JP5353272B2 - Pneumatic radial tire - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a pneumatic radial tire, and more particularly to a pneumatic radial tire that is improved in weight reduction, high-speed durability, and low noise without causing vulcanization failure.

  In general, in a pneumatic radial tire for high-speed running, a belt cover layer in which an organic fiber cord is wound at a minute angle with respect to the tire circumferential direction is disposed on the radially outer side of a belt layer made of steel cord.

  This belt cover layer restricts the movement of the cord at the edge of the belt layer during high speed running (tag effect), thereby suppressing the rise (lifting phenomenon) of the edge of the belt layer and separating the rubber. By preventing this, the high-speed durability of the tire is enhanced, and the rigidity of the tire shoulder portion is enhanced to reduce noise (road noise) generated in the vehicle interior.

  By the way, when the belt cover layer is formed only of a low elastic modulus cord such as nylon, the lifting phenomenon cannot be sufficiently prevented in an ultra-high speed tire or the like. For this reason, when the fiber cord of the belt cover layer is composed of only a high elastic modulus cord such as an aromatic aramid fiber, the lifting phenomenon can be suppressed even for an ultra-high speed tire. When pushing up the inner surface of the vulcanizing mold, the high elastic modulus cord restrains the pushing force, making it difficult to uniformly press the raw tire against the vulcanizing mold surface, making it impossible to form a tire with excellent uniformity Is produced.

  As countermeasures against such problems, Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 propose using a composite fiber cord in which a fiber cord of a belt cover layer is twisted of a low elastic fiber bundle and a high elastic fiber bundle. ing. That is, as a fiber cord of the belt cover layer, a low-modulus fiber bundle and a high-modulus fiber bundle are respectively twisted in the same direction, and then the twisted yarns are bundled and twisted in the opposite direction to the twisting direction. The so-called double twisted (double twisted) composite cord is used. Such a double-twisted (double-twisted) structure composite cord can be pushed up smoothly because both strands are untwisted in the low stretch area when the raw tire is pushed up to the inner surface of the vulcanizing mold. After the process is completed, the high elastic fiber bundle acts to improve high-speed durability and low noise. However, the double-twisted cord has such advantages, but the cord diameter is increased, so that the thickness of the belt cover layer is increased and the weight of the tire is increased. In addition, when the belt cover layer is thick, there is a problem in that the amount of heat generation increases and the high-speed durability decreases and the rolling resistance increases.

On the other hand, Patent Document 3 and Patent Document 4 propose to use a single twisted cord that is twisted in only one direction with respect to the organic fiber bundle as a measure against the weight due to the large cord diameter of both twisted cords. ing. Since the single-stranded structure is used, the cord diameter can be reduced and the thickness of the belt cover layer can be reduced even with the same amount of fiber used as that of the double-twisted cord. However, when a low elastic fiber bundle and a high elastic fiber bundle are bundled into a single-twisted cord, in order to smoothly follow the mold of the raw tire at the initial stage of vulcanization, as with the double-twisted cord. Needs to increase the number of twists. However, when the number of twists is increased, the elastic modulus of the cord is reduced, so the tagging effect on the belt layer of the tire after vulcanization is reduced, and the high elasticity of the high elastic modulus fiber bundle can be enjoyed when the tire is running. Disappear. That is, the meaning for high-speed durability and low noise is reduced. Conversely, when the number of twists is lowered, there is a problem that it becomes difficult to follow the lift during vulcanization. In particular, when the lift rate during vulcanization increases, the belt layer and the belt cover layer come into contact with each other, so that there is a problem that uniformity is lowered and high-speed durability is deteriorated.

JP-A-1-247204 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-110206 Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 59-1601 JP 2002-154304 A

  An object of the present invention is to provide a pneumatic radial tire that is improved in weight reduction, high-speed durability, and low noise without accompanying vulcanization failure.

In order to achieve the above object, the pneumatic radial tire of the present invention is arranged such that the belt cover layer covers the tire shoulder portion and the tire center portion of the belt layer, while the fiber cord constituting the belt cover layer has low elasticity. When the composite cord is untwisted, the low modulus fiber bundle and the high modulus fiber bundle constituting the composite cord are in the same direction. The composite cord is twisted by giving an upper twist in the same direction as the twist direction of the lower twisted yarn, and the twist coefficient KH of the high elastic fiber bundle, The low elastic modulus fiber of the composite cord in the region covering the tire shoulder portion of the belt layer with the ratio KH / KL to the twist coefficient KL of the low elastic modulus fiber bundle in the range of 0.2 to 0.8 The ratio KH / KL of the twist coefficient between the bundle and the high elastic fiber bundle is the ratio KH / KL of the twist coefficient between the low elastic fiber bundle and the high elastic fiber bundle of the composite cord in the region covering the tire center portion of the belt layer. Is smaller than that .

  Moreover, the twist coefficient KL of the low elastic modulus fiber bundle of the composite cord is in the range of 400 to 900.

  Further, a ratio (DH / ρH) / (DL / ρL) of the volumetric fineness DH / ρH of the high modulus fiber bundle of the composite cord and the volumetric fineness DL / ρL of the low modulus fiber bundle, The range is 0.6 to 1.5.

  Moreover, the volumeification total fineness of the said composite cord shall be the range of 1500-3500.

  According to the present invention, the fiber cord constituting the belt cover layer is composed of a composite cord composed of a low elastic modulus fiber bundle and a high elastic modulus fiber bundle, and when the composite cord is untwisted, the low elastic modulus fiber bundle and the high elastic fiber bundle Since the elastic fiber bundle has a single twisted structure in which the elastic fiber bundle has a twist in the same direction, the cord diameter is smaller than that of the conventional double twisted cord, so that the tire can be reduced in weight.

  Moreover, the initial elongation with respect to the tensile load is increased by setting the ratio KH / KL between the twist coefficient KH of the high elastic fiber bundle and the twist coefficient KL of the low elastic fiber bundle to 0.2 to 0.8. As a result, it is possible to smooth the push-up operation of the green tire against the vulcanization mold during vulcanization molding, and to improve the elastic modulus after the push-up operation, thereby achieving high-speed durability and low noise performance. Both can be improved.

1 is a meridian half cross-sectional view of a pneumatic radial tire that is a basis of the present invention. It is explanatory drawing of an example of the manufacturing process of the composite cord of the belt cover layer of the pneumatic radial tire which is one embodiment of this invention. It is explanatory drawing of the twist structure of the composite cord of the conventional belt cover layer. It is explanatory drawing of the single twist structure of the composite cord of a belt cover layer. It is a meridian half section view of the pneumatic radial tire which is an embodiment of the invention.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 shows a meridian half cross-sectional view of a pneumatic radial tire which is a basic form of the present invention. The pneumatic radial tire of FIG. 1 is a pneumatic radial tire for passenger cars, for example, and includes a tread portion 1, a pair of sidewall portions 2 extending in the tire radial direction from both sides of the tread portion in the tire width direction, and the pair And a pair of bead portions 3 integrally provided at each end of the side wall portion 2.

  A carcass layer 4 is mounted between the pair of left and right bead portions 3 and 3. That is, the carcass layer 4 extends along the tread portion 1, the pair of sidewall portions 2, and the pair of bead portions 3 in the tread portion 1, the pair of sidewall portions 2, and the pair of bead portions 3. An end portion of the carcass layer 4 is folded around the bead core 5 from the inside of the tire to the outside. A plurality of belt layers 6 and 6 are embedded on the outer peripheral side of the carcass layer 4 in the tread portion 1. These belt layers 6 and 6 are disposed so that the steel cords are inclined with respect to the tire circumferential direction and the steel cords cross each other between the layers.

  In the pneumatic radial tire, a belt cover layer 7 formed by spirally winding an organic fiber cord in the tire circumferential direction is disposed on the outer peripheral side of the belt layers 6 and 6. This belt cover layer 7 is formed by continuously winding a strip material formed by aligning one or a plurality of cords and covering them with rubber at a substantially 0 ° or less of 5 ° or less with respect to the tire circumferential direction. It is desirable to have a jointless structure.

  The organic fiber cord of the belt cover layer 7 is composed of a composite cord in which a low elastic fiber bundle and a high elastic fiber bundle are twisted, and when the twist of the composite cord is untwisted, the low elastic fiber The bundle and the high-modulus fiber bundle have a single twisted structure in which the strands are twisted in the same direction. For this reason, the cord diameter of the composite cord can be reduced as compared with the case of the double twist cord having the same fiber usage amount. Therefore, the thickness of the belt cover layer 7 can be reduced, and as a result, weight reduction of the tire can be achieved. Further, since the amount of heat generated during traveling can be reduced, high-speed durability can be improved, and an increase in rolling resistance can be suppressed.

The composite cord constituting the belt cover layer is configured such that the number of twists per unit length of the high modulus fiber bundle is less than the number of twists per unit length of the low modulus fiber bundle, and The twist coefficient KH of the high modulus fiber bundle defined by the following formula (2) is lower than the twist coefficient KL of the low modulus fiber bundle defined by the following formula (1).
KL = TL√ (DL / ρL) (1)
However, TL: Twisting number of low elastic fiber bundle (t / 10 cm)
DL: Thickness of low elastic fiber bundle (dtex)
ρL: Specific gravity of low modulus fiber KH = TH√ (DH / ρH) (2)
However, TH: Twisting number of high elastic fiber bundle (t / 10 cm)
DH: thickness of high elastic fiber bundle (dtex)
ρH: specific gravity of high modulus fiber

FIG. 2 shows an example of a process for manufacturing the composite cord F of the belt cover layer 7 as described above. 2 shows a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the composite cord F, the arrow A indicates the twist direction, and the length of the arrow A indicates the twist amount (twist number). Further, each of the high elastic modulus fiber bundle FH and the low elastic modulus fiber bundle FL of the composite cord F is constituted by an aggregate of a large number of thin filaments.

In the composite cord F of FIG. 2 , a low elastic fiber bundle FL with a slight lower twist added in the S direction and a high elastic fiber bundle FH with a lower twist added in the same S direction than the low elastic fiber bundle FL. Are twisted by adding an upper twist in the same S direction as the lower twist (hence, it is apparently a single twist structure, and here it will be called a single twist structure) ).

  Thus, in the present embodiment, the twisted coefficient KH of the high elastic modulus fiber bundle FH is set to the twist coefficient KL of the low elastic fiber bundle FL as described above for the composite cord of the belt cover layer 7. By adopting a reduced single twisted structure, in the composite cord, the initial elongation can be increased without increasing the number of twists, and a high elastic modulus can be exhibited after the initial elongation. Therefore, since the followability to the lift with respect to the inner surface of the mold of the raw tire at the time of tire molding vulcanization can be improved, the moldability of the tire can be improved so as not to cause a failure. In addition, the belt layer 6 can be firmly held down by the high tagging effect during running, the lifting phenomenon of the belt layer 6 can be suppressed, and rubber separation can be prevented, so that high-speed durability of the tire can be improved. Further, the rigidity of the tire shoulder can be increased to suppress road noise.

FIG. 3 shows a conventional twisted structure of the composite cord F50 of the belt cover layer. The composite cord F50 has a low elastic fiber bundle FL with a lower twist added in the S direction and a high elastic fiber bundle FH with the same amount of lower twist added in the same S direction as the low elastic fiber bundle FL. Further, they are twisted by adding an upper twist in the Z direction opposite to the S direction of the lower twist (double twist structure). This double-twisted structure reverses the direction of the upper twist with respect to the lower twist, so that the cord form stability is good and the workability is excellent, but the cord diameter becomes thick, so the thickness of the belt cover layer Increases and the weight of the tire increases. Further, since the belt cover layer becomes thick, the amount of heat generated during traveling increases, and there is a problem that the high-speed durability is lowered and the rolling resistance is increased.

In addition, the composite cord F0 in FIG. 4 is obtained by adding a twist in one S direction to a bundle of untwisted low elastic fiber bundles FL and similarly untwisted high elastic fiber bundles FH. A single twist structure is shown.

  In order to increase the initial elongation of the single-strand structure composite cord to follow the lift during tire molding vulcanization, it is necessary to increase the number of twists. However, when the number of twists is increased, the elastic modulus of the cord decreases, and it becomes impossible to enjoy the high elasticity of the high elastic fiber bundle during running of the tire. On the contrary, if the number of twists is lowered, there is a problem that it is difficult to follow the vulcanization lift. In particular, when the vulcanization lift becomes high, there is a problem that the belt layer and the belt cover layer come into contact with each other and high-speed durability deteriorates.

Therefore, neither of the composite codes of FIGS. 3 and 4 can achieve the object of the present invention.

  In the composite cord used in the present invention, the ratio KH / KL between the twist coefficient KH of the high modulus fiber bundle and the twist coefficient KL of the low modulus fiber bundle is in the range of 0.2 to 0.8.

  If this ratio KH / KL is less than 0.2, the initial elastic modulus of the composite cord becomes too high, the followability to lift during tire molding vulcanization is deteriorated, and the belt layer 6 becomes non-uniform. Failure is likely to occur, making it difficult to form tires with excellent uniformity. On the other hand, when the ratio KH / KL exceeds 0.8, the initial elastic modulus is lowered, so that the followability to lift during tire molding vulcanization is improved, but the elastic modulus of the cord in the tire is lowered. , High speed durability improvement and road noise reduction effect does not improve.

  That is, by setting the ratio KH / KL in the range of 0.2 to 0.8, the effect of improving high-speed durability and low noise can be obtained without impairing the followability to lift during tire molding vulcanization. be able to.

  Moreover, it is preferable that the twist coefficient KL of the low elastic modulus fiber bundle of the composite cord is in the range of 400 to 900.

  If the twist coefficient KL of the low-modulus fiber bundle is too high, the elastic modulus of the composite cord in the tire is reduced, so that the effects of high-speed durability and low noise are reduced. On the other hand, if the twist coefficient KL of the low-modulus fiber bundle is too low, the stress at the time of low distortion of the composite cord becomes too high, the followability to lift during tire molding vulcanization deteriorates, and the tire uniformity deteriorates. . Further, since the durability of the composite cord is also lowered, the effect of improving the high speed durability is reduced.

  That is, by setting the twist coefficient KL of the low elastic modulus fiber bundle in the range of 400 to 900, the followability to the lift at the time of tire molding vulcanization can be achieved without impairing the improvement effect of high speed durability and low noise. The uniformity of the tire can be improved, and the durability of the composite cord can be improved.

  Further, the ratio (DH / ρH) / the volume fineness DH / ρH (dtex / ρ) of the high modulus fiber bundle of the composite cord and the volume fineness DL / ρL (dtex / ρ) of the low modulus fiber bundle (DL / ρL) is preferably in the range of 0.6 to 1.5.

  When this ratio exceeds 1.5, the fatigue property of the composite cord deteriorates, so that the effect of improving the high-speed durability is reduced. On the other hand, when this ratio is less than 0.6, the elastic modulus of the composite cord is lowered, so that the improvement effect of high-speed durability and low noise is lowered. The volume fineness is a value obtained by dividing the fineness corresponding to the capacity by the specific gravity, and thus means the fineness corresponding to the capacity.

  That is, the ratio (DH / ρH) / (DL / ρL) between the volumetric fineness DH / ρH of the high elastic fiber bundle and the volumetric fineness DL / ρL of the low elastic fiber bundle is 0.6 to 1.5. By setting it as this range, the improvement effect of a low noise property can be acquired, without impairing the improvement effect of high-speed durability.

  The total fineness (DH / ρH + DL / ρL) of the composite cord is preferably in the range of 1500 to 3500.

  When the volumetric total fineness is less than 1500, the number of cords to be driven increases, resulting in a decrease in productivity. On the other hand, when the volume total fineness exceeds 3500, the belt cover layer 7 becomes thick, which causes an increase in weight.

  That is, by setting the total volume fineness (DH / ρH + DL / ρL) in the range of 1500 to 3500, weight reduction of the tire can be achieved without impairing tire productivity.

  The low elastic modulus fiber bundle used in the present invention is composed of thermoplastic multifilaments. Thereby, the effect | action which suppresses the untwisting torque of a high elastic modulus fiber bundle by a heat set can be performed, and workability can be made favorable. As the low elastic modulus fiber bundle, for example, polyhexamethylene adipamide (nylon 66), polytetramethylene adipamide (nylon 46) or polyethylene terephthalate fiber is preferably used. In particular, aliphatic polyamide fibers such as nylon 66 and nylon 46 are preferable in terms of adhesiveness, elongation characteristics, and durability.

  As the high elastic fiber bundle used in the present invention, for example, aramid fiber, polyketone fiber, polyethylene naphthalate fiber or the like is used. Among these, an aramid fiber and a polyketone fiber having a higher initial tensile elastic modulus are more preferable.

In the structure of FIG. 1, the belt cover layer 7 is arranged with the entire width (all) of the belt layer 6, but in the present invention, as illustrated in FIG. A belt cover layer made of different composite cords is disposed on the direction tire shoulder .

  FIG. 6 shows a meridian half cross-sectional view of a pneumatic radial tire according to an embodiment in which belt cover layers having different composite cords are arranged at the tire center portion and the tire shoulder portion of the belt layer.

  In the present embodiment, the belt cover layer 7 (7a, 7b) is disposed on both the tire center portion of the tread portion 1 (width direction center of the belt layer 6) and the tire shoulder portion.

The ratio KH / KL between the twist coefficient KH of the high modulus fiber bundle of the composite cord and the twist coefficient KL of the low modulus fiber bundle in the belt cover layer 7b of the tire shoulder portion is the belt cover layer 7a of the tire center portion. It is lower than the ratio KH / KL between the twist coefficient KH of the high modulus fiber bundle of the composite cord and the twist coefficient KL of the low modulus fiber bundle. Thereby, since rigidity with higher uniformity can be imparted to the belt cover layer 7, it is possible to achieve improvement in high speed durability and low noise at a higher level. Other configurations are the same as Embodiment FIG 1.

Reference Examples 1-13
With a tire size of 205 / 55R16, a belt cover layer composite cord is composed of a low elastic fiber bundle made of nylon 66 having a specific gravity ρL of 1.14 and a high elastic fiber bundle made of aramid having a specific gravity ρH of 1.44. All the fibers of the low modulus fiber bundle and the high modulus fiber bundle are twisted in the same direction, and the twist coefficient of the high modulus fiber bundle is lower than the twist coefficient of the low modulus fiber bundle. In the pneumatic radial tire configured as described above, the pneumatic radials of Reference Examples 1 to 13 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 in which various conditions such as the number of twists and the twisting coefficient are varied as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Each tire was made.

In Reference Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, as shown in Table 1, a low elastic fiber bundle and a high elastic fiber bundle having the same cord fineness were used. In Reference Examples 8 to 13, as shown in Table 2, low elastic modulus fiber bundles and high elastic modulus fiber bundles having different cord fineness may be used.

  These test tires were evaluated for high-speed durability and road noise by the following methods, and the results are also shown in Tables 1 and 2.

  High-speed durability: Running was run for 120 minutes under a load of 88% of the maximum load capacity specified by JATMA under conditions of air pressure 210 Pa and running speed 81 km / h. Next, after cooling for more than 3 hours, readjust the air pressure, start the test from a speed of 121 km / h, increase the speed in steps of 8 km / h every 30 minutes, and run until a failure occurs The distance was measured. The evaluation results are indicated by an index with the reference tire as 100. It means that high speed durability is excellent, so that this index value is large.

Road noise: A test tire is mounted on a wheel with a rim size of 16 × 16 ^1/2 JJ and mounted on a vehicle under an air pressure of 200 Pa. A microphone is installed at the ear position on the driver's seat window side, and the paved road surface is at a speed of 60 km / h. The sound pressure when traveling was measured. The difference from the sound pressure of the reference tire was shown. A larger negative value means a greater road noise reduction effect (low noise).

As is clear from Table 1 and Table 2, the tires of Reference Examples 1 to 13 were able to improve the high speed durability and the low noise performance as compared with Comparative Example 1. Particularly, in Reference Example 2, Reference Example 6 and Reference Example 11, good results were obtained in both high speed durability and low noise.

Example 1
The composite cord of Reference Example 3 was used for the belt cover layer 7a in the shoulder portion of FIG. 6, and the composite cord of Reference Example 2 was used for the belt cover layer 7b in the center portion. As a result, high-speed durability was 110 and road noise was -0.9 dB.

Comparative Example 3
As in Reference Example 2, nylon 66, 1400 dtex is used as the low elastic fiber bundle, aramid fiber, 1670 dtex is used as the high elastic fiber bundle, and 20 t / 10 cm is added to each in the Z direction. After aligning those twisted yarns, preparing a so-called normal double twisted cord in which an upper twist of 20 t / 10 cm is added in the S direction opposite to the twisted yarn, preparing a tire similar to Reference Example 2, High-speed durability and road noise were measured. As a result, high-speed durability was 5 point improvement from Comparative Example 1 with 105, inferior 5 points in Reference Example 2, also, road noise, worse than Comparative Example 1 + 0.5 dB, in Reference Example 2 The result was 1.3 dB worse.

The weight of the Comparative Example 3 of the belt cover layer as in Reference Example 2, when the reference example 2 was 100, Comparative Example 3 became heavier and 104. This is because the thickness of the belt cover layer is increased because the cord diameter of Comparative Example 3 is increased.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Tread part 2 Side wall part 3 Bead part 4 Carcass layer 5 Bead core 6 Belt layer 7,7a, 7b Belt cover layer F Composite cord FL Low elastic modulus fiber bundle FH High elastic modulus fiber bundle F0 Composite cord F50 Composite cord

Claims (6)

A carcass layer is mounted between a pair of left and right bead portions, a belt layer is disposed on the outer periphery of the carcass layer, and a low elastic fiber bundle and a high elastic fiber bundle are provided on at least a shoulder portion on the outer peripheral side of the belt layer. In a pneumatic radial tire in which a belt cover layer formed by spirally winding a composite cord twisted in a tire circumferential direction is disposed,
While the belt cover layer is disposed so as to cover the tire shoulder portion and the tire center portion of the belt layer, the low elastic fiber bundle and the high elastic fiber bundle constituting the composite cord are used as the composite cord. while have a twist in the same direction each other when untwisting, the hybrid cord has a structure twisted by applying twists over the twist in the same direction as the direction of twist yarn, respectively, and wherein the high modulus fiber (2) below the ratio KH / KL with defined twist factor KH before Symbol low modulus fiber bundle (1) below a defined twist factor KL by the formula by the formula 0 of the bundle. A ratio KH / KL of a twist coefficient between a low elastic fiber bundle and a high elastic fiber bundle of the composite cord in a region covering the tire shoulder portion of the belt layer is in the range of 2 to 0.8 , and the belt layer tire A pneumatic radial tire characterized by being smaller than the ratio KH / KL of the twist coefficient between the low elastic modulus fiber bundle and the high elastic fiber bundle of the composite cord in the region covering the center portion .
KL = TL√ (DL / ρL) (1)
However, TL: Twisting number of low elastic fiber bundle (t / 10 cm)
DL: Thickness of low elastic fiber bundle (dtex)
ρL: specific gravity of low elastic modulus fiber
KH = TH√ (DH / ρH) (2)
However, TH: Twisting number of high elastic fiber bundle (t / 10 cm)
DH: thickness of high elastic fiber bundle (dtex)
ρH: specific gravity of high modulus fiber Said composite codes, and twist yarn of low modulus fiber bundle, the lower number of twists a in twist twist yarn in the same direction of the low modulus fiber bundle is less have a high modulus fiber bundles than the lower yarn yarn the pneumatic radial tire according to claim 1 having the configuration in which for allowed Awa twist draw flush to the.   The pneumatic radial tire according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a twist coefficient KL of the low elastic modulus fiber bundle of the composite cord is in a range of 400 to 900.   The ratio (DH / ρH) / (DL / ρL) of the volumetric fineness DH / ρH of the high modulus fiber bundle to the volumetric fineness DL / ρL of the low modulus fiber bundle is 0.6 to 1. The pneumatic radial tire according to any one of claims 1 to 3, which is in a range of 5.   The pneumatic radial tire according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a volumetric total fineness of the composite cord is in a range of 1500 to 3500. The low elastic modulus fiber bundles, nylon 66 fiber, a nylon 46 fiber or polyethylene terephthalate fiber, the high modulus fiber bundle, aramid fibers, claim 1-5 is a polyketone fiber or a polyethylene naphthalate fiber The pneumatic radial tire according to item 1.

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