JP5870404B2 - 癌治療のためのドック・ロック(dnl)ワクチン - Google Patents
癌治療のためのドック・ロック(dnl)ワクチン Download PDFInfo
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- JP5870404B2 JP5870404B2 JP2011523987A JP2011523987A JP5870404B2 JP 5870404 B2 JP5870404 B2 JP 5870404B2 JP 2011523987 A JP2011523987 A JP 2011523987A JP 2011523987 A JP2011523987 A JP 2011523987A JP 5870404 B2 JP5870404 B2 JP 5870404B2
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Description
本明細書で使用するように、内容が単数のみであると明確にしない限り、「1つ(a)」、「1つの(an)」、および「前記(the)」という用語は、単数または複数を指す。
図2は、ヒト単球に由来する未熟DC対成熟DCにおけるCD74発現、および当該DCを用いたhLL1の結合効率を示す。ヒト単球に由来するDC(hGM−CSFおよびhIL−4の存在下で培養5日後)は、FITC標識した抗CD74抗体またはAlexaFluor488標識したhLL1を用いて染色し、併せてHLA−DRおよびCD83に対して蛍光標識したmAbsを用いて染色した。HLA−DR陽性細胞をゲートおよび分析した。(A)未熟DCおよびLPS成熟DCにおけるCD74発現。(B)未熟DC対LPS成熟DCのhLL1結合。(C)未熟DCおよびLPS成熟DCにおけるCD83、HLA−DR、CD74、およびhLL1結合の発現比較。
図3は、B細胞の悪性Daudi細胞および正常なDCに関するhLL1細胞毒性効果の対象比較を示す。(A)DaudiおよびDCに関するhLL1の効果比較(B)広範な用量におけるDCの細胞生存に関するhLL1の効果。(C)Daudi細胞に関するhLL1の細胞毒性効果(D)顕微鏡画像は、DC生存率に関してhLL1の効果が無いことを示す。
図4は、hLL1によるDCの構造上の成熟の増進抑制を示す。hGM−CSFおよびhIL−4の存在下で、ヒト単球に由来する5日後のDCからHLA−DR陽性細胞集団をゲートした。(A)フローサイトメトリーにより抗原提示分子HLA−DR、副刺激分子CD54およびCD86の発現を測定した。(B)抗原提示分子HLA−DR、副刺激分子CD54およびCD86の発現レベル。
図5は、DC媒介したT細胞増殖に関してhLL1の著しい影響が無いことを示す。CFSE標識した同種異系PBMCを用いて、8日(A)または11日(B)にわたりhLL1治療したDCを共培養した。CD4に対してPercp抱合したmAbを用いて拡大したT細胞を染色した。全T細胞、CD4+T細胞、およびCD4−T細胞の細胞増殖を分析した。
図6は、hLL1治療したDCがTh1エフェクター細胞へと好ましく分化することによるナイーブCD4+T細胞両極性を示す。電磁ビーズ(MACS)を用い、枯渇カラムを使用してヒトPBMCから単離したナイーブCD4+T細胞を、hLL1治療した同種異系DCとともに共培養した。異なる時間点(11日目、13日目、18日目)にて細胞を採取し、PMAおよびイオノマイシンを用いて刺激し、蛍光標識したhIFN−gammaおよびhIL−4抗体を用いて染色し、細胞内サイトカインを用いて分析した。Th1/Th2/Th0細胞集団をゲートし、分析した。hLL1治療したDCまたはGAH架橋してhLL1治療したDCにより刺激したT細胞におけるフローサイトカイン産生を測定した。(C)DC/T培養の異なるに日数後における、GAHによる架橋の有り無しでの、2人のドナーにおけるTh1反応のデータを示す。(D)hLL1によるTh1集団の増加に対する線量効果曲線。
CD20は通常、B細胞株期の細胞に発現する。最近では、CD20がMM細胞株または臨床検体から単離した少数集団のMM細胞において発現し、当該CD20は特徴的な形質細胞表面抗原CD138を発現しないがコロニー形成する高い潜在力を有し、かつ多様な臨床用抗骨髄腫薬に耐性を持つことが報告された(Matsuiら、Blood 2004,103:2332−6;Matsuiら、Cancer Res.2008,68:190−7)。これらCD20+CD138-細胞は、in vitroおよび3−D培養モデルにおいてクローン性増殖することができ(Kirshnerら、Blood 2008,112:2935−45)、in vitroと、一次移植および二次移植の間、移植したNOD/SCIDマウスモデルとにおいてMM細胞へと分化させることができる。従って、これらCD138negCD20+細胞は、推定的な多発性骨髄腫癌幹細胞を提示することが示唆されてきた。
多くの腫瘍関連抗原(TAA)は、本質的に免疫原性ではない組織分化抗原を提示する。高い親和性を備えるこれらTAA/自己抗原を認識するT細胞は、胸腺にてクローン的に欠落するか、末梢にてアネルギー化される。しかし、異種抗原を用いた免疫化により、相同性の自己抗原に対抗する免疫寛容を克服できることが示されてきた。第一相臨床試験では、組み換えマウスPAPにより活性させた樹状細胞を用いて免疫化した21人の前立腺癌の患者のうち11人の患者は、相同性の自己抗原に反応するI型T細胞増殖性応答を発達させ、6人の患者は、以前まで進行していた前立腺癌が臨床的に安定した(Fongら、J Immunol.2001,167(12):7150−6)。これらの結果は、異種抗原による免疫化がヒトの自己抗原に対する寛容性を遮断させることができ、結果として臨床的に著しい抗腫瘍効果を与えることを証明している。
前述のように、CD20はMM癌幹細胞の証明となる。自己抗原は、ほとんどの分化段階で正常なB細胞に発現するが、免疫寛容に起因してワクチン戦略により標的することが理論的に困難である。しかし、B細胞リンパ腫の腫瘍に挑むモデル作りにおいて、CD20に対抗する異種DNAワクチンにより、成功したワクチン接種が実現されてきた。B細胞に対抗する自己免疫は、CD20を標的とするワクチンにより誘発することができたが、B細胞プールは主要組織および決定組織ではなく、系統の前駆細胞から補充することができるため、大きな問題を起こすものではない。これらを考慮すると、CD20を標的とする治療ワクチンは、MM癌幹細胞の選択的根絶に有効である。
CD20+MM前駆細胞の発見は、MM患者におけるリツキシマブ、抗CD20モノクローナル抗体の有効性を試験する、幾つかの小規模な臨床治験を促進させてきた。Kapoorら(Br J Haematol.2008,141:135−48)により概説されているように、リツキシマブを用いた抗CD20治療は、多発性骨髄腫を伴うCD20+患者のおよそ10%において部分的に反応を引き出す。また、10カ月〜27カ月の期間にわたり、CD20+患者の50%〜57%において疾患が安定化するという予備的証拠がある(Kapoorら(Br J Haematol.2008,141:135−48)。さらに、Berguaら(Leukemia.2008,22:1082−3)による症例報告では、リツキシマブが化学療法と併用して使用され、免疫表現型、または骨髄穿刺もしくは骨髄生検のいずれかにて治療後の微小残存病変は見出されず、CD20+形質細胞が消滅したことを実証した。これらの結果は、大規模な臨床治験を納得させ、骨髄腫におけるこの戦略の役割を確立させている。CTL反応を誘発するので、ワクチンアプローチは、CD20MM幹細胞に対抗するモノクローナル抗体治療を補うことが予想される。
プロフェッショナルな抗原提示細胞として、樹状細胞(DC)は先天性免疫および獲得性免疫の編成において極めて重要な役割を果たし、効果的なワクチンを作製するために利用されてきた(Vulinkら,Adv Cancer Res.2008,99:363−407;O’Neillら,Mol Biotechnol.2007,36:131−41)。In vivoにて、DCに対して抗原を標的とすることにより、骨の折れる高価なex vivoでの抗原負荷および培養を避け、DCに基づいた免疫療法を大規模に適用することを促すことができるので、DCに基づいたワクチン接種への有望なアプローチを意味する(Tackenら、Nat Rev Immunol.2007,7:790−802)。より著しくは、in vivoにおいてDCを標的とするワクチン接種は、抗腫瘍免疫反応を引き出すことに一層効率的であり、動物モデルにおいて腫瘍増殖を制御することに一層効果的である(Kretz−Rommelら,J Immunother 2007, 30:715−726)。DCに加え、B細胞もTh1/Th2細胞を初回刺激し(Morrisら,J Immunol.1994,152:3777−3785;Constant,J Immunol.1999,162:5695−5703)、相互提示を介してCD8T細胞を活性化することができる可能性のある、別の種類の抗原提示細胞である(Heitら,J Immunol.2004,172:1501−1507;Yanら,Int Immunol.2005,17:869−773)。in vivoにおいてB細胞に対して抗原を標的とすることによりMUClの免疫寛容を絶つことが近頃報告された(Dingら,Blood 2008,112:2817−25)。
マンノース受容体のようなDC上に発現した幾つかの受容体は、in vivoにおいて抗原を標的とする対象として使用されてきた(Heら,J.Immunol 2007,178,6259−6267;Ramakrishnaら、J.Immunol.2004,172,2845−2852)、CD205(Bonifazら,J Exp Med.2004,199:815−24)、DC−SIGN(Tackenら,Blood 2005,106:1278−85)、およびLOXl(Deinesteら,Immunity 2002,17,353−362)など。CD74はMHC IIを正しくフォールディングし、エンドソームにMHCII−CD74複合体を標的させるのに必須のII型内在性膜タンパク質である(Steinら,Clin Cancer Res.2007,13:5556s−5563s;Matzaら,Trends Immunol.2003, 24(5):264−8)。CD74発現は、DCに制限されないが、ほとんど全ての抗原提示細胞に見出される(Freudenthalら,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1990,87:7698−702;Clarkら,J Immunol.1992,148(11):3327−35)。APCにおけるCD74の広範な発現は、B細胞のような他のAPCに抗原を標的とすることが免疫寛容を絶つと報告されてきたので、骨髄DCでのただ1つの発現に対して幾つかの有利性を提供し得(Dingら,Blood 2008,112:2817−25)、相互提示抗原ナイーブCD8T細胞へと形質細胞様のDC相互提示抗原に標的する。より重要なことに、CD74も濾胞状DCに発現し(Clarkら,J Immunol.1992,148(11):3327−35)、B細胞に対して抗原提示するに重要なDCサブセットである(Tewら,Immunol Rev.1997,156:39−52)。この発現プロファイルにより、CD74は、in vivoにおいて標的とするワクチン接種のための優秀な候補となる。
以下にさらに詳細に考察するDNL技術は、任意選択したエフェクター部分を共有結合性複合体または非共有結合性複合体へと実質的に結合させる手段を提供する(Goldenbergら,J Nucl Med.2008,49:158−63;Rossiら,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2006,103(18):6841−6)。DNL法は、癌胎児性抗原(CEA)と反応するFabフラグメントを含有する幾つかの三価、二価特異的結合タンパク質を生成させ、プレターゲティング戦略を介して改善した癌画像診断、放射性免疫療法に成功的に使用されてきた(Goldenbergら,J Nucl Med.2008,49:158−63)。
癌幹細胞は自己複製することができ、無制限に増殖する能力を保有し、多様な治療手段に耐性を持つ。癌幹細胞が免疫療法に対して感応性である場合、差し迫った興味深い質問が挙げられる。白血病の症例では、CD8(+)非主要組織適合性の抗原特異的細胞毒性Tリンパ球クローンはヒト急性骨髄性白血病の幹細胞を排除することができることが報告された(Bonnetら、Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A.1999,96:8639−8644)。つい最近では、Rosinskiら(Blood 2008,111:4817−26)により、DDX36をコードするH−Yエピトープが白血病性幹細胞により発現され、DDX36特異的CTLにより認識することができ、NOD/SCIDマウスにおいてヒト急性白血病の移植を防ぐことができることが報告された(Rosinskiら,Blood 2008,111:4817−26)。別の報告では、NOD/SCIDγcnullマウスへのmHA骨髄性白血病の幹細胞の移植は、mHA特異的CTLクローンを用い、in vitroにおけるプレインキュベーションにより完全に阻害されることを示している(Kawaseら,Blood 2007,110:1055−63)。これらの結果は、免疫療法が、この悪性腫瘍の長期間にわたる抑制または治療でさえ実現するということに必要とされる、MM幹細胞を含む癌幹細胞を選択的に根絶する可能性のある、効果的な手段であるという見込みを浮き彫りにしている。
DNL法は、cAMP依存的タンパク質キナーゼ(PKA)の調節(R)サブユニットとAキナーゼアンカータンパク質(AKAP)のアンカードメイン(AD)との間に生じる特異的なタンパク質/タンパク質の相互作用を利用する(Baillieら,FEBS Letters.2005;579:3264.WongおよびScott,Nat.Rev.Mol.Cell Biol.2004;5:959)。Rサブユニットへの二次メッセンジャーcAMPの結合により引き起こされる、最もよく研究されたシグナル伝達経路の1つにおいて中心的な役割を果たすPKAは、1968年に、まずウサギ骨格筋から単離された(Walshら,J.Biol.Chem.1968;243:3763)。ホロ酵素の構造は、Rサブユニットにより不活性型に保持された2つの触媒サブユニットから成る(Taylor,J.Biol.Chem.1989;264:8443)。PKAのアイソザイムは2種類のRサブユニット(RIおよびRII)を用いて認められ、各種類はαアイソフォームおよびβアイソフォームを有する(Scott,Pharmacol.Ther.1991;50:123)。Rサブユニットは、安定した二量体としてのみ単離され、二量化ドメインは最初の44アミノ末端残基から成ることが示された(Newlonら,Nat.Struct.Biol.1999;6:222)。RサブユニットへのcAMPの結合により、セリン/スレオニンキナーゼ活性の広域スペクトルに対して活発な触媒サブユニットを遊離させ、これがAKAPとのそのドッキングを介してPKAの区分を通って選択した基質へと配向させる(Scottら,J Biol.Chem.1990;265;21561)。
以下にAおよびBと呼ぶ任意の2つの実体を非共有結合性複合体へとドッキングして、ジスフィルド結合の形成を促す戦略的位置においてDDDおよびAD両方にシステイン残基を導入することにより、さらに安定した繋留構造へとロックする、優れた一対のリンカーモジュールとしてヒトRIIαのDDDおよびAKAPのADを利用するプラットフォーム技術を開発した。「ドック・ロック」アプローチの一般的方法論は以下の通りである。実体Aは、Aの前駆物質にDDD配列を連結させることにより構築され、結果として以下に本明細書でaと呼ばれる第1コンポーネントになる。DDD配列は自発的な二量体の形成に影響を与えるので、従ってAはa2から構成される。実体BはBの前駆物質にAD配列を連結させることにより構築され、結果として以下に本明細書でbと呼ばれる第2コンポーネントになる。a2に含有されるDDDの二量体モチーフは、bに含有されるAD配列に結合させるためのドッキング部位を作り出し、従って、a2およびbの迅速な結合を促してa2bから構成される二成分の三量体複合体を形成する。この結合の事象は、ジスフィルド架橋を介して2つの実体を共有結合的に固定する後の反応によって不可逆的に産生され、これにより最初の結合相互作用による反応性のチオール基が、DDDおよびAD上に近接して集まって部位特異的にライゲーションするので、効果的な局所集中するという原理に基づき非常に効果的に生じる(Chmuraら,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA.2001;98:8480)
さまざまな実施形態では、抗体または抗体の抗原結合性フラグメントは、抗癌ワクチン用のDNL複合体に組み込まれ得る。抗原結合性抗体フラグメントは、F(ab’)2、F(ab)2、Fab’、Fab、Fv、scFvなどのように当技術分野で周知されており、そのように知られている任意のフラグメントが使用されてよい。本明細書で使用するように、抗原結合性抗体フラグメントとは、未変化の抗体または親抗体により認識される同一抗原と結合する抗体の任意のフラグメントを指す。実質的に目的とする任意の抗体またはフラグメントを抱合させる、ADおよび/またはDDD調製する技術が知られている(例えば米国特許第7,527,787号)。
キメラ抗体は、ヒト抗体の可変領域が例えば、マウス抗体の相補性決定領域(CDR)を含むマウス抗体の可変領域に置換されている組み換えタンパク質である。キメラ抗体は、対象に投与されると、低い免疫原性および高い安定性を呈する。マウス免疫ブログリンの可変ドメインをクローニングする一般的な技術は、例えばOrlandiら、Proc.Nat’l Acad.Sci USA 86:3833(1989)に開示されている。キメラ抗体を構築する技術は、当業者に周知されている。一例として、Leungら、Hybridoma13:469(1994)は、マウスLL2のVκおよびVHドメイン、抗CD22モノクローナル抗体をコードするDNA配列をそれぞれヒトκおよびIgGI定常領域ドメインと組み合わせることによりLL2キメラを産生させた。
ヒト化MAb産生する技術は、当技術分野で周知されている(例えばJonesら、Nature 321:522(1986),Riechmannら,Nature 332:323(1988),Verhoeyenら、Science 239:1534(1988),Carterら、Proc.Nat’l Acad.Sci.USA 89:4285(1992),Sandhu,Crit.Rev.Biotech.12:437(1992),およびSingerら,J.lmmun.150:2844(1993)を参照されたい)。キメラまたはマウスのモノクローナル抗体は、マウス免疫ブログリンの重鎖および軽鎖の可変鎖由来のマウスCDRをヒト抗体の対応する可変ドメインに移植することによりヒト化され得る。キメラモノクローナル抗体のマウスのフレームワーク領域(FR)も、ヒトFR配列と置換される。単にヒトFRにマウスCDRを移植するだけでは、抗体親和性が低下するか、失われてしまうという結果に陥ることがあり、マウス抗体の本来の親和性を回復させるために付加的な修飾が必要な場合がある。これは、そのエピトープに良好な結合親和性を持つ抗体を獲得するように、FR領域にある1つ以上のヒト残基をマウスの対応物と置換することにより成し遂げることができる。例えば、Tempestら、Biotechnology 9:266(1991)およびVerhoeyenら、Science 239:1534(1988)を参照されたい。一般的に、これらマウスの対応物と異なり、1つ以上のCDRのアミノ酸残基に近接または接触して配置されたヒトFRのアミノ酸残基は、置換の候補であろう。
組み合わせアプローチまたはヒト免疫ブログリンの遺伝子座を用いて形質変換したトランジェニック動物のどちらかを使用して完全ヒト抗体を産生する方法は、当技術分野で知られている(例えばManciniら,2004,New Microbiol.27:315−28;ConradおよびScheller,2005,Comb.Chem.High Throughput Screen.8:117−26;BrekkeおよびLoset,2003,Curr.Opin.Phamacol.3:544−50)。完全ヒト抗体はまた、遺伝子形質変換法または染色体変換法とともに、ファージ提示技術により構築することもでき、これら全てが当技術分野で知られている。例えば、McCaffertyら、Nature 348:552−553(1990)を参照されたい。そのような完全ヒト抗体は、キメラまたはヒト化抗体よりも少ない副作用さえ呈し、in vivoにおいて本質的に内在性のヒト抗体として機能すると予想される。特定の実施形態では、請求する方法および手順は、そのような技術により産生されるヒト抗体を利用してよい。
特異的なエピトープを認識する抗体フラグメントは、公知の技術により生成することができる。抗体フラグメントはF(ab’)2、Fab’、F(ab)2、Fab、Fv、sFvなどのような抗体の抗原結合タンパク質である。F(ab’)2フラグメントは抗体分子のペプシン消化により産生することができ、Fab’フラグメントはF(ab’)2フラグメントのジスフィルド架橋を減少させることにより生成することができる。代替的に、Fab’の発現ライブラリーを構築することができ(Huseら,1989,Science,246:1274−1281)、それにより所望の特性を用いてモノクローナルFab’フラグメントを迅速かつ容易に同定することができる。F(ab)2フラグメントはジスフィルド還元により獲得された抗体およびFabフラグメントのパパイン分解により生成され得る。
特定の実施形態では、CD74に加えて、他の抗原性標的に対抗する抗体が抗癌ワクチン用DNL複合体に組み込まれ得る。腫瘍関連抗原に対抗する種々様々な抗体が知られており、商業上の供給源から獲得されてよい。例えば、ハイブリドーマ株を分泌するいくつかの抗体はアメリカ合衆国培養細胞系統保存機関(ATCC,Manassas,VA)から入手できる。例えば米国特許第7,312,318号;米国特許第7,282,567号;米国特許第7,151,164号;米国特許第7,074,403号;米国特許第7,060,802号;米国特許第7,056,509号;米国特許第7,049,060号;米国特許第7,045,132号;米国特許第7,041,803号;米国特許第7,041,802号;米国特許第7,041,293号;米国特許第7,038,018号;米国特許第7,037,498号;米国特許第7,012,133号;米国特許第7,001,598号;米国特許第6,998,468号;米国特許第6,994,976号;米国特許第6,994,852号;米国特許第6,989,241号;米国特許第6,974,863号;米国特許第6,965,018号;米国特許第6,964,854号;米国特許第6,962,981号;米号国特許第6,962,813号;米国特許第6,956,107号;米国特許第6,951,924号;米国特許第6,949,244号;米国特許第6,946,129号;米国特許第6,943,020号;米国特許第6,939,547号;米国特許第6,921,645号;米国特許第6,921,645号;米国特許第6,921,533号;米国特許第6,919,433号;米国特許第6,919,078号;米国特許第6,916,475号;米国特許第6,905,681号;米国特許第6,899,879号;米国特許第6,893,625号;米国特許第6,887,468号;米国特許第6,887,466号;米国特許第6,884,594号;米国特許第6,881,405号;米国特許第6,878,812号;米国特許第6,875,580号;米国特許第6,872,568号;米国特許第6,867,006号;米国特許第6,864,062号;米国特許第6,861,511号;米国特許第6,861,227号;米国特許第6,861,226号;米国特許第6,838,282号;米国特許第6,835,549号;米国特許第6,835,370号;米国特許第6,824,780号;米国特許第6,824,778号;米国特許第6,812,206号;米国特許第6,793,924号;米国特許第6,783,758号;米国特許第6,770,450;米国特許第6,767,711号;米国特許第6,764,688号;米国特許第6,764,681号;米国特許第6,764,679号;米国特許第6,743,898号;米国特許第6,733,981号;米国特許第6,730,307号;米国特許第6,720,15号;米国特許第6,716,966号;米国特許第6,709,653号;米国特許第6,693,176号;米国特許第6,692,908号;米国特許第6,689,607号;米国特許第6,689,362号;米国特許第6,689,355号;米国特許第6,682,737号;米国特許第6,682,736号;米国特許第6,682号,734号;米国特許第6,673,344号;米国特許第6,653,104号;米国特許第6,652,852号;米国特許第6,635,482号;米国特許第6,630,144号;米国特許第6,610,833号;米国特許第6,610,294号;米国特許第6,605,441号;米国特許第6,605,279号;米国特許第6,596,852号;米国特許第6,592,868号;米国特許第6,576,745号;米国特許第6,572;856号;米国特許第6,566,076号;米国特許第6,562,618号;米国特許第6,545,130号;米国特許第6,544,749号;米国特許第6,534,058号;米国特許第6,528,625号;米国特許第6,528,269号;米国特許第6,521,227号;米国特許第6,518,404号;米国特許第6,511,665号;米国特許第6,491,915号;米国特許第6,488,930号;米国特許第6,482,598号;米国特許第6,482,408号;米国特許第6,479,247号;米国特許第6,468,531号;米国特許第6,468,529号;米国特許第6,465,173号;米国特許第6,461,823号;米国特許第6,458,356号;米国特許第6,455,044号;米国特許第6,455,040号;米国特許第6,451,310号;米国特許第6,444,206号;米国特許第6,441,143号;米国特許第6,432,404号;米国特許第6,432,402号;米国特許第6,419,928号;米国特許第6,413,726号;米国特許第6,406,694号;米国特許第6,403,770号;米国特許第6,403,091号;米国特許第6,395,276号;米国特許第6,395,274号;米国特許第6,387,350号;米国特許第6,383,759号;米国特許第6,383,484号;米国特許第6,376,654号;米国特許第6,372,215号;米国特許第6,359,126号;米国特許第6,355,481号;米国特許第6,355,444号;米国特許第6,355,245号;米国特許第6,355,244号;米国特許第6,346,246号;米国特許第6,344,198号;米国特許第6,340,571号;米国特許第6,340,459号;米国特許第6,331,175号;米国特許第6,306,393号;米国特許第6,254,868号;米国特許第6,187,287号;米国特許第6,183,744号;米国特許第6,129,914号;米国特許第6,120,767号;米国特許第6,096,289号;米国特許第6,077,499号;米国特許第5,922,302号;米国特許第5,874,540号;米国特許第5,814,440号;米国特許第5,798,229号;米国特許第5,789,554号;米国特許第5,776,456号;米国特許第5,736,119号;米国特許第5,716,595号;米国特許第5,677,136号;米国特許第5,587,459号;米国特許第5,443,953号;米国特許第5,525,338号を参照されたい。これらは例示にすぎず、種々様々な他の抗体およびそれらのハイブリドーマが当技術分野で知られている。技術者であれば、ほぼ全ての腫瘍関連抗原に対抗する抗体配列または抗体分泌ハイブリドーマが、選択した疾患に関連する目的の抗原に対抗する抗体について、ATCC、NCBI、および/またはUSPTOのデータベースから単に検索するだけで獲得することができ得ることを理解するだろう。クローニングした抗体の抗原結合ドメインは、当技術分野で周知されている標準的な技術を使用して、発現ベクターへと増幅され、切り出され、結合され、適応する宿主細胞へと形質転換され、そしてタンパク質を産生するために使用されてよい。
特定の実施形態では、開示する方法および組成物は、1つ以上の置換アミノ酸残基を用いたタンパク質またはペプチドの産生および使用に関する。例えば、以下の実施例で考察するように、AD部分および/またはDDD部分の配列は、DNL複合体形成および/またはDNL複合体のin vivoにおける安定性を改善するように変化させてよい。他の実施形態では、天然、キメラ、ヒト化、またはヒト抗体の構造的、物理的、および/または治療的特徴は、1つ以上のアミノ酸残基を置換することにより最適化されてよい。例えば、ヒト化抗体の機能的特徴は、限定数のヒトフレームワーク領域(FR)のアミノ酸を、対応する親マウス抗体のFRアミノ酸と置換することにより向上され得ることが当技術分野で周知されている。これは、フレームワーク領域のアミノ酸残基がCDR残基にごく近接しているときに特に当てはまる。
特定の実施形態では、細胞毒薬物、抗血管新生薬、アポトーシス促進剤、抗生物質、ホルモン、ホルモンアンタゴニスト、ケモカイン、薬物、プロドラッグ、毒物、酵素、または他の試薬のような治療薬が、本明細書で説明する抗癌ワクチン用DNL複合体に対する補助療法として使用されてよい。有用な薬物は、有糸分裂阻害薬、抗キナーゼ、アルキル化、代謝拮抗薬、抗生物質、アルカロイド、抗血管新生、アポトーシス促進剤、およびそれらの併用から成る群から選択される薬理学的特性を保有し得る。
診断薬は、放射性核種、放射線造影剤、常磁性イオン、金属、蛍光ラベル、化学発光ラベル、超音波造影剤、および光活性化剤から成る群から選択されてよい。そのような診断薬は周知されており、そのような任意の診断薬が使用されてよい。限定されない診断薬の例は、110In、111In、177Lu、18F、52Fe、62Cu、64Cu、67Cu、67Ga、68Ga、86Y、90Y、89Zr、94mTc、94Tc、99mTc、120I、123I、124I、125I、131I、154−158Gd、32P、11C、13N、15O、186Re、188Re、51Mn、52mMn、55Co、72As、75Br、76Br、82mRb、83Sr、または他のγ放射体、β放射体、陽電子放射体のような放射性核種を含んでよい。有用な常磁性イオンは、クロム(III)、マンガン(II)、鉄(III)、鉄(II)、コバルト(II)、ニッケル(II)、銅(II)、ネオジウム(III)、サマリウム(III)、イッテルビウム(III)、ガドリニウム(III)、バナジウム(II)、テルビウム(III)、ジスプロシウム(III)、ホルミウム(III)、またはエルビウム(III)を含んでよい。金属コントラスト剤は、ランタン(III)、金(III)、鉛(II)、またはビスマス(III)を含んでよい。超音波コントラスト剤は、ガス充填したリポソームのようなリポソームを含んでよい。放射線不透過性診断薬は、バリウム化合物、ガリウム化合物、およびタリウム化合物のような化合物から選択されてよい。種々様々な蛍光ラベルは当技術分野で知られており、限定されないがフルオレセインイソチオシアネート、ローダミン、フィコエリトリン、フィコシアニン、アロフィコシアニン、O−フタルアルデヒド、およびフルオレサミンを含む。有用な化学発光ラベルは、ルミノール、イソルミノール、芳香族系アクリジニウムエステル、イミダゾール、アクリジニウム塩、またはシュウ酸エステルを含んでよい。
特定の実施形態では、抗癌ワクチン用DNLコンストラクトは、1つ以上の治療薬または診断薬と抱合させてよい。治療薬は同一である必要はなく、例えば薬物および放射性同位体のように異なっていてもよい。例えば、131Iは、抗体または融合タンパク質のチロシン、およびリジン残基のイプシロンアミノ基に付着させた薬物に組み込むことができる。治療薬および診断薬は、例えば、還元型のSH基および/または炭水化物側鎖を加えることもできる。抗体または融合タンパク質を用いた、共有結合性または非共有結合性抱合体の治療薬または診断薬を作製する広範な方法は当技術分野で知られており、そのような任意の方法が利用されてよい。
さまざまな実施形態は、ヒト、イヌおよびネコのような家庭用ペットまたはコンパニオンペットのような哺乳類などの対象における多発性骨髄腫のような癌を治療する方法に関する。方法は、対象に、治療的に有効量の抗癌ワクチン用DNLコンストラクトを投与することを含み得る。好ましい実施形態では、抗癌ワクチン用DNLコンストラクトは、以下の実施例にてさらに詳細に説明するような、抗CD74抗体またはそのフラグメントおよびCD20異種抗原を含有する。
抗癌ワクチン用DNLコンストラクトは、薬理学的に有用な組成物を調製する公知の方法に従って調合することができ、それにより抗癌ワクチン用DNLコンストラクトは、薬理学的に適した賦形剤を用いて混合物に混合される。無菌リン酸緩衝食塩水は薬理学的に適した賦形剤の一例である。他の適した賦形剤は当業者に周知されている。例えば、Anselら、PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS AND DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS,5th Edition(Lea&Febiger 1990),およびGennaro(ed.),REMINGTON’S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,18th Edition(Mack Publishing Company 1990)、並びにそれらの改訂版を参照されたい。
さまざまな実施形態は患者の病変組織を標的とするか、または診断するのに適した要素を包含するキットに関係し得る。例示的なキットは、本明細書で説明した少なくとも1つ以上の抗癌ワクチン用コンストラクトを包含してよい。投与するための要素を包含する組成物は、経口送達するように、消化管を介した送達用に調合されていない場合、何らかの他の経路を介してキット要素を送達することができる機器が含まれてよい。非経口投与のような適用するためのある種の機器は、対象の身体内に組成物を注入する注射器である。吸入機器が使用されてもよい。特定の実施形態では、治療薬は、無菌の液剤または凍結乾燥製剤を包含する、予め充填した注射器または自動注射ペンの形態で提供されてよい。
さらに他の実施形態は、抗癌ワクチン用のコンストラクトまたはその成分の融合タンパク質をコードする核酸を含むDNA配列に関する。融合タンパク質は、以下の実施例でより詳細に考察するような、DNLコンストラクトの形成に利用されるADペプチドおよびDDDペプチドのような、異なるペプチドまたはタンパク質に付着された抗CD74抗体またはCD20異種抗原を含む。代替的に、コードされた融合タンパク質は、異なる抗体または異種抗原に付着されたDDD部分またはAD部分を含んでよい。
以下の実施例は解説のために提供するものであり、本発明の請求に限定されるものではない。
DDDおよびAD融合タンパク質
DNL技術は、実質的に任意の抗体またはそれらのフラグメントもしくは他のエフェクター部分を含む、二量体、三量体、四量体、六量体などを作製するために使用できる。特定の好ましい実施形態では、IgG抗体、F(ab’)2抗体フラグメント、およびCD20異種抗原のような異種抗原は、二量体化およびドッキングドメイン(DDD)配列またはアンカードメイン(AD)配列のいずれかを含む融合タンパク質として産生されてよい。好ましい実施形態では、DDD部分およびAD部分は、融合タンパク質として産生されるが、技術者であれば、化学的架橋結合のような他の抱合方法が、請求する方法および組成物の範囲内で利用されてよいことを理解するだろう。
DDDl:SHIQIPPGLTELLQGYTVEVLRQQPPDLVEFAVEYFTRLREARA(配列番号10)
DDD2:CGHIQIPPGLTELLQGYTVEVLRQQPPDLVEFAVEYFTRLREARA(配列番号11)
ADl:QIEYLAKQIVDNAIQQA(配列番号12)
AD2:CGQIEYLAKQIVDNAIQQAGC(配列番号13)
プラスミドベクターpdHL2は、いくつかの抗体および抗体に基づくコンストラクトを産生させるために使用されてきた。Gilliesら、J Immunol Methods(1989),125:191−202;Losmanら、Cancer(Phila)(1997),80:2660−6を参照されたい。ジシストロニックな哺乳類の発現ベクターは、IgGの重鎖および軽鎖の合成を目的とする。ベクター配列は、多くの異なるIgG−pdHL2コンストラクトについては、可変ドメイン(VHおよびVL)配列に相違があるだけで、大部分は同じである。当業者に知られている分子生物学的手段を使用して、これらのIgG発現ベクターは、Fab−DDD発現ベクターまたはFab−AD発現ベクターへと変換することができる。Fab−DDD発現ベクターを生成させるために、ヒンジ、重鎖のCH2およびCH3ドメインについてのコード配列は、ヒンジの最初の4残基、14残基のGly−Serリンカー、およびヒトRIIα(DDD1を指す)の最初の44残基をコードする配列と置換される。Fab−AD発現ベクターを生成させるために、ヒンジ、IgGのCH2およびCH3ドメインについての配列は、ヒンジの最初の4残基、15残基のGly−Serリンカー、および17残基のAKAP−IS(AD1を指す)と呼ばれる合成ADと置換され、これはバイオインフォマティクスおよびペプチド配列技術を使用して生成され、非常に高い親和性(0.4nM)でRIIα二量体を結合させることが示された。Altoら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,U.S.A(2003),100:4445−50を参照されたい。
CH1ドメインは、テンプレートとしてpdHL2プラスミドベクターを使用し、PCRにより増幅させた。左側PCRプライマーは、CH1ドメインの上流(5’)末端およびSacII制限酵素部位から成り、これはCH1コード配列の5’になる。右側のプライマーは、ヒンジ(PKSC(配列番号29)の最初の4残基をコードし、続いて4つのグリシンおよび1つのセリンをコードし、最後はBamHI制限酵素部位を持つ2つのコドン(GS)をコードする配列から成る。PGEMT(登録商標)PCRクローニングベクター(PROMEGA(登録商標),Inc.)に410bpのPCRアンプライマーをクローンニングし、T7(5’)の方向に挿入するため、クローンをスクリーニングした。
リンカーペプチドの11残基に先行してDDD1のアミノ酸配列をコードするために、まずBamHI制限酵素部位を持つ2つのコドンを用いて、SigmaのGENOSYS(登録商標)(Haverhill,UK)により(G4S)2DDD1(配列番号14として開示する(G4S)2)と命名した二本鎖のオリゴヌクレオチドを合成した。終止コドンおよびEagI制限酵素部位は3’末端に付加される。コードされたポリペプチド配列を以下に示す。
GSGGGGSGGGGSHIQIPPGLTELLQGYTVEVLRQQPPDLVEFAVEYFTRLREARA(配列番号15)
AD1のアミノ酸配列をコードするため、リンカーペプチドの11残基のまえに、BamHI制限酵素部位を持つ最初の2つのコドンを用いて、SigmaのGENOSYS(登録商標)により(G4S)2‐AD1(配列番号14として開示する(G4S)2)と命名した二本鎖のオリゴヌクレオチドを合成した。終止コドンおよびEagI制限酵素部位は3’末端に付加される。コードされたポリペプド配列を以下に示す。
GSGGGGSGGGGSQIEYLAKQIVDNAIQQA(配列番号16)
BamHI制限酵素およびNotI制限酵素を用いてPGEMT(登録商標)からDDD1配列をコードする190bpのフラグメントを切り出し、次いでシャトルベクターCH1−DDD1−PGEMT(登録商標)を生成させるためにCH1−PGEMT(登録商標)にライゲーションさせた。
BamHI制限酵素およびNotI制限酵素を用いてPGEMT(登録商標)からAD1配列を含む110bpのフラグメントを切り出し、次いでシャトルベクターCH1−AD1−PGEMT(登録商標)を生成させるためにCH1−PGEMT(登録商標)の同じ部位にライゲーションさせた。
このモジュラー設計を用いて、CH1−DDD1またはCH1−AD1のどちらかをpdHL2ベクターにある任意のIgGコンストラクトに組み込むことができる。重鎖定常ドメイン全体は、pdHL2由来のSacII/EagI制限フラグメント(CH1−CH3)を取り除き、それをpGemTシャトルベクターそれぞれから切り出されたCH1−DDDlまたはCH1−ADlのSacII/EagIフラグメントと置換することにより上述のコンストラクトの1つと置換される。
h679−Fd−ADl−pdHL2は、14アミノ酸残基でできたフレキシブルなGly/SerペプチドスペーサーによりFdのCH1ドメインのカルボキシル基末端に連結されたAD1を持つh679Fabを産生させるための発現ベクターである。SacIIおよびEagIを用いてCH1−ADl−SV3シャトルベクターから切り出したCH1−ADlフラグメントと、SacII/EagIフラグメントを置換することによりh679の可変ドメインを含むpdHL2に基づくベクターをh679−Fd−ADl−pdHL2に変換した。
C−DDD1−Fd−hMN−14−pdHL2は、融合タンパク質C−DDD1−Fab−hMN−14という2つの複製を含む安定な二量体を産生させるための発現ベクターであり、ここでDDD1は、フレキシブルなペプチドスペーサーによりCH1のカルボキシル基末端にてhMN−14Fabに連結される。SacIIおよびEagIを用いてCH1−DDD1−SV3シャトルベクターから切り出したCH1−CH3ドメインを取り除き、CH1−DDD1フラグメントを挿入するため、SacIIおよびEagI制限酵素を用いて消化させることにより、hMN−14IgGを産生させるために使用したプラスミドベクターhMN−14(I)−pdHL2をC−DDDl−Fd−hMN−14−pdHL2へと変換させた。
C−DDD2−Fd−hMN−14−pdHL2は、C−DDD2−Fab−hMN−14を産生させるための発現ベクターであり、14アミノ酸残基のGly/SerペプチドリンカーによりhMN−14のFdのカルボキシル基末端に付加されたDDD2の二量化およびドッキングドメインを保有する。分泌された融合タンパク質は、DDD2ドメインとの非共有結合的な相互作用により保持されたhMN−14Fabという2つの同じ複製から構成される。
h679−Fd−AD2−pdHL2は、h679−Fab−AD2を産生させる発現ベクターであり、14アミノ酸残基のGly/SerペプチドリンカーによりCH1ドメインのカルボキシル基末端に付加されるAD2のアンカードメイン配列を保有する。AD2はAD1のアンカードメイン配列の前に1つのシステイン残基を、該ドメインの後に別の1つのシステイン残基を有する。
TF2と命名した三量体DNLコンストラクトを、C−DDD2−Fab−hMN−14をh679−Fab−AD2と反応させることにより獲得した。以下のように、TF2試験的なバッチを、>90%の収率で生成させた。タンパク質L−精製C−DDD2−Fab−hMN−14(200mg)をh679−Fab−AD2(60mg)と1.4:1のモル比で混合した。総タンパク質濃度は、1mMのEDTAを含むPBS中で1.5mg/mlであった。続くステップはTCEP還元、HICクロマトグラフィー、DMSO酸化、およびIMP291アフィニティークロマトグラフィーを伴った。TCEPの添加前に、SE−HPLCは、a2bを形成するという証拠を示さなかった。5mMのTCEPの添加により、二成分構造と予想される157kDaのタンパク質と一致するa2b複合体の形成に、迅速に至った。IMP291アフィニティークロマトグラフィー(不図示)により、TF2を均一近くまで精製した。IMP291は、679のFabが結合するHSGハプテンを含む合成ペプチドである(Rossiら、2005,Clin Cancer Res 11:7122s−29s)。IMP291の結合しなかった分画のSE−HPLC分析により、産物からa4、a2、および遊離κ鎖が取り除かれたことが実証された(不図示)。
任意のIgG−pdHL2ベクターの、CH3−AD2−IgG−pdHL2ベクターへの転換を促進させるためにプラスミドシャトルベクターを作製した。Fc(CH2ドメインおよびCH3ドメイン)について、テンプレートとしてpdHL2ベクターを使用し、かつ次のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを使用してPCRにより遺伝子を増幅した。
Fc BglII 左側
AGATCTGGCGCACCTGAACTCCTG(配列番号8)
Fc Bam− EcoRI 右側
GAATTCGGATCCTTTACCCGGAGACAGGGAGAG(配列番号9)
CH3−AD2−IgG−hA20(抗CD20)
CH3−AD2−IgG−hLL2(抗CD22)
CH3−AD2−IgG−hL243(抗HLA−DR)
CH3−AD2−IgG−hLL1(抗CD74)
CH3−AD2−IgG−hRl(抗IGF−lR)
CH3−AD2−IgG−h734(抗インジウムDTPA)
好適なCH3−AD2−IgG分泌細胞株のトランスフェクションおよび選択
全ての細胞株をハイブリドーマSFM(Invitrogen,Carlsbad CA)において増殖させた。SalI制限酵素を用いた消化によりCH3−AD2−IgG−pdHL2ベクター(30μg)を線状化し、エレクトロポレーション(450ボルト、25μF)によりSp2/0−Agl4(2.8×106細胞)へとトランスフェクトさせた。pdHL2ベクターは、クローン選択とともにメトトレキサート(MTX)を用いて遺伝子増幅ができるジヒドロ葉酸還元用の遺伝子を含む。
融合タンパク質の産物のため、2×105細胞/mlでローラーボトル培養を播種し、細胞生存率が25%以下に落ちるまで、ローラーボトルインキュベータ中、5%のCO2のもと、37℃でインキュベートした(〜10日)。遠心分離により培養ブロスを清澄させ、濾過し、限外濾過法により50倍まで濃縮した。CH3−AD2−IgG分子の精製のため、濃縮した上清液をタンパク質A(MAB Select)のアフィニティーカラムにロードした。PBSを用いてベースラインまでカラムを洗浄し、0.1Mのグリシン、pH2.5を用いて融合タンパク質を溶出した。
DDD2−mCD20(136−178)−pdHL2は、DDD2−mCD20(136−178)用の発現ベクターであり、これはDDD2−リンカー−mCD20(136−178)−HHHHHH(配列番号30として開示されるHHHHHH)を含む。マウスCD20(mCD20)の細胞外ドメインは、mCD20(136−178)と呼び、以下に示す配列のアミノ酸残基136〜178を含む。
TLSHFLKMRRLELIQTSKPYVDIYDCEPSNSSEKNSPSTQYCN(配列番号18)
MSGPFPAEPTKGPLAMQPAPKVNLKRTSSLVGPTQSFFMRESKALGAVQIMNGLFHITLGGLLMIPTGVFAPICLSVWYPLWGGIMYIISGSLLAAAAEKTSRKSLVKAKVIMSSLSLFAAISGIILSIMDILNMTLSHFLKMRRLELIQTSKPYVDIYDCEPSNSSEKNSPSTQYCNSIQSVFLGILSAMLISAFFQKLVTAGIVENEWKRMCTRSKSNVVLLSAGEKNEQTIKMKEEIIELSGVSSQPKNEEEIEIIPVQEEEEEEAEINFPAPPQEQESLPVENEIAP(配列番号7)
上流プライマー:BamHI_mCD20プライマー(30塩基長)
5’−GGATCCACACTTTCTCATTTTTTAAAAATG(配列番号31)
下流プライマー:XhoI mCD20プライマー(30塩基長)
5’−CTCGAGGTTACAGTACTGTGTAGATGGGGA(配列番号32)
SalI酵素を用いた消化によりベクターDDD2−mCD20(136−178)を線状化し、エレクトロポレーションにより安定的にSpESF骨髄腫細胞にトランスフェクトする(例えば米国特許第7,537,930号を参照されたく、その実施例部分は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)。いくつかのクローンは、ELISAにより、検出可能レベルのDDD2−mCD20(136−178)を有することが認められ、その中から最も産生能が高いクローンを選択し、続いて5週間にわたり、0.1〜0.8μMまでメトトレキサート(MTX)濃度を増加させながら増幅させる。この時点で、限定希釈によりサブクローニングし、最も産能が高いサブクローンを拡大する。
実施例2および実施例3で説明したように、CH3−AD2−IgG−hLL1(抗CD74)を産生させる。コンストラクトは、hLL1IgGの各重鎖のC末端に付着させたAD2部分を含む。DDD2−mCD20(136−178)は、実施例4で説明したように産生させる。DNL反応は、1mMの還元グルタチオンを含むPBS中で、hLL1IgG−AD2およびDDD2−mCD20(136−178)を混合することにより行われる。翌日、酸化型グルタチオンを2mMの終末濃度に添加し、24時間後、反応混合物をタンパク質Aカラム上で精製させる。この実施形態では、各AD2部分に2複製のDDD2−mCD20付着させ、結果として、1つのhLL1 IgG部分および4つのmCD20異種抗原部分を含むDNL複合体が生じる。
上流プライマー:Bgl2_mCD20プライマー(30塩基長)
5’−AGATCTACACTTTCTCATTTTTTAAAAATG(配列番号33)
下流プライマー:Eag1_mCD20プライマー(48塩基長)
5’CGGCCGTCAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTTACAGTACTGTGTAGATGG(配列番号34)
特定の好ましい実施形態では、先に説明したように、AD2(配列番号13)およびDDDD2(配列番号11)のアミノ酸配列を含むDNL複合体にAD配列およびDDD配列を組み込む。しかし、別の実施形態では、AD部分および/またはDDD部分の配列変異は、サイトカイン−MAbDNL複合体の構築に利用してよい。ADドメインおよびDDDドメインの構造機能の関係が研究されてきた(例えばBurns−Hamuroら,2005,Protein Sci 14:2982−92;Carrら,2001,J Biol Chem 276:17332−38;Altoら,2003,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:4445−50;Hundsruckerら,2006,Biochem J 396:297−306;Stokkaら,2006,Biochem J 400:493−99;Goldら,2006,Mol Cell 24:383−95;Kindermanら,2006,Mol Cell 24:397−408を参照されたい)。
プロテインキナーゼAのヒトDDD配列
SHIQIPPGLTELLQGYTVEVLRQQPPDLVEFAVEYFTRLREARA(配列番号35)
QIEYLAKQIVDNAIQQA(配列番号12)
同様に、Gold(2006)は、RIアイソフフォームと比較してPKAのRIIアイソフォームについて、5桁の大きさの高い選択性を示すSuperAKAP−IS配列(配列番号19)を発生させるために結晶学およびペプチヂスクリーニングを利用した。下線を付けた残基は、AKAP−IS配列に関連するアミノ酸置換の位置を示し、RIIaのDDD部分への結合を増加した。この配列では、N末端のQ残基は残基数4として番号が付され、C末端のA残基の残基数は20として番号が付されている。置換がRIIaの親和性に作用するように作製できた残基は8、11、15、16、18、19、および20(Goldら,2006)であった。別の特定の実施形態では、SuperAKAP−IS配列は、サイトカイン−MAbのDNLコンストラクトを調製するために、AKAP−ISのAD部分配列に置換してよいことが想定される。AKAP−IS AD配列に置換される他の代替的な配列は、配列番号20〜配列番号22に示す。AKAP−IS配列に関する置換基は下線を付ける。配列番号19に示すAKAP−IS配列と同様に、AD部分も追加のN末端残基のシステインおよびグリシン、並びにC末端残基グリシンおよびシステインを含んでよいことが見込まれる。
SuperAKAP−IS
QIEYVAKQIVDYAIHQA(配列番号19)
代替的なAKAP配列
QIEYKAKQIVDHAIHQA(配列番号20)
QIEYHAKQIVDHAIHQA(配列番号21)
QIEYVAKQIVDHAIHQA(配列番号22)
Ht31
DLIEEAASRIVDAVIEQVKAAGAY(配列番号23)
RIAD
LEQYANQLADQIIKEATE(配列番号24)
PV−38
FEELAWKIAKMIWSDVFQQC(配列番号25)
AKAP−IS
QIEYLAKQIVDNAIQQA(配列番号12)
AKAP7δ−wt−pep
PEDAELVRLSKRLVENAVLKAVQQY(配列番号26)
AKAP7δ−L304T−pep
PEDAELVRTSKRLVENAVLKAVQQY(配列番号27)
AKAP7δ−L308D−pep
PEDAELVRLSKRDVENAVLKAVQQY(配列番号28)
SHIQIPPGLTELLQGYTVEVLRQQPPDLVEFAVEYFTRLREARA(配列番号35)
初期の研究により、CD74は、血中DC、B細胞、単球を含むほとんどの抗原提示細胞に発現することが実証された。APC中のCD74の発現プロファイルをさらに特徴付けるため、我々は、ヒトPBMCおよびin vitroにおいて、単球由来のDCの異なるサブセットにおけるCD74の発現を試験した。図1Aに示すゲート戦略を使用して、我々は、血中のDCサブセット、骨髄DC1(MDCl)およびDC2(MDC2)、並びに形質細胞様DC(PDC)の全ては、MDC2が最も高いレベルのCD74を発現させながら(図1B)CD74を発現させることを見出した。CD74は、LPS成熟DCよりもはるかに高いレベルで単球由来の未熟DC中でも発現した(図2A)。CD74発現プロファイルと一致して、hLL1は、血中DCサブセット、B細胞、単球、および単球由来の未熟DC(図1C、図2B)と効率的に結合したが、LPS成熟DC(図2B、図2C)とは結合しなかった。これらAPCサブセットにおけるhLL1の結合効率は、それらのCD74発現レベルとよく相関している。これらのデータにより、ドック・ロック技術による標的ビヒクルとしてhLL11を使用したAPCへの抗原のin vivoの基盤が提供される。
図1Aおよび図1Bに示すように、CD74は、hLL1が効率的に結合しつつ、未熟DCにて高く発現するので、CD74を発現するB細胞リンパ腫に在る(Steinら,Blood 2004,104:3705−11)ことが既に示されているように、hLL1がDC中に同じ細胞毒性を有するかを疑った。このために、MTS分析および顕微イメージングを使用し、B細胞悪性Daudi細胞およびヒト単球由来のDCの細胞生存率についてhLL1の効果を並べて比較した。結果は、GAH(ヤギ抗ヒト抗体)、hLL1架橋結合用の第2抗体の存在下にて、DCではなくDaudi細胞の細胞生存率を著しく減少させ(図3A)、これは先に示したように、高いレベルのCD74を正常に発現させることを実証した。顕微イメージングは、GAHと架橋したhLL1を用いて治療されたDaudi細胞は、凝集および収縮するようになり、DCは同じように治療した後、正常な形態を維持したことを示す(図3C、図3D)。GAHと架橋したhLL1によるDaudi細胞に対抗する細胞毒性は、Steinら(2004)による初期の研究と一致し、in vitroおよびin vivoにおいてB細胞悪性腫瘍に対して細胞毒性を有することを示した。DCに関し、hLL1とGAHとを合わせた細胞毒性による欠失をアポトーシス分析でさらに実証し、これは低二倍体の核集団がGHAと架橋したhLL1による影響は受けないことを示した(不図示)。
未熟DCおよび成熟DCの機能的な違いとは、成熟DCが、T細胞増殖および拡大を刺激する、強力な能力を有することである。DCにおいて、HLA−DR、CD54およびCD86発現の発現を上方制御することにより、構成の成熟を高めることができるので(図4B)、我々は、このDCが成熟するという効果が、DCにより向上したT細胞拡大によって反映させることができるかどうかを測定した。図5に示されるように、0.05〜50μg/mlのhLL1で治療したDCは、全T細胞、CD4+T細胞、およびCD4−T細胞を含め、DCを媒介したT細胞拡大に影響を与えなかった(図5)。この結果は、hLL1により向上したDC構成の成熟が、向上したT細胞の刺激力へと変えるほど強くなかったことを示唆している。
しかし、DCは別の重要な機能、つまり異なるエフェクター細胞、Th1、Th2、Th17とともに、新規に定義されたTh17−1細胞へと分化させるナイーブCD4T細胞の極性化を有する。Th1細胞は、細胞内の病原体および癌に対抗する細胞性免疫に必須である一方で、Th2細胞の誘導は体液性免疫に関与する。IL−17を産生するTh17およびTh17−1細胞は、特定の病原体および自己免疫性の炎症に対し、免疫における多様な機能を有する他の極性化した細胞集団である。これらのエフェクター細胞の極性化は、主としてDCにより分泌されたサイトカイン、いわゆる「シグナル3」を介し、DC/T細胞シナプスのT細胞に提提示される。CD4+ナイーブT細胞は、異なるエフェクター機能を媒介するTh1、TH2、およびTnp細胞へと分化することができ、該エフェクのターのうち、Th1エフェクター細胞は、癌および感染症に対抗するCTL反応を維持するのに必須の役割を果たす。我々は、0.05〜50μg/mlのhLL1が、DC構成の成熟を用量に依存する方法ではなく、弱いながらも向上させることができるが、この濃度のhLL1を用いて治療したDCは、DCを媒介したT細胞拡大に影響を与えなかったことを示す(図5)。次に、我々は、hLL1治療したDCがCD4+ナイーブT細胞の極性化に影響を与えることができるかに興味を抱いた。図5に示されるように、hLL1治療したDCは、より多くのTH1エフェクター細胞、およびより少ないTH2およびTnp細胞へと分化するようにCD4+ナイーブT細胞を極性化させた。これらの結果は、DCがhLL1によって機能的に調節され得ることを示す。Th1は腫瘍および感染症に対抗する獲得免疫に重要な役割を果たすので、hLL1は、ワクチン接種で使用する際にアジュバント様の活性を有する。
CD20は、B細胞上に発現する正常な自己抗原であり、該抗原は、免疫寛容に起因してワクチン戦略による標的が治療的に困難である。しかし、CD20に対する特異的なT細胞性免疫反応は、ヒトCD20のミニ遺伝子(Palombaら,Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:370−9)、またはヒトCD20の細胞外ドメインおよびQS21アジュバントを備える担体タンパク質を含む抱合体(Robertsら,Blood 2002;99:3748−55)をコードする細胞外ドメインを用いたワクチン接種により、担癌マウスにおいて実現できた。他の幾つかの報告では、動物モデルとともに患者におけるMUClについて示されるように、異種抗原を使用して免疫寛容を断つ実現可能性も実証されている(Dingら,Blood 2008;112:2817−25;Soaresら,J Immunol 2001;166:6555−63)(Ramanathanら,Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005;54:254−64)。74−mCD20が成功するようにhCD20特異的免疫を誘発し、CD20の免疫寛容を克服することができたかを試験するため、以下の実験を行う。
我々の準備中のデータでは、hLL1が、骨髄性DClおよび骨髄性DC2、形質細胞様DC、B細胞および単球を含むAPCと効率的かつ特異的に結合することが示された。74−mCD20が、hLL1単独としてAPCとの結合に同じ効率性および特異性を有することを確認するため、以下の実験を行った。
および表面マーカーを発現する陽性細胞集団について、FlowJoソフトウェアによりデータを分析した。
照射した新生仔Rag2−/−γc−/−マウスにCD34+ヒト臍帯血細胞(HLA A1健常ドナー)を肝内注射し、ヒトT細胞、B細胞、DC細胞を含む再構成させたヒト適応型免疫システム用の動物モデルを作製し、一次リンパ器官および二次リンパ器官を構築する(Huffら,J Clin Oncol.2008,26:2895−900;YangおよびChang,Cancer Invest.2008,26:741−55)。これらのマウスは、Hu−Rag2−/−γc−/−マウスと呼ばれる。
74−mCD20の治療効果をin vivoにおいて評価する最善の方法は、MM増殖およびヒト適応型免疫システムの発生の両方を支援できるように動物モデルを免疫化することである。ヒトCD34+細胞により再構築したRag2−/−γc−/−マウスは、MM増殖を支援しないという免疫性に優れているので、MM幹細胞に対抗する74−mCD20の治療効果を試験するためにhPBMC/NOD/SCIDマウスモデルを使用する。NOD/SCIDマウスは、Matsuiらにより、クローン性の多発性骨髄腫幹細胞を移植するために使用されてきた(Blood 2004,103:2332−6;CancerRes 2008,68:190−7)。
実施例4の方法に従って、マウスEGFRからDDD2抱合したEGFR異種抗原を生成する。体液性免疫反応の誘発時におけるEGFR異種抗原の効果は、既に開示されている(Fangら,Int J Mol Med 2009,23:181−88)。マウスEGFRの細胞外ドメインを含むDDD2−mEGFR−pdHL2発現ベクターは、実施例4で説明したように構築し、DDD2−mEGFR異種抗原の融合は、実施例4に従い、細胞培養にてタンパク質を発現させる。マウスEGFR配列は、例えば、NCBIデータベースにて、登録番号AAG43241で開示されている。DDD2−mEGFR−6ヒスチジンを融合タンパク質を発現させ、実施例4で説明した免疫金属アフィニティークロマトグラフィー(IMAC)により精製する。
Claims (7)
- 癌を治療するための医薬を調製するためのDNL(ドック・ロック)抗癌ワクチン用複合体の使用であって、
DNL複合体が、
a)DDD(二量化およびドッキングドメイン)部分に付着され、前記DDD部分がヒトプロテインキナーゼA調節サブユニットの二量化およびドッキングドメイン由来のペプチド配列を有する、樹状細胞に結合する抗体部分と、
b)AKAP(Aキナーゼアンカータンパク質)のアンカードメイン由来のペプチド配列を有する、AD(アンカードメイン)部分に付着された腫瘍関連異種抗原部分とを備え、
前記DDD部分が、DNL複合体を形成するために、前記AD部分に結合する二量体を形成する複合体であり、
前記抗体部分が抗CD74抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであり、前記腫瘍関連異種抗原がCD20であり、
前記癌が、B細胞癌である、使用。 - 前記DNL複合体が、CD138 neg CD20 + MM幹細胞に対抗する免疫反応を誘発することができる、抗癌ワクチンに使用される請求項1に記載の使用。
- 癌を治療するための医薬を調製するためのDNL抗癌ワクチン用複合体の使用であって、
DNL複合体が、
c)AD部分に付着され、前記AD部分がAKAP(Aキナーゼアンカータンパク質)のアンカードメイン由来のペプチド配列を有する、樹状細胞に結合する抗体部分と、
d)ヒトプロテインキナーゼA調節サブユニットの二量化およびドッキングドメインに由来するペプチド配列を有するDDD部分に付着される腫瘍関連異種抗原部分とを含み、
前記DDD部分がDNL複合体を形成するように前記AD部分に結合する二量体を形成する複合体であり、
前記抗体部分が抗CD74抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであり、前記腫瘍関連異種抗原がCD20であり、
前記癌が、B細胞癌である、使用。 - 前記抗体部分の各重鎖がそのC末端にてAD部分に付着され、前記複合体が1つの抗体部分および4つの腫瘍関連異種抗原部分を含む請求項3に記載の使用。
- 前記抗体部分が、軽鎖可変の相補性決定領域(CDR)配列CDR1(RSSQSLVHRNGNTYLH;配列番号1)、CDR2(TVSNRFS;配列番号2)、およびCDR3(SQSSHVPPT;配列番号3)、並びに重鎖可変領域CDR配列CDR1(NYGVN;配列番号4)、CDR2(WINPNTGEPTFDDDFKG;配列番号:5)、およびCDR3(SRGKNEAWFAY;配列番号6)を含むヒト化またはキメラのLL1抗CD74抗体もしくはそれらの抗原結合性フラグメントである請求項3に記載の使用。
- 前記B細胞癌が、B細胞リンパ腫、B細胞白血病、急性リンパ性白血病、慢性リンパ性白血病、濾胞性リンパ腫、マントル細胞リンパ腫、小リンパ球性リンパ腫、びまん性B細胞リンパ腫、辺縁帯リンパ腫、多発性骨髄腫、バーキットリンパ腫、ホジキンリンパ腫、および非ホジキンリンパ腫から成る群から選択される請求項1〜5の何れか1項に記載の使用。
- 前記B細胞癌が、多発性骨髄腫である請求項6に記載の使用。
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CN102186499A (zh) | 2011-09-14 |
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CN102186499B (zh) | 2015-05-20 |
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AU2009282830A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
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