JP5883396B2 - 受容体型チロシンキナーゼが仲介する癌細胞の生存促進性シグナルを抑制する方法 - Google Patents
受容体型チロシンキナーゼが仲介する癌細胞の生存促進性シグナルを抑制する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
(1) 受容体型チロシンキナーゼが仲介する癌細胞の生存促進性シグナルを抑制する化合物をスクリーニングする方法であって、
(a)ROR1の機能を検出しうる系に試験化合物を接触させる工程、
(b)ROR1の機能を抑制する活性を有する化合物を選択する工程、
を含み、かつ前記ROR1の機能が、ROR1とc−Srcとの結合、ROR1によるc−Srcのリン酸化、ROR1とEGFRとの結合、ROR1によるEGFRとErbB3との結合、または、ROR1によるErbB3のリン酸化である方法。
(2) 受容体型チロシンキナーゼが、EGFRまたはMETである、(1)に記載の方法。
(3) 癌細胞が、EGFRチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤耐性またはMETチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤耐性の癌細胞である、(1)または(2)に記載の方法。
(1) 細胞株と試薬
ヒト肺腺癌細胞株、NCI−H1975,NCI−H820、PC−9、NCI−H358、NCI−H441、及びNCI−H23は、アメリカ培養細胞系統保存機関(American Type Culture Collection)から購入した。SK−LC−5、及びSK−LU−1細胞株は、Lloyd J.Old(メモリアル・スローン・ケタリング癌センター)から提供を受けた。そして、これらの細胞株は、10%ウシ胎児血清(FBS)添加RPMI 1640(Invitrogen社製)により維持した。また、不死化肺上皮細胞株 HPL1Dは「Masuda,A.ら、Cancer Res、1997年、57巻、4898〜4904ページ」の記載の方法に沿って維持した。
anti−ROR1(#4102)、anti−c−Src(36D10,#2109)、anti−phospho−c−Src(Y416,#2101)、anti−PTEN(138G6,#9559)、anti−phospho−PTEN(S380/T382/T383,#9554)、anti−phospho−AKT(T308,C31E5E,#2965)、anti−phospho−AKT(S473,#9271)、anti−FOXO1(C29H4,#2880)、anti−phospho−FOXO1(S256,#9461)、anti−phospho−p38(T180/Y182,#9211)、anti−caspase−3(#9662)、及びanti−phospho−ErbB3(Y1289,#4791)は、CellSignaling Technology社から購入した。
anti−TTF−1(8G7G3/1,M3575)はDAKO社から購入した。
anti−α−tubulin(T5192)はSigma社から購入した。
anti−c−myc(9E10,sc−40)、anti−Tyr(PY20,sc−508)、anti−ErbB3(c−17,sc−285)はSanta Cruz Biotechnology社から購入した。
anti−GST(3B2,M071−3)はMBL社から購入した。
anti−ROR1(TA302193)はOrigene Technologies社から購入した。
anti−PI3K(p85)(06−497)はMILLIPORE社から購入した。
anti−mouse IgG、及びanti−rabbit IgGはCell Signaling Technology社から購入した。
ヒトTTF−1全長cDNAをpCMV−puroにて発現させるためのコンストラクト、及び、TTF−1発現に対する二重鎖ショートヘアピンRNA(shRNA)をpH1RNAneoにて発現させるためのコンストラクトは、「Tanaka,H.ら、Cancer Res、2007年、67巻、6007〜6011ページ」の記載に沿って構築した。
ΔIgフォワードプライマー:5’−GTGGTTTCTTCCACTGGAGTCTTGT−3’(配列番号:1)、
ΔIgリバースプライマー:5’−CGTGGTGATGTTATTCATTGGTTCA−3’(配列番号:2)、
ΔCRDフォワードプライマー:5’−ATCCGGATTGGAATTCCCATGGCAG−3’(配列番号:3)、
ΔCRDリバースプライマー:5’−GAATCCATCTTCTTCATACTCATCT−3’(配列番号:4)、
ΔKringleフォワードプライマー:5’−GATTCAAAGGATTCCAAGGAGAAGA−3’(配列番号:5)、
ΔKringleリバースプライマー:5’−CTTGTGATTTTTATTTATAGGATCT−3’(配列番号:6)。
HPL1D−TTF−1恒常発現細胞(stable clone)、及びHPL1D−VC stable cloneは、FuGENE6(invitrogen)を用いてHPL1D細胞株に遺伝子導入を行い、ピューロマイシンで処理後、各々の恒常性発現細胞を樹立した。
ウェスタンブロッティング分析、及び免疫沈降−ウェスタンブロッティング分析は、Immobilon−P フィルター(Millipore社製)及び化学発光増強システム(enhanced chemiluminescence system、GE Healthcare社製)を用いて、標準的な方法により施行した。ROR1とc−Srcの生理的な結合を確認するために、pIRES2puro−ROR1を単独発現あるいは、wild type(WT)、Δ15−84(Δ15)、Δ90−144(Δ90)、及びΔ150−246(Δ150)といった様々なc−Src発現コンストラクトとともに共発現を行った。これらはトランスフェクション後24時間で細胞を回収し、免疫沈降−ウェスタンブロッティング分析を行った。また、HPL1D細胞にpCMV−puro−TTF−1を一過性に発現させ、ウェスタンブロッティング解析によるROR1発現誘導の確認を行った。
標準的な免疫蛍光染色法により施した細胞は、LSM5 Pascal共焦点レーザー走査顕微鏡(Carl Zeiss社製)を用いて観察した。
ROR1ルシフェラーゼレポーターコンストラクトは、pGL4ペーシックレポーターベクター(Promega社製)と、ROR1のプロモータ−領域 1.0−kb ゲノム断片を増幅したPCR産物とを用いて、作製した。なお、ルシフェラーゼレポーター活性の検出は「Osada,Hら、Cancer Res、2001年、61巻、8331〜8339ページ」の記載に沿って行った。また、ルシフェラーゼレポーター活性は、デュアルレポーターアッセイシステム(Promega社製)を用いて測定した。また、ウミシイタケルシフェラーゼ活性に基づき、ホタルルシフェラーゼ活性を標準化した。
SK−LC−5細胞を1%ホルムアミドでクロスリンクした後、回収し、クロマチンを超音波処理により平均500〜600bpのなるようせん断した。そして、TTF−1特異的抗体を用いて免疫沈降を行った。そして、リバースクロスリンクをした後、免疫沈降して得られたクロマチンをROR1のプロモータ−領域を増幅するためのプライマーを用いたPCRに供した。なお、これらのプライマーは下記の通りである。
フォワードプライマー:5’−TCTCTCTGAGCCTCGGTTTC−3’(配列番号:7)
リバースプライマー:5’−CCCCCACACTCCTCAAACT−3’(配列番号:8)。
RNAiを行うため、下記RNAオリゴマーをQIAGEN社及びSigma−Aldrich社から入手した。
5’−CAGCAAUGGAUGGAAUUUCAA−3’:siROR1#1(配列番号:9)
5’−CCCAGUGAGUAAUCUCAGU−3’:siROR1#2(配列番号:10)
5’−CCCAGAAGCUGCGAACUGU−3’:siROR1#3(配列番号:11)
5’−GUCACCGCCGCCUACCACA−3’:siTTF−1#1(配列番号:12)
5’−CGCCGUACCAGGACACCAU−3’:siTTF−1#2(配列番号:13)
5’−AAGGCGUAUACAGGAACAAUA−3’:siPTEN(配列番号:14)
また、AllStars Negative Control siRNA(siScr)はQIAGEN社から入手した。
TTF−1の発現を抑制させた肺腺癌細胞における内因性のROR1の発現効果を解析するために、NCI−H358にpH1RNAneo−shTTF−1とpCMVpuro−ROR1を1:4の割合でトランスフェクションを行い、ネオマイシンで2週間処理させた後、コロニー数を測定した。次に、ROR1とc−Srcの機能的相互関係を調べるために、野生型c−Src(WT)発現pCMVpuroベクター、又は恒常活性型c−Src(CA)発現pCMVpuroベクターをNCI−H1975細胞に導入し、ピューロマイシンで3日間処理させた後、さらにROR1に対するsiRNAを導入した。siRNAを導入してから72時間後、ウェスタンブロッティング分析のため、細胞を回収した。またsiRNAを導入してから5日後に、MTTアッセイを行った。
1.0×107個のNCI−H1975細胞を、8週齢の胸腺欠損ヌードマウス(日本エスエルシー株式会社製)の脇腹下の方の皮下に接種した。接種してから1週間後、1nmol siRNA(siROR1#1、#2、及び#3)と200μlアテロコラーゲン(Koken社製)とを混合し、平均50mm3の体積を有する腫瘍に注入した。siRNAを注入してから2週間後、腫瘍の重さを量り、データの平均値±標準誤差(SE)(n=7)を求めた。
NCI−H1975細胞、及びSK−LC−5細胞を20nMのsiROR1又はsiScrで2日間処理し、24時間の血清飢餓状態ののち、20ng/ml EGFで処理し、これらの細胞をウェスタンブロッティング及び免疫蛍光染色による分析に供した。
GST標識ROR1(細胞内ドメイン)を、Gatewayシステムを用いてSf9昆虫細胞(Invitrogen社製)に、そのメーカーの使用説明書に従い、発現させた。そして、組み換えGST標識ROR1タンパク質を、グルタチオン−アフィニティクロマトグラフィーによって精製した。His標識c−Srcタンパク質及びGSTタンパク質は、各々Invitrogen社及びAbnova社より購入した。c−SrcのGST標識SH2領域及びGST標識SH3領域の組み換えタンパク質は、各々Marligen Biosciences社及びJena Bioscience社から入手した。
20mM MOPS[pH7.2]、1mM ジチオスレイトール、5mM EGTA、25mM β−グリセロリン酸塩、1mM Na3VO4、及び75mM MgCl2からなるバッファー中にて、精製His標識c−Srcと、組み換えGST又は組み換えGST標識ROR1が結合したアフィニティビーズを混合した。次いで、ビーズを洗浄し、SDSサンプルバッファーに溶解した。この溶出液をSDS−PAGEに供し、次いでanti−GST又はanti−His抗体を用いたウェスタンブロッティング分析に供した。
NCI−H23細胞、293T細胞の抽出液を用いてc−Srcの免疫沈降を行い、免疫沈降物を30℃にて1時間、リン酸化バッファー(25mM Tris−HCl[pH7.5]、5mM MgCl2、0.5mM ATP)中にて、GST又はGST−ROR1とともにインキュベーションし、次いでanti−phospho−c−Src抗体を用いたウェスタンブロッティング分析に供した。
<TTF−1の系譜特異的生存シグナルに関与するROR1の同定>
ヒトROR1遺伝子のプロモーターの1.0−kb近傍領域を用いたルシフェラーゼレポーターアッセイによってTTF−1依存的な活性化であることが示され(図1のa)、クロマチン免疫沈降アッセイによって、ROR1遺伝子のプロモーターにTTF−1が直接結合することが明らかになり(図1のb)、かかる結果から、ROR1はTTF−1の転写標的であることが示された。
<ROR1の発現抑性又は発現亢進による肺腺癌細胞の増殖への影響に関する検証>
アテロコラーゲンを用いたROR1 siRNA腫瘍内投与による、インビボ治療によって、NCI−H1975の異種移植腫瘍の成長は有意に低下した(図2のa)。
<ROR1が介するシグナル伝達における下流分子の同定>
次に、ROR1が介するシグナル伝達の解明のため、潜在的な下流分子の分析をウェスタンブロッティング分析により行った。
<ROR1によるc−Srcを介した生存シグナルの検証>
また、ROR1をノックダウンした細胞又はROR1が過剰発現している細胞において、c−Srcの416番目のチロシンのリン酸化が増加しているということに注目し、恒常活性型c−SrcをNCI−H1975細胞に導入し、ROR1抑制が誘導するリン酸化、並びに細胞の増殖抑制がどのように変化するかを調べた。結果、恒常活性型c−Srcが導入されることによって、ROR1抑制が誘導するPTEN及びAKTのリン酸化状態の変化、並びNCI−H1975細胞の増殖抑制が顕著に低下することが示され(図4のa)、肺腺癌におけるROR1が介する生存シグナル伝達の少なくとも一部にc−Srcが関与していることが示唆された。
<ROR1によるc−Srcリン酸化に関する検証>
次にc−SrcはROR1によってリン酸化されるかどうかを調べた。すなわち、インビトロROR1キナーゼアッセイを、c−Srcを基質として用いて、NCI−H23及び293T細胞の細胞溶解液からc−Srcを免疫沈降することによって調べた結果、ROR1によってc−Srcはリン酸化されることが明らかになった(図5のa(NCI−H23細胞)及び図5のb(293T細胞))。
<ROR1による生存シグナルとしてのc−Srcを介したPTEN制御に関する検証>
c−SrcはPTENをリン酸化することでPTENの不活化を誘導することが知られている。NCI−H1975細胞において、PTENを同時に抑制することによって、ROR1抑制が誘導するAKTリン酸化への影響、並びにその結果として生じる増殖抑制が大体解消されることが明らかになった(図6)。
<ROR1とErbBファミリーとのクロストークについての検証>
ErbBファミリー、特にEGFRやErbB3が肺癌の生存・増殖において重要な役割を担っていることは良く理解されている。また、最近、受容体型チロシンキナーゼ間におけるクロストークが重要視されており、受容体同士は細胞膜上で非常に近傍に存在し、連絡し合うことで、生存促進性シグナルを担っていると考えられている。そこで、免疫沈降−ウェスタンブロット(IP−WB)法により分析した結果、EGF刺激下においてROR1とEGFRとは結合することが明らかになった。また、その両者の相互作用はROR1の細胞外領域を介して結合していることを見出した(図7のa)。さらに、詳細なROR1の結合領域の検討により、ROR1とEGFRとは、ROR1の細胞外領域に存在するシステインリッチドメインを介して相互作用していることも明らかとなった(図7のb)。また、ROR1を導入したMSTO−211H細胞を用いて、内因性のROR1とEGFRとの結合を免疫沈降−ウェスタンブロット(IP−WB)法により互いの結合を検出した(図7のc)。さらに、ROR1の発現を抑制した肺腺癌細胞NCI−H1975を用いたIP−WB分析によって検討したところ、ROR1の抑制によって、内因性EGFRと、ヘテロ二量体を形成して生存促進性シグナルを伝達するEGFRの重要なパートナー分子のErbB3との結合が阻害されることが明らかとなった(図7のd)。また、肺腺癌細胞NCI−H1975においてROR1の発現を抑制すると、EGF刺激によって生じて生存促進性シグナルを伝えるErbB3の活性化状態を反映するリン酸化の著明な低下が確認された(図7のe)。さらに、ROR1の発現を抑制した肺腺癌細胞NCI−H1975において、ErbB3とErbB3のリン酸化部位を認識して結合して生存促進性シグナルを伝達するPI3Kのp85サブユニットとの結合を調べたところ、ErbB3とp85の結合の低下が明らかとなった(図7のf)。また、ROR1を導入したMSTO−211H細胞由来の異種移植腫瘍においてはErbB3のリン酸化反応の増加が観察された(図7のg)。
<EGFRが介するシグナル伝達とROR1との関連性についての検証>
EGFRが介するシグナル伝達が肺癌の成長において重要な役割を担っていることは良く理解されている。そこで、次にEGFRが介するシグナル伝達とROR1との関連性を調べた。その結果、EGFによって誘導されるc−Src、AKT、及びFOXO1のリン酸化は、ROR1抑制によって顕著に阻害されることが明らかになった(図8のa)。
<EGFRチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤耐性の肺癌細胞におけるROR1抑制の有効性に関する検証>
NCI−H1975細胞及びNCI−H820細胞は、EGFRチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤に対する抵抗性を付与するT790M変異を合わせて有するEGFR遺伝子の2重変異をもつ細胞株である。いずれの細胞株においても、EGF添加によって生存促進性シグナルが強く惹起されるが、ROR1抑制はそれを顕著に低下させ、アポトーシス促進性シグナルを惹起し、細胞増殖を顕著に抑制した。(図8のc)。
<223> 人工的に合成されたプライマーの塩基配列
配列番号9〜14
<223> 人工的に合成されたオリゴヌクレオチドの配列
Claims (3)
- 受容体型チロシンキナーゼが仲介する癌細胞の生存促進性シグナルを抑制する化合物をスクリーニングする方法であって、
(a)ROR1の機能を検出しうる系に試験化合物を接触させる工程、
(b)ROR1の機能を抑制する活性を有する化合物を選択する工程、
を含み、かつ前記ROR1の機能が、ROR1とc−Srcとの結合、ROR1によるc−Srcのリン酸化、ROR1とEGFRとの結合、ROR1によるEGFRとErbB3との結合、または、ROR1によるErbB3のリン酸化である方法。 - 受容体型チロシンキナーゼが、EGFRまたはMETである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 癌細胞が、EGFRチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤耐性またはMETチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤耐性の癌細胞である、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
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CA2983293C (en) * | 2015-04-24 | 2023-06-20 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Modulators of ror1-ror2 binding |
WO2018139386A1 (ja) * | 2017-01-24 | 2018-08-02 | 国立大学法人名古屋大学 | 癌細胞の生存シグナルを特異的に抑制する化合物のスクリーニング方法及びスクリーニングキット、形質転換体、組み換えベクター、並びに、分子標的薬の適応患者の選択方法 |
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