JP4528115B2 - 集光性多発色団を用いてポリヌクレオチドを検出及び分析するための方法並びに組成物 - Google Patents
集光性多発色団を用いてポリヌクレオチドを検出及び分析するための方法並びに組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4528115B2 JP4528115B2 JP2004516105A JP2004516105A JP4528115B2 JP 4528115 B2 JP4528115 B2 JP 4528115B2 JP 2004516105 A JP2004516105 A JP 2004516105A JP 2004516105 A JP2004516105 A JP 2004516105A JP 4528115 B2 JP4528115 B2 JP 4528115B2
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- pna
- target polynucleotide
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- signaling chromophore
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Description
本発明に至るまでの研究は、米国国立衛生研究所から付与された助成金番号GM62958-01、米国国立科学財団から付与された助成金番号DMR-0097611及び米国海軍研究事務所から付与された助成金番号N00014-98-1-0759の下で実施した。米国政府は本発明に関して一定限度の権利を持つものとする。
本発明を説明するにあたって次の用語を使用するが、これらは以下の通りに定義されるものとする。
ach et al. (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:3675-3683及びSwitzer et al. 上掲、に記載されたものが知られている。
標的ポリヌクレオチドを含んでいるか又は含んでいることが疑われるサンプルの一部は、直接的又は間接的に生物(例えば細胞、組織又は体液)から取得できるポリヌクレオチド、並びに生物が残した物(例えばウイルス、マイコプラズマ及び化石)から取得できるポリヌクレオチド、を含む生体材料のうちのいずれかをその供給源とすることができる。サンプルは、その全部又は一部を合成手段により調製した標的ポリヌクレオチドを含んでいてもよい。典型的には、サンプルは、主に水性の媒体として取得するか、又は該媒体中に分散させる。サンプルの非限定的な例としては、血液、尿、精液、乳、痰、粘液、口腔内の採取物、膣内の採取物、直腸内の採取物、吸引物、針生検、例えば外科手術又は検視解剖により得られた組織切片、血漿、血清、髄液、リンパ液、皮膚、気道、腸管、及び尿生殖路の外分泌物、涙、唾液、腫瘍、器官、in vitro細胞培養成分のサンプル(細胞培養培地における細胞増殖の結果得られた条件培地、ウイルスに感染したと推定される細胞、組換え細胞、及び細胞成分を含むがこれらに限定されない)、並びにポリヌクレオチド配列を含む組換えライブラリが挙げられる。
標的ポリヌクレオチドは1本鎖、2本鎖、又はより高次のものであってよく、直鎖状又は環状であってもよい。1本鎖標的ポリヌクレオチドの例としては、mRNA、rRNA、tRNA、hnRNA、ssRNA又はssDNAウイルスゲノムが挙げられるが、これらのポリヌクレオチドは内部に相補配列及び重要な二次構造を含有していてもよい。2本鎖標的ポリヌクレオチドの例としては、ゲノムDNA、ミトコンドリアDNA、葉緑体DNA、dsRNA又はdsDNAウイルスゲノム、プラスミド、ファージ、及びウイロイドが挙げられる。標的ポリヌクレオチドは合成により調製することができるし、又は生物源から精製することができる。標的ポリヌクレオチドを精製することにより、サンプルの1つ以上の望ましくない成分を取り除くか若しくは減らしてもよいし、又は該標的ポリヌクレオチドを濃縮してもよい。逆に、標的ポリヌクレオチドが特定のアッセイにとって濃縮されすぎている場合には、該標的ポリヌクレオチドを希釈してもよい。
集光性多発色団系は、それらが多数の発色団を含むという理由で効率的な光吸収材であることが証明されている。具体例としては、限定するものではないが、共役ポリマー、共役分子の集合体、側鎖を介して飽和ポリマーに付加された発光色素、半導体量子ドット及び樹枝状構造が挙げられる。例えば、共役ポリマー上の各繰り返し単位は発色団の1つと考えることができるし、量子ドットは多くの原子で構成されており、飽和ポリマーはその側鎖上の多くの発光色素分子により機能化しうるし、また多くの共有結合された個々の発色団を含有するデンドリマーを合成することができる。ポリマービーズ又は表面などの固形支持体上への発色団集合体の付加を、集光目的で利用することもできる。
アッセイしようとする標的ポリヌクレオチドに対して相補的であり、かつ所定の配列を有するセンサPNAを提供する。センサPNAは分岐状、多重結合型又は環状でありうるが、典型的には直鎖状であり、また非天然塩基を含有しうる。PNAの分子構造は周知である。所望の塩基配列を有するPNAを調製することができる。シグナル伝達発色団をセンサPNAに付加するための化学的手法は周知である10。発色団に共役させた構造を含む特定のセンサPNA構造は、商業的供給源を利用して特注するか、又は化学的に合成することができる。
本明細書中に記載した本発明に有用な発色団としては、適切な溶液中のポリカチオン多発色団からのエネルギーを吸収し、かつ発光しうる全ての物質が挙げられる。マルチプレックス式アッセイの場合、検出可能な程度に異なる発光スペクトルを有する複数の異なるシグナル伝達発色団を使用することができる。発色団は、発光団であっても、又は蛍光団であってもよい。典型的な蛍光団としては、蛍光色素、半導体ナノ結晶、ランタニド・キレート、及び緑色蛍光タンパク質が挙げられる。
基板は、多様な材料、生物学的材料、非生物学的材料、有機材料、無機材料、又はこれらのいずれかの組み合わせを含みうる。例えば、基板は、重合したラングミュアー・ブロジェット膜、機能性ガラス、Si、Ge、GaAs、GaP、SiO2、SiN4、修飾シリコン、又は多種多様なゲル若しくはポリマー((ポリ)テトラフルオロエチレン、(ポリ)ビニリデンジフルオリド、ポリスチレン、架橋ポリスチレン、ポリアクリル酸、ポリ乳酸、ポリグリコール酸、ポリ(ラクチドコグリコリド)、ポリ酸無水物、ポリ(メチルメタクリラート)、ポリ(エチレン−コ−ビニルアセタート)、ポリシロキサン、高分子シリカ、ラテックス、デキストランポリマー、エポキシ樹脂、ポリカーボネート、若しくはそれらの組み合わせ)のうちのいずれか1つであってよい。導電性ポリマー及び光伝導性材料を使用することができる。
ポリカチオン多発色団を励起することが可能であって、かつ検出しようとする発光波長よりも短い波長を提供する道具は、いずれも励起のために使用することができる。好ましくは、励起源はシグナル伝達発色団を直接的には有意に励起しない。励起源は、適切なフィルタを備えた重水素ランプなどの広帯域UV光源、キセノンランプ又は重水素ランプなどの白色光源が所望の波長を取り出すための単色光分光器を通過した後の出力、持続波(cw)気体レーザー、固体ダイオードレーザー、又はいずれかのパルスレーザーであってもよい。シグナル伝達発色団からの発光はいずれかの適切な装置又は技術を介して検出することが可能であり、多くの適切なアプローチが当分野で公知である。例えば、蛍光光度計又は分光光度計を使用することにより、多発色団を励起した場合に試験サンプルがシグナル伝達発色団に特徴的な波長の光を放出するか否かを検出してもよい。
本発明の方法を実施する際に有用な試薬を含むキットもまた提供する。ある実施形態では、キットには対象の標的ポリヌクレオチドに対して相補的な1本鎖センサPNAとポリカチオン多発色団が含まれている。センサPNAはシグナル伝達発色団と共役している。サンプル中に標的ポリヌクレオチドが存在する場合、センサPNAは該標的とのハイブリダイゼーションが生じると多発色団に接近し、このポリカチオン多発色団と静電気により会合する。
集光性多発色団系からセンサPNA上のシグナル伝達発色団へエネルギーを移動する能力を、カチオン水溶性共役ポリマーであるポリ((9,9−ビス(6’−N,N,N−トリメチルアンモニウム)−ヘキシル)−フルオレンフェニレン)、すなわち記載された通りに調製したヨウ化物対アニオンを有するポリマー123、及び配列5'-CAGTCCAGTGATACG-3'を有しかつその5’位でフルオレセイン(C*)と共役しているセンサ・ペプチド核酸、すなわちPNA−C*を用いて実証した。ポリマー1及びセンサ・ペプチド核酸PNA−C*の各吸収(緑色とオレンジ色)及び発光(青色と赤色)スペクトルを図2に示す。1及びPNA−C*は、それぞれ380及び480nmで励起した。データは、ポリマー1の特異的励起のための光学ウィンドウが存在することを示している。また、ポリマー1の発光とC*の吸収との間には顕著なオーバーラップが存在するため、FRETが可能となる31。
前記PNA−C*プローブ([PNA−C*]=2.5×10−8M)を、ポリマー1の非存在下で別々の容器において、等モル量の相補的な15塩基対からなるssDNA、すなわち(5'-CGTATCACTGGACTG-3')3、及び全く同じやり方で非相補的な15塩基からなるssDNA、すなわち(5'-ACTGACGATAGACTG-3')4と接触させた。アニーリング工程は緩衝液の非存在下で、すなわち低イオン強度で、PNA−C*のTm(10−8M、pH=5.5で72℃)32,33より2℃低い温度にて実施した。融解試験を行い、その吸光度を260nmでUV/Vis分光分析によりモニタリングした18。温度を上げると、相補的ssDNAを含有するサンプル中のハイブリダイズした2本鎖が融解する際の吸光度が上昇した。何故なら、2つの1本鎖はハイブリダイズした2本鎖よりも多くの光を吸収するからである。予想通り、非相補的ssDNAを含有するサンプルはそのような吸光度の上昇を示さなかった。これは、該サンプル中には2本鎖が形成されなかったからである。
化合物1とPNA−C*との比率を変えることにより、エネルギー移動を最適化した。濃度[PNA−C*]=2.5×10−8Mでは、1の初期の添加により直ちにFRET比が上昇した。[1]が[PNA−C*]を大きく上回る場合には低下が観察された。FRET比の最大値は、以前に公表された分子量情報23によると、ポリマー鎖とPNA鎖との比において1:1付近に相当する。[1]/[PNA−C*]が1未満である場合は全てのssDNA/PNA−C*ハイブリッド鎖が独立したポリマー鎖と効率的に複合体を形成するとは限らないので、かかる相関は予想されていた。逆に、[1]/[PNA−C*]が1より大きい場合でも、1(ドナー)が利用しうる光子全てをDNA/PNA−C*ハイブリッド(アクセプタ)に移動できるわけではない。飽和点におけるC*の発光は直接C*を励起して得られるものより25倍以上強く、このことは、ポリマー1の多発色団構造によるシグナル増幅のさらなる証拠となる点に注目されたい。
図3をよく見ると、ハイブリダイズしていないPNAプローブ由来の小さなフルオレセイン・シグナルに気が付くが、これは1とPNA−C*の間の疎水性相互作用によって生成したものであろう。実施例2に示した試験と同一の条件下でアッセイ溶液にエタノールを加えて最終濃度を10%エタノールとしたところ、バックグラウンドのC*の発光が弱まった。有機溶媒の存在により疎水性相互作用が低下し、バックグラウンドのC*の発光が3分の1に減った。この時点で、バックグランドのシグナルは標準的な蛍光光度計37を使用しても殆ど検出できなくなった。
記載された通りに調製した水溶性共役オリゴマー2(nの平均値=20)23を集光性発色団として利用した。相補的(赤色)及び非相補的(黒色)DNAの存在下でオリゴマー2を励起した場合のPNA−C*の正規化発光スペクトルを図4に示す。アッセイは、[2]=6.7×10−8M及び[PNA−C*]=2.5×10−8Mで実施例2に記載した通りに実施した。図4は、相補的な標的ポリヌクレオチドが存在する場合にのみC*の発光が検出されたことを示している。図3と4を比較すると、より高い分子量を有する共役ポリマー(オリゴマー)を使用するほどFRET比が高くなることが明らかとなる。従って、本実施例で使用したものよりも高い分子量のポリカチオン多発色団を用いれば、有意に高いFRET比と、これに相応する高い感度を期待することができる。
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33 参照28のインタラクティブバージョンは、applied biosystems社のカスタムプローブデザイナーウェブサイト: www.appliedbiosystems.com/cgi-bin/calculator/ab_configured/oligodesigner/designer.cgiに掲載されている
34 FRET比は、供与体の積分発光強度に対する受容体の積分発光強度であると定義されている
35 pH=5.5におけるフルオレセインは量子収率が高いその2価アニオン形態をとらないため、pHが高くなるとC*の発光も強まるが、その分PNA−C*複合体上の電荷の中性度が失われるだろうと予想した
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37 キセノンランプ励起源とHamamatsu PMTを備え付けたPTI Quantum Master蛍光光度計である。
Claims (15)
- アッセイ方法であって、以下:
標的ポリヌクレオチドの含有が疑われるサンプルを提供すること、
前記標的ポリヌクレオチドと静電気的に相互作用し、かつ励起されるとエネルギーをシグナル伝達発色団へ移動する能力のあるポリカチオン多発色団を提供すること、
1本鎖でかつ前記標的ポリヌクレオチドに対して相補的なセンサ・ペプチド核酸(PNA)であって、前記シグナル伝達発色団と共役している該センサPNAを提供すること、
前記標的ポリヌクレオチドが存在する場合にはこれに前記センサPNAがハイブリダイズしうる条件下で、前記サンプルを溶液中で前記センサPNA及び前記多発色団と接触させること、
前記多発色団を励起しうる光源を当てること、及び
前記シグナル伝達発色団から光が放出されるか否かを検出すること
を含む上記アッセイ方法。 - 前記多発色団がデンドリマーを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記多発色団が半導体ナノ結晶を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記多発色団が共役ポリマーを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記多発色団の励起時の前記シグナル伝達発色団から放出された光の量が、前記シグナル伝達発色団の直接励起時に得られる光の量よりも大きいものである、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記サンプルを、前記センサPNAと前記多発色団との間の疎水性相互作用を低下させるのに十分な量の有機溶媒の存在下で、前記センサPNA及び前記多発色団と接触させる、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記サンプルを、対応する異なる配列を有する複数の異なるセンサPNAであって対応する異なるシグナル伝達発色団を含むそれらの異なるセンサPNAと接触させるが、ただしそれらの異なるセンサPNAは各々が対応する異なる標的ポリヌクレオチドに選択的にハイブリダイズできるものとする、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 基板上で実施する、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記シグナル伝達発色団から放出された閾値を上回る光が、前記サンプル中に前記標的ポリヌクレオチドが存在することを示唆する、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記シグナル伝達発色団から放出された光の量を定量し、これを利用して前記サンプル中の前記標的ポリヌクレオチドの量を決定する、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記多発色団の励起時の前記シグナル伝達発色団から放出された光の量が、前記シグナル伝達発色団の直接励起時に得られる光の量より少なくとも8倍大きいものである、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 1本鎖でかつ標的ポリヌクレオチドに対して相補的なセンサ・ペプチド核酸(PNA)であって、シグナル伝達発色団に付加されている該センサPNA、
前記標的ポリヌクレオチドのリン酸骨格と静電気的に相互作用することが可能であり、かつ前記センサPNAの前記標的ポリヌクレオチドへのハイブリダイゼーションを介してシグナル伝達発色団に接近した場合に励起されるとエネルギーを該シグナル伝達発色団へ移動することができるポリカチオン多発色団、
を含むポリヌクレオチド検出溶液。 - 1本鎖でかつ標的ポリヌクレオチドに対して相補的なセンサ・ペプチド核酸(PNA)であって、シグナル伝達発色団と共役している該センサPNA、及び
前記標的ポリヌクレオチドのリン酸骨格と静電気的に相互作用することが可能であり、かつ前記センサPNAの前記標的ポリヌクレオチドへのハイブリダイゼーションを介してシグナル伝達発色団に接近した場合に励起されるとエネルギーを該シグナル伝達発色団へ移動することができるポリカチオン多発色団、
を含む、サンプルを標的ポリヌクレオチドについてアッセイするためのキット。
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Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
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