JP5017253B2 - 羊膜由来細胞組成物、その作製方法および使用 - Google Patents
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Description
予備的証拠から、単離され培養下に置かれた羊膜上皮細胞が幹細胞集団を定義するのに必要な特徴の多くを示すことが示唆されている(Brivanlou, A.H., et al., Science, 2003. 300(5621): p. 913-6)。
幹細胞− 幹細胞は体内の多くの異なる細胞タイプへの驚くべき発達能を有する。身体の修復系として働くので、それらは理論的には生涯を通じ制限なく分裂して、その他の細胞を補充することができる。幹細胞が分裂する場合、新たな細胞のそれぞれは幹細胞のままであるかまたは筋肉細胞、赤血球、もしくは脳細胞などの、さらに特殊化した機能を有する別の細胞タイプになるかのいずれかの能力を有する。おそらくヒト幹細胞の最も重要な潜在用途は、細胞に基づく療法に使用できる細胞および組織の作出であろう。幹細胞研究の実例を示す(Tylki-Szymanska, A., et al., Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 1985. 8(3): p. 101-4; Yeager, A.M., et al., American Journal of Medical Genetics, 1985. 22(2): p. 347-55; John, T., 2003. 16(1): p. 43-65, vi.)。
本明細書において記述されるアミノ酸残基は、「L」異性体にあることが好ましい。しかしながら、所望の機能がポリペプチドによって保持される限り、任意のL−アミノ酸残基を「D」異性体の残基で置き換えることができる。NH2は、ポリペプチドのアミノ末端に存在する遊離アミノ基を指す。COOHは、ポリペプチドのカルボキシ末端に存在する遊離カルボキシ基を指す。
本発明によれば、当技術分野の技能の範囲内の慣行的な分子生物学、微生物学、および組換えDNA技術を利用することができる。そのような技術は文献のなかで十分に説明されている。例えば、Sambrook et al, 2001, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”; Ausubel, ed., 1994, “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” Volumes I-III; Celis, ed., 1994, “Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook” Volumes I-III; Coligan, ed., 1994, “Current Protocols in Immunology" Volumes I-III; Gait ed., 1984, "Oligonucleotide Synthesis"; Hames & Higgins eds., 1985, "Nucleic Acid Hybridization"; Hames & Higgins, eds., 1984, "Transcription And Translation"; Freshney, ed., 1986, "Animal Cell Culture"; IRL Press, 1986, "Immobilized Cells And Enzymes"; Perbal, 1984, "A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning"を参照されたい。
本発明によれば、羊膜由来細胞組成物は(a)胎盤からの羊膜の回収のステップ、(b)羊膜からの細胞の解離のステップ、(c)天然由来のまたは組換えにより産生されたヒトタンパク質の入った基礎培地中での細胞の培養のステップ;ならびに任意で(d)付加的な添加物および/または成長因子を用いた細胞のさらなる増殖のステップを用いて調製される。
公知の幹細胞マーカーに対する市販の抗体を用いて、新鮮単離羊膜由来細胞を十分に特徴付けた。実施例7に記載されるように、新鮮単離羊膜由来細胞はCD90およびCD117に関して実質的に精製されている。さらに、そのような集団はCD34、CD44、CD45、CD140b、CD105のタンパク質発現について本質的に陰性であり、CD9およびCD29のタンパク質発現について本質的に陽性であり、SSEA4、CD10、CD166およびCD227のタンパク質発現について約70〜95%陽性であり、HLA−G、EGFRおよびCD26のタンパク質発現について約60〜95%陽性であり、ならびにCD71のタンパク質発現について約10〜50%陽性である。
本明細書において記述されるように、出願人らは多能性羊膜由来細胞の単離および増殖のための新規の方法を発見した。そのような方法は、多能性細胞を増殖させた羊膜由来細胞組成物をもたらし、それにより、初めて、治療的細胞移植を可能とするのに十分な量の細胞を提供する。本発明によって作出される、増殖させた羊膜由来細胞組成物は、羊膜組織1グラムあたりの多能性細胞のレベルが、5回継代後に、以前の方法による約20倍に比べて、少なくとも50倍および最大150倍まで高い組成物である。
羊膜由来細胞それら自体およびそれより得られる産物に加えて、本発明の別の実施形態は羊膜由来細胞の核である。そのような核は、当技術分野において公知の方法を用いて得ることができる。これらはヒアルロニダーゼを用いた処理またはピペットを用いて核を機械的に抽出することにより行われるような、機械的破砕または化学的手段によって細胞から膜を除去することを含む。この核をその後、例えば、US20030234430またはUS20040268422に記述されているように当技術分野において公知の方法を用いて、例えば、細胞質内注入または電気融合により体細胞または生殖細胞に移入することができる。羊膜由来細胞は胚外組織、具体的には羊膜から得られ、それらは非体細胞、非胎児細胞、かつ非生殖細胞であり、すなわち当技術分野において通常使われるドナー細胞の中でユニークである。
これらの組成物は、以前に達成されているよりもはるかに高い細胞数/羊膜組織を含むので、それらは移植などの、数多くの細胞を必要とする状況での治療的使用を可能にする。これらの細胞は多能性であること、すなわち、造血組織、肝組織、膵組織、神経組織、筋肉組織および内皮組織を含むがこれらに限定されない種々の組織タイプに分化できることが分かっている。そのような細胞は移植治療または組織工学によって病変組織の機能を回復するのに、ならびに創薬努力のなかで化合物の代謝および毒性を研究するのに特に有用である。
羊膜由来細胞を、肝細胞、膵細胞、血管内皮細胞、筋肉細胞、心筋細胞および神経細胞などの特定の細胞タイプへのそのような幹細胞の分化に影響を与える種々の成長因子(分化因子と呼ばれる)と接触させることができる。例えば、US2003/0235563およびUS2004/0161419を参照されたく、これらの内容は参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
羊膜由来細胞を、PDX1を発現する膵前駆細胞集団の分化条件に曝露する。手短に言えば、細胞を最初にソニックヘッジホッグ(SHh)シグナル伝達経路のアンタゴニストに曝露して、内胚葉分化を促進する。早期の膵前駆細胞へのその後の分化は、細胞成長の停止、分化細胞の凝集、および早期膵決定遺伝子の発現を促進する因子および条件の組み合わせを用いて達成される。細胞をRNAを目的に回収し、Sox−17およびPDX1について逆転写酵素PCR(RT−PCR)によって分析する。
懸濁培養から採取された細胞のクラスターを血清入りの培地(80%KO−DMEM、1mMグルタミン、0.1mM β−メルカプトエタノール、1%非必須アミノ酸、および20%FBS)中、8日間ゼラチンまたはポリ−L−リジンコーティングプレートに移す。この培養の2〜4日目に、1または10μM 5−アザ−2’−デオキシシチジンを培地に加える(Xu, C. et al. (2002) Circ. Res. 91:501-508)。分析を8日目に行う。細胞をRNAを目的に回収し、GATA−4、Nkx2.5およびMEF−2について逆転写酵素PCR(RT−PCR)によって分析する。これらの転写因子は心臓前方の中胚葉において発現されており、心臓発達において持続している。
クラスターを大規模な装置から取り出し、超低接着性6ウェルプレートに移す。以下のように分化のためヒト胚性幹細胞に関するCarpenter, M.K. et al. (2001) Exp Neurol 172:383-397に記述の分化プロトコルに従う。10mMオールトランス型レチノイン酸(RA)を、これらのクラスターを懸濁状態で含有する培地(80%KO−DMEM、1mMグルタミン、0.1mM β−メルカプトエタノール、1%非必須アミノ酸、および20%FBS)に加える。懸濁状態で4日後、クラスターを分化培地(B27(Gibco)、10ng/mlヒト上皮成長因子(hEGF)、10ng/mlヒト塩基性線維芽細胞成長因子(hbFGF)(Gibco)、1ng/mlヒト血小板由来成長因子−AA(hPDGF−AA)(R & D Systems)、および1ng/mlヒトインスリン様成長因子−1(hIGF−1)(R & D Systems)入りのDMEM/F−12)中、ポリ−L−リジン/フィブロネクチンコーティングプレートに3日間蒔いておく。これらの条件下にて3日後に、細胞をRNAを目的に回収するかまたは固定する。固定細胞をネスチン、ポリシアル酸神経細胞接着分子(PS−NCAM)、およびA2B5について免疫染色する。RNAをネスチン、GFAPおよびMAP−2について逆転写酵素PCR(RT−PCR)によって分析する。
本発明の別の実施形態において、細胞を、それらが膵前駆細胞に分化するように処理する。この実施形態において、HNF1α、HNF1β、HNF4α、HNF6、Fox2aおよびPDX1のタンパク質発現を含むがこれらに限定されない、内胚葉の識別的特徴を有する膵細胞を得るため、羊膜由来細胞、非インスリン産生性の胚細胞、新生児細胞または胎児細胞を、シクロパミンまたはジェルビンなどのSHhアンタゴニストを含む無血清培地中で培養する。細胞を基礎培地中での培養後にそのような培地中で培養することができる。
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羊膜由来細胞の回収− 分散剤PXXIII、およびトリプシンを使用して、出発羊膜から羊膜由来細胞を分散させた。羊膜の平均重量範囲は18〜27gであった。羊膜1gあたりの回収細胞数は、PXXIIIでの分散では約10〜15×106個であり、トリプシンでの分散では5〜8×106個であった。
方法− 懸濁培養中で細胞を維持するための最も一般的で古い技術の1つは、スピナーフラスコの使用に基づく。細胞を、マイクロキャリアビーズに付着させる(付着性)か、あるいは表面付着が全くない状態で完全に成長させる(非付着性)ことができる。いずれの場合も、これらのフラスコは、培地の継続的撹拌を可能にする磁気撹拌機構および細胞を滅菌条件下で含有する滅菌容器からなる。この継続的撹拌によって栄養の拡散が促され、培地の酸素添加が促進され、濃度勾配が排除される。温度制御CO2インキュベーター中でその容器を撹拌する。
超低付着性組織培養6ウェルプレート(Corning)中で種々の哺乳動物細胞培養培地中で羊膜由来細胞を培養した。これらの培養培地は、懸濁培養中で他の哺乳動物細胞タイプの増殖を促進するそれらの能力に基づいて選択された(すなわち293S、Ultraculture、Opti-MEM)。これらの実験での培養培地に対する添加物には、専売のタンパク質供給源、およびEGF(10〜20ng/ml)が含まれ、それは羊膜由来細胞の増殖に必要とされることが予備実験で示されている。羊膜由来細胞を1.3×106細胞/ウェルの密度でプレートし、37℃にて空気中5%CO2中で培養を維持した。培養培地を1日おきに交換し、細胞数を毎週評価した。予備実験では、羊膜由来細胞が懸濁培養条件で小さな浮遊クラスターを形成することがあることが示された。これらのクラスターを分散させて正確な細胞数を保証する必要があり、それはカウント前にトリプシン中で5〜10分間培養物をインキュベートすることによって達成された。Guava PCA-96 Personal Cell Analyzer(ViaCount package)を使用して、細胞をカウントし、生存度を評価した。この分析には、20μlのサンプルしか使用しなかった。1mlあたりのトータルおよび生細胞数のグラフを時間とともにプロットして、細胞が、培養期間中、分裂し、かつ生存可能なままでありうることを確かめた。細胞を1.3〜1.5×106細胞/ウェルで二次培養(subcultured)した。増殖が停止するまで培養を維持した。対照付着培養を組織培養処理6ウェルプレート上で維持し、付着および懸濁培養間で増殖率を比較した。37℃にて空気中5%CO2中で培養を維持した。付着細胞の継代は集密状態で実施した。付着培養をトリプシン処理し、洗浄した後、1.3×106細胞/ウェルで再プレートした。各継代時点で付着細胞中の細胞数および生存度を測定した。組織による変動を明らかにするために5つの異なるドナー組織に対して培養培地を試験した。
6ウェルプレート中で懸濁培養をサポートする培養培地の選択後、懸濁培養条件中でさらに大規模な増殖を促進する種々の成長因子添加物を試験する。これらの成長因子としては、EGF、IGF−1、IGF−II、αFGF、αFGF−h、βFGF、FGF−4、FGF−8、KGF、SCF、Fsk、SHh、Prog、Wnt−1、CT、VPAが挙げられる。これらの因子および、細胞増殖を促進するか、あるいはアポトーシスまたはアノイキス(anoikis)を減少させることが知られている他の因子を、懸濁培養中で種々の濃度で試験して、増殖に対するそれらの効果を測定する。追加の試験を実施して、これらの因子が分化を促進したり、あるいは細胞の分泌プロファイルを変化させたりしないことを保証する。
EGF以外の成長因子を添加するか、または添加しない場合の懸濁液中での羊膜由来細胞の増殖をサポートする培養培地の選択後、撹拌型バイオリアクター中で細胞の増殖を評価するための実験を実施する。羊膜由来細胞をスピナーフラスコ中に入れる(懸濁細胞;3×105細胞/ml)。T型フラスコ中で培養された付着細胞を対照として使用する(付着細胞;1.3×105細胞/cm2)。37℃にて空気中5%CO2中ですべての培養をインキュベートした。スピナーフラスコを使用前にSigmacote(Sigma-Aldrich)で処理して、細胞がガラスに付着することを防ぐ。フラスコを磁気撹拌プレート上に置いて撹拌する。毎日、クラスIIバイオセーフティキャビネット中で各スピナーフラスコから細胞サンプルを取り出し、Guava PCA-96 Personal Cell Analyzer(ViaCount package)を使用して細胞数をカウントし、生存度を評価する。複数のスピナーフラスコを使用することにより、実験あたりの各条件を2回または3回反復して使用することが可能になる。
一実施形態では、以前に5日までの間、好ましくは1〜2日間培養された羊膜由来細胞でBalb/cマウスを免疫化する。本実施形態では、付着細胞および非付着細胞の両者を培養から回収し、マウスの免疫化に使用する。別の実施形態では、5日までの間、好ましくは1〜2日間の培養後に、付着細胞のみを回収し、マウスの免疫化に使用する。別の実施形態では、5日までの間、好ましくは1〜2日間の培養後に、非付着細胞のみを回収し、マウスの免疫化に使用する。免疫化の4〜6週後、脾臓を取り出し、当技術分野において公知の技術を使用して脾臓細胞をマウス骨髄腫細胞株であるSP2/0-Ag14に融合させ、生存可能なハイブリドーマ細胞を作製する。1000個ものハイブリドーマを増殖させ、モノクローナル抗体の発現に関してスクリーニングし、羊膜由来細胞上の細胞表面タンパク質マーカーに対するそれらの比反応性に関してさらに試験してよい。抗体サンプルをフローサイトメトリーによって分析し、市販の抗体とともに使用して、羊膜由来細胞上の特有のタンパク質マーカーを特定する。ゆえに、本発明は、本発明のモノクローナル抗体を産生するハイブリドーマならびに該モノクローナル抗体に関する。
羊膜由来細胞の表面上の羊膜由来細胞タンパク質マーカーと反応するモノクローナル抗体を使用して、細胞集団を、実質的に精製された羊膜由来細胞集団に分離することができ、該モノクローナル抗体は、実質的に精製された各羊膜由来細胞集団をその幹細胞特性に関して特徴付けするのに有用である。本発明のモノクローナル抗体を使用して、該実質的に精製された羊膜由来細胞集団に特有の幹細胞タンパク質マーカーを単離することができる。新規に特定されたタンパク質マーカーを使用して、該タンパク質をコードする核酸配列を単離することができる。ゆえに、本発明は、羊膜由来細胞上の特有のマーカー、その単離されたタンパク質マーカー、そのタンパク質マーカーをコードする単離された核酸、ならびに哺乳動物細胞、例えばCHO、COS、等にトランスフェクトしたとき、そのタンパク質マーカーの発現が可能な発現ベクターに関する。本発明は、さらに、ベクター増殖用の、該ベクターを保持する細菌細胞に関する。
細胞表面上で発現されている羊膜由来細胞タンパク質マーカーを使用し、種々の方法を使用して、それらのタンパク質マーカーを発現している羊膜由来細胞集団に関して濃縮することができる。そのような手順は、ポジティブ選択、例えば抗タンパク質マーカー抗体を担持するカラムに対してサンプル細胞を通過させること、または磁気ビーズコンジュゲート型のタンパク質マーカーに対する抗体に細胞を結合させることによる選択、またはタンパク質マーカー抗体でコーティングされたプレート上でパニングし、結合細胞を収集することによる選択を含むことができる。あるいは、羊膜由来細胞タンパク質マーカーに免疫特異的に結合する1種以上の蛍光標識抗体に単一細胞懸濁液を曝露することができる。適切な抗体または抗体群とインキュベートした後、羊膜由来細胞をバッファー中ですすぎ、すべての未結合抗体を除去する。次いで、タンパク質マーカー(群)を発現している羊膜由来細胞を、例えばBecton Dickinson FACStarフローサイトメーターを使用する蛍光活性化細胞選別(FACS)によってソーティングすることができる。所望のタンパク質マーカー(群)を発現している細胞集団を濃縮するために、細胞を複数ラウンドのFACSソーティングに付してよい。
「モノクローナル抗体ライブラリー」を構築するために、本発明の羊膜由来細胞集団に特徴的な多分化能の細胞活性に関与する特定の細胞集団を特定および単離する複数のモノクローナル抗体のコレクションを選択することができる。モノクローナル抗体のパネルを、胎盤組織、胎盤由来細胞懸濁液、または胎盤由来細胞の培養物と反応させてよい。当技術分野において公知の方法、例えばFACSを使用して、モノクローナル抗体のコレクションと反応する細胞を特定および単離することができる。したがって、本発明は、モノクローナル抗体ライブラリーを形成するために使用されるモノクローナル抗体のコレクションに関する。
方法 表皮から単離されたケラチノサイト細胞株(ATCC CRL-1555)を6ウェルプレート上に0.3×106細胞/ウェルの密度で播種した。細胞を集密状態まで増殖させた後、無血清条件中に48時間置いた。各ウェル中で、1mlピペットチップを使用してウェルの上部から底部まで集密単層を掻き取るか、あるいは傷つけた。0時間、24時間、30時間および48時間の時点で掻き取り跡の画像を撮影し、各ウェルへの馴化培地の添加に応答する細胞遊走または創傷閉塞のパーセントを決定した。試験条件は、以下の条件の0%、50%、および100%であった:1)馴化培地なし(対照、0%);2)通常通りに1:3の割合で継代された羊膜由来細胞から得られた馴化培地;3)一度も継代されなかった羊膜由来細胞から得られた馴化培地;4)ATCC細胞培地中で培養された羊膜由来細胞から得られた馴化培地;および5)それら独自の培地中で培養されたATCC細胞から得られた馴化培地。位相差顕微鏡観察およびMetaMorph画像化ソフトウェアを使用して、数ミクロンの各掻き取り跡中で、各時点で、約6測定値を取得した。24時間、30時間、および48時間の時点での各創傷の幅を、ゼロ時点での創傷の出発幅と比較することによって治癒のパーセントを算出した。
以下の実験は、羊膜由来細胞、羊膜由来細胞馴化培地または羊膜由来細胞溶解物の適用により:(1)再上皮化率が促進可能かどうか、(2)創傷床でのコラーゲン合成および沈着を促進可能かどうか、および(3)組織引っ張り強度の回復を加速可能かどうかを評価するため、および幹細胞の移植が同一の特性を有することを実証するために行われた。該実験は、さらに、移植された羊膜由来細胞が、濾胞、腺および血管を含めた上皮および真皮構造中に組み込まれうるかどうかを評価するために行われた。
多能性に加えて、羊膜由来細胞は炎症反応において重要な役割を果たす可能性がある。創傷治癒の初期では、ケモカインおよびサイトカインが炎症細胞の走化性および活性化を調節する。成長因子は、細胞増殖、分化、および細胞外マトリックスの合成の調節に関して主要な役割を果たす。羊膜上皮細胞は多数のサイトカインおよび成長因子を分泌することが示されている。これらの因子には、プロスタグランジンE、PDGF、TGF−α、EGF、IL−4、IL−8、TNF、インターフェロン、アクチビンA、ノギン(noggin)、b−FGF、血管新生因子、および他の神経保護因子が含まれる(Koyano, S., et al., (2002) Dev Growth Differ 44, 103-12; Blumenstein, M., et al., (2000) Placenta 21, 210-7; Tahara, M., et al., (1995) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80, 138-46; Paradowska, E., et al., (1997) Placenta 18, 441-6; Denison, F. C., et al., (1998) Hum Reprod 13, 3560-5; Keelan, J. A., (1998) Placenta 19, 429-34; Sun, K., et al., (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88, 5564-71; Uchida, S.,et al., (2000) J Neurosci Res 62, 585-90)。
特定の条件下で、ES細胞を線維芽細胞と共培養すると、該ES細胞がケラチノサイト様細胞に分化するよう誘導されることが文献で報告されている。羊膜由来細胞と線維芽細胞の共培養が羊膜由来細胞に対していかなる効果を有するかを決定するために、3.3×106個の羊膜由来細胞を0.4×106個の線維芽細胞とコラーゲンIVコーティングT25フラスコで3、5、10、15、および25日間共培養する実験を行った。
急性切除肉芽創の動物モデルを使用して、創傷治癒に関する羊膜由来細胞馴化培地の効果を評価した。
方法:慢性肉芽創モデル:体重300〜350gの20匹のオスSprague-Dawleyラットを、ケタミン(40mg/kg)、キシラジン(10mg/kg)およびアセプロマジン(0.75mg/kg)を使用して麻酔する。麻酔後、各動物の背側を剃毛および脱毛する。沸騰水に浸漬することによって30cm3のサイズの全層背側熱傷を作製する。ラットを15分間放冷させた後、汚染群の動物に5×108個の大腸菌ATCC #25922を播種する。新鮮な18時間ブロス培養から細菌を取得し、バックプレーティング(backplating)によって種菌サイズを確認する。5日目の瘢痕切除後の異なる処置のために、動物を5匹からなる8個の等しい群に分ける。
すべての必要な組織、例えば骨、筋肉、軟骨、皮膚、および神経組織を再現することにより、深い創傷の完全な再生を促進するための実験を設計する。最初に、羊膜由来細胞がすべての目的の細胞に分化できるかどうかを決定するためにin vitro実験を設計する。先述のように羊膜由来細胞を培養する。間葉系幹細胞(Cambrex, Rutherford, NJ)を分化実験の対照として使用する。MSCを5,000〜6,000細胞/cm2の密度で播種し、Mesenchymal Stem Cell Growth Medium(MSGM, Cambrex, Rutherford, NJ)中で培養する。
本発明の目的の1つは、羊膜由来細胞から得られた馴化培養培地で急性創傷を処理することによって手術創損傷の発生率を減少させ、手術創の転帰を最適化することである。焦点は、外科的損傷後のin vivoの筋肉、筋膜および皮膚創傷治癒である。創傷線維芽細胞を単離して、羊膜由来細胞から得られた可溶性メディエータの、in vitro修復性線維芽細胞機能に対する効果を測定する。
熱傷の転帰およびリハビリテーションは早期の熱傷創切除および迅速な創傷閉塞に依存する。丈夫な外皮または代用外皮を用いる創傷閉塞の速度は生存の改善に重要である。長期瘢痕形成を最小にしつつ早期の迅速な創傷閉塞を促進する新規アプローチを提供することが本発明の目的である。
膵島を構成する全4種の膵臓内分泌細胞タイプは、共通の膵前駆細胞からの段階的分化によって発達する。この共通の膵前駆細胞は、その発生上の個体発生の初期およびその後にPDX1遺伝子を発現し、この遺伝子の発現は膵臓分化についての早期の識別可能な細胞マーカーとして役立つ。この初期膵前駆細胞をin vitroで生成および/または増殖させると、それは成熟膵島を構成する全4種の内分泌細胞タイプを生じさせる潜在能力を有する。
4%緩衝PFA中で固定され、0.02%アジ化ナトリウムを含有する1×PBS中で保存された細胞を1×PBSですすぐ。次いで、カルシウムおよびマグネシウムを含まないリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(CMF−PBS)中の5%BSAで30分間、非特異的結合に関して細胞をブロッキングし、PBS−TX(CMF−PBS/0.3%Triton−X−100)で透過性にする。追加の高塩処理(0.3M NaCl、20mM Tris−HCl pH7.2、0.1%Tween−20、0.1%Triton−X−100)を使用し、一次抗体と一晩インキュベートして、核抗原の染色を実施する。特に記載しない限り、すべての抗体をPBS−TX中の5%BSAで希釈する。抗PDX1(ウサギポリクローナル、1:2000、C.V. Wright)、抗Nkx2.2(マウスモノクローナル1:100、T. Jessell)、抗Nkx6.1(マウスモノクローナル、1:8000、T. Jessell)、および抗HB9(マウスモノクローナル、1:30、T. Jessell)で細胞を染色することによって膵臓転写因子を見出す。内分泌細胞は、抗インスリン(1:2000、Linco 4012-01)、抗プロインスリン、(1:400、Novacastra Peninsula, IHC-7165)および抗ソマトスタチン(1:2000、Peninsula, IHC-8001)で染色することによって特定する。使用される二次抗体には以下のものが含まれる:フルオレセインイソチオシアネート(FITC)(1:200)、インドカルボシアニン(Cy3)(1:1000)およびインドジカルボシアニン(Cy5)(1:400)コンジュゲート型ロバ抗マウス、ウサギおよびモルモットIgG(Jackson ImmunoResearch, ML grade)。Vectashieldマウント用培地(Vector, H1200)の一部分であるDAPI蛍光によって細胞核を可視化する。Autoquant 3-D Imagingソフトウェアを備えたNikon Eclipse E2000U蛍光/DIC倒立顕微鏡およびOlympus FV300 FluoView共焦点レーザー走査顕微鏡で細胞を分析する。
3実験群を使用して、12.5日目の胚性(e12.5)マウス由来の背側膵芽がPDX1タンパク質発現羊膜由来細胞の分化を促進するかどうかを決定する。
3実験群を使用して、12.5日目の胚性(e12.5)マウス由来の背側膵芽がPDX1タンパク質発現羊膜由来細胞の分化を促進するかどうかを決定する。
未分化羊膜由来細胞、核周囲のPDX1を発現する半分化羊膜由来細胞および核PDX1融合タンパク質を安定に発現する羊膜由来細胞を非糖尿病性免疫無防備状態マウスに移植して、乳腺が、分化中の細胞の形態特性およびPDX1タンパク質の発現を維持する許容的な移植部位であるかどうかを決定する。
さらに、非糖尿病性免疫無防備状態マウスを使用して、PDX1タンパク質発現細胞を、門脈、脾臓および乳腺内に移植する。上記の分化中の羊膜由来細胞に、まず分化中のマウスe12背側膵芽を移植し、それらが初期胚の膵臓上皮細胞と同じ因子に応答し、膵島様細胞を生じさせることができるかどうかを決定する。PDX1タンパク質発現細胞を移植されたすべての組織を、移植2週間および6週間後に取り出し、固定し、凍結保存し、切片にする。PDX1抗血清、プロインスリン、C−ペプチド、グルカゴンおよびソマトスタチン抗体で組織切片を染色する。ヒト核抗原免疫染色を使用して、ラット膵臓において内分泌細胞マーカーを発現する細胞の起源を検証する。
さらに、STZ誘発型糖尿病性NOD免疫無防備状態マウスにおいて正常血糖を回復させる実験を行う。400ng/dlを超える当初血糖値を示すマウスを実験に用いる。当初血糖測定後で、細胞移植前の動物にインスリン治療(Linbit)を施す。これにより、正常血糖環境における羊膜由来細胞の初期移植が可能になる。ヒトC−ペプチドRIAまたはELISAアッセイを使用して、ヒトC−ペプチド発現の当初の知見を決定する。ヒトC−ペプチドの検出が確認されたら、インスリン治療を中断し、2日おきに血糖をモニターする。STZ誘発型糖尿病性マウスにおいて分化細胞が正常血糖を回復できた場合、移植細胞を移植40〜60日後に取り出し、以前に観察された血糖値(>400ng/dl)への復帰に関してマウスを毎日評価する。
一実験では、常在性膵臓細胞から機能的膵島への分化を促進する因子でマウスの膵臓を刺激する。これらの因子には、任意の個別または組み合わせの以下の因子が含まれる:FGF(群)、フォルスコリン、フォリスタチン、血管原性因子、糖質コルチコイドファミリーメンバー、インスリン、EGF、EGF様因子、ヘパリン、ニコチンアミド、SHhアンタゴニスト、HGF、GLP−1アナログ、1〜20mMの範囲のグルコース、2価カチオン。
Claims (15)
- 以下のステップ:
(a) 胎盤より単離された羊膜から羊膜由来細胞を、解離剤としてプロテアーゼを用いて解離するステップ:
(b) 解離した羊膜由来細胞を採取するステップ;および
(c) 採取した羊膜由来細胞をヒト血清アルブミン以外の動物由来材料を含まない培地で培養するステップ;
含む方法によって調製された、実質的に精製された羊膜由来細胞集団。 - 採取した羊膜由来細胞が、タンパク質マーカーCD90およびCD117の発現について陰性である、請求項1に記載の実質的に精製された羊膜由来細胞集団。
- 細胞が異物混入していない、請求項1または2に記載の実質的に精製された羊膜由来細胞集団。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の実質的に精製された羊膜由来細胞集団を含む、増殖させた羊膜由来細胞集団。
- 動物質を含まない、請求項4に記載の増殖させた羊膜由来細胞集団。
- 前記羊膜由来細胞が球状物を形成している、請求項4に記載の増殖させた羊膜由来細胞集団。
- 少なくとも500×106個羊膜由来細胞/g出発羊膜の濃度を有する、請求項4に
記載の増殖させた羊膜由来細胞集団。 - 請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の細胞集団から得られる馴化培地または細胞溶解物。
- 請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の細胞集団、馴化培地または細胞溶解物と、製薬上許容される担体とを含んでなる、医薬組成物。
- 治療での使用のための、請求項9に記載の医薬組成物。
- 創傷治癒または難聴の処置に使用するための請求項10に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記創傷が、機械的創傷、熱傷、急性創傷、慢性創傷、感染した創傷、および無菌的創傷からなる群より選択される、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の細胞集団、馴化培地または細胞溶解物を含んでなる、化粧用製品。
- 請求項1に記載の羊膜由来細胞の実質的に精製された集団を取得する方法であって、以下のステップ:
(a) 胎盤より単離された羊膜から羊膜由来細胞を、解離剤としてプロテアーゼを用いて解離するステップ:
(b) 解離した羊膜由来細胞を採取するステップ;および
(c) 採取した羊膜由来細胞をヒト血清アルブミン以外の動物由来材料を含まない培地で培養するステップ;
を含む、上記方法。 - さらに、テロメラーゼの発現について陰性である、請求項1に記載の実質的に精製された羊膜由来細胞集団。
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