JP3962214B2 - イオン又は錯体を含有する溶液によるセラミックスの着色 - Google Patents
イオン又は錯体を含有する溶液によるセラミックスの着色 Download PDFInfo
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- JP3962214B2 JP3962214B2 JP2000597242A JP2000597242A JP3962214B2 JP 3962214 B2 JP3962214 B2 JP 3962214B2 JP 2000597242 A JP2000597242 A JP 2000597242A JP 2000597242 A JP2000597242 A JP 2000597242A JP 3962214 B2 JP3962214 B2 JP 3962214B2
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- complexes
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- ceramics
- coloring
- dental
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- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims description 28
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011351 dental ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 26
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003796 beauty Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- -1 i-butoxide Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012860 organic pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SDTMFDGELKWGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropan-2-olate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)[O-] SDTMFDGELKWGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCPXWRQRBFJBPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-sulfosalicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=CC=C1O YCPXWRQRBFJBPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- WRMFBHHNOHZECA-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-olate Chemical compound CCC(C)[O-] WRMFBHHNOHZECA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- HHFAWKCIHAUFRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxide Chemical compound CC[O-] HHFAWKCIHAUFRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940049920 malate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBTOZLQBSIZIKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxide Chemical compound [O-]C NBTOZLQBSIZIKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011224 oxide ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960005235 piperonyl butoxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000013008 thixotropic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGQXXHMEBUOXRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl borate Chemical compound CCCCOB(OCCCC)OCCCC LGQXXHMEBUOXRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003628 tricarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K6/70—Preparations for dentistry comprising inorganic additives
- A61K6/78—Pigments
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K6/00—Preparations for dentistry
- A61K6/80—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth
- A61K6/802—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth comprising ceramics
- A61K6/818—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth comprising ceramics comprising zirconium oxide
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- C04B2235/44—Metal salt constituents or additives chosen for the nature of the anions, e.g. hydrides or acetylacetonate
- C04B2235/449—Organic acids, e.g. EDTA, citrate, acetate, oxalate
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
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Description
本発明は、イオン又は錯体を含有する溶液によるセラミックスの着色に関する。特に、本発明は希土類元素及び亜族元素の溶液による酸化ジルコニウムを基剤とする歯科用セラミックスの着色に関する。
【0002】
セラミックスは、その物性に基づき高価値の義歯の作成において非常に評価されている。アルミニウム及びジルコニウム酸化物セラミックスは医療分野において以前から選択されている材料である(工業ダイヤモンド評論特別号、IDR2/1993、「医療におけるアルミナ及びジルコニアセラミックス」)。医学の分野には、人口歯を製造するためのセラミックスの使用を論じた多数の出版物がある。同様に幾つかのセラミックスシステムがすでに歯科用市場に提供されている(CEREC、ジーメンス社、プロセラ、ノーベル−バイオケア社)。
【0003】
しかし、特に歯科の分野においては、機械的パラメータが重要な役割を果たしているのみならず、特に美容も重要である。骨格又は外装セラミックスの半透明性又は着色性は、患者にその人工義歯の自然な外観像を可能にするために重要である。
【0004】
義歯は通常骨格と外装とから製造される。
【0005】
従来公知のシステムにおいては、歯科技士により基本骨格の表面だけに個別的な着色を行うことができ、この場合、美容上の形成可能性が制限されている。
【0006】
人口歯の自然な外観を達成するために、歯色と半透明性は複数の層を通して、骨格を端緒にしてシミュレーションされなければならない。
【0007】
人口歯の自然な外観は、外装セラミック層(x)と、骨格セラミック層(m)と、任意に設けられる中間層(y)とを通過する入射光の可能な限り高い自由波長z=x+y+mによって保証される。
【0008】
従来のシステムは、骨格セラミックの基本色調を変化させるために、着色した中間層、例えば不透明なライナーによって、加工しなければならず、これは全く透明性がないか、または極度に透明性が低下したものとなる。光の自由波長はz=xで、骨格セラミックス(m)と中間層(y)の厚さだけ減少する。この方式の説明は、例えばビタ−デュルα−システムに関するビタ社の使用説明又はALLCeram−システムに対するデュセラ社の使用説明に見出される。
【0009】
このようなシステムは、中間層としてカラーペースト若しくはカラー懸濁液を使用しており、これらは歯科技士の複数の作業工程で骨格に塗布され、最後に炉内で焼成される。
【0010】
この過程は時間を要するのみならず、コスト的にも割高になる。
【0011】
従って、本発明が解決しようとする課題は、セラミックス、特にセラミックス義歯の着色システムを提供し、このシステムが好適な美容を最小限の労力と最小限のコストで保証することである。
【0012】
驚くべきことに、この課題は、多孔性又は吸収性の状態におけるセラミックスの着色方法によって解決することができる。この方法は、セラミックスが半透明性であり且つ着色するために金属イオン溶液又は金属錯体溶液を使用することを特徴とする。そのための好適な溶液は、一定の濃度の希土類元素又は亜族元素の塩類又は錯体類の少なくとも1種を含有する。
【0013】
これらの溶液は、好ましくは水又はアルコールを基礎とするものであり、好適な塩類又は錯体類は、希土類又は第2又は第8亜族、特にPr、Er、Fe、Co、Ni、Cuから成る群からなるものが好ましい。
【0014】
好ましくは、例えばCl- 、Br- 、J- 、SO4 2- 、SO3 2- 、NO2 - 、NO3 - 、ClO4 - 、ONC- 、SCN- のような無機反対イオンを含む塩類又は錯体類であり、オキソ錯体は酸性塩又は塩基塩を含めてもよいが、第1又は第2主族の元素の1種を含む複塩は含まれない。さらに、有機イオン又はリガンド類を含む塩類又は錯体類が好ましく、これらはO、N、Sのような炭素原子1〜30個及びヘテロ原子1〜10個を含有する。個別的に、これは有機酸類のアルコキシド又は塩類である。その場合好ましくは、アルコキシドのもとにC1 −C10アルカノールの塩類、特にメトキシド、エトキシド、n−プロポキシド及びi−プロポキシド及びn−ブトキシド、i−ブトキシド、sec−ブトキシド若しくはtert−ブトキシドが含まれている。有機酸の塩類としては、モノカルボン酸、ジカルボン酸及びトリカルボン酸、C1 −C20−カルボン酸の塩類が好ましく、特にギ酸塩、酢酸塩、リンゴ酸塩、マレイン酸塩、酒石酸塩、シュウ酸塩が好ましい。とりわけリガンド類のもとに錯体形成剤も理解されており、これは金属塩類をその酸化工程及び溶液中で安定化させることに利用される。これらはヘテロ原子O、N又はSを10個まで含有する有機C2 −C20分子、その中でも特にEDTA及びその塩類、NTA、サリシル酸、フェノール、5−スルフォサリシル酸等としてよい。
【0015】
好ましくは、例えば塩化物、酢酸塩類又はアルコラート類としてのPr、Er、Feの水溶液又はアルコール溶液である。
【0016】
イオン又は錯体類は、好ましくは0.0001〜15重量%、特に好ましくは0.001〜10重量%及び完全に特に好ましくは0.01〜7重量%の濃度で使用される。
【0017】
セラミックス及び歯科用セラミックスによって、ここでは第II、第III及び第IV主族及び第III及び第IV亜族の元素の全ての高強度酸化物並びにそれらの混合物を意味し、特にAl2 O3 、ZrO2 、部分安定化及び完全安定化した、MgO、TiO2 及びそれらの混合物が含まれる。特に、半透明性のセラミックスは、セラミックス及び歯科用セラミックスとして理解される。
【0018】
さらに、ここで驚くべきことは、着色の色の深さが溶液の作用時間に依存せず、溶液の濃度のみに依存することである。これは、歯科技士が秒単位で正確な作用時間を指定する必要がなく、その作業を本発明による溶液で一定の許容範囲内の任意の長さで処理できるので特に好ましい。溶液の作用時間の長さは、理論上任意としてよい。この作用時間は、溶液中の別の作用、例えばpH値の変化や着色過程を妨げる恐れのあるイオン類の遊離にのみ依存する。このようにして、一般に着色の色深さが変化しなくなるまで、数時間の作用時間が生じる。この作用時間は、好ましくは2時間未満、特に1時間未満、更に好ましくは20分未満である。
【0019】
好ましくは、本発明では、すでに骨格セラミックが本発明による溶液によって個別的に着色できるので、上述の中間層(y)を完全に省くことができる。そのため、付加的なコスト及び時間集約型の中間層焼成工程が省かれる。入射光は、その経路がもはや中間層によって妨げられないので、今や自由波長z=x+y+mが提供される。
【0020】
本発明による溶液は、希土類元素又は亜族元素の塩類又は錯体類のほかに、錯体形成剤のような安定剤、粉砕助剤並びに歯科技士による色調整の負担を軽減する有機顔料等を含有してもよい。
【0021】
安定剤としては、エチレンジアミン四酢酸のような錯体形成剤が好適である。粉砕助剤(Malhilfsmitteln) のもとに、例えばポリグリコール類、ポリサッカリド類、ポリエチレングリコール類、ポリビニルアルコール類、水酸化ヒマシ油のような一時的結合剤及びチキソトロピー剤が含まれてもよい。
【0022】
本発明による溶液内部の着色用のイオン又は錯体の低い濃度と、それに関係する取り込まれた色調の粗悪な光学的識別性とに基づき、歯科技士による色調調整の負担を軽減するために有機顔料を添加してもよい。特に、これらの添加物は投与器具を介して溶液を特定箇所に投与する際に有用である。これらの添加物は、人工歯の焼成作業時にこれらが残渣なしに分解されるように選ばれる。
【0023】
本発明による溶液は、下記の方法で、予め焼成された若しくは吸収性のセラミックスに適用されうる。
1.一定の濃度の溶液にセラミックスを浸漬
2.好適な投与器具、例えば刷毛、綿などを用いてセラミックスに溶液を塗布
3.噴霧法によって溶液をセラミックスに塗布。
【0024】
本発明の方法では、10mm(好ましくは7mm)までの壁厚を貫通して着色できる。歯冠及びブリッジの製造における歯科用の分野で、加工品径の寸法が10mm、好ましくは7mm、及び加工品の高さの寸法が7mm、好ましくは5mmを可能とする。これらのmm表示は、歯科用加工品の着色可能な壁厚の厚さに関係するもので、もちろん、本発明の範囲には、上記の限界以外の加工品も含まれている。
【0025】
セラミックスは完全に着色されるのが好ましい。
【0026】
また本発明は、
(i)セラミックス着色用の金属イオン溶液又は金属錯体溶液を含有する少なくとも一つの貯蔵ボトル
(ii) 着色用容器
(iii)任意的なフィルタ
を含むキットに関するものでもある。
【0027】
本発明は、以下、例によって詳しく説明するが、これらの例によって限定されるものではない。
【0028】
〔酸化イットリウム3モルで安定化した酸化ジルコニウムの濃度依存性着色〕
溶液を製造するために、対応する量の色試薬を水の中に溶解する。セラミック体をその中に5分間浸漬し、その後乾燥し、焼結する。その後、この試料を色測定用に研削及び研磨する。色の同定は下記パラメータを基準とする。
不透明度O: 透明性の基準(0%:完全に透明、100%:不透明)
L* 値: 輝度(100:全反射、0:反射なし)
a* 値: 赤−緑偏位(+a:赤、−a:緑)、
b* 値: 黄−青偏位(+b:黄、−b:青)。
測定機器: HunterLab社、LabScan、分光比色計
測定方法: Cielab(色)、ASTM D2805/TAPPI T425/TAPPI T519による不透明度。
【0029】
着色力が溶液の作用時間に依存しないことを証明するために、一定の溶液濃度で、異なる作用時間を使用して、色の測定を実施した。
【0030】
材料として、日本の東ソー株式会社のTZ3YE型の市販の二酸化ジルコニウムを使用した。
【0031】
【表1】
【0032】
【表2】
【0033】
【表3】
Claims (8)
- 予め焼成されたセラミックス加工品に金属イオン又は金属錯体溶液を適用し、その後焼結する工程から成る歯科用半透明セラミックス加工品の着色方法。
- 溶液が希土類元素又は亜族元素のイオン類又は錯体類の少なくとも1種を含有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 溶液がPr、Er、Fe、Co、Ni又はCuを含有する、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記元素の塩化物、酢酸塩類又はアルコラート類並びにオキソ錯体類を使用する、請求項2又は3に記載の方法。
- 酸化ジルコニウム又は酸化アルミニウムを基材とする歯科用セラミックスを使用する、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- イオン又は錯体を含有する溶液が水又はアルコールを基礎とするものである、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- イオン又は錯体を含有する溶液の作用時間が時間範囲で2時間未満である、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 溶液の濃度が0.001〜15重量%である、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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DE19904522.4 | 1999-02-04 | ||
DE19904522A DE19904522C5 (de) | 1999-02-04 | 1999-02-04 | Einfärbung von keramischem Zahnersatz mittels ionischer oder komplexhaltiger Lösungen |
PCT/EP2000/000910 WO2000046168A1 (de) | 1999-02-04 | 2000-02-04 | Einfärbung von keramiken mittels ionischer oder komplexhaltiger lösungen |
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AU (1) | AU768738B2 (ja) |
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AU2670100A (en) | 2000-08-25 |
DE19904522C5 (de) | 2013-11-14 |
EP2239246A3 (de) | 2012-04-04 |
WO2000046168A1 (de) | 2000-08-10 |
DE19904522A1 (de) | 2000-08-10 |
US6709694B1 (en) | 2004-03-23 |
CA2367505C (en) | 2007-06-26 |
EP2239246A2 (de) | 2010-10-13 |
AU768738B2 (en) | 2004-01-08 |
CA2367505A1 (en) | 2000-08-10 |
JP2002536280A (ja) | 2002-10-29 |
DE19904522B4 (de) | 2008-11-13 |
EP1153002A1 (de) | 2001-11-14 |
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