JP4814800B2 - チンパンジーアデノウイルスワクチン担体 - Google Patents
チンパンジーアデノウイルスワクチン担体 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、参照により本明細書中に組み込む、2004年1月23日提出の、米国仮出願第60/538,799の優先権を主張する。
本明細書及び添付の請求項の範囲を通して使用される場合、次の定義及び略語が適用される。
チンパンジーアデノウイルスの単離
ウイルス輸送培地(VTM; Microtest M4−R Multi−Microbe Transport Medium, Remel Inc.)において便検体を回収し、次にNIRC(New Iberia Research Center 4401 W. Admiral Doyle Drive New Iberia, LA 70560)で−70℃にて凍結又は直接凍結した。この検体を細胞培養物への接種のために処理するまで<−70℃で凍結保存した。この検体を細胞培養物へ接種する際、この検体を解凍し、次に過剰の氷冷ウイルス輸送培地中でボルテックスした。前記検体を懸濁液へ入れて解離させた後、それらを1500から1800rpmで10分間遠心分離した。上清を0.8μmシリンジフィルター及び0.2μmシリンジフィルターを通じて連続して濾過し、次にこの濾過した材料を細胞培養物へ接種した(シェルバイアルへ200から250μl、及び試験管培養物へ250から300μl)。処理した各検体を293細胞もしくはA549細胞を播種した試験管培養物及びシェルバイアル培養物へと接種した。
ATCC又はEsoterix Inc.,. Austin, Texasから購入した野生型チンパンジーアデノウイルスCV32、CV33、CV23及びCV68(ATCC受託番号:CV32、VR−592;CV33、VR−593;)及びオリジナルの分離株を、ヒトE1発現細胞株PER.C6TM又は293を使用することによって以下のように増殖させた。簡潔には、10% ウシ胎児血清(FBS GibcoBRL, Life Technologies)、1% ペニシリン−ストレプトマイシン、2mM グルタミン及び10mM MgCl2 (Per.C6TM)を添加したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(DMEM;GibcoBRL, Life Technologies)中で細胞を培養した。5% ウマ血清(GibcoBRL, Life Technologies)を添加したDMEM中でアデノウイルス感染を行った。細胞の100%がウイルスにより誘導される細胞病理学的効果(CPE)を呈したら、感染した細胞及び培地を回収し、凍結融解を3回繰り返して細胞溶解させた。
1%SDS−TEN中のプロテイナーゼK(0.5mg/ml)で(55℃で2時間)消化することにより、精製ウイルス調製物 3x1012ppから、ゲノムDNAを単離した。フェノール−クロロホルム抽出ならびにエタノール沈殿の後、このゲノムDNAを水中で再懸濁し、ゲノム配列決定に供した。
異なるチンパンジーアデノウイルス株の分類は、6個のサブグループへのヒトアデノウイルス血清型のすでに提唱されている分類(Horowitz, MS (1990) Adenoviridae and their replication.Virology B. N. Fields及びD.M.Knipe,編(Raven Press, New York)pp.1679−1740)に従い、Align Xプログラム(Informax, Inc)を使用することによるアミノ酸及びヌクレオチド配列アラインメントにより得た。
ベクター構築及びレスキュー
ウイルスゲノムの左右両端由来のウイルスDNA配列を含有する適切なシャトルベクターを用いて、相同組み換えにより、ゲノムウイルスDNAを標準プラスミドベクターにクローニングした(図2)。下記でさらに詳しく述べるように、グループ特異的シャトルベクターを開発するために、同一血清型サブグループに分類されるウイルス間で観察される配列相同性を利用した。サブグループD及びEへ分類されるチンパンジーアデノウイルスのゲノムウイルスDNAは、両サブグループに属するウイルスをクローニングするための共通のシャトルベクターの構築が可能となるのに十分な相同性を生じた。
ChAd6ウイルスゲノムを完全に配列決定し(配列番号2)、得られた情報を使用して、サブグループD及びEのチンパンジーアデノウイルスの相同組み換えによるクローニングを促進するためにシャトルベクターを構築した。
ChAd3ウイルスゲノムを完全に配列決定し(配列番号1)、得られた情報を使用して、サブグループCチンパンジーアデノウイルスの相同組み換えによるクローニングを促進するためにシャトルベクターを構築した。
サブグループBシャトルの構築は、サブグループC及びD/Eシャトルの構築についてすでに記載したストラテジーに従った。簡潔には、pARS−ChAd3RLDが左端、pIX領域、右端を、ChAd30の対応する断片と置換することによって改変した。さらに、ChAd30のE4領域を、ChAd30E4プロモーター調節の下でクローニングされるAd5E4 orf6と置換した。このシャトルプラスミドを、pChAd30 EGFPシャトルベクターと命名した。
サブグループB:サブグループBのチンパンジーアデノウイルスベクターをE.コリ株BJ5183における相同組み換えにより構築した。BJ5183細胞に対して、BstEII及びBst1107Iで消化したpChAd30EGFPシャトルベクターと、ChAd8及びChAd30の精製ウイルスDNAとを用いて、同時形質変換した。pIX遺伝子、直線化したpChAd30EGFPシャトルの両端に存在する右ITR DNA配列及びウイルスゲノムDNAの間の相同組み換えにより、プラスミドベクターにおける挿入が可能になり、EGFP発現カセットにより置換されるE1領域が同時に欠失した。ヒトサイトメガロウイルス(HCMV)プロモーター及びウシ成長ホルモンポリアデニル化シグナル(BghポリA)に基づいた発現カセットを構築して、分泌されるアルカリフォスファターゼ(SEAP)、EGFP、HIVgag、HCV NS領域(ChAd6シャトルベクターについて図3に記載されるようなもの。)、並びにヒト及びアカゲザル由来のCEA及びHER2 neuのような腫瘍関連抗原を発現させた。全ての発現カセットを相同組み換えによりChAd30ベクターへと挿入した。
6cmの細胞培養皿に播種された5x106個のPER.C6TM細胞を、エンドヌクレアーゼ消化によりプラスミド配列から放出されるクローン化されたウイルスベクター10μgでトランスフェクトションした。Lipofectamine(Invitrogen)を使用してDNAトランスフェクションを行った。トランスフェクションした細胞及び培地を、トランスフェクションから5から10日後に回収し、凍結解凍により溶解した。次に、レスキューしたベクターを293細胞又はPER.C6TM細胞での連続継代により増幅した。総計1から2x109個の細胞において、5から10個の細胞ファクトリー(NUNC,Inc.)上に播種した細胞を感染させることによって大規模増幅を行った。塩化セシウム勾配上での2回の超遠心により、精製ベクター調製物を得て、10%グリセロールを含有するPBSに対して透析し、分注して−70℃にて保存した。
本明細書で開示されるチンパンジーアデノウイルスに対する中和抗体のヒト血清における普及率を評価するため、中和アッセイを実行した。このアッセイにより、分泌型アルカリフォスファターゼ(SEAP)に対する遺伝子を担うチンパンジーアデノウイルスがヒト293細胞に対して形質導入する能力に及ぼす血清プレインキュベーションの効果を評価した。中和タイターは、ウイルスのみのポジティブ対照において観察されるSEAP活性の50%の低下を与える血清の希釈度として定義される。
Ad5ベクター及びChAdベクターを介した遺伝子導入の効率を、異なる組織由来のヒト初代細胞のパネルにおけるEGFP発現により評価した。ヒト軟骨細胞、骨芽細胞、ケラチン生成細胞、メラニン細胞、骨格筋細胞及びメラニン細胞を製造者の説明書に従って培養した。ヒト単球細胞、未成熟及び成熟樹状細胞(DC)を記載されているように得た(Romani,N.ら、1996,J.Immunol.Methods,196,137.)。形質導入された蛍光細胞をFACS分析により検出した。試験するヒト初代細胞のパネルには、心臓循環器疾患、関節リウマチ、組織工学(骨、皮膚及び軟骨)及びワクチン接種の分野におけるインビボ及びエクスビボでの遺伝子導入を利用した異なる治療ストラテジーに対する重要な標的細胞である細胞が含まれる。図38Aから図38Dで示す結果は、異なる細胞タイプの感染の差異に基づく効率により示されるように、CARに代わる受容体を、異なるチンパンジーアデノウイルスが認識できることが示唆される。
方法及び材料
免疫付与プロトコール及び脾臓細胞/PBMC調製
免疫付与:緩衝液 0.1mLで希釈した、選択したアデノウイルスを用いてマウスに免疫付与した。各ベクター用量を50μlずつ2つに分割し、マウスの両側の大腿四頭筋に注射した。
Millipore MAIP45プレートを、PBSで2.5μg/mLに希釈した、100μl/ウェルの精製ラット抗マウスIFN−γモノクローナル抗体(Pharmingen、cat.551216)でコーティングし、4℃で一晩(o/n)インキュベーションした。プレートを滅菌済みPBSで2回洗浄し、CO2インキュベーターの中でR10 200μl/ウェルとともに2時間インキュベーションすることにより、非特異的結合部位をブロックした。HIVgagを発現するAdベクターによる免疫付与実験において、9マーのペプチド(AMQMLKETI、Balb/CマウスにおいてマッピングされるCD8HIVGAGエピトープ)(配列番号47)をR10中で2μg/mLに希釈し、50μl/ウェルの量でウェルに添加した。HCV−NS発現ベクターを用いて行った免疫付与実験において、NS3ヘリカーゼドメインをカバーするペプチドのプールならびにヘリカーゼドメインに含まれるマッピングされたCD8エピトープを呈示する9マーのペプチドを使用した。ヒトCEA抗原を発現するChAdによる免疫化実験を、全アミノ酸配列をカバーする、重複する15マーペプチドのプールにより評価した。対照としてDMSO及びコンカナバリンAを使用した。細胞を各ウェルへ5x105及び2.5x105の量で添加した。CO2インキュベーターにおいて一晩インキュベーションした後、プレートを0.05% Tween20/PBSで洗浄し、アッセイ緩衝液(5%FBS、0.005% Tween20、PBS)で1/250に希釈したビオチン化ラット抗マウスIFN−γモノクローナル抗体(PharMingen、Cat.554410) 50μl/ウェルを添加した。プレートを4℃で一晩インキュベーションし、上述のように洗浄した。ストレプトアビジン−アルカリフォスファターゼ複合体(BD554065)をアッセイ緩衝液で1/2500に希釈し、50μL/ウェルの量で室温にて2時間添加した。洗浄後、BCIP/NBT 1ステップ溶液(PiercE34042)50μL/ウェルを添加してプレートを発色させた。ウェルを脱イオン水で洗浄することにより反応を停止させた。スポットをELISPOTリーダーにより自動計数した。
脾臓細胞をR10 1mL中2x106個細胞に希釈し、2μg/mLの濃度の上述と同じ抗原で刺激した。対照として、DMSO及びブドウ球菌エンテロトキシンB(SEB)を使用した。CO2インキュベーター中で一晩インキュベーションした後、細胞をFACS緩衝液(1%FCS、0.01%NaN3、PBS)で洗浄し、精製した抗マウスCD16/CD32Fcブロック(クローン2.4G2、Pharmingen、cat.553142)を1/25に希釈し、100μL/試料の量で添加し、4℃で15分間インキュベーションした。細胞をFACS緩衝液で洗浄し、FACS緩衝液で1:50に希釈したAPC標識抗マウスCD3e(クローン145−2C11、Pharmingen#553066)、PE標識抗マウスCD4(クローンL3T4、BD Pharmingen、cat.553142)及びPerCP標識抗マウスCD8a(クローン53−6.7、Pharmingen、cat.553036)を100μL/試料の量で添加した。細胞をrtで30分間インキュベーションし、洗浄し、固定し、浸透させ(Becton Dickinson、FACS Perm2)、PermWash(100μL/試料)中で1:50に希釈したFITC標識抗マウスIFN−γ(Pharmingen、cat.554411)とともにRTにて30分間インキュベーションした。洗浄後、細胞を1% ホルムアルデヒド/PBS 500μLに再懸濁し、CellQuestソフトウェア(Becton Dickinson)を用いて細胞内サイトカイン染色(ICS)をFACS−Caliburフローサイトメーターで分析した。
本明細書に開示されるChAdベクターが細胞性免疫反応(CMI)を誘発する能力を、HIVgag導入遺伝子を発現するベクターを使用してマウスにおいて評価した。簡潔に述べると、5匹のBalb/Cマウスの群に、様々なベクターを、マウス1匹あたり105から1010vpの、10倍ずつ増加する用量で注射した。
方法及び材料
免疫付与プロトコール
本明細書に開示し主張するChAdベクターがアカゲザル(本明細書でサルと呼ばれる。)においてCMIを誘発する能力も評価した。サルを麻酔し(ケタミン/キシラジン)、本ワクチンをツベルクリンシリンジ(Becton−Dickinson)を使用して両側の三角筋へ0.5mlずつ筋肉内に送達した。全ての場合において、このサルの体重は、3から10kgであり、各ワクチンの用量は緩衝液1ml中で投与した。
アカゲザルについてのIFN−γELISPOTアッセイを、いくつかの改変を行い、上述のプロトコール(Allenら、2001 J.Virol.75(2):738−749)に従って実行した。gag特異的刺激について、10−aaの重複がある全HIV−1gag配列を包含する20−aaのペプチドからペプチドプールを調製した(Synpep Corp., Dublin, CA)。HCV NS特異的刺激について、10−aaの重複があるNS3からNS5bの全HCV−NS配列を包含する15−aaペプチドから、6個のペプチドプールを調製した。
2x106 PBMC/mL完全RPMI培地 1mL(17x100mmの丸底ポリプロピレンチューブ(Sarstedt,Newton,NC)に入れた。)に、抗hCD28(クローンL293、Becton−Dickinson)及び抗hCD49d(クローンL25、Becton−Dickinson)モノクローナル抗体を、終濃度1μg/mLとなるように添加した。gag特異的刺激については、ペプチドプール 10μL(ペプチド1個につき0.4mg/ml)を添加した。同様の条件をHCV NS特異的刺激について使用した。このチューブを37℃で1時間インキュベーションした後、5mg/mLのブレフェルジンA(Sigma)20μlLを添加した。細胞を37℃、5%CO2、90%湿度で16時間インキュベーションした。冷PBS/2%FBS 4mLを各チューブへ添加し、細胞を1200rpmで10分間遠心分離してペレットを得た。細胞をPBS/2%FBS中に再懸濁し、いくつかの蛍光標識mAbを使用して表面マーカーに対して染色した(30分間、4℃)(そのモノクローナル抗体は、チューブ1本あたり20μlの、抗hCD3−APC、クローンFN−18(Biosource);20μl 抗hCD8−PerCP、クローンSK1(Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ);及び20μL 抗hCD4−PE、クローンSK3(Becton Dickinson)であった。)。この段階から、試料を暗所で取り扱った。細胞を洗浄し、750μL 1xFACS Perm緩衝液(Becton Dickinson)中で室温にて10分間インキュベーションした。この細胞をペレットにし、PBS/2%FBS中に再懸濁し、FITC−抗hIFN−γ、クローンMD−1(Biosource)0.1μgを添加した。30分間のインキュベーションの後、細胞を洗浄し、PBS中に再懸濁した。Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur機器の4色チャネル全部を使用して試料を分析した。本データを分析するため、下部側及び前方に散乱するリンパ球集団を最初にゲーティングした。サイトカイン陽性反応についての共通の蛍光のカットオフをCD4+及びCD8+の両集団について使用し、試料の偽反応及びgagペプチド反応チューブの両者に対して使用した。
Claims (28)
- (a)配列番号1;及び
(b)(a)の配列に相補的な配列
からなる群から選択されるヌクレオチド配列を有する、単離されたチンパンジー核酸。 - 配列番号1に記載のヌクレオチド配列であって、アデノウイルスE1、E2及びE4からなる群から選択される少なくとも1個の遺伝子が機能的に欠失するよう改変された前記ヌクレオチド配列を有する核酸;及び
哺乳動物細胞においてその導入遺伝子の発現を支配する調節配列に操作可能に連結された、少なくとも1個の免疫原をコードする導入遺伝子
を含む、複製欠損チンパンジーアデノウイルス(ChAd)ベクター。 - アデノウイルスE1、E2及びE4からなる群から選択される少なくとも1個の遺伝子に対応するヌクレオチド配列が欠失している、請求項2に記載の複製欠損ChAdベクター。
- E1の機能的欠失により特徴付けられる、請求項2に記載の複製欠損ChAdベクター。
- E1及びE3の機能的欠失により特徴付けられる、請求項2に記載の複製欠損ChAdベクター。
- 配列番号1に含まれるE1ヌクレオチド配列中bp460〜bp3542の領域が欠損/破壊されている、請求項2〜5のいずれか1項に記載の複製欠損ChAdベクター。
- 前記ベクターが、HIV、HBV、HCV、HPV、HSV1、HSV2、SARS CoV、Leishmania major(リーシュマニア・メジャー)、Plasmodium malariae(四日熱マラリア原虫)、エボラウイルス、ウエストナイルウイルス、デング熱ウイルス、インフルエンザA、インフルエンザB及びMycobacterium tubercolosis(マイコバクテリウム・テュバキュローシス)からなる群から選択される導入遺伝子を含む、請求項2〜6のいずれか1項に記載のChAdベクター。
- 前記ベクターが、配列番号1に含まれるE1ヌクレオチド配列中bp460〜bp3542の領域で欠損/破壊されており、該ベクターがさらに、少なくとも1個の癌関連抗原(TAA)をコードする導入遺伝子を含む、請求項6に記載のChAdベクター。
- 少なくとも1個のTAAが、HER2 NEU、CEA、EPCAM、PSA、PSMA、テロメラーゼ、GP100、MELAN−A/MART−1、MUC−1、NY−ESO−1、サバイビン、ストロメリシン 3、チロシナーゼ、MAGE3、CML68、CML66、OY−TES−1、SSX−2、SART−1、SART−2、SART−3、NY−CO−58、NY−BR−62、HKLP2、5T4及びVEGFR2からなる群から選択される、請求項8に記載のChAdベクター。
- E1a、E1b、E2a、E2b、E4 orfs 1、2、3、4、5、6、6/7、pIX、IVa2、領域L1、L2、L3、L4、L5からなる群から選択される、1以上のアデノウイルス領域を発現し、請求項2〜6のいずれか1項に記載の複製欠損ChAdベクターを含む、宿主細胞。
- 請求項2〜6のいずれか1項に記載のアデノウイルスベクターをアデノウイルスE−1発現ヒト細胞に導入することと、得られるアデノウイルスを回収することと、を含む、複製欠損チンパンジーアデノウイルスベクターを生成させる方法。
- 前記ヒト細胞が、293細胞又はPER.C6TM細胞である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 請求項2〜9のいずれか1項に記載の複製欠損ChAdベクターを含む、ワクチン組成物。
- 配列番号1に記載のヌクレオチド配列を有する核酸を含むアデノウイルスE1発現ヒト細胞であって、該配列番号1に含まれるE1ヌクレオチド配列中bp460〜bp3542の領域が欠損/破壊されている、前記アデノウイルスE1発現ヒト細胞。
- 哺乳動物において抗原特異的免疫反応を増強するための、請求項2〜6のいずれか1項に記載のChAdベクターを含む組成物であって、増強反応を誘発するのに十分な量の前記ChAdベクターを含む、前記組成物。
- 前記ChAdベクターが、そのE1遺伝子の完全欠失を含む、請求項15に記載の組成物。
- 前記ChAdベクターが、そのE1遺伝子の完全欠失を含み、さらに該ベクターが、そのE3遺伝子の欠失を含む、請求項15に記載の組成物。
- 前記増強された免疫反応が、HIV、HBV、HCV、HPV、HSV1、HSV2、SARS CoV、Leishmania major(リーシュマニア・メジャー)、Plasmodium malariae(四日熱マラリア原虫)、エボラウイルス、ウエストナイルウイルス、デング熱ウイルス、インフルエンザA、インフルエンザB及びMycobacterium tubercolosis(マイコバクテリウム・テュバキュローシス)からなる群から選択される感染物質由来の抗原に特異的である、請求項15または16に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫反応が、TAAに特異的な増強免疫反応である、請求項15または16に記載の組成物。
- 前記増強された免疫反応が、抗原特異的CD8+T細胞の産生を含む、請求項15、16または19に記載の組成物。
- 未処置哺乳動物において免疫反応を誘発するための、請求項2〜6のいずれか1項に記載のChAdベクターを含む組成物であって、一次免疫反応を誘発するのに十分な量の前記ChAdベクターを含む、前記組成物。
- 前記一次免疫反応が、HIV、HBV、HCV、HPV、HSV1、HSV2、SARS CoV、Leishmania major(リーシュマニア・メジャー)、Plasmodium malariae(四日熱マラリア原虫)、エボラウイルス、ウエストナイルウイルス、デング熱ウイルス、インフルエンザA、インフルエンザB、またはMycobacterium tubercolosis(マイコバクテリウム・テュバキュローシス)からなる群から選択される感染物質由来の抗原に特異的である、請求項21に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫反応が、前記哺乳動物が寛容性を有するTAAに特異的な一次免疫反応である、請求項21に記載の組成物。
- (a)抗原特異的免疫反応が望まれる感染物質抗原をコードするヌクレオチド配列を有する核酸を含む、該感染物質抗原に反応させるよう宿主に初回刺激を行うための第一のワクチン組成物;及び
(b)少なくともそのE1遺伝子の機能的欠失、及び該E1遺伝子欠失の部位において、前記第一の初回刺激用組成物で送達される同じ感染物質抗原をコードするDNAの発現を支配することが可能であるプロモーター配列を含む、請求項4に記載のChAdベクターを含む、前記免疫反応を追加免疫するための第二のワクチン組成物
を含む、混合様式組成物であって、
前記第二の追加免疫用ワクチン組成物が、防御的免疫を付与する効果を有する免疫反応を誘発することを特徴とし、
HIV、HBV、HCV、HPV、HSV1、HSV2、SARS、Leishmania major(リーシュマニア・メジャー)、Plasmodium malariae(四日熱マラリア原虫)、エボラウイルス、ウエストナイルウイルス、デング熱ウイルス、インフルエンザA、インフルエンザB及びMycobacterium tubercolosis(マイコバクテリウム・テュバキュローシス)からなる群から選択される感染物質由来の抗原に対して免疫反応を誘導するための、前記混合様式組成物。 - (a)抗原特異的免疫反応が望まれる自己抗原をコードするヌクレオチド配列を有する核酸を含む、該自己抗原に対して反応させるよう宿主に初回刺激を行い、それによって一次反応を誘発するための第一のワクチン組成物;及び
(b)少なくともそのE1遺伝子の機能的欠失を含み、該E1遺伝子欠失の部位において、前記第一の初回刺激用組成物で送達される同じ自己抗原をコードするDNAの発現を支配することが可能であるプロモーター配列を含む、請求項4に記載のChAdベクターを含む、前記初回刺激された免疫反応を追加免疫するための第二のワクチン組成物
を含む、混合様式組成物であって、
前記第二の追加免疫用ワクチン組成物が、自己抗原に対する宿主の寛容性を打破する効果を有する免疫反応を誘発することを特徴とする、
自己抗原に対する宿主寛容性を打破するための、前記混合様式組成物。 - ChAdベクターが、HER2 NEU、CEA、HEPCAM、PSA、PSMA、テロメラーゼ、GP100、MELAN−A/MART−1、MUC−1、NY−ESO−1、サバイビン、ストロメリシン 3、チロシナーゼ、MAGE3、CML68、CML66、OY−TES−1、SSX−2、SART−1、SART−2、SART−3、NY−CO−58、NY−BR−62、HKLP2、5T4及びVEGFR2からなる群から選択される、自己抗原をコードするDNAを含む、請求項25に記載の混合様式組成物。
- 前記第一のワクチン組成物が、電気的刺激と組み合せて筋肉内に投与されるプラスミドDNAを含む、請求項24または25に記載の混合様式組成物。
- 前記免疫反応が、抗原特異的CD8+T細胞の産生を含む、請求項24または25に記載の混合様式組成物。
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