JP5334551B2 - Sampling waveform measuring device and signal quality monitor - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a sampling waveform measurement device, capable of measuring an eye waveform with less timing drift even when an approximate value of bit frequency of input signal is unknown, and a signal quality monitor with high accuracy. <P>SOLUTION: In the sampling waveform measurement device, a bit synchronization circuit for giving a time-axis signal of sampling waveform detects a ratio of beat frequency to sampling frequency between bit frequency of an input signal and sampling frequency or an integral multiple of sampling frequency, determines the time-axis signal from the ratio of detected beat frequency to the sampling frequency, and outputs as the time-axis signal. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&amp;INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a sampling measurement apparatus that digitizes and measures a waveform of a high-speed signal, and a signal quality monitor that monitors the quality of the measured waveform.

  A configuration of a conventional sampling waveform measuring apparatus is shown in FIG. The optical signal generator 700 to be measured outputs a sine wave signal having a reference frequency (for example, 10 MHz) synchronized with the optical input signal simultaneously with a high-speed (for example, 40 Gbps) optical input signal. In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus 600, when the bit frequency of the optical input signal is manually input, the sampling frequency calculating unit 607 calculates a sampling frequency (for example, 9.9999999 MHz) slightly lower than an integer fraction of the bit frequency. The frequency synthesizer 606 is set. The frequency synthesizer 606 generates a sine wave signal having a set sampling frequency in accordance with the input reference frequency. The optical sampling pulse generation circuit 605 generates an optical sampling pulse whose repetition is equal to the sampling frequency and whose pulse width is short according to the output of the frequency synthesizer 606. When an optical sampling pulse is input, the optical sampling gate 601 opens the gate and samples the optical input signal. The output of the optical sampling gate 601 is converted into an electric signal by the light receiver 602, and a digital signal is output by an analog-digital conversion circuit (hereinafter, “analog-digital conversion circuit” is abbreviated as “AD conversion circuit”) 603. And input to the eye waveform display unit 604.

  The principle of measuring the sampling waveform of the sampling waveform measuring apparatus 600 is shown in FIG. The repetition period of the optical sampling pulse (FIG. 2B) output from the optical sampling pulse generation circuit 605 is slightly longer than an integral multiple of the repetition period of the optical input signal (FIG. 2A). The relative sampling position on the pulse waveform is slightly behind the previous sampling. This relative sampling position difference is denoted by Δt. When the input signal has a repetitive waveform, this is equivalent to sampling the input signal at positions 0, Δt, 2Δt, 3Δt. An output signal (FIG. 2C) output from the optical sampling gate 601 is obtained as an envelope obtained by enlarging the pulse waveform of the optical input signal in the time axis direction. Since the time axis of the output signal output from the optical sampling gate 601 is expanded, a high-speed optical input signal waveform can be observed using the low-speed light receiver 602 and the A-D conversion circuit 603. FIGS. 2A to 2C show the case where the optical input signal has a complete repetitive waveform. However, when the optical input signal is a binary digital signal, a sampling point corresponding to “0” and “1” are used. An eye waveform in which sampling points corresponding to "" are separated is obtained. An example of an eye waveform of an RZ (Return to Zero) code signal is shown in FIG.

但し、Ｎは整数である。 The sampling frequency f _s, the bit frequency of the input signal when the f _in, 1 equivalent time step Δt per sample is expressed by the following equation.

However, N is an integer.

In the prior art, N and f _s are usually selected so that 0 <Δt << 1 / f _in . As an output signal of the optical sampling gate 601, an input signal waveform whose time axis is enlarged by S = 1 / (Δt · f _s ) times is obtained. For example, the bit frequency of the optical input signal is 40 GHz, when the sampling frequency is 9.99999MHz, Delta] t is the time axis becomes 0.1ps is expanded to about ^106-fold. In this method, it is necessary to accurately match the relationship between the bit frequency of the input signal and the sampling frequency, and it is necessary to synchronize the reference frequency between the measurement target 700 and the sampling waveform measuring apparatus 600. When measuring a signal transmitted through a long-distance optical fiber, the distance between the object 700 to be measured and the sampling waveform measuring apparatus 600 is long, and it is difficult to synchronize the reference frequency with an electric signal. In this case, there are a method of separately transmitting a reference frequency as an optical signal and a method of extracting a clock component from an optical input signal at a receiving end.

  However, the former is very complicated because a special device for transmitting / receiving a signal other than a normal optical input signal to be measured is required on both sides of the transmission / reception end. The latter has a problem that a clock extraction circuit that extracts a clock component having a high frequency is expensive and a clock frequency range that can be extracted is limited. The sampling waveform measuring apparatus 600 needs to set a bit frequency according to the optical input signal, and also needs a frequency synthesizer with high frequency resolution and little timing drift, and an optical sampling pulse generation circuit 605 synchronized therewith. However, there was a problem that it was expensive and large.

In order to solve the above-described problem of reference frequency synchronization, a sampling waveform measuring apparatus (for example, see Non-Patent Document 1) to which a software synchronization method is applied has been proposed. A configuration of a sampling waveform measuring apparatus 600 to which the software synchronization method is applied is shown in FIG. The configurations of the optical sampling pulse generation circuit 605, the optical sampling gate 601, the light receiver 602, and the A-D conversion circuit 603 are the same as those of the above-described conventional technology. Reference numeral 604 denotes an eye waveform display unit, 606 a frequency synthesizer, 607 a sampling frequency calculation unit, 611 a square wave detection circuit, 612 a discrete Fourier transformer, 613 a low-pass filter, 614 a maximum value detection circuit, and 615 a Δt change circuit 616 is an amplitude slice circuit, 617 is a histogram, 618 is a square sum circuit, 619 is a maximum value detection circuit, and 620 is a time axis determination circuit. Since the frequency synthesizer 606 does not synchronize the object to be measured with the reference frequency, a slight error occurs in the sampling frequency. Even a small error in the sampling frequency f _s, the error of the equivalent time step Δt increases are magnified. For example, the bit frequency _{f in} of the optical input signal is 40 GHz, when the sampling frequency _{f s} is 9.99999MHz, relative error of the sampling frequency _{f s} is at ^{10 -7,} the relative error of the equivalent time step Δt is 10%.

数式（１）と数式（２）より、

となる。数式３より、ビート周波数ｆ_ｂが光サンプリングゲート６０１の出力の繰り返し周波数に等しいことが分かる。また、ビート周波数ｆ_ｂがｆ_ｓ／２よりも十分小さい場合、ビット周波数ｆ_ｉｎの整数倍の周波数とサンプリング周波数の整数倍の周波数との間のビート周波数はｆ_ｂの整数倍となり、図５（ｄ）に示すように、ｆ_ｂとその整数倍の関係となる。 The beat frequency generated in the sampled signal will be described with reference to FIG. As shown in FIG. 5A, the RZ code signal has frequency components of a bit frequency and integer multiples of frequencies 2f _in , 3f _in ,. On the other hand, the sampling pulse of the sampling frequency _{f s,} as shown in FIG. 5 (b), with the sampling frequency _{f s} and the frequency _2f s of an integral multiple, _3f s, the frequency component of .... Since sampling corresponds to multiplication of the input signal and the sampling pulse, the frequency difference shown in FIG. 5C is the beat frequency, and the output frequency of the optical sampling gate 601 includes the beat frequencies f _b and 2f shown in FIG. _b , 3f _b ,... are generated. Beat frequency of the beat signal by the sampling pulse of the optical input signal and the sampling frequency f _s of the bit frequency f _in is expressed by the following equation.

From Equation (1) and Equation (2),

It becomes. From Equation 3, it can be seen that the beat frequency f _b is equal to the repetition frequency of the output of the optical sampling gate 601. Further, when the beat frequency f _b is sufficiently smaller than the f _{s /} 2, the beat frequency between an integer multiple of the frequency of an integer multiple of the frequency and the sampling frequency of the bit frequency f _in becomes an integral multiple of f _b, FIG. 5 As shown in (d), the relationship is _fb and its integral multiple.

２乗演算によってビット周波数成分及びその高調波成分が発生するので、ＲＺ信号と同様のビート周波数を持つビート信号が発生する。Ｙ_ｉ’に対して離散フーリエ変換を行なうと図５（ｄ）のようなスペクトルが得られる。 In order to measure an optical input signal of an NRZ (Non Return to Zero) code having no bit frequency component, a square operation shown in the following equation is performed on the A-D converted digital signal Y _i .

Since a bit frequency component and its harmonic component are generated by the square operation, a beat signal having the same beat frequency as the RZ signal is generated. When discrete Fourier transform is performed on Y _i ′, a spectrum as shown in FIG. 5D is obtained.

となり、ｆ_ｂからΔｔを求めることが出来る。 When the pulse width of the input signal is shorter than the 1-bit period, the beat frequency level between the integer multiple of the bit frequency and the integral multiple of the sampling frequency is an integral multiple of the bit frequency and the sampling frequency. It becomes close to the level of beat frequency between frequencies. This level difference may be reversed by slight noise or the like, and it is not possible to reliably detect a beat frequency between a bit frequency and a frequency that is an integral multiple of the sampling frequency simply by searching for the maximum value of the spectrum. Therefore, after removing beat frequencies 2f _b , 3f _b ,... Between frequencies that are an integral multiple of the bit frequency and a frequency that is an integral multiple of the sampling frequency as shown in FIG. Upon detection of the beat frequency f _b between an integral multiple of the frequency of the bit frequency and the sampling frequency is obtained. From Equation 3,

Thus, Δt can be obtained from f _b .

のようにしてＹ_ｉに対応する時間軸値Ｘ_ｉを再構成し、タイミングドリフトが最小のアイ波形を得ることが出来る。つまり、被測定対象とサンプリング波形測定装置の間で基準周波数の同期をとらず、光入力信号のビット周波数とサンプリング周波数の関係に誤差が存在する場合でも、サンプリングされた信号からΔｔを正確に求め、入力信号と同期したアイ波形を得ることが出来る。
Ｍａｔｈｉａｓ Ｗｅｓｔｌｕｎｄ， Ｈｅｎｒｉｋ Ｓｕｎｎｅｒｕｄ， Ｍａｇｎｕｓ Ｋａｒｌｓｏｎ， ａｎｄ Ｐｅｔｅｒ Ａ． Ａｎｄｒｅｋｓｏｎ， “Ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ Ｓｙｎｃｈｒｏｎｉｚｅｄ Ａｌｌ−Ｏｐｔｉｃａｌ Ｓａｍｐｌｉｎｇ ｆｏｒ Ｆｉｂｅｒ Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ”， ＩＥＥＥ Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｌｉｇｈｔｗａｖｅ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ， ｖｏｌ．２３， ｎｏ．３， ｐｐ．１０８８−１０９９， Ｍａｒｃｈ ２００５ However, since the spectrum obtained by performing a discrete Fourier transform on Y _i ′ is a discrete spectrum, the frequency resolution of the beat component is limited by the number of data points of the discrete Fourier transform, and Δt obtained from this has an error. If there is an error in Δt, a timing drift occurs in the eye waveform. Therefore, an accurate Δt is obtained by performing the following iterative process using Δt obtained from the discrete spectrum as an initial value. FIG. 6 shows an eye waveform and a histogram when there is no timing drift. First, an eye waveform is drawn using the initial value of Δt as shown in FIG. 6A, and a histogram is created as shown in FIG. 6B for the sample between the two horizontal lines in FIG. 6A. . The number of samples in the histogram is κ, and the square sum Σκ ² is calculated. Δt is changed and the square sum Σκ ² is repeatedly calculated, and Δt when the square sum Σκ ² is maximized is set as the optimum value of Δt. When the optimum value of Δt is obtained, Equation 6

In this way, the time axis value X _i corresponding to Y _i can be reconstructed, and an eye waveform with minimum timing drift can be obtained. That is, the reference frequency is not synchronized between the object to be measured and the sampling waveform measuring apparatus, and Δt is accurately obtained from the sampled signal even when there is an error in the relationship between the bit frequency of the optical input signal and the sampling frequency. An eye waveform synchronized with the input signal can be obtained.
Mathias Westlund, Henrik Sunnerud, Magnus Karlson, and Peter A. et al. Andrekson, “Software Synchronized All-Optical Sampling for Fiber Communication Systems”, IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology. 23, no. 3, pp. 1088-1099, March 2005

In the software synchronization method described above, there is a problem that a complicated process of generating an eye waveform, slicing, and obtaining a histogram needs to be repeated by changing Δt, and the amount of calculation is large. If the beat frequency between the integer multiple of the bit frequency and the integer multiple of the sampling frequency is lower than the beat frequency between the bit frequency and the integral multiple of the sampling frequency, it can be removed by a low-pass filter. Therefore, it is necessary to always make the beat frequency f _b between the bit frequency and an integer multiple of the sampling frequency sufficiently smaller than f _s / 2. For this purpose, the approximate value of the bit frequency of the optical input signal is known, and it is necessary to set the sampling frequency accordingly.

  Therefore, a sampling waveform measuring device and a highly accurate signal quality monitor that can measure an eye waveform with a small amount of calculation and a small timing drift even if the approximate value of the bit frequency of the input signal is unknown and the sampling frequency is unknown. The purpose is to provide.

  In order to solve the above problems, a sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention interpolates between discrete spectrum data, and then between the bit frequency of the input signal and the sampling frequency or an integer multiple of the sampling frequency. The ratio of the beat frequency to the sampling frequency is detected, and the time axis signal is determined from the ratio of the detected beat frequency to the sampling frequency.

  Specifically, the present invention includes a sampling pulse generation circuit that generates a sampling pulse with a constant sampling frequency, and an input signal that is input, and the input signal is sampled when the sampling pulse from the sampling pulse generation circuit is input. And an analog-digital conversion circuit (hereinafter referred to as “analog-digital conversion circuit”) that converts the sampled input signal from the sampling gate circuit and outputs it as an amplitude axis signal. A bit synchronization circuit that outputs a time axis signal synchronized with the bit frequency of the input signal using the digitally converted input signal from the A-D conversion circuit, The bit synchronization circuit is a digital conversion from the A-D conversion circuit. The input signal is subjected to discrete Fourier transform to calculate a discrete spectrum, and after interpolating between the data of the discrete spectrum, between the bit frequency of the input signal and the sampling frequency or an integer multiple of the sampling frequency Ratio of beat frequency (hereinafter, “beat frequency between the bit frequency of the input signal and the sampling frequency or an integer multiple of the sampling frequency” is abbreviated as “fundamental beat frequency”) to the sampling frequency And a time axis signal is determined from a ratio of the detected fundamental wave beat frequency to the sampling frequency, and is output as the time axis signal.

  The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can measure an eye waveform with little timing drift even if the approximate value of the bit frequency of the input signal is unknown and the sampling frequency is unknown.

In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention, the bit synchronization circuit calculates an approximate value of a ratio of the fundamental beat frequency to the sampling frequency from the discrete spectrum, and uses the calculated approximate value to obtain data of the discrete spectrum. You may interpolate between them.
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can detect the beat frequency with a smaller calculation amount and higher resolution than the data interval of the discrete spectrum.

In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention, the bit synchronization circuit may use a ratio of a maximum frequency at which the discrete spectrum is maximum to the sampling frequency as an approximate value of a ratio of the fundamental beat frequency to the sampling frequency.
When the level of the bit frequency component of the input signal is larger than the level of the frequency component that is an integral multiple of the bit frequency, the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can easily estimate the fundamental beat frequency.

In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention, the bit synchronization circuit detects a plurality of ratios of the maximum frequency at which the discrete spectrum is maximized to the sampling frequency, and any one of the ratios of the maximum frequency to the sampling frequency is Assuming that the ratio is the ratio of the fundamental beat frequency to the sampling frequency, the beat frequency between the frequency that is an integer multiple of the bit frequency and the sampling frequency or an integer multiple of the sampling frequency (hereinafter, “the bit frequency”). The beat frequency between the frequency that is an integral multiple of the sampling frequency and the sampling frequency or a frequency that is an integral multiple of the sampling frequency is abbreviated as "harmonic beat frequency") and the sampling of the maximum frequency. Calculate error from ratio to frequency , The ratio of the sampling frequency of the maximum frequency which is assumed when the error is the smallest may be the ratio of the sampling frequency of the fundamental wave beat frequency.
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can reliably estimate the fundamental beat frequency even when the level of the bit frequency component of the input signal is smaller than or near the level of the frequency component that is an integral multiple of the bit frequency. .

In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention, the bit synchronization circuit may input a digitally-converted input signal from the AD conversion circuit to a nonlinear function, and perform discrete Fourier transform on the output of the nonlinear function. .
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can accurately detect the beat frequency even for the NRZ code signal.

In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention, the bit synchronization circuit detects a phase of a signal component of the fundamental beat frequency, and a specific position of the input signal is a specific time axis value using the detected phase. The time axis signal may be determined so that
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can obtain an eye waveform with little fluctuation in the time axis direction.

In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention, the sampling pulse generation circuit may change the sampling frequency when the time axis signal is not generated within a certain time axis value range.
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can prevent missing eye waveforms.

In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention, the input signal is an optical input signal, the sampling pulse generator circuit generates a sampling pulse is an electrical sampling pulse, and the sampling gate circuit is connected to the sampling pulse generator circuit. An optical modulator that samples the optical input signal when an electrical sampling pulse is input, and a photoreceiver that converts the sampled optical signal output from the optical modulator into an electrical signal and outputs it as a sampled input signal And may be provided.
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can obtain a sampling waveform even when the input signal is an optical input signal and the sampling pulse is an electrical sampling pulse.

In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention, the input signal is an optical input signal, the sampling pulse generation circuit generates an optical sampling pulse, and the sampling gate circuit supplies the sampling pulse generation circuit from the sampling pulse generation circuit. An optical sampling gate that samples the optical input signal when an optical sampling pulse is input, and a photoreceiver that converts the sampled optical signal output from the optical sampling gate into an electrical signal and outputs it as a sampled input signal And may be provided.
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can obtain a sampling waveform even when the input signal is an optical input signal and the sampling pulse is an optical sampling pulse.

In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention, the input signal is an electrical input signal, the sampling pulse generation circuit generates a sampling pulse that is an optical sampling pulse, and the sampling gate circuit receives the sampling pulse generation circuit from the sampling pulse generation circuit. An EO sampling gate for sampling the electrical input signal when an optical sampling pulse is input.
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can obtain a sampling waveform even when the input signal is an electrical input signal and the sampling pulse is an optical sampling pulse.

In the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention, the sampling pulse generation circuit may be a passive mode-locked fiber laser.
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can easily obtain an optical sampling pulse.

The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention further includes an eye waveform display circuit that receives the amplitude axis signal from the AD conversion circuit and the time axis signal from the bit synchronization circuit and displays the eye waveform of the input signal. May be.
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can observe an eye waveform.

  The signal quality monitor according to the present invention includes the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to any one of the above, and an eye waveform generated from an amplitude axis signal from the AD converter circuit and a time axis signal from the bit synchronization circuit. A signal quality monitor comprising: a signal quality calculation circuit that calculates a value representing the signal quality of an input signal.

  The signal quality monitor according to the present invention can easily measure the signal quality even if the bit frequency of the input signal is unknown and the sampling frequency is unknown.

In the signal quality monitor according to the present invention, the signal quality calculation circuit includes a high level average value μ _h and a standard deviation σ _{h and a} low level average value μ _l and a standard within a predetermined time axis value range of the eye waveform. The deviation σ _l may be obtained, and the Q value obtained by the following equation may be calculated as the signal quality.
Q = ([mu] _{h- [} mu] _l ) / ([sigma] _h + [sigma] _l )
The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present invention can easily obtain the Q value even if the bit frequency of the input signal is unknown and the sampling frequency is unknown.

  In addition, the said invention can be combined arbitrarily as much as possible.

  According to the present invention, there is provided a sampling waveform measuring apparatus capable of measuring an eye waveform with little timing drift and a highly accurate signal quality monitor even when the approximate value of the bit frequency of the input signal is unknown and the sampling frequency is unknown. Can be provided.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The embodiment described below is an example of the configuration of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the following embodiment.

  FIG. 7 is a schematic configuration diagram of the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the present embodiment. A sampling waveform measuring apparatus 100 according to this embodiment includes a sampling gate 101, an A / D conversion circuit 103, an eye waveform display circuit 104, a sampling pulse generation circuit 105, and a bit synchronization circuit 110. The bit synchronization circuit 110 includes a discrete Fourier transform circuit 112, an interpolation circuit 114, a beat frequency detection circuit 115, and a time axis determination circuit 120. The bit synchronization circuit 110 can also be realized by performing calculations such as discrete Fourier transform, interpolation, beat frequency detection, and time axis determination by software.

The sampling pulse generation circuit 105 generates a sampling pulse having a constant sampling frequency and a short pulse width. The sampling gate 101 opens the gate when the sampling pulse from the sampling pulse generation circuit 105 is input, and samples the input signal. The A-D conversion circuit 103 converts the signal sampled by the sampling gate 101 into a digital signal. In the case where both the input signal and the sampling pulse are electrical signals, the sampling gate 101 that samples the electrical signal of the input signal with the electrical signal by the sampling diode can be configured. When the input signal is an electrical signal and the sampling pulse is an optical signal, the sampling gate 101 that samples the electrical signal with the optical signal can be configured by the EO sampling method using the electro-optic effect. When the input signal is an optical signal and the sampling pulse is an electrical signal, an optical sampling gate that samples the optical signal with the electrical signal is configured by an optical intensity modulator such as an electroabsorption optical modulator or a LiNbO ₃ optical modulator. I can do it. When both input signal and sampling pulse are optical signals, sum frequency generation using a nonlinear optical crystal, four-wave mixing or cross-phase modulation using an optical fiber or a semiconductor optical amplifier, cross-absorption modulation using an electroabsorption optical modulator, etc. Thus, an optical sampling gate for sampling the optical signal with the optical signal can be configured. In the case of the optical sampling gate, a light receiver such as a photodiode, an avalanche photodiode, or a photomultiplier tube is required to convert the optical signal output from the optical sampling gate into an electric signal. It is also possible to add an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier or a semiconductor optical amplifier that amplifies the optical signal as required. The above configuration is the same as that of a conventional sampling waveform measuring apparatus, and the synchronization method of the present invention can be applied regardless of the difference between an electric signal and an optical signal and the difference in the operation principle of the sampling gate.

  An outline of waveform synchronization in this embodiment is shown in FIG. An input signal (FIG. 8A) is sampled by a sampling pulse (FIG. 8B). FIG. 2 shows that a sampling gate output signal obtained by expanding the pulse waveform of the input signal in the time axis direction can be obtained under the condition that the sampling period of the sampling pulse is slightly longer than an integer multiple of the repetition period of the input signal. When this condition does not hold, the sampling gate output signal is not an enlarged version of the input signal waveform as shown in FIG. However, when the time axis of each pulse of the sampling gate output signal is rearranged, an envelope waveform obtained by enlarging the input signal waveform is obtained as shown in FIG. When the input signal is a signal whose intensity is modulated with a digital signal, an eye waveform can be obtained in the same manner as in normal sampling. The present invention provides a simple method for obtaining a sampling waveform synchronized with an input signal even when the bit frequency of the input signal and the sampling frequency of the sampling pulse are unknown.

  Hereinafter, the bit synchronization circuit of FIG. 7 will be mainly described. First, the A / D conversion circuit 103 A / D converts the output signal of the sampling gate 101. The discrete Fourier transform circuit 112 performs a discrete Fourier transform on the digital signal output from the AD conversion circuit 103. Actually, it is possible to quickly calculate the discrete Fourier transform by fast Fourier transformation (FFT), which is a kind of discrete Fourier transform. Since the result of the discrete Fourier transform is a discrete spectrum, the frequency resolution is limited by the data interval of the discrete spectrum. In order to narrow the data interval of the discrete spectrum, it is necessary to perform a discrete Fourier transform on a long-time digital signal, and there is a problem that the amount of calculation increases.

で表される。但し、Δｆは離散スペクトルの周波数間隔である。補間関数として、数式８に示すｓｉｎｃ関数や、

数式９に示すＧａｕｓｓ関数

などを用いることができる。パワースペクトルの補間値Ｐ（ｆ）が最大となる周波数をビート周波数ｆ_ｂとする。Ｐ（ｆ）の最大値を探す手法として、周波数を順次走査する方法のほかに、最大値付近で微分値ｄＰ（ｆ）／ｄｆが零になる値を探す方法がある。ビート周波数ｆ_ｂが求まると、従来のソフトウェア同期法と同様に、数式５、６よりアイ波形の時間軸値Ｘ_ｉを求めることができる。なお、Ｘ_ｉを１ビット周期１／ｆ_ｉｎで正規化したＵＩ（Ｕｎｉｔ Ｉｎｔｅｒｖａｌ）単位の時間軸値ｘ_ｉは、

となり、ｆ_ｉｎに依存しなくなる。また、Ｙ_ｉを離散フーリエ変換したときの横軸はサンプリング周波数ｆ_ｓに対する相対周波数ｆ／ｆ_ｓであるので、サンプリング周波数ｆ_ｓが不明の場合でも相対周波数ｆ_ｂ／ｆ_ｓは求まる。よって、入力信号のビット周波数が不明でかつサンプリング周波数が不明の場合でも数式１０よりＵＩ単位の時間軸で同期のとれたアイ波形を得ることが出来る。 In this method, the beat frequency is detected with higher resolution than the data interval of the discrete spectrum by interpolating between the data of the discrete spectrum. Specifically, when the power spectrum obtained by the discrete Fourier transform is P _i and the interpolation function is f _int (f), the power spectrum interpolation value P (f) is

It is represented by Where Δf is the frequency interval of the discrete spectrum. As an interpolation function, the sinc function shown in Formula 8,

Gauss function shown in Equation 9

Etc. can be used. The frequency at which the power spectrum of the interpolated value P (f) is maximized and the beat frequency f _b. As a method of searching for the maximum value of P (f), there is a method of searching for a value where the differential value dP (f) / df becomes zero near the maximum value, in addition to a method of sequentially scanning the frequency. When the beat frequency f _b is obtained, the time axis value X _i of the eye waveform can be obtained from Equations 5 and 6 as in the conventional software synchronization method. The time axis values _{x i} of the UI (Unit Interval) units obtained by normalizing the _{X i} by one bit period 1 _{/ f in} the

_Next, it does not depend on _{f in.} Further, since the horizontal axis when the discrete Fourier transform of _{Y i} is the relative frequency f / _{f s} for the sampling frequency _{f s,} the relative frequency _f b / _{f s,} even if the sampling frequency _{f s} is unknown obtained. Therefore, even when the bit frequency of the input signal is unknown and the sampling frequency is unknown, an eye waveform synchronized on the time axis in UI units can be obtained from Equation 10.

  FIG. 9 shows a detailed configuration of the sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to this embodiment. FIG. 9 shows a case where both the input signal and the sampling pulse are optical signals. A sampling waveform measuring apparatus 200 according to this embodiment includes an optical sampling gate 201, a light receiver 202, an A-D conversion circuit 103, an eye waveform display circuit 104, an optical sampling pulse generation circuit 205, a waveform loss detection circuit 131, and a bit synchronization circuit. 210. The bit synchronization circuit 210 includes a nonlinear circuit 211, a discrete Fourier transform circuit 112, a beat frequency approximate value detection circuit 213, an interpolation circuit 214, a beat frequency detection circuit 115, a time axis determination circuit 120, and a phase detection circuit 216. The bit synchronization circuit 210 and the waveform loss detection circuit 131 can also be realized by performing calculations with software.

The detailed configuration of FIG. 9 will be described below. First, an approximate value of the fundamental wave beat frequency is obtained from the discrete spectrum, and by detecting a frequency at which the interpolation value P (f) becomes maximum in the vicinity of the approximate value, the amount of calculation for searching for the maximum of the interpolation value can be reduced. Is possible. As a method for determining the approximate value of the fundamental wave beat frequency f _b, simply a method of obtaining a frequency spectrum is maximum, the spectrum of a conventional software harmonic beat frequencies similar to the synchronization method after removing a low-pass filter and a maximum There is a method for obtaining a frequency. Other methods are as follows:

Fundamental beat frequency f _b is high, i.e., is close to f s _{/ 2} is the harmonic beat frequency by the frequency aliasing at f _{s /} 2 by the sampling occurs to a frequency lower than the fundamental wave beat frequency f _b Therefore, it becomes impossible to cut a beat signal having a harmonic beat frequency with a low-pass filter. This is shown in FIG. Showing Even in such a case, a method for detecting a fundamental wave beat frequency f _b below.

ｆ’_ｐ（ｋ）に最も近いｆ_ｐ（ｉ）との周波数差を各倍高調波次数ｋ＝２、３、・・・ｍについて積算して周波数誤差を求める。基本波ビート周波数と仮定する極大周波数をｆ_ｐ（１）からｆ_ｐ（ｍ）まで繰返し、前記周波数誤差が最小となる場合に仮定した極大周波数を前記基本波ビート周波数の概略値とする。この手法により、基本波ビート周波数のレベルよりも高調波ビート周波数のレベルが大きく、かつ高調波ビート周波数が折り返しによって基本波ビート周波数ｆ_ｂよりも低い周波数に存在する場合でも、基本波ビート周波数ｆ_ｂを求めることが出来る。以上の基本波ビート周波数の概略値を求める方法は絶対周波数で表したが、離散スペクトルの横軸はサンプリング周波数ｆ_ｓに対する相対周波数ｆ／ｆ_ｓであるので、式１１の両辺をｆ_ｓで除算することにより、同様にして基本波ビート周波数ｆ_ｂのサンプリング周波数ｆ_ｓに対する相対周波数ｆ_ｂ／ｆ_ｓの概略値を求めることもできる。 First, a plurality of maximum frequencies at which the discrete spectrum is maximized are detected. In addition to a method in which the number of maximum frequencies is always constant, there is a method in which the number of maximum frequencies whose power spectrum is larger than αPmax is used. Here, Pmax is the maximum value of the power spectrum, and α is a constant (for example, 1/3). Let the detected maximum frequency be fp _(i) , i = 1, 2,..., M. Assuming that f _{p (1)} is the fundamental beat frequency, taking into account the frequency wrapping at f _s / 2 due to sampling, the harmonic beat frequency is determined by Equation 11;

A frequency error is obtained by integrating the frequency difference with f _{p (i)} closest to f ′ _{p (k)} for each harmonic order k = 2, 3,. The maximum frequency assumed to be the fundamental wave beat frequency is repeated from fp ₍₁₎ to fp _(m), and the assumed maximum frequency when the frequency error is minimized is used as an approximate value of the fundamental wave beat frequency. This approach increases the level of the harmonic beat frequencies than the level of the fundamental wave beat frequency and even when the harmonic beat frequency exists in the frequency lower than the fundamental wave beat frequency f _b by folding, the fundamental wave beat frequency f _b can be obtained. Or a method for determining the approximate value of the fundamental wave beat frequency has been expressed in absolute frequency, since the horizontal axis of the discrete spectrum is a relative frequency f / f _s for the sampling frequency f _s, dividing both sides of Equation 11 with f _s By doing so, it is also possible to obtain the approximate value of the relative frequency f _b / f _s with respect to the sampling frequency f _s of the fundamental wave beat frequency f _b in the same manner.

As a result, the restriction that the fundamental beat frequency f _b is sufficiently smaller than f _s / 2 is eliminated, so that the bit frequency and sampling frequency of the input signal are unknown (f _b is between 0 and f _s / 2). become frequency) even it is possible to obtain the fundamental wave beat frequency f _b. Therefore, it is possible to realize a sampling waveform measuring apparatus that not only does not require the reference frequency synchronization of the input signal and the sampling pulse but also does not need to set the bit frequency of the input signal. Furthermore, since it is not necessary to set the sampling frequency of the sampling pulse accurately, there is no need for an expensive high-resolution frequency synthesizer, and there is no need to synchronize the sampling pulse with the frequency synthesizer. For example, an inexpensive and small passive mode-locked fiber laser can be used. It can be used as an optical sampling pulse generator.

そして、次の数式によりアイ波形の時間軸（ＵＩ単位）を求める。

ビット周波数の成分を持たないＮＲＺ符号の信号の場合は、非線形演算の出力Ｙ_ｉ’を用いて同様に位相φを算出する。

In order to measure an NRZ code signal having no bit frequency component, a non-linear operation is performed on the A / D converted digital signal Y _i . As a non-linear operation, an absolute value operation, a square root operation, or the like can be applied in addition to the square operation of Equation 4 used in the conventional software synchronization. By detecting the phase of the signal component of the fundamental wave beat frequency in the digital signal, the position of the eye waveform in the time axis direction can be known, and the specific value of the detected phase is specified when drawing the eye waveform When the time axis value is set, a constant eye waveform can be obtained in the time axis direction. For example, if the center of the time axis is 0 phase, the eye opening is always drawn at the center of the time axis. Specifically, the phase φ of the signal component of the fundamental wave beat frequency f _b in Y _i is calculated by the following equation.

Then, the time axis (UI unit) of the eye waveform is obtained by the following formula.

In the case of an NRZ code signal having no bit frequency component, the phase φ is similarly calculated using the output Y _i ′ of nonlinear calculation.

When the bit frequency of the input signal and the sampling frequency are close to a specific relationship, for example, an integer ratio, a part of the eye waveform is lost as shown in FIG. It can detect the presence or absence of the missing from the time axis values x _i of the eye waveform. For example, if x _i is rearranged in order of increasing value and the maximum value of the interval | x _{i + 1} −x _i | is larger than a certain value, it can be determined that there is a missing part. Further, if the time axis is divided at regular intervals to create a histogram of x _i and there is an interval where the number of samples is 0, it can be determined that there is a missing portion. If it is determined that there is a missing portion, the sampling frequency is slightly changed to avoid the missing portion. If there is a gap after the sampling frequency is changed, the sampling frequency is further changed. Since the probability of occurrence of a loss is small, it can be practically avoided by changing the sampling frequency several times.

このＱ値が大きいほどビット誤り率が小さくなるので、信号品質が高い。Ｑ値は２０ｌｏｇ_１０（Ｑ）を計算してｄＢ単位で表示してもよい。時間窓の位置は、アイ開口が大きい部分を目視で設定する方法の他に、時間窓の位置を変えてＱ値を計算し、最もＱ値が大きくなる時間窓の位置が最適とみなす方法がある。 The Q value is known as an index representing the signal quality that can be obtained from the eye waveform. A signal quality monitor may be configured by adding a signal quality calculation circuit for calculating a value representing the quality of the input signal to the sampling waveform measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 7 or FIG. For example, as shown in FIG. 12, the signal quality calculation circuit provides a time window in a portion with a large eye opening, and extracts a sample within this time window. The samples in the time window are separated into “0” level and “1” level, the average value μ ₀ and the standard deviation σ ₀ are obtained for the “ ₀ ” level sample, and the average value μ ₁ is obtained for the “1” level sample. A standard deviation σ ₁ is obtained. Then, the Q value is calculated by the following formula.

Since the bit error rate decreases as the Q value increases, the signal quality is high. The Q value may be expressed in dB by calculating 20 log ₁₀ (Q). In addition to the method of visually setting the position where the eye opening is large, the time window position is calculated by changing the time window position to calculate the Q value and considering the time window position where the Q value is the largest as the optimal position. is there.

  By calculating the Q value from the eye waveform obtained by the synchronization method of the present invention, a signal quality monitor that can easily evaluate the signal quality even when the bit frequency of the input signal is unknown and the sampling frequency is unknown Can be configured.

  The sampling waveform measuring device and the signal quality monitor of the present invention can be used for measuring characteristics of an optical transmission device.

It is a figure explaining the structure of the conventional sampling waveform measuring apparatus. It is a figure explaining the measurement principle of the sampling waveform of the sampling waveform measuring apparatus 600. FIG. It is an example of the eye waveform of the signal of a RZ code | symbol. It is a figure explaining the structure of the sampling waveform measuring apparatus to which the software synchronization method is applied. It is a figure which shows the beat frequency which generate | occur | produces in the sampled signal. It is a figure explaining an eye waveform and a histogram. It is a figure explaining the structure schematic of the sampling waveform measuring device which concerns on this embodiment. It is a figure explaining the outline | summary of the waveform synchronization in this embodiment. It is a figure explaining the detailed structure of the sampling waveform measuring device which concerns on this embodiment. It is a diagram for explaining a method of detecting the beat frequency f _b of the beat due to components of the bit frequency. It is a figure explaining generation | occurrence | production of the partial omission of an eye waveform. It is a figure explaining the method showing the signal quality which can be calculated | required from an eye waveform.

Explanation of symbols

100, 200, 600 Sampling waveform measuring device 101 Sampling gate 103, 603 A-D conversion circuit 104 Eye waveform display circuit 105 Sampling pulse generation circuit 110, 210 Bit synchronization circuit 112 Discrete Fourier transform circuit 114, 214 Interpolation circuit 115 Bit frequency detection Circuit 131 Waveform missing detection circuit 120, 620 Time axis determination circuit 201, 601 Optical sampling gate 202, 602 Optical receiver 205, 605 Optical sampling pulse generation circuit 211 Non-linear circuit 213 Beat frequency approximate value detection circuit 216 Phase detection circuit 604 Eye waveform display Unit 606 Frequency synthesizer 607 Sampling frequency calculation unit 611 Square wave detection circuit 612 Discrete Fourier transformer 613 Low pass filter 614 Maximum value detection circuit 615 Δt Additional circuit 616 amplitude slice circuit 617 histograms 618 square sum circuit 619 maximum value detection circuit

Claims (14)

A sampling pulse generation circuit for generating a sampling pulse of a constant sampling frequency;
A sampling gate circuit that samples the input signal when an input signal is input and a sampling pulse from the sampling pulse generation circuit is input;
An analog-digital conversion circuit that digitally converts the sampled input signal from the sampling gate circuit and outputs it as an amplitude axis signal (hereinafter, “analog-digital conversion circuit” is abbreviated as “AD conversion circuit”). When,
A bit synchronization circuit that outputs a time axis signal synchronized with the bit frequency of the input signal using the digitally converted input signal from the A-D conversion circuit,
The bit synchronization circuit calculates a discrete spectrum by performing a discrete Fourier transform on the digitally-converted input signal from the A-D conversion circuit, interpolates between the data of the discrete spectrum, and then calculates the bit frequency of the input signal Beat frequency between the sampling frequency or a frequency that is an integer multiple of the sampling frequency (hereinafter referred to as “beat frequency between the bit frequency of the input signal and the sampling frequency or an integer multiple of the sampling frequency” Abbreviated as “fundamental beat frequency”) to the sampling frequency, a time axis signal is determined from the detected ratio of the fundamental beat frequency to the sampling frequency, and is output as the time axis signal. A sampling waveform measuring device.   The bit synchronization circuit calculates an approximate value of a ratio of the fundamental beat frequency to the sampling frequency from the discrete spectrum, and interpolates between data of the discrete spectrum using the calculated approximate value. Item 4. The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to Item 1.   The sampling according to claim 2, wherein the bit synchronization circuit sets a ratio of a maximum frequency at which the discrete spectrum is maximum to the sampling frequency as a rough value of a ratio of the fundamental beat frequency to the sampling frequency. Waveform measuring device.   The bit synchronization circuit detects a plurality of ratios of the maximum frequency at which the discrete spectrum is maximized to the sampling frequency, and one of the ratios of the maximum frequency to the sampling frequency is a ratio of the fundamental beat frequency to the sampling frequency. And a beat frequency between a frequency that is an integer multiple of the bit frequency and the sampling frequency or a frequency that is an integer multiple of the sampling frequency (hereinafter, “the frequency that is an integer multiple of the bit frequency and the sampling frequency or Calculating the error between the ratio of the sampling frequency to the sampling frequency and the ratio of the maximal frequency to the sampling frequency. Assuming that the error is the smallest Sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to the ratio of the sampling frequency of the maximum frequency to claim 2, the ratio of the sampling frequency of the fundamental wave beat frequency.   5. The bit synchronization circuit according to claim 1, wherein the bit synchronization circuit inputs a digitally converted input signal from the A-D conversion circuit to a nonlinear function, and performs discrete Fourier transform on the output of the nonlinear function. The sampling waveform measuring device described in 1.   The bit synchronization circuit detects the phase of the signal component of the fundamental beat frequency, and uses the detected phase to determine the time axis signal so that a specific position of the input signal becomes a specific time axis value The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sampling waveform measuring apparatus is a sampling waveform measuring apparatus.   The sampling waveform measurement according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the sampling pulse generation circuit changes the sampling frequency when the time axis signal is not generated within a certain time axis value range. apparatus. The input signal is an optical input signal;
The sampling pulse generating circuit generates a sampling pulse is an electrical sampling pulse,
An optical modulator that samples the optical input signal when the sampling gate circuit receives an electrical sampling pulse from the sampling pulse generation circuit;
A sampling device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising: a photoreceiver that converts a sampled optical signal output from the optical modulator into an electrical signal and outputs the signal as a sampled input signal. Waveform measuring device. The input signal is an optical input signal;
The sampling pulse generating circuit generates a sampling pulse is an optical sampling pulse,
An optical sampling gate for sampling the optical input signal when the optical sampling pulse is input from the sampling pulse generating circuit;
8. A sampling device according to claim 1, further comprising: a photoreceiver that converts a sampled optical signal output from the optical sampling gate into an electrical signal and outputs the signal as a sampled input signal. Waveform measuring device. The input signal is an electrical input signal;
The sampling pulse generating circuit generates a sampling pulse is an optical sampling pulse,
8. The EO sampling gate according to claim 1, wherein the sampling gate circuit includes an EO sampling gate that samples the electrical input signal when an optical sampling pulse is input from the sampling pulse generation circuit. 9. Sampling waveform measuring device.   The sampling waveform measuring apparatus according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the sampling pulse generation circuit is a passive mode-locked fiber laser.   12. An eye waveform display circuit for receiving an amplitude axis signal from the A-D conversion circuit and a time axis signal from the bit synchronization circuit and displaying an eye waveform of the input signal is further provided. The sampling waveform measuring device according to any one of the above. The sampling waveform measuring device according to any one of claims 1 to 12,
A signal quality calculation circuit that calculates a value representing the signal quality of the input signal from an eye waveform generated from the amplitude axis signal from the A-D conversion circuit and the time axis signal from the bit synchronization circuit. Characteristic signal quality monitor. The signal quality calculation circuit obtains a high level average value μ _h and standard deviation σ _{h and a} low level average value μ _l and standard deviation σ _l within a predetermined time axis value range of the eye waveform. 14. The signal quality monitor according to claim 13, wherein the obtained Q value is calculated as signal quality.
Q = ([mu] _{h- [} mu] _l ) / ([sigma] _h + [sigma] _l )

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