JP5629461B2 - 充電式リチウムバッテリを含む、非水性の電気化学セルにおける電極保護 - Google Patents
充電式リチウムバッテリを含む、非水性の電気化学セルにおける電極保護 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5629461B2 JP5629461B2 JP2009501536A JP2009501536A JP5629461B2 JP 5629461 B2 JP5629461 B2 JP 5629461B2 JP 2009501536 A JP2009501536 A JP 2009501536A JP 2009501536 A JP2009501536 A JP 2009501536A JP 5629461 B2 JP5629461 B2 JP 5629461B2
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Description
本出願は、米国仮特許出願第60/785,768号(2006年3月22日出願、名称「Lithium/Water,Lithium/Air Batteries」)、米国特許出願第11/400,025号(2006年4月6日出願、名称「Electrode Protection in both Aqueous and Non−Aqueous Electrochemical Cells,including Rechargeable Lithium Batteries」、および米国特許出願第11/400,781号(2006年4月6日出願、名称「Rechargeable
Lithium/Water,Lithium/Air Batteries」に基づく優先権を主張する。
本発明は、電気化学セルにおける電極保護に関し、より具体的には、充電式リチウムバッテリを含む、水性および非水性両方の電気化学セルにおける電極保護に関する。本発明はまた、水環境および/または大気環境で使用するためのリチウムアノードを備えた、充電式電気化学セルにも関する。
Perspectives、Chapter 4、pp.137−165、Elsevier、Amsterdam(1994)に記載されている。ゲルポリマー電解質および固体ポリマー電解質の例は、Alamgir他によって、Lithium Batteries、New Materials、Developments and Perspectives、Chapter 3、pp.93−136、Elsevier、Amsterdam(1994)に記載されている。
(lamanode構造体の製造および特徴付け)
Lamanode構造体(例えば、Liイオンに対しては伝導性があるが、電子に対しては非導電性である埋め込み層によって分離した、Liの第1および第2の層を含む構造体)は、PET基板上にLiを熱蒸着(真空蒸着)することによって、異なる厚さのLiの2つの層に作製した。Liの2つの層は、低伝導材料(例、LiPON、Li3N等)の埋め込み層によって分離した。上部および底部Li層の厚さの比率は、第1の放電の必要なDoD(放電深さ)に基づいて計算し、0.2乃至0.4の範囲とした。約0.01乃至1ミクロンのLiPONの層を、N2雰囲気中で、Li3PO4からのRFマグネトロンスパッタによって、底部のより厚いLi層上に被着させた。より薄いLi層(例、5ミクロン)を、埋め込み層上に熱蒸着させた。
Eeff=Qa/Qc (1)
ここで、Qcは、アンペア時におけるLiの被着量であり、Qaはアンペア時におけるLiの溶解量である。1未満のLi効率では、余分な量のLiがバルクから溶解して100%のサイクルを完了した。実用的なシステムのEeffは、一般的に0.98よりも高い。したがって、第2の放電中に、総カソード電荷と比較して無視できる量のLiが、埋め込み層を通じて、バルクLiから電解質およびカソードへ移送された。この量は、第1のアノードの溶解中のLi溶解量よりも100倍少なく、実際には、Liの底部層の表面のモルフォロジ、および調整された保護層には影響を及ぼさない。以降、同じシナリオを、100%のサイクルでセルの寿命まで繰り返す。Liおよび調整された埋め込み層の表面形成される欠陥、クラック、およびピンホールが少ないので、Liサイクル効率が向上し、サイクル寿命が長くなる。このようなlaminodeは、カソードとともにセル内に構築することができ、例えば、60乃至75%の硫黄および電解質が硫黄化学に適合する。
A)単純化に必要な、Liを23μmのPET上に熱蒸着させて作製した、厚さ約25ミクロンのLi作用電極。この単一層状電極を対照として使用した。
B)3つの階層構造(例、laminode)を含む、ほぼ同じ厚さのLi作用電極。laminodeは、以下によって作製した。
i)PET上に熱蒸着させた20ミクロンのLi。
ii)N2雰囲気中で、20ミクロンのLiの上部にLi3PO4ターゲットからRFマグネトロンスパッタして作製した0.075ミクロンのLiPON。および
iii)LiPONの層の上部に熱蒸着させた5ミクロンのLi。
(lamanode構造体のサイクル寿命)
本実施例は、単一層のベース電極材料を有するセルと比較して、laminode構造体を含むセルのLiサイクル効率およびサイクル寿命が向上することを示す。
(異なるタイプのアノード保護の放電容量への効果)
本実施例は、セルの放電容量への異なるタイプのアノード保護の効果を示す。
Claims (33)
- ベース電極材料を含む電極を備えた非水性の電気化学セルであって、前記電極は、
活性電極種を備えた第1の金属層と、
前記活性電極種を備えた第2の金属層であって、前記第2の金属層における前記活性電極種の少なくとも一部は、前記電気化学セルの放電および充電をそれぞれ行うと消耗および再メッキされる、第2の金属層と、
単一イオン伝導層であって、前記単一イオン伝導層は、前記第1の金属層を前記第2の金属層から分離し、前記第1の金属層と前記第2の金属層との間での、前記単一イオン伝導層を越えた電子的連通を実質的に防止する、単一イオン伝導層と
を備え、
前記第2の金属層は、前記第1の金属層と、前記セルとともに使用される電解質との間に存在するように配置される、電気化学セル。 - 電極を備えた非水性かつ充電式の電気化学セルであって、前記電極は、
活性電極種を備えた第1の金属層と、
前記活性電極種を備えた第2の金属層であって、前記第2の金属層の大部分または全ては、前記電気化学セルの完全な放電を行うと除去される、第2の金属層と、
前記第1の金属層を前記第2の金属層から分離し、前記第1の金属層と前記第2の金属層との間での、層を越えた電子的連通を実質的に防止する単一イオン伝導層と
を備え、
前記第2の金属層は、前記第1の金属層と、前記セルとともに使用される電解質との間に存在するように配置される、電気化学セル。 - 前記電極と、前記セルとともに使用される電解質との間に配置された保護層をさらに備え、前記保護層は、単一イオン伝導材料である、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記保護層は、前記第1の金属層を前記第2の金属層から分離する前記単一イオン伝導層に組成において実質的に類似する、請求項3に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記第1の金属層および前記第2の金属層の両方と電子的に連通する電流コレクタをさらに備える、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記電極はアノードである、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記電極はアノードであり、前記第1の金属層および前記第2の金属層は、少なくとも1つのエッジを有する層状構造体を規定し、前記電流コレクタは、前記第1の金属層および前記第2の金属層の両方を越えて前記アノードのエッジと接触する、請求項5に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記アノードと電気化学的に連通する電解質をさらに備える、請求項6に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記電極はアノードであり、
前記電気化学セルは、
前記アノード上に、複数の単一イオン伝導層および複数のポリマー層を備えた多層保護構造体を備え、各単一イオン伝導層は、厚さが10ミクロン以下であり、非ポリマー材料を備え、各ポリマー層は、厚さが10ミクロン以下であり、各ポリマー層は、イオン伝導性であり、前記ポリマー層と前記単一イオン伝導層とが、交互に配置される、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。 - 前記電気化学セルは、プラズマ処理された層の形態において分離層を含む、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記多層保護構造体は、最大全厚が150ミクロンである、請求項9に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記多層保護構造体は、最大全厚が50ミクロンである、請求項9に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記単一イオン伝導層の少なくとも一部は、補助的な輸送抑制物質で少なくとも部分的に満たされた空隙を含む、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記単一イオン伝導層は、リチウムイオンに対して伝導性のあるガラスまたはセラミックを含む、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記単一イオン伝導層は、窒化リチウムまたは酸化リチウムを含む、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記単一イオン伝導層が細孔を含み、前記細孔の少なくとも一部はポリマーで満たされる、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記電気化学セルは、前記単一イオン伝導層に隣接して配置されたポリマー層を備え、前記ポリマー層はアクリレートを含み、前記ポリマー層は、イオン伝導性である、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記活性電極種は、リチウムを含む、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記第2の金属層の前記活性電極種の70%を超える部分が、第1の放電を行う際に電気化学的に溶解するように、前記第2の金属層が、前記セルの第1の放電の前に、一定量の前記活性電極種を含む、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 電気エネルギを貯蔵および使用する方法であって、
電極を備えた非水性の電気化学セルを提供することであって、前記電極は、
活性電極種を備えた第1の金属層と、
前記活性電極種を備えた第2の金属層であって、前記第2の金属層における前記活性電極種の少なくとも一部は、前記電気化学セルの放電および充電をそれぞれ行うと消耗および再メッキされる、第2の金属層と、
単一イオン伝導層であって、前記単一イオン伝導層は、前記第1の金属層を前記第2の金属層から分離し、前記第1の金属層と前記第2の金属層との間での、前記単一イオン伝導層を越えた電子的連通を実質的に防止する、単一イオン伝導層と
を備え、前記第2の金属層は、前記第1の金属層と、前記セルとともに使用される電解質との間に配置される、ことと、
少なくとも部分的に放電したデバイスを規定するために前記デバイスから電流を放電することと、少なくとも部分的に再充電したデバイスを規定するために前記少なくとも部分的に放電したデバイスを少なくとも部分的に充電することとを交互に行うことであって、そのときに、前記第2の金属層からの前記活性電極種は、充電時に再メッキされるよりも多く放電時に消耗され、前記活性電極種の少なくとも一部は、前記単一イオン伝導層を越えて、前記第1の金属層から前記第2の金属層へ補充される、ことと
を含む、方法。 - 対電極をさらに備え、前記第2の金属層は、前記セルの第1の放電の前に、前記対電極の完全な放電時に消耗するよりも多くの活性電極種を備える、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記電気化学セルは、前記第1の金属層および前記第2の金属層の両方と電子的に連通する電流コレクタをさらに備え、前記方法は、充電時および放電時に電流を前記第2の金属層に通すことと、充電中および放電中に、前記第1の金属層を通じて電荷の通過を実質的に妨げることとを含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記単一イオン伝導層に隣接して配置されたポリマー層を備え、前記ポリマー層はリチウム塩を含む、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記単一イオン伝導層は、厚さが500ナノメートル未満である、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記単一イオン伝導層は、厚さが50ナノメートル未満である、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記電極はアノードであり、前記電気化学セルは、活性電極種として硫黄を含むカソードをさらに備える、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記電極の厚さは5乃至50ミクロンの範囲内にある、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記第1の金属層または前記第2の金属層の各々は、リチウム金属層および/またはリチウム金属合金層である、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記電気化学セルは、前記アノードと前記カソードとの間に配置されたポリマーゲル電解質をさらに備える、請求項26に記載の電気化学セル。
- スルホン、脂肪族エーテル、環状エーテルおよびポリエーテルのうちの1つ以上を含む溶媒を含む電解質を備える、請求項26に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記電解質は、LiSCN、LiCF3SO3およびLiN(CF3SO2)2のうちの1つ以上を含む、請求項30に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記単一イオン伝導層に隣接して配置されたポリマー層を備え、前記ポリマー層の厚さは0.5ミクロン以下であり、前記ポリマー層は、イオン伝導性である、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記単一イオン伝導層に隣接して配置されたポリマー層を備え、前記ポリマー層の厚さは0.1ミクロン以下であり、前記ポリマー層は、イオン伝導性である、請求項1または2に記載の電気化学セル。
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US78576806P | 2006-03-22 | 2006-03-22 | |
US60/785,768 | 2006-03-22 | ||
US11/400,781 US20070221265A1 (en) | 2006-03-22 | 2006-04-06 | Rechargeable lithium/water, lithium/air batteries |
US11/400,781 | 2006-04-06 | ||
US11/400,025 | 2006-04-06 | ||
US11/400,025 US7771870B2 (en) | 2006-03-22 | 2006-04-06 | Electrode protection in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrochemical cells, including rechargeable lithium batteries |
PCT/US2007/007005 WO2007111901A2 (en) | 2006-03-22 | 2007-03-21 | Electrode protection in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrochemical cells, including rechargeable lithium batteries |
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WO2007111901A3 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
KR20090018775A (ko) | 2009-02-23 |
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