JP5172281B2 - Methods for extracting lipids from marine and freshwater animal tissues - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、海産(marine)および淡水産(aquatic)動物、例えばオキアミ(krill)、カラヌス(Calanus)、魚類、海産哺乳類などからの脂質画分の抽出に関する。より詳細には、本発明は、溶媒によって脱水された、活性を有する酵素を豊富に含む固形残渣をも回収しうる点において改良されている、脂質画分の抽出方法に関する。
オキアミ、カラヌス、魚類、海産哺乳類などの海産および淡水産動物から得られる脂質画分は、以下のような種々の用途に適用することができる。
The present invention relates to the extraction of lipid fractions from marine and aquatic animals such as krill, Calanus, fish, marine mammals and the like. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for extracting a lipid fraction, which is improved in that a solid residue rich in active enzyme dehydrated by a solvent can also be recovered.
The lipid fraction obtained from marine and freshwater animals such as krill, calanus, fish and marine mammals can be applied to various uses as follows.
・医療への適用
海産および淡水産動物から得られる脂肪油やそれを含む脂質画分は、治療効果を有する種々の物質を含む。例えば、種々の海産および淡水産動物から得られる油は抗炎症作用を示すことが報告されている。また、海産および淡水産動物から得られる油は、心血管系疾患の発生率を低下させる上で有益であるとの報告もある。さらに、海産および淡水産動物から得られる油の中には、ある種の狼瘡(lupus)や腎疾患の進行を抑えるものもあることが報告されている。また、オキアミは潰瘍や創傷の除去に関与する酵素や、食物の消化を促進する酵素の原料となりうる生物である。さらに、海産および淡水産動物から得られる油には種々の酸化防止剤が含まれており、それらは治療効果を有する可能性がある。
-Medical application Fatty oils obtained from marine and freshwater animals and lipid fractions containing them contain various substances having therapeutic effects. For example, oils obtained from various marine and freshwater animals have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. There are also reports that oils obtained from marine and freshwater animals are beneficial in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease. In addition, some oils from marine and freshwater animals have been reported to inhibit the progression of certain lupus and kidney diseases. Krill is an organism that can be used as a raw material for enzymes involved in the removal of ulcers and wounds and enzymes that promote food digestion. In addition, oils obtained from marine and freshwater animals contain various antioxidants, which may have therapeutic effects.
・栄養補給食品(Nutraceuticals)
ω−3系脂肪酸(omega-3 fatty acids)の有益な作用を考慮すると、オキアミ、カラヌスおよび魚類から得られる油は、ヒトの食物における補助食(dietary supplements)として使用し得る。これらの脂肪酸は、脳や目の正常な発生に必須である。また、海産および淡水産動物から得られる油は、脂溶性ビタミンであるビタミンA、DおよびEや、カロテノイド類を豊富に含んでいる。
・ Nutracuticals
In view of the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids, oils obtained from krill, calanus and fish can be used as dietary supplements in human food. These fatty acids are essential for normal development of the brain and eyes. Oils obtained from marine and freshwater animals are rich in vitamins A, D and E, which are fat-soluble vitamins, and carotenoids.
・化粧品
種々の海産および淡水産動物から得られる油が、モイスチャライジングクリーム(moisturizing cream)の製造に用いられている。
-Cosmetics Oils from various marine and freshwater animals are used in the production of moisturizing creams.
・魚類の養殖
オキアミ、カラヌスおよび魚類から得られる油には、高濃度の20:5(エイコサペンタエン酸)や22:6(ドコサヘキサエン酸)が含まれている。これらの脂肪酸は必須栄養素であり、魚類の飼料として有益である。その上、そのような飼料を与えられて育った魚類を摂取することにより、これらの必須栄養素がヒトの食物中に取り込まれる。
-Fish culture Oils obtained from krill, calanus and fish contain high concentrations of 20: 5 (eicosapentaenoic acid) and 22: 6 (docosahexaenoic acid). These fatty acids are essential nutrients and are useful as fish feed. In addition, these essential nutrients are incorporated into human food by ingesting fish that have been fed such feed.
・動物用飼料
ω−3系脂肪酸に富む動物用飼料を用いると、食肉中の不飽和脂肪酸レベルを向上し、且つコレステロールレベルを低下しうる。このような特性は、家禽養殖業(poultry industry)において卵の品質を向上させる目的で既に活用されている。
-Animal feed When an animal feed rich in omega-3 fatty acids is used, the level of unsaturated fatty acids in meat can be improved and the cholesterol level can be lowered. Such characteristics are already exploited in the poultry industry for the purpose of improving egg quality.
海産および淡水産動物から油を抽出する方法としては、種々のものが知られている。例えば、ヘキサンやエタノールなどの有機溶媒を用いて魚油を抽出することが知られている。またアセトンなどの溶媒を用いて、魚類の筋肉組織における脂肪含有量を測定することが知られている。 Various methods for extracting oil from marine and freshwater animals are known. For example, it is known to extract fish oil using an organic solvent such as hexane or ethanol. It is also known to measure the fat content in fish muscle tissue using a solvent such as acetone.
米国特許第4,331,695号公報には、プロパン、ブタン、ヘキサンなどの、室温ではガス状となる溶媒を加圧下で用いる方法が記載されている。この方法では、植物や動物を細切したものを、好ましくは15〜80℃で抽出に付す。抽出された油を、高圧下、温度を50〜200℃まで上昇させることにより沈殿させる。しかし、オキアミのような海産動物が原料である場合、ヘキサンは抽出力の乏しい溶媒(poor extraction solvent)である。その上、沈殿の段階における高温は脂質に悪影響を及ぼす。 U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,695 describes a method in which a solvent that is gaseous at room temperature, such as propane, butane, and hexane, is used under pressure. In this method, a plant or animal that has been minced is preferably subjected to extraction at 15 to 80 ° C. The extracted oil is precipitated by raising the temperature to 50-200 ° C. under high pressure. However, when marine animals such as krill are used as raw materials, hexane is a poor extraction solvent. Moreover, high temperatures during the precipitation stage have a negative effect on lipids.
カナダ国特許出願第2,115,571号公報には、種々の褐藻および紅藻から油を抽出する方法が記載されている。ここでは、例えばほぼ純粋なエタノールを用いて、40時間ソックスレー抽出を行う方法が提供されている。 Canadian Patent Application No. 2,115,571 describes a method for extracting oil from various brown and red algae. Here, a method of performing Soxhlet extraction for 40 hours using, for example, substantially pure ethanol is provided.
米国特許第5,006,281号公報には、魚類などの、海産および淡水産動物から油を抽出する方法が記載されている。この方法では、海産および淡水産動物を酸化防止剤化合物で処理した後細切し、遠心分離に付して水相および固体相から油相を分離する。得られた油相をさらに酸化防止剤化合物で処理し、不快な匂いや味を除去する。 US Pat. No. 5,006,281 describes a method for extracting oil from marine and freshwater animals such as fish. In this method, marine and freshwater animals are treated with an antioxidant compound and then minced and centrifuged to separate the oil phase from the aqueous and solid phases. The resulting oil phase is further treated with an antioxidant compound to remove unpleasant odors and tastes.
カナダ国特許第2,115,571号公報には、オキアミから油を抽出する方法が記載されている。この方法では、新鮮な、または解凍したオキアミを水性媒体中に分散させて乳液状にする。油画分は遠心分離によって回収する。 Canadian Patent No. 2,115,571 describes a method for extracting oil from krill. In this method, fresh or thawed krill is dispersed in an aqueous medium to make an emulsion. The oil fraction is collected by centrifugation.
フォルチ(Folch)は、1957年に発行された論文(J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-509 “A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues”)中において、クロロホルムとメタノールを用いる抽出法を提案している。この方法は、溶媒の毒性のため工業的に実施することはできない。 Folch uses chloroform and methanol in a paper published in 1957 (J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-509 “A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues”). An extraction method is proposed. This method cannot be carried out industrially due to the toxicity of the solvent.
従来の方法は、通常工業的に実施することができないか、脂質の収率が低い。従って本発明の目的は、海産および淡水産動物の油を抽出する方法であって、有用な脂質画分と共に、タンパク質が豊富で、活性を有する酵素を含む有用な固形残渣を別途回収することが可能な方法を提供することにある。 Conventional methods are usually not industrially feasible or have low lipid yields. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is a method for extracting oil from marine and freshwater animals, wherein a useful solid residue containing a protein-rich and active enzyme is separately collected together with a useful lipid fraction. It is to provide a possible method.
本発明の他の諸目的および本発明の更なる適用範囲に関しては、以下の詳細な説明の記載から明らかになる。ただし、本発明の意図および範囲内での種々の変更・修正は当業者にとって明白である。従って、詳細な説明において本発明の好ましい態様が示されるが、それらは単なる例示と理解されるべきものである。 Other objects and further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. However, various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, while the detailed description indicates preferred embodiments of the invention, they are to be understood as illustrative only.
本発明の好ましい態様に関する詳細な説明
以降、本発明に関し詳細に説明するが、その前に、本発明は、以下に詳述する方法に対してのみ適用されるものではないと理解されねばならない。本発明は下記以外の種々の態様によって実施可能である。また、以下の記述において用いられる表現法または用語は、表記のために用いられるものであり、制限のために用いられるものではないと理解されねばならない
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail, but it should be understood that before the present invention is applied only to the method detailed below. The present invention can be implemented in various modes other than the following. It should also be understood that expressions or terms used in the following descriptions are used for notation and not for limitation.
本発明は、新たに採集された海産または淡水産動物をアセトン中に懸濁させることを含む。脂質はアセトンなどのケトンによって抽出される。このことにより、動物の組織は脱水され、また脂質画分は溶媒(ケトン)中に移行する。乾燥(脱水)された残渣は、活性を有する酵素を豊富に含む有用な産物である。 The present invention involves suspending newly collected marine or freshwater animals in acetone. Lipids are extracted with ketones such as acetone. This dehydrates the animal tissue and transfers the lipid fraction into the solvent (ketone). The dried (dehydrated) residue is a useful product rich in active enzymes.
本発明の好ましい態様においては、抽出はアセトンの後アルコールを用いて行う。アルコールとしては、イソプロパノールおよびt−ブタノールが好ましい。また、アルコールに代えて酢酸エチルなどの酢酸エステルを用いてもよい。この手順によれば、2種類の脂質画分が相次いで得られると共に、タンパク質に富み、活性を有する酵素を含む乾燥残渣が得られる。総脂質の回収率は、「発明の背景」の項で述べたフォルチらの方法(1957)に匹敵する。この手順を、オキアミ、カラヌス、魚類およびサメの組織を用いて試行した。 In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the extraction is performed with acetone after alcohol. As alcohol, isopropanol and t-butanol are preferable. Further, an acetate such as ethyl acetate may be used in place of the alcohol. According to this procedure, two lipid fractions are obtained one after the other, and a dry residue is obtained which is rich in protein and contains an active enzyme. The total lipid recovery is comparable to the Forti et al. Method (1957) described in the “Background of the Invention” section. This procedure was attempted with krill, calanus, fish and shark tissues.
驚くべきことに、本発明において提案される連続的な抽出処理は、単一の溶媒系を用いる抽出処理に比して、脂質抽出における収率が優れていることが判明した。2種類の溶媒を用いて連続して抽出を行い、その抽出をアセトンなどのケトンによる抽出から開始するこの方法は、アセトンが動物の組織を脱水する作用を有しているので特に好ましい。動物の組織が脱水されていることにより、第二の溶媒、即ちアルコールまたは酢酸エステル(酢酸エチルなど)による抽出が大いに促進される。 Surprisingly, it has been found that the continuous extraction process proposed in the present invention has a higher yield in lipid extraction than an extraction process using a single solvent system. This method, in which extraction is performed continuously using two kinds of solvents and the extraction is started by extraction with a ketone such as acetone, is particularly preferable because acetone has a function of dehydrating animal tissues. The dehydration of the animal tissue greatly facilitates extraction with a second solvent, i.e. alcohol or acetate (such as ethyl acetate).
オキアミ、カラヌスなどの動物プランクトンや、魚類解体時に生じる副生物、例えば魚の内臓を用いる場合、高い費用対効果をもって脂質画分を回収すると共に、タンパク質に富み、活性を有する酵素を含む乾燥残渣を別に得るためには、アセトンによる抽出を一回行うのみで充分である。 When using zooplankton such as krill, calanus, and by-products generated during the dismantling of fish, such as the internal organs of fish, the lipid fraction is recovered cost-effectively, and a dry residue containing a protein-rich and active enzyme is separated. To obtain it, it is sufficient to carry out the extraction once with acetone.
以降、本発明における一般的な抽出方法について記載する。新たに採集され、好ましくは細切された海産または淡水産動物由来の原料よりなる出発物質を約2時間、好ましくは一晩アセトン抽出に付す。しかし、脂質抽出における収率に対し、抽出時間に臨界性はない。抽出を促進させるためには、出発物質を直径約5mm未満の粒子状とすることが好ましい。また、抽出は不活性ガス雰囲気下、約5℃またはそれ以下の温度で行うことが好ましい。 Hereinafter, a general extraction method in the present invention will be described. The starting material consisting of freshly collected and preferably minced raw material from marine or freshwater animals is subjected to acetone extraction for about 2 hours, preferably overnight. However, the extraction time is not critical to the yield in lipid extraction. In order to facilitate extraction, the starting material is preferably in the form of particles having a diameter of less than about 5 mm. The extraction is preferably performed at a temperature of about 5 ° C. or lower in an inert gas atmosphere.
抽出の開始から10〜40分間、好ましくは20分間にわたり、攪拌を行うことが好ましい。また、海産または淡水産動物由来の原料の体積に対するアセトンの体積を6:1とし、2時間にわたって抽出することが最も適切であることが判明した。ただし、抽出時間に臨界性はない。 It is preferable to stir for 10 to 40 minutes, preferably 20 minutes from the start of extraction. It was also found most appropriate to extract for 2 hours with a volume of acetone of 6: 1 relative to the volume of raw material from marine or freshwater animals. However, the extraction time is not critical.
可溶化された脂質画分は、通常の方法、例えば濾過、遠心分離、沈降などの方法により固形の原料(残渣)から分離する。これらの方法のうち、濾過による分離が好ましい。 The solubilized lipid fraction is separated from the solid raw material (residue) by an ordinary method such as filtration, centrifugation, or sedimentation. Of these methods, separation by filtration is preferred.
残渣は、有機溶媒耐性の(すなわち、金属、ガラスまたは紙製の)フィルターを用いて濾別した後、純粋なアセトンで洗浄し、残渣中に残留する脂質を回収することが好ましい。このとき純アセトンの使用量は、原料の元の体積の2倍とすることが好ましい。洗浄により得られた洗液を濾液と混合し、減圧下で溶媒を留去する。溶媒の除去はフラッシュ蒸発や噴霧乾燥によって行ってもよい。溶媒を留去した後に残る水性の残留物は、低温下で放置することにより油相(以降「画分I」とする)から分離することができる。 The residue is preferably filtered off using an organic solvent-resistant (ie, metal, glass or paper) filter and then washed with pure acetone to recover the lipid remaining in the residue. At this time, the amount of pure acetone used is preferably twice the original volume of the raw material. The washing liquid obtained by washing is mixed with the filtrate, and the solvent is distilled off under reduced pressure. The solvent may be removed by flash evaporation or spray drying. The aqueous residue remaining after distilling off the solvent can be separated from the oil phase (hereinafter “Fraction I”) by allowing it to stand at low temperature.
フィルター上に回収された固形の残渣を、エタノール、イソプロパノール、t−ブタノール等のアルコールまたは酢酸エチル中に懸濁させて抽出する。このときアルコールまたは酢酸エチルの使用量は、原料の元の体積の2倍とすることが好ましい。 The solid residue collected on the filter is extracted by suspending in alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol, t-butanol or ethyl acetate. At this time, the amount of alcohol or ethyl acetate used is preferably twice the original volume of the raw material.
得られた濾液の溶媒を留去することにより、第二の脂質画分(以降「画分II」とする)が得られる。抽出時間は約30分で充分であることが判明した。ただし、抽出時間に臨界性はない。 By distilling off the solvent of the obtained filtrate, a second lipid fraction (hereinafter referred to as “fraction II”) is obtained. It has been found that an extraction time of about 30 minutes is sufficient. However, the extraction time is not critical.
上記の有機溶媒(t−ブタノールを除く)および試料の温度は臨界性のあるパラメーターではないが、できるだけ低温にすることが好ましい。しかし、室温では固体であるt−ブタノールを用いる場合には、t−ブタノールを使用前に加温しておき、抽出を25℃で手早く行うことが重要である。 The organic solvent (excluding t-butanol) and the temperature of the sample are not critical parameters, but are preferably as low as possible. However, when t-butanol, which is solid at room temperature, is used, it is important to heat t-butanol before use and to perform extraction at 25 ° C. quickly.
比較例
抽出の効率を比較するため、クロロホルムとメタノールを用いる従来の方法(フォルチら、1957)をオキアミに対して適用した。この方法を、抽出工程の効率を求める際の参照とした。また、ヘキサンを抽出溶媒として用いる方法とも比較を行った。脂質の回収率は、脂質画分を少量の元の(抽出に用いた)溶媒に懸濁させ、得られた懸濁液の一部を少量とって溶媒留去し、重量を測定することにより求めた。
To compare the efficiency of comparative example extraction, a conventional method using chloroform and methanol (Forch et al., 1957) was applied to krill. This method was used as a reference when determining the efficiency of the extraction process. A comparison was also made with a method using hexane as an extraction solvent. The lipid recovery rate is determined by suspending the lipid fraction in a small amount of the original solvent (used for extraction), taking a small portion of the resulting suspension, distilling off the solvent, and measuring the weight. Asked.
ここで示される実施例の全てに関し、アセトン抽出とそれに続く第2の溶媒(例えば酢酸エチル)による抽出を行なう本発明の方法により得られる脂肪油は、半透明で、従来のフォルチらの方法(1957)により得られる脂肪油に比して魅力ある特性を有している。 For all of the examples shown here, the fatty oil obtained by the process of the present invention with acetone extraction followed by extraction with a second solvent (eg ethyl acetate) is translucent and is a conventional Forti et al. 1957) has attractive properties compared to the fatty oil obtained.
脂質の組成分析は、780μgの抽出物を薄層クロマトグラフィー(TLC)用シリカゲルプレートに付着させ、次のような展開溶媒を用いて分画することにより行なった(Bowyerら、1962)。
中性脂質:ヘキサン:エチルエーテル:酢酸=90:10:1(v/v)
リン脂質:クロロホルム:メタノール:水=80:25:2(v/v)
Lipid composition analysis was performed by attaching 780 μg of the extract to a silica gel plate for thin layer chromatography (TLC) and fractionating using the following developing solvent (Bowyer et al., 1962).
Neutral lipid: hexane: ethyl ether: acetic acid = 90: 10: 1 (v / v)
Phospholipid: chloroform: methanol: water = 80: 25: 2 (v / v)
E.pacificaにおける脂肪酸組成は、原報(Bowyerら、1962)に記載の方法を若干変更(1時間、80℃のところを2時間、65℃、ヘキサンにて3回洗浄するところを2回洗浄、水による洗浄を省略)し、気液クロマトグラフィー(GLC)により行なった。
The fatty acid composition in E. pacifica was slightly modified from the method described in the original report (Bowyer et al., 1962) (1 hour, 80 ° C. for 2 hours, 65 ° C., washed with
痕跡量の有機溶媒を除去するため、脂質画分IおよびIIは不活性ガス雰囲気下125℃で15分間加熱した。 To remove trace amounts of organic solvent, lipid fractions I and II were heated at 125 ° C. for 15 minutes under an inert gas atmosphere.
脂肪の分析は、米国油化学会(American Oil Chemist’s Society, AOCS)の方法に従って行なった。抽出された脂質の分析においては、けん化価、ウィイス(Wijs)ヨウ素価、水分−揮発性物質含量(moisture-volatile matter levels)を基準として用いた。また、コレステロール含量をPlummerの方法(1987)により測定した。 Fat analysis was performed according to the method of the American Oil Chemist's Society (AOCS). In the analysis of the extracted lipids, saponification value, Wijs iodine value, and moisture-volatile matter levels were used as standards. Cholesterol content was also measured by Plummer's method (1987).
またこれとは独立に、ロバート アックマン(Robert Ackman)教授の監督下、上記およびその他の分析を、ダルハウジー大学 ダルテックのカナダ漁業技術研究所(所在地:カナダ国ノバスコシア州ハリファックス市)(Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology, Daltech, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada)において行なった。これには、ウィイスヨウ素価、過酸化物価、アニシジン価、脂質クラス組成、脂肪酸組成、並びに遊離脂肪酸、FAME(脂肪酸メチルエステル)、コレステロール、トコフェロール、全トランス−レチノール、コレカルシフェロール、アスタキサンチンおよびカンタキサンチンの含量が含まれる。 Independently, under the supervision of Professor Robert Ackman, the above and other analyzes were conducted at the Canadian Institute for Fisheries Technology, Daltec University of Daltech, located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Technology, Daltech, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada). This includes the Wiis iodine value, peroxide value, anisidine value, lipid class composition, fatty acid composition, free fatty acid, FAME (fatty acid methyl ester), cholesterol, tocopherol, all-trans-retinol, cholecalciferol, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin Is included.
表1は、アセトン処理してからエタノール処理することにより、フォルチら(1957)の従来の方法よりも多量の脂質を乾燥オキアミから抽出できることを示す。 Table 1 shows that by treating with acetone and then with ethanol, a larger amount of lipid can be extracted from dried krill than the conventional method of Forti et al. (1957).
表2は、冷凍したEuphausia pacifica(太平洋産のオキアミの1種)からの脂質抽出の結果を示す。冷凍オキアミの水分含量を80%と仮定すると、その脂質含量は表1に示す乾燥オキアミについての結果に匹敵する。イソプロパノール、t−ブタノール又は酢酸エチルを第2抽出の溶媒に用いると、収率はエタノールには及ばないが、エタノールを用いるとイソプロパノール、t−ブタノール又は酢酸エチルに比べて不純物が多くなるので、脂質回収におけるイソプロパノール、t−ブタノール又は酢酸エチルの効果が必ずしもエタノールより劣るとはいえない。また、これらは、アセトンの後に第2溶媒としても使用できる。 Table 2 shows the results of lipid extraction from frozen Euphausia pacifica (a kind of Pacific krill). Assuming that the water content of frozen krill is 80%, its lipid content is comparable to the results for dry krill shown in Table 1. If isopropanol, t-butanol or ethyl acetate is used as the solvent for the second extraction, the yield will not be as high as that of ethanol, but if ethanol is used, there will be more impurities than isopropanol, t-butanol or ethyl acetate. The effects of isopropanol, t-butanol or ethyl acetate in the recovery are not necessarily inferior to ethanol. They can also be used as the second solvent after acetone.
アセトン抽出の結果にばらつきがあるのは、主に水−油分離工程によるものである。水−油分離工程は、アセトン蒸発後の水−油溶液中の残留アセトンの量に影響される。この残留アセトン量は実験の度に異なるが、その理由は、小さなスケールで用いられる蒸発系は再現性が低いからである(工業的スケールでは、蒸発工程が最適化された条件下で行なわれる)。単独の溶媒を用いてオキアミから全脂質を抽出する実験も行なった。その結果、酢酸エチル(抽出率1.37%)やへキサン(抽出率0.23%)は、アセトン単独と比較して、良溶媒ではないことがわかる(アセトン単独での抽出率は1.86%で、効率的なアセトン蒸発系を用いると抽出率は更に向上する)。 The variation in the results of acetone extraction is mainly due to the water-oil separation process. The water-oil separation process is affected by the amount of residual acetone in the water-oil solution after evaporation of acetone. This amount of residual acetone varies from experiment to experiment, because the evaporation system used on a small scale is less reproducible (on an industrial scale, the evaporation process is performed under optimized conditions). . Experiments were also conducted to extract total lipids from krill using a single solvent. As a result, it can be seen that ethyl acetate (extraction rate 1.37%) and hexane (extraction rate 0.23%) are not good solvents compared to acetone alone (extraction rate of acetone alone is 1. 86%, the extraction rate is further improved by using an efficient acetone evaporation system).
本発明の方法の主な利点の1つは、抽出物(脂質画分と、高タンパク含量の固形物)からのバクテリアの除去である。E.pacificaを種々の量のアセトン中、4℃で112時間インキュベートして得られるサンプルを、BactoTM牛肉抽出物0.3%、BactoTMペプトン0.5%及びBactoTM寒天1.5%を含むNA培地(Difco Laboratories社、米国デトロイト市)に接種して、室温又は4℃で18日間インキュベートした。その結果、オキアミ1グラム当たりアセトン1容量を用いた場合には、細菌の有意な増殖は見られなかった。アセトンの量がそれより大きい場合(2容量や5容量)は、細菌の増殖は全く見られなかった。このことは、アセトンでオキアミのサンプルを保存できるということを意味する。アセトンは、効率的な殺菌・殺ウイルス剤として知られている(Goodmann et al., 1980)。 One of the main advantages of the method of the present invention is the removal of bacteria from the extract (lipid fraction and high protein solids). Samples obtained by incubating E. pacifica in various amounts of acetone at 4 ° C. for 112 hours were treated with 0.3% Bacto ™ beef extract, 0.5% Bacto ™ peptone and 1.5% Bacto ™ agar. Inoculated NA medium (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, USA) and incubated at room temperature or 4 ° C. for 18 days. As a result, no significant growth of bacteria was observed when 1 volume of acetone was used per gram of krill. When the amount of acetone was larger (2 or 5 volumes), no bacterial growth was seen. This means that a krill sample can be stored in acetone. Acetone is known as an efficient bactericidal and virucidal agent (Goodmann et al., 1980).
表3は、M.norvegicaからの脂質の収率を示す。その脂質の%値(3.67%)は、表2に示すE. pacificaについての値(3.11%)に匹敵するものである。値の違いは、両種のオキアミの餌や採取時期(季節)の違いによるものと考えられる。 Table 3 shows the yield of lipid from M. norvegica . The% lipid value (3.67%) is comparable to the value for E. pacifica shown in Table 2 (3.11%). The difference in values is thought to be due to the difference in the feed and collection time (season) of both species of krill.
表4は、M.norvegicaからの脂質の抽出効率において、試料の磨砕が与える影響を示す。これらの抽出実験は最適条件下で行なわれたもので、本発明の方法が従来の方法より明確に優れていることを示す(本発明の方法が4.46%であるのに対し、従来の方法では3.30%)。表4はまた、大型種のオキアミでは磨砕が重要な要素であることを示す(4.46%対3.53%)。 Table 4 shows the effect of sample grinding on the extraction efficiency of lipids from M. norvegica . These extraction experiments were performed under optimal conditions and show that the method of the present invention is clearly superior to the conventional method (the method of the present invention is 4.46% compared to the conventional method). (Method 3.30%). Table 4 also shows that grinding is an important factor in the large species of krill (4.46% vs. 3.53%).
表5は、カラヌス(Calanus)からの脂質抽出の結果を報告するものである。相当な量の脂質が得られた。実験1と実験2の間に見られる結果のばらつき(新鮮重量の8.22%と10.90%)は、カラヌス種における組成の何らかのばらつきによるものであろう。
Table 5 reports the results of lipid extraction from Calanus. A considerable amount of lipid was obtained. The variability in results seen between
表6〜8は、魚の組織からの抽出した脂質の合計量を報告するものである。本発明の方法を、サバ、マスおよびニシンについて実施した。実験に用いたのは、周辺組織(主に筋肉)と内臓である。好ましいことに、魚から身を取った後の、通常は廃棄される不使用部分から貴重な脂質画分を回収できるので、有利である。本発明の方法により、人間の消費用に魚を加工した後に残る上記の不使用部分をアセトン中に保存し、それから脂質を抽出することができる。 Tables 6-8 report the total amount of lipid extracted from fish tissue. The method of the invention was carried out on mackerel, trout and herring. The surrounding tissues (mainly muscles) and internal organs were used for the experiment. Advantageously, valuable lipid fractions can be recovered from unused portions that are normally discarded after removal from the fish. By the method of the present invention, the above unused portion remaining after processing fish for human consumption can be stored in acetone and lipids extracted therefrom.
このときフォルチの方法(1957)を用いると、本発明の方法よりも多量の脂質を回収できるかもしれない。実際、アセトンとエタノールを用いて本発明の方法で抽出を行った後、フォルチの方法を実施することにより、サバから少量(内臓から0.52%、組織から1.45%)の脂質を抽出することができた。また、マスとニシンについて本発明の方法による抽出とフォルチの方法による抽出の比較実験を行なうと、後者の方が優れた回収率を示す。しかしフォルチの方法は、(毒性のために)商業目的での脂質抽出には利用できない、という点に注目すべきである。 At this time, if the Forti method (1957) is used, a larger amount of lipid may be recovered than the method of the present invention. In fact, after extracting with acetone and ethanol by the method of the present invention, a small amount of lipid (0.52% from the internal organs and 1.45% from the tissue) is extracted from the mackerel by carrying out the Forti method. We were able to. In addition, when mass and herring are subjected to a comparative experiment between extraction by the method of the present invention and extraction by the Forch method, the latter shows an excellent recovery rate. However, it should be noted that Forti's method cannot be used for lipid extraction for commercial purposes (due to toxicity).
表9〜11は、サメの肝臓からの脂質の抽出結果を示す。同一種については、抽出法が違っても結果に顕著な差は見られない。 Tables 9-11 show the results of lipid extraction from shark liver. For the same species, there is no significant difference in the results even if the extraction method is different.
表12は、オキアミ(E.pacifica)油の画分I(アセトン)と画分II(アルコール又は酢酸エチル)の特徴の一部を示す。まず、画分Iのけん化価(130.6)から、画分Iが、画分II(185.7)よりも鎖長の長い脂肪酸を含有することがわかる。画分Iのウィイスヨウ素価からは、この画分が、ウィイスヨウ素価が81.1であるオリーブ油と比較して、高度不飽和脂肪酸含量が高いことがわかる。このことが、画分Iが室温で液状である理由である。不飽和脂肪酸の融点が飽和のホモローグ(対応する飽和脂肪酸)の融点よりも低いことは周知である。同じことが、ヨウ素価が127.2である画分IIについてもいえる。表14に示す脂肪酸組成はこれらのヨウ素価を裏付けるものである。即ち、画分Iは高度不飽和脂肪酸(ペンタエン類+へキサエン類)の比率が高く(30.24%)、画分IIも同様である(22.98%)。 Table 12 shows some of the characteristics of fraction I (acetone) and fraction II (alcohol or ethyl acetate) of krill ( E. pacifica ) oil. First, the saponification value of fraction I (130.6) indicates that fraction I contains a fatty acid having a longer chain length than fraction II (185.7). From the Wise iodine value of fraction I, it can be seen that this fraction has a higher content of highly unsaturated fatty acids compared to olive oil with a Wise iodine value of 81.1. This is the reason why fraction I is liquid at room temperature. It is well known that the melting point of unsaturated fatty acids is lower than that of saturated homologues (corresponding saturated fatty acids). The same is true for fraction II, which has an iodine value of 127.2. The fatty acid composition shown in Table 14 supports these iodine values. That is, fraction I has a high ratio of highly unsaturated fatty acids (pentaene + hexaene) (30.24%), and fraction II is the same (22.98%).
最後に、表12はまた、画分IIは溶媒蒸発後に10.0%の揮発性物質と水分を含有することを示す。画分IIについては、この値は6.8%である。痕跡量の溶媒を除去するためには、油を窒素雰囲気下で短時間加熱(約125℃で約15分)することが重要である。 Finally, Table 12 also shows that Fraction II contains 10.0% volatiles and moisture after solvent evaporation. For fraction II, this value is 6.8%. In order to remove trace amounts of solvent, it is important to heat the oil briefly under a nitrogen atmosphere (about 125 ° C. for about 15 minutes).
本発明の方法を用いて得られたオキアミ油(画分Iはアセトン抽出、画分IIは酢酸エチル抽出により得られた)についての分析結果を表12、13、14、15、16及び17に示す。注目すべき点として、表18に示すように、2種類のカロテノイド、即ちアスタキサンチンとカンタキサンチンに関して測定したカロテノイド含量が有意に高かったことに言及することができる。実際、二種の画分の分析の結果、アスタキサンチン含量は92および124μg/g(脂質画分)、カンタキサンチン含量は262および734μg/g(脂質画分)であった。従って、本発明の意図するところにおいて、上記のようなオキアミ抽出物はアスタキサンチンを少なくとも75μg/g、好ましくは少なくとも90μg/g含むといえる。またカンタキサンチンについては、少なくとも250μg/g、好ましくは少なくとも270μg/g含むといえる。 Tables 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 show the analysis results for krill oil obtained using the method of the present invention (fraction I was obtained by acetone extraction, and fraction II was obtained by ethyl acetate extraction). Show. It should be noted that, as shown in Table 18, the carotenoid content measured for two carotenoids, namely astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, was significantly higher. In fact, as a result of analysis of the two fractions, the astaxanthin content was 92 and 124 μg / g (lipid fraction), and the canthaxanthin content was 262 and 734 μg / g (lipid fraction). Therefore, as intended by the present invention, it can be said that the krill extract as described above contains at least 75 μg / g, preferably at least 90 μg / g, of astaxanthin. Further, it can be said that canthaxanthin is contained at least 250 μg / g, preferably at least 270 μg / g.
過酸化物価やアニシジン価が低いことも好ましいことであり、これは天然の酸化防止剤(即ちアスタキサンチンとカンタキサンチン)を高濃度で含有することによるものである。高濃度のカロテノイド類は、経皮的移行に関する特性を良好にすることから、これらの物質は、上記のようなオキアミ抽出物は薬学的または化粧品学的に好ましい特性を有することを示している。従って、オキアミ抽出物は薬物の経皮的送達のために好ましく用いうるものである。 It is also preferable that the peroxide value and the anisidine value are low, which is due to the high concentration of natural antioxidants (ie, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin). Since high concentrations of carotenoids have good properties for transdermal translocation, these materials indicate that the krill extract as described above has pharmaceutically or cosmetically favorable properties. Therefore, the krill extract can be preferably used for transdermal delivery of drugs.
表18は、本発明の水性動物から脂質を抽出する方法における、最も好ましい態様を示す。 Table 18 shows the most preferred embodiment of the method for extracting lipids from the aqueous animal of the present invention.
表19は、本発明の方法によれば、固体画分における酵素活性が維持されることを示すものである。これを実証するため、アセトン、次いで酢酸エチルによる抽出を行った後の固形のオキアミ残渣に関して実験を行なった。 Table 19 shows that the enzyme activity in the solid fraction is maintained according to the method of the present invention. To demonstrate this, an experiment was conducted on solid krill residues after extraction with acetone and then ethyl acetate.
o−フタルジアルデヒドを試薬として用い、遊離したアミノ基の量を分光光度法によって測定することにより、タンパク質加水分解活性を測定した。タンパク質濃度は、ブラッドフォード(Bradford)法により測定した。 Proteolytic activity was measured by using o-phthaldialdehyde as a reagent and measuring the amount of free amino groups by spectrophotometry. The protein concentration was measured by the Bradford method.
可溶性タンパク質を水で抽出し、限外濾過により得られた10%乳漿タンパク質濃縮物(10 % lactoserum protein concentrate obtained by ultrafiltration)に添加した。これを50mMリン酸カリウム緩衝液中37℃でインキュベートし、最後にトリクロロ酢酸を添加し、Churchらの方法(1983, J Dairy Sci 66: 1219-1227)により上清中のNH3基の量を測定した。 Soluble protein was extracted with water and added to 10% whey protein concentrate obtained by ultrafiltration. This was incubated at 37 ° C. in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, and finally trichloroacetic acid was added, and the amount of NH 3 groups in the supernatant was determined by the method of Church et al. (1983, J Dairy Sci 66: 1219-1227). It was measured.
図1〜6は、E.pacificaの脂質の脂肪酸組成のクロマトグラムを示す。各々のクロマトグラムにおいて、20:5脂肪酸と22:6脂肪酸の比率が高い(海産及び淡水産動物油に特徴的である)ことが顕著であり、2つの明確なピークで表わされている。 1 to 6 show chromatograms of the fatty acid composition of E. pacifica lipids. In each chromatogram, a high ratio of 20: 5 fatty acids and 22: 6 fatty acids (characteristic for marine and freshwater animal oils) is prominent and is represented by two distinct peaks.
動物種の違いによる中性脂質の脂質パターンの変異(図7〜11)は、栄養源の違いによるものである。同一種内(例えばE.pacifica)では、脂質抽出方法を変えて得た脂質パターンの間に顕著な差異は見られない。リン脂質(図12〜16)については、正反対の結果が観察される。即ち、同一種において脂質パターンが同じにならないことから、脂質パターンの差異は脂質の抽出方法の違いによるものであることになる。サメから得られる脂質(上記の方法により抽出)と市販のタラ肝油(サンプルはカナダ国ケベック州のUniprixドラッグストアーズから入手可能)は、主として中性脂質からなり、リン脂質ではない。 Variations in the lipid pattern of neutral lipids due to differences in animal species (FIGS. 7 to 11) are due to differences in nutrient sources. Within the same species (eg E. pacifica ), there is no significant difference between the lipid patterns obtained by changing the lipid extraction method. For phospholipids (FIGS. 12-16), the opposite result is observed. That is, since the lipid pattern does not become the same in the same species, the difference in the lipid pattern is due to the difference in the lipid extraction method. Lipids obtained from sharks (extracted by the method described above) and commercial cod liver oil (samples available from Uniprix Drugstores, Quebec, Canada) consist primarily of neutral lipids and not phospholipids.
溶媒の容量とインキュベーション時間がE.pacificaからのアセトンによる脂質抽出の効率に与える影響を、図17と図18にそれぞれ示す。比率1:6(w/v)において最適の収率となり、2時間でほぼ完全に抽出できる。第2抽出工程の実験にはエタノールを用いた。エタノールの容量を変えても収率が変わらないので、この溶媒の容量には臨界性が無いようである(図19)が、図20に示す結果から分かるように、エタノール中でのインキュベーション時間は少なくとも30分は必要である。 The effects of solvent volume and incubation time on the efficiency of lipid extraction with acetone from E. pacifica are shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, respectively. An optimum yield is obtained at a ratio of 1: 6 (w / v), and almost complete extraction is possible in 2 hours. Ethanol was used in the second extraction step experiment. Since the yield does not change even when the volume of ethanol is changed, the volume of this solvent does not seem to be critical (FIG. 19), but as can be seen from the results shown in FIG. 20, the incubation time in ethanol is At least 30 minutes are required.
本発明者らの一人であるアドリアン ボドワン博士は、種々のオキアミ脂質画分を摂取したが、副作用は見られなかった。 Dr. Adrian Bodwan, one of the present inventors, took various krill lipid fractions but did not see any side effects.
本発明を特定の態様について説明してきたが、この態様は様々なやり方で改変や改良が可能であることは当業者には明らかである。従って、本発明の範囲は、本願の特許請求の範囲の記載によって定義される以外には何ら限定されないことを理解されたい。 While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the embodiments can be modified and improved in various ways. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited in any way other than as defined by the appended claims.
アセトンと酢酸エチルによる抽出を行なった後に得られるオキアミの残渣はタンパク質分解酵素活性を有する。タンパク質分解活性は、o-フタルジアルデヒドを試薬として用いる分光光度法によりアミノ基の遊離を測定することによって調べた。タンパク質濃度はブラッドフォード法により測定した。 The residue of krill obtained after extraction with acetone and ethyl acetate has proteolytic enzyme activity. Proteolytic activity was examined by measuring the release of amino groups by spectrophotometry using o-phthaldialdehyde as a reagent. Protein concentration was measured by the Bradford method.
酵素源として、アセトンと酢酸エチルによる脂質抽出を行なった後に得られる残渣を用いた。可溶性タンパク質を水で抽出し、限外濾過により得られた10%乳漿タンパク質濃縮物に加えた。 As an enzyme source, a residue obtained after lipid extraction with acetone and ethyl acetate was used. Soluble protein was extracted with water and added to the 10% whey protein concentrate obtained by ultrafiltration.
50mMリン酸カリウム緩衝液中37℃でインキュベートし、最後にトリクロロ酢酸を加えてから、上清中のNH3基の量をChurchらの方法(1983)により測定した。 After incubation at 37 ° C. in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, and finally adding trichloroacetic acid, the amount of NH 3 groups in the supernatant was measured by the method of Church et al. (1983).
参考文献
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References
Bowyer, DE, Leat, WMF, Howard, AN and Gresham, GA 1962.The determination of the fatty acid composition of serum lipids separated by thin-layer chromatography; and a comparison with column chromatography.BBA. 70: 423-431.
Chandrasekar, B., Troyer, DA, Venkatraman, JT and Fernandes, G. 1996. Tissue specific regulation of transforming growth factor beta by omega-3 lipid-rich krill oil in autoimmune murine lupus. Nutr Res. 16 (3): 489 -503.
Christensen, MS, Hoy, CE. And Redgrave, TG 1994. Lymphatic absorption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine oils with different intramolecular fatty acid distributions. BBA. 1215: 198-204.
Church, FC, Swaisgood, HE, Porter, DH and Catignani, GL 1983. Spectrophotometric assay using o-Phthaldialdehyde for determination of proteolysis in milk and isolated milk proteins.J Dairy Sci. 66: 1219-1227.
Difco laboratories. 1984. Difco Manual Dehydrated Culture Media and Reagents for Microbiology. 10 th ed. Detroit.
Folch, J., Lees, M. and Sloane-Stanley, GH 1957.A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues.J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-509.
Goodman Gilman, A., Goodman, LL and Gilman, A. 1980. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6 th ed. Collier Macmillan Canada ltd, Toronto.
Harwood, HJ and Geyer, RP 1964. Biology Data Book.The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Washington.
Hellgren, L., Karlstam, B., Mohr, V. and Vincent, J. 1991. Krill enzymes. A new concept for efficient debridement of necrotic ulcers. Int J Dermatol. 30 (2): 102-103
Plummer, DT 1987. An introduction to practical biochemistry. 3 th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, London.
Rawn, JD 1990. Traite de biochimie. De Boeck-Wesmael, Bruxelles.
Runge, JA and Joly, P. 1994. Rapport sur l'etat des invertebres en 1994: 7: 0 Zooplancton (Euphausiaces et Calanus) de l'Estuaire et du Golfe du Saint-Laurent. Sargent, JR 1997. Fish oils and human diet. Br J Nutr. 78 Suppl 1: S5-S13.
Claims (21)
(a)海産または淡水産動物由来の原料をケトン溶媒中に入れて、該原料から可溶性脂質画分の抽出を行うことにより、第一の液体成分および第一の固体成分を得、
(b1)該第一の液体成分を該第一の固体成分から分離し、
(b2)該第一の固体成分を該ケトン溶媒で洗浄し、得られた洗液を段階(b1)で得られた該第一の液体成分に添加し、
(c)段階(b1)および(b2)で得られた該第一の液体成分に含まれる該ケトン溶媒を留去することにより、油相を第一のリン脂質含有脂質画分として回収し、
(d)該第一の固体成分をアルコールおよび酢酸エステルよりなる群から選ばれる有機溶媒中に入れて、該第一の固体成分中に残存する可溶性脂質画分の抽出を行うことにより、第二の液体成分および第二の固体成分を得、
(e)該第二の液体成分を該第二の固体成分から分離し、
(f)段階(e)で分離された該第二の液体成分に含まれる該有機溶媒を留去することにより、油相を第二のリン脂質含有脂質画分として回収する、
ことを含むことを特徴とする方法。 A method for extracting from a raw material derived from marine and freshwater animals, a phospholipid-containing lipid fraction that collectively contains lipids present in the raw material, the following steps:
(A) Putting a raw material derived from marine or freshwater animals in a ketone solvent, and extracting a soluble lipid fraction from the raw material, thereby obtaining a first liquid component and a first solid component,
(B1) separating the first liquid component from the first solid component;
(B2) washing the first solid component with the ketone solvent and adding the resulting wash to the first liquid component obtained in step (b1);
(C) recovering the oil phase as a first phospholipid-containing lipid fraction by distilling off the ketone solvent contained in the first liquid component obtained in steps (b1) and (b2) ;
(D) The first solid component is placed in an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of alcohol and acetate, and the soluble lipid fraction remaining in the first solid component is extracted, whereby the second solid component is extracted. A liquid component and a second solid component of
(E) separating the second liquid component from the second solid component;
(F) recovering the oil phase as a second phospholipid-containing lipid fraction by distilling off the organic solvent contained in the second liquid component separated in step (e).
A method comprising:
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- 1998-10-21 CA CA002251265A patent/CA2251265A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US9982806B2 (en) | 2009-02-18 | 2018-05-29 | Walsh Intellectual Property Ltd. | Tubular duct member |
JP7246057B2 (en) | 2017-11-17 | 2023-03-27 | 株式会社新富士空調 | Button punch seam structure for square ducts and square ducts |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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ES2306527T3 (en) | 2008-11-01 |
EP1123368A1 (en) | 2001-08-16 |
DE69938504D1 (en) | 2008-05-21 |
UA75029C2 (en) | 2006-03-15 |
JP2008150586A (en) | 2008-07-03 |
CN1324394A (en) | 2001-11-28 |
PT1123368E (en) | 2008-07-18 |
ATE391763T1 (en) | 2008-04-15 |
ZA200103235B (en) | 2002-06-20 |
NO20011915L (en) | 2001-06-21 |
US6800299B1 (en) | 2004-10-05 |
EP1123368B1 (en) | 2008-04-09 |
BR9914699A (en) | 2001-07-10 |
PL347396A1 (en) | 2002-04-08 |
PL201771B1 (en) | 2009-05-29 |
NO321481B1 (en) | 2006-05-15 |
WO2000023546A1 (en) | 2000-04-27 |
BR9914699B1 (en) | 2009-12-01 |
CA2251265A1 (en) | 2000-04-21 |
KR20010103615A (en) | 2001-11-23 |
JP2002527604A (en) | 2002-08-27 |
KR100454899B1 (en) | 2004-11-06 |
DE69938504T2 (en) | 2009-06-10 |
CN1269940C (en) | 2006-08-16 |
AU6455299A (en) | 2000-05-08 |
RU2236441C2 (en) | 2004-09-20 |
AU765464B2 (en) | 2003-09-18 |
JP4181305B2 (en) | 2008-11-12 |
DK1123368T3 (en) | 2008-08-04 |
NO20011915D0 (en) | 2001-04-18 |
HK1038765A1 (en) | 2002-03-28 |
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