつおよび精神障害。パニック障害、抑うつ、および認知変化は、甲状腺障害と頻繁に関連する。甲状腺機能低下症は、抑うつと誤診されることが多い。(Hennessey JV,et.al,JFam Pract.2007 Aug;56(8 Suppl Hot Topics):S31−9)(非特許文献172)。
貧血は、ヘモグロビンレベルが<12g/dLであると一般的に定義されるが、これは、あらゆる時点で、癌患者の30%超で発生し、その発生率は、治療および進行性疾患とともに上昇する。(Littlewood.T.2001:J Semin Oncol.2001,Suppl 8,49−53)(非特許文献193)。貧血の有病率の高さは、代謝症候群の有病率が高いことが既に示されているII型糖尿病患者の群で同定された。(Ezenwaka,C.E.,et al.2008:Cardiovascular Diabetology 7:25)(非特許文献194)。慢性貧血の患者は、高い心拍出量および低い全身血管抵抗を有したことが実証されている(Anand I.S,et al.1993,Br Heart J,70:357−362)(非特許文献195)。長期的には、貧血は、非適応性左心室肥大(LVH)をもたらす可能性があり、LVHは、有害な心血管帰結および総死亡率の既知の危険因子である。(Sarnak MJ,et al.2001,J Am Coll Cardiol 2001,38:955−962)(非特許文献196)。
脊髄形成異常症候群(MDS)(Phillips et al.,2005, Ann. Rev Med;56:1−16)(非特許文献208)は、末梢血球数の低下をもたらす造血発生障害を特徴とする幹細胞疾患の総称である。MDSは、細胞の産生低下および異常機能、血小板減少と関連しており、患者は、血球減少のレベルと釣り合いが取れていないように見える症候を有する可能性がある。好中球におけるマトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼの細胞内活性の上昇は、脊髄形成異常症候群において、好中球減少症を伴わない感染の治癒の遅延と関連する可能性がある。(Zeidman A,et al.2004,Ann. Hematol.84:383−88)(非特許文献209)。
赤血球は、骨髄で作られる。赤血球分布幅(RDW)は、赤血球(RBC)体積の多様性の尺度であり、これは標準的な全血球計算の一部として報告される。通常、赤血球は、約6〜8μmの標準の大きさである。しかしながら、特定の疾患は、細胞の大きさに顕著な変動を引き起こす。RDW値が高いほど大きさの多様性が大きいことを示す。ヒト赤血球の正常基準範囲は、11.5〜14.6%である。
結核、トラコーマ、および少数の他の疾患と一緒に、リウマチ性疾患は、最も古くから知られる人類の苦痛である。重要なことは、後者の群において、リウマチ様関節炎(RA)が、恐らく、医師により最も早くに明記され報告されたものとして位置づけられる。
マラリアは依然として、アフリカ、アジア、および南北アメリカにまたがって最も流行しておりかつ致死性の感染症の1つである。世界保健機構(WHO)は、2010年には、マラリア症例が154〜289百万件あり、そのうち660,000件が死亡したと見積もった(WHO,World Malaria Report 2012)(非特許文献232)。この死亡率は、未診断または未治療のマラリアの症例を含めた場合には2倍もの高くなる(Murray,C.J.;et.al,Lancet 2012,379,413)(非特許文献233)。推定される症例の80%が、サハラ以南のアフリカで発生しており、死亡の86%は5歳未満の小児で起こっている。
a.肝臓段階。いったん蚊が寄生虫(スポロゾイト)を血流に播種すると、寄生虫は30分以内に肝臓に侵入し、そこで複製を開始する。肝臓段階を標的とする薬は、疾患が発症するのを防ぐのに重要である(予防的治療)。
b.血液段階。約5〜10日後、肝細胞が破裂して、メロゾイトが赤血球に侵入し、メロゾイトは、そこで、迅速に増殖して、症候性の高熱および病態を引き起こす。それらの赤血球内期において、メロゾイトは、様々な形(リング、トロホゾイト、およびシゾント)になって平均で20の娘メロゾイトを形成し、娘メロゾイトが血流に放出されて、新たな赤血球に感染する。血液段階を標的とする薬は、疾患の症候および関連死亡率を制御するのに重要である。
c.伝染段階。複数回の無性生殖サイクルの後、複数の寄生虫がさらにオスおよびメスのガメトサイトに分化する。ガメトサイトは、染色体セットを半分しか含有していない。
d.蚊の段階。蚊に取り込まれると、オスおよびメスのガメトサイトは中腸で融合して接合体を形成し、接合体がさらに発達して新たなスポロゾイトになり、次のヒト宿主に感染する準備が整う。つまり、ヒトにおいて、この寄生虫は迅速に無性生殖を行い、複製エラーおよび遺伝子変異の小さなサブセットを導入する;一方、蚊においては、ガメトサイトの有性融合が、大きな遺伝子多様性を導入し、別のヒトに侵入する前に寄生虫のダーウィン適応度を上昇させる。
(i)速く作用すべきであり、
(ii)小児および妊婦にとって安全であるべきであり、かつ
(iii)理想的には単回用量投与に適しているべきである。これらの特長を全て組み合わせることがどれだけ難しいかという例は、メフロキンに見られる。メフロキンは、単回用量で有効な唯一の登録薬であるが、しかしながら、薬剤耐性が問題となっている。同様に、単回用量で有効な唯一の市販の抗マラリア合剤として、スルファドキシン・ピリメタミンがあるが、これも薬剤耐性に悩まされている。(Sibley,C.H.,et.al.Trends Parasitol.2001,17,582)(非特許文献236)。
黄色ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)は、スタフィロコッカス科のグラム陽性コアグラーゼ陽性球菌である。メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌株は、メチシリンおよび本質的に他のβラクタム系抗生物質全てに耐性がある。メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌(MRSA)は、全ての年齢の患者に共通して見られる様々な感染症の原因である恐るべき細菌性病原体である(Chambers HF,et al.,2001,Emerg Infect Dis; 7:178−82; Lowy F.D., et al.,N Engl J Med,1998,339:520−32;Frank AL,et al,Clin Infect Dis,1999;29:935−6)(非特許文献238〜240)。
(実施例1)
(実施例1.1)
II型糖尿病でインスリン依存性であり尿酸レベルが軽度に上昇している60歳女性を、1日あたり20mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で24週間処置した。
高血圧でカリウムレベルが上昇している66歳男性患者を、40mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で4週間処置した。
インスリン依存性II型糖尿病の55歳女性。
腎疾患の初期段階である67歳男性を、1日あたり40mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で24週間処置した。非アフリカ系アメリカ人男性の正常値は、60超である。
II型非インスリン性糖尿病の68歳男性を、40mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で60週間処置した。
II型非インスリン依存性の62歳女性を、1日あたり20mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で60週間処置した。
II型非インスリン依存性糖尿病の70歳女性を、40mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で39週間処置した。
常に疲労の症候がありヘモグロビンが少ないII型インスリン依存性糖尿病の59歳男性を、40mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で32週間処置した。
6年間II型糖尿病で慢性的に疲労がある59歳男性を20mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で24週間処置した。
化学療法を受けている83歳男性肺癌患者、1日あたり40mgのMetadichol(登録商標)。
6年間II型糖尿病で慢性的に疲労がある、40mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で24週間処置した。
II型糖尿病で血小板数が少ない64歳女性を、毎日20mgのMetadichol(登録商標)20mgで36週間処置した。
好中球減少症と診断され単球数が極度に少ない69歳男性患者は、白血病の初期段階にあると診断された。骨髄移植のため適合する提供者を待ちながら、1日当たり40mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で処置。
乳癌の病歴があり、今回、骨髄形成異常症(MDS)と診断された65歳女性。乳癌と診断されたのは10年前で、治療は手術、続いて化学療法および放射線治療であった。最近の骨髄検査から、加齢による骨髄細胞減少が三血球系異形成巨核球を伴う進行性造血発生および骨髄芽球の増加(約10%)と合わせて示され、芽細胞過剰を伴う骨髄形成異常症(MDS)と一致した。骨髄が機能しておらず、化学療法および骨髄移植の必要があるという診断であった。1日あたり10mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で処置した。患者は甲状腺機能低下症も患っていた。
甲状腺機能低下症と診断された74歳女性を、20mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で24週間処置した。
肥満、高血圧、II型糖尿病、および腎疾患で1年間腹膜透析を行っており、常に疲労の症候がありヘモグロビンが少ない、62歳男性を、1日あたり10mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で処置した。改善を以下に示す。
てんかん活動を伴う失神の発症が2000年(13年前、当時26歳)から始まった38歳男性。神経学的検査は正常であった。この男性は、ここ12年間で、平均して血圧が収縮期150〜155および拡張期105〜110であった。14年間、抗てんかん薬の薬物療法を受けたが、てんかんの発症は続いた。さらに、この男性は、複視、前兆、およびめまいの発症に苦しんでいた。ほとんどの発症は夜間睡眠中に発生した。患者は、1年前に橋本脳症と診断された。甲状腺ホルモン(TSH)の上昇、T4の上昇、および検出限界以下のチログロブリン(TgAB)、ならびにチログロブリン抗体およびチロペルオキシダーゼ抗体(TPOab)の上昇があった。1日あたり10mgのMetadichol(登録商標)で処置した。4週間後、患者の元々の症候である複視、前兆、および複視およびめまいは消失した。患者のてんかんは軽減し、Metadichol(登録商標)治療後は、それまでてんかんから回復するのに2日間かかっていたのが、概して、15分で回復する。患者は、全ての薬物療法を止めることができ、現在は1日あたり10mgのMetadichol(登録商標)を受けている。患者は、自分の状態について非常に活力に満ちていて精神的なストレスをあまり感じないと報告する。重要なバイオマーカーの改善を以下に示す。
(実施例4.7)
(実施例4.8)
(実施例4.9)
(実施例4.10)
(実施例4.11)
(実施例4.12)
(実施例4.13)
(実施例5.0)
(実施例5.1)
(実施例5.2)
(実施例5.3)
(実施例5.4)
(実施例5.5)
(実施例5.6)
(実施例5.7)
(実施例5.8)
Claims (5)
- 水性ゲル組成物であって、該ゲル組成物は:
(a)カーボポール;
(b)ビタミンE・TPGS、ポリコサノール、糖エステル、及び無水クエン酸を含むMetadichol(登録商標)ナノ粒子;および
(c)水、
を含む組成物。 - 前記請求項1に記載の組成物であって、対象の肌疾患を治療するために用いられ、該肌疾患は、炎症性かつ過剰増殖性の皮膚科疾病、乾癬、アトピー性皮膚炎、接触皮膚炎、および他の湿疹性皮膚炎のような免疫学的起原の疾病の皮膚症状、脂漏性皮膚炎、神経皮膚炎、床ずれ、扁平苔癬、天疱瘡、水疱性類天疱瘡、表皮水疱症、蕁麻疹、血管浮腫、血管炎、紅斑、皮膚の、好酸球増多症、紅斑性狼瘡湿疹、およびMRSA、基底細胞癌からなる群より選択され、それにより該疾患の重篤度を低下させるために用いられることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患は、MRSA感染症である、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記疾患は、湿疹である、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記対象は、ヒトである、請求項2に記載の組成物。
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