JP5730484B2 - 厚みのある擬似格子整合型の窒化物エピタキシャル層 - Google Patents
厚みのある擬似格子整合型の窒化物エピタキシャル層 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2007年1月26日付け出願の米国特許仮出願第60/897,572号明細書の利益及び優先権を主張するものであり、その開示全体が参照によりここに援用される。
ここに開示の技術は、概括的に、格子不整合の半導体ヘテロ構造、より詳細には、擬似格子整合型(pseudomorphic)層であって、それに関する予測臨界厚みより大きな厚みを有するものに関する。
Matthews-Blakeslee理論に基づいて計算された予測臨界厚みを、c面AlN基板上に成長させたAlxGa1−xN層中のAl濃度の関数として、図1に示す。図1には、緩和なしで得られたAlxGa1−xN層の擬似格子整合型の歪みも示す。予想に反して、予測臨界厚みよりずっと大きな厚みを有する擬似格子整合型層を成長させることができることが見出された。例えば、図1に示すように、x=0.6でのAlxGa1−xN層の臨界厚みは、約40ナノメートル(nm)である。さらに、本発明者は、このAl濃度の層を1マイクロメートル(μm)を上回る厚みにまで成長させ、しかも極めて高品質で鏡面のように滑らかな擬似格子整合型の歪み層を得ることができた。ここで用いる限り、「高品質」という用語は、約106cm−2以下の貫通転位密度を有するエピタキシャル層を指す。特定の態様では、高品質層は、約104cm−2以下又はさらには約102cm−2以下もの貫通転位密度を有する。また、「擬似格子整合型」という用語は、ここでは、下層の基板の格子パラメータの少なくとも約80%にまで歪まされた(つまり、その固有の格子パラメータに対し約20%未満で緩和されている)エピタキシャル層を指すものとして用いられる。いくつかの態様では、擬似格子整合型層は、下層の基板の格子パラメータに対しほぼ完全に歪まされていてよい。「鏡面のように滑らかな」という用語は、5μm×5μmの面積における約5nm未満の層二乗平均平方根での(「RMS」)表面粗さ(原子間力顕微鏡によって測定)を指す。好ましい態様では、RMS表面粗さは、5μm×5μmの面積において約1nm未満である。
遠紫外LED(ディープUVLED)の性能を制限する重要な問題は、活性デバイス領域における高い転位密度であり、これは、電気効率、内部量子効率(「IQE」)及びデバイスの寿命を低下させる。簡単に、参照によりその開示全体がここに援用される、Solid State Lighting Report (Dept. of Energy、2007)で述べられているように、電気的効率(電力効率)、つまりηv(加えられる電圧及び電荷の積で除した光子エネルギー、つまりhλ/eVとして定義される)は、光子エネルギーに変換される電気エネルギーの量を表す。加えられる順方向電圧は、ダイオードの性質によって決められ、所与の入力電力に対して最高の電流を得るためにできるだけ低くする(そして光子に変換可能な電子の数を最大にする)ことが望ましい。IQEは、半導体チップの活性領域で生成された光子の、LEDに注入された電子に対する比である。
Claims (30)
- 窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板、及び
前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板上にエピタキシャル成長させた少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜であって、AlN、GaN、InN又はそれらの任意の二元若しくは三元の合金の組合せの少なくとも1つを含む少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜
を備え、
(i)前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜の厚みが、当該少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜に関する、Matthews-Blakeslee理論により計算される予測臨界厚みを少なくとも5倍で上回り、(ii)前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜が、10,000cm −2 未満の平均の貫通転位密度を有し、及び(iii)前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜の前記平均の貫通転移密度が、前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板の平均の貫通転移密度の10倍以下の大きさである、半導体ヘテロ構造。 - 前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板と前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜との間にバッファ層をさらに備えている、請求項1に記載の半導体ヘテロ構造。
- 前記バッファ層と前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜との間に傾斜層をさらに備えている、請求項2に記載の半導体ヘテロ構造。
- 前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜の厚みが、前記予測臨界厚みを少なくとも10倍で上回る、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の半導体ヘテロ構造。
- 前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜が実質的にIn不含である、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の半導体ヘテロ構造。
- 前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜に対して平行な歪みが、該少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜と同じ組成を有する歪みのない合金の平行格子パラメータと前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜の下に設けられた緩和プラットフォームの平行格子パラメータとの差の80%より大きい、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の半導体ヘテロ構造。
- 前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜が、AlxGa1−xNを含み、該少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜の厚みが200nmより大きく、xが0.65未満である、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の半導体ヘテロ構造。
- 前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜の厚みが1μmより大きい、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の半導体ヘテロ構造。
- 前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜上に設けられた緩和されたキャップ層をさらに含む、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の半導体ヘテロ構造。
- 半導体ヘテロ構造を形成する方法であって、
窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板を設け、
前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板上に、AlN、GaN、InN又はそれらの任意の二元若しくは三元の合金の組合せの少なくとも1つを含む擬似格子整合型の膜をエピタキシャル堆積させることを含み、
(i)前記擬似格子整合型の膜の厚みが、当該擬似格子整合型の膜に関する、Matthews-Blakeslee理論によって計算される予測臨界厚みを少なくとも5倍で上回り、(ii)前記擬似格子整合型の膜が、10,000cm −2 未満の平均の貫通転位密度を有し、及び(iii)前記擬似格子整合型の膜の前記平均の貫通転移密度が、前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板の平均の貫通転移密度の10倍以下の大きさである、方法。 - 前記擬似格子整合型の膜を堆積させる前に、前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板上にバッファ層を形成することをさらに含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記バッファ層と前記擬似格子整合型の膜との間に傾斜層を形成することをさらに含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記擬似格子整合型の膜の厚みが、前記予測臨界厚みを少なくとも10倍で上回る、請求項10から12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記擬似格子整合型の膜が実質的In不含である、請求項10から13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記擬似格子整合型の膜がAlGaNを含み、前記擬似格子整合型の膜をエピタキシャル堆積させることが、トリメチルアルミニウム及びトリメチルガリウムを反応器内に導入することを含む、請求項10から14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記擬似格子整合型の膜の堆積の際のトリメチルガリウムの初期流量が、トリメチルガリウムの最終流量より大きい、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板が、10μm×10μmの面積に対して約0.5nm、未満のRMS表面粗さ、約0.3°〜4°の表面の配向ずれ、及び約104cm−2未満の貫通転位密度を有する、請求項10から16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記擬似格子整合型の膜の貫通転位密度が、前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板の貫通転位密度にほぼ等しい、請求項10から17のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記擬似格子整合型の膜上に、緩和されたキャップ層を形成することをさらに含み、前記擬似格子整合型の膜が、前記緩和されたキャップ層を形成した後、歪みを維持している、請求項10から18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記擬似格子整合型の膜は、1100℃より高い温度から1300℃までの範囲の成長温度で堆積される、請求項10から19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 電界効果トランジスタ、発光ダイオード及び半導体レーザからなる群から選択されたデバイスであって、
前記デバイスが、歪みヘテロ構造の少なくとも一部を含み、該歪みヘテロ構造の少なくとも一部が、
窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板、及び
前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板上にエピタキシャル成長させた少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜であって、AlN、GaN、InN又はそれらの任意の二元若しくは三元の合金の組合せの少なくとも1つを含む少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜
を含み、
(i)前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜の厚みが、当該少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜に関する、Matthews-Blakeslee理論により計算される予測臨界厚みを少なくとも10倍で上回り、(ii)前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜が、10,000cm −2 未満の平均の貫通転位密度を有し、及び(iii)前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜の前記平均の貫通転移密度が、前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板の平均の貫通転移密度の10倍以下の大きさである、デバイス。 - 前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板と前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜との間にバッファ層をさらに備えている、請求項21に記載のデバイス。
- 前記バッファ層と前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜との間に傾斜層をさらに備えている、請求項22に記載のデバイス。
- 前記デバイスが、少なくとも1つの互いに入り込むコンタクトを含む発光ダイオードである、請求項21から23のいずれか一項に記載のデバイス。
- 前記少なくとも1つの擬似格子整合型の膜上に設けられた緩和されたキャップ層をさらに含む、請求項21から24のいずれか一項に記載のデバイス。
- 電界効果トランジスタ、発光ダイオード及び半導体レーザからなる群から選択されるデバイスであって、
前記デバイスが、歪みヘテロ構造の少なくとも一部を含み、該歪みヘテロ構造の少なくとも一部が、
窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板、及び
前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板上にエピタキシャル成長させた複数の擬似格子整合型の膜であって、前記複数の擬似格子整合型の膜の各々が、AlN、GaN、InN又はそれらの任意の二元若しくは三元の合金の組合せの少なくとも1つを含む、複数の擬似格子整合型の膜
を含み、
(i)前記複数の擬似格子整合型の膜の全厚みが、当該複数の擬似格子整合型の膜に関する、Matthews-Blakeslee理論により計算される予測臨界厚みを少なくとも10倍で上回り、(ii)前記複数の擬似格子整合型の膜が、10,000cm −2 未満の平均の貫通転位密度を有し、及び(iii)前記複数の擬似格子整合型の膜の前記平均の貫通転移密度が、前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板の平均の貫通転移密度の10倍以下の大きさである、デバイス。 - 前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板と前記複数の擬似格子整合型の膜との間にバッファ層をさらに備えている、請求項28に記載のデバイス。
- 前記バッファ層と前記複数の擬似格子整合型の膜との間に傾斜層をさらに備えている、請求項27に記載のデバイス。
- 前記複数の擬似格子整合型の膜の各々の、前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板の表面に対して平行な格子パラメータが、前記窒化アルミニウム単結晶基板の格子パラメータから0.2%未満だけ異なる、請求項26から28のいずれか一項に記載のデバイス。
- 前記複数の擬似格子整合型の膜上に設けられた緩和されたキャップ層をさらに含む、請求項26からう29のいずれか一項に記載のデバイス。
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US9437430B2 (en) | 2016-09-06 |
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