JP5320543B2 - 脳機能亢進支援装置および脳機能亢進支援方法 - Google Patents
脳機能亢進支援装置および脳機能亢進支援方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1の訓練装置1000の機能ブロック図である。
以下では、本実施の形態で使用する刺激と関連する、方位に対する視覚刺激とその知覚学習について簡単に説明する。
以下では、訓練装置1000による知覚学習の実験結果について説明する。
c(x,y)=Asin(2πfxx)×exp(−(x2/2δ2+y2/2δ2)) …(1)
という形になる(縦縞の場合)。A は振幅、fx は空間周波数であり、ガウス関数の分散δは方位によらず一定である。
図6は、図5における実験のフローのうち、事前テスト(S200)と、事後テスト(S206)において、被験者の行ったタスクを説明する図である。
次に、図5に示したfMRIデコーダの構成の段階(S202)について説明する。
また、上記特許文献7においては、このような脳神経活動のデコードにより、脳活動の情報から行動を予測する行動予測方法及び行動予測装置について開示がある。
次に、図5のステップS204の誘導段階、すなわち、ニューロフィードバックの段階について説明する。
(誘導段階で被験者が学習した脳内活動の活性化パターン)
被験者が、ターゲット方位が実際に提示されることで誘起される活性化パターンに相当する、V1野およびV2野におけるニューロンの活性化パターンの自身による誘導を、学習することが可能であるかについて、以下、検討する。
事後テスト段階の後、被験者は、フィードバックされる円形図形のサイズが何を表していたと思ったかについて質問された。しかし、被験者の回答のどれも、実験の真の作用とは全く関係がなかった。
図16は、事前テストおよび事後テストにおける弁別能力を比較した図である。
図18は、誘導段階の日数と弁別感度の改善d´との関係を示す図である。
リラクセーショントレーニングとは、スポーツにおいて、競技直前に起こる過緊張や競技不安を軽減するために、緊張感や不安感に対する感じやすさを低減するためのトレーニングである。自分自身が精神的にリラックスした状態の脳内活動と、訓練中の脳内活動の状態とを比較して、リラックスしている状態との一致の程度をフィードバック情報としてフィードバックすることで、訓練装置1000により、リラクセーショントレーニングを実行することが可能である。
イメージトレーニングとは、練習や試合場面を想定してその視覚像や筋運動感覚などをできるだけリアルにイメージして、試技の流れや会場の雰囲気などをあらかじめシミュレーションして、競技中のあがりを少なくするための集中力を保つための方法である。
たとえば、うつ病などの気分障害の場合や、認知症などで、脳機能の一部に低下の傾向が現れた場合、現在では、薬物により、一定程度、症状を抑制したり、病気の進行を抑制することが可能となっている。これに加えて、望ましい状態にあるときの脳内の活動状態のデータを事前に取得しておけば、訓練装置1000による訓練が、病状の改善に有効である可能性がある。
嗅覚・味覚・触覚については、一般には、人工的に訓練のための刺激を作り出すことが容易でない。しかし、訓練装置1000では、このような刺激そのものを人工的に生成する必要がないため、このような知覚を対象として訓練を行うことが可能である。
ノンレム睡眠中における外部からの一定周波数の刺激が、記憶の定着に有効であるとの報告が、以下の文献にある。
したがって、外部からの刺激が脳内の記憶の定着に関わる部分の活性化に影響を与えているといえる。言い換えれば、このような活性化する部位についての活動の状態を事前にデータとして取得しておき、かつ、睡眠中の被験者に、報酬を与えることができれば、訓練装置1000を、睡眠中の記憶の定着を補助する装置として使用することが可能である。このような報酬としては、たとえば、被験者にとって、睡眠中に好ましい香りを与えたり、逆に、望ましくない状態であるときには、弱い機械的または電気的な不快な刺激を被験者に与えることなどが想定される。
(実施の形態2)
以下では、実施の形態2の訓練装置の構成について説明する。
Claims (9)
- 被験者の脳内の所定の領域における脳活動を示す信号を検知するための脳活動検知装置と、
脳機能を亢進させる対象となっている事象に対して事前に取得されている目標活性化のパターンについての情報を格納するための記憶装置と、
制御装置とを備え、前記制御装置は、
前記脳活動検知装置により検知された信号から、脳神経の活動のパターンをデコードするためのデコード部と、
前記デコード部のデコード結果に基づいて、前記目標活性化のパターンに対する前記デコード結果の近似度に応じて、前記近似度に対応する報酬値を算出する演算部とを含み、
前記報酬値の大きさを示す呈示情報を前記被験者に対して呈示するための出力装置をさらに含む、脳機能亢進支援装置。 - 前記演算部は、前記呈示情報として、前記事象を呈示することなく前記報酬値に対応する前記呈示情報を呈示するための情報を、前記出力装置に対して出力する、請求項1記載の脳機能亢進支援装置。
- 前記事象は、脳内において、いずれのクラスに分類されるかという識別問題に帰着される認知の対象であり、
前記デコード部は、前記脳神経の活動パターンがいずれのクラスに対応するかの尤度を算出する、請求項2記載の脳機能亢進支援装置。 - 前記出力装置を含む支援端末と、
前記デコード部と前記記憶装置と、前記演算部とを含む演算処理装置とを備え、
前記支援端末は、前記脳活動検知装置により検知された信号を前記デコード部に送信するための通信部を含む、請求項2又は請求項3記載の脳機能亢進支援装置。 - 前記デコード部は、特定の脳部位における脳神経の活動をデコードする、請求項1又は請求項2記載の脳機能亢進支援装置。
- 前記脳活動検知装置は、機能的核磁気共鳴画像装置を含む、請求項1又は請求項2記載の脳機能亢進支援装置。
- 前記脳活動検知装置は、頭蓋外部からの近赤外光および脳波の計測装置を含む、請求項1または請求項2記載の脳機能亢進支援装置。
- 被験者の脳内の所定の領域における脳活動を示す信号を検知するための脳活動検知装置の信号から、脳神経の活動のパターンをデコードするためのデコード装置を用いた脳機能亢進支援方法であって、
前記脳活動検知装置により検知された信号から、前記デコード装置により脳神経の活動のパターンをデコードするステップと、
脳機能を亢進させる対象となっている事象に対して事前に取得されている前記目標活性化のパターンに対する前記デコード結果の近似度に応じて、前記近似度に対応する報酬値を算出するステップと、
前記被験者に対して、前記報酬値の大きさを示す呈示情報を呈示するステップとを含む、脳機能亢進支援方法。 - 前記呈示情報を呈示するステップにおいては、前記呈示情報として、前記脳機能の亢進対象となっている事象を呈示することなく前記報酬値に対応する前記呈示情報を呈示するための情報を、出力装置に対して出力する、請求項8記載の脳機能亢進支援方法。
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