JP3787928B2 - Antifouling treatment agent and antifouling treatment method - Google Patents
Antifouling treatment agent and antifouling treatment method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3787928B2 JP3787928B2 JP31457496A JP31457496A JP3787928B2 JP 3787928 B2 JP3787928 B2 JP 3787928B2 JP 31457496 A JP31457496 A JP 31457496A JP 31457496 A JP31457496 A JP 31457496A JP 3787928 B2 JP3787928 B2 JP 3787928B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- antifouling treatment
- antifouling
- agent
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Landscapes
- Cleaning By Liquid Or Steam (AREA)
- Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、家庭において簡易に食器等を撥水・防汚処理できる防汚処理剤および防汚処理方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、物質に対して撥水・防汚処理する方法として、フルオロカーボン系のシランカップリング剤の溶液に基材を浸漬した後取り出し、加熱処理を行って基材とシランカップリング剤との結合を促進させる方法が知られている(例えば井手文雄著、「界面制御と複合材料の設計」)。この方法では、反応を促進させるために、200℃に加熱したり(例えば好野則夫、材料技術、13巻、p55、1995年)、あるいは200℃以下の温度で処理するために塩酸を触媒として添加する方法(例えば湯浅章、セラミックス、29巻、p533、1994年)が提案されている。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記のような従来の方法で撥水・防汚処理を行った場合、いくつかの課題が存在する。
【0004】
まず第1に、撥水・防汚処理工程の1つとして上記したように200℃に加熱する工程が必要となるわけであるが、200℃に加熱するといった工程は家庭内では困難である。このような温度雰囲気を容易には作り出せなく、仮につくれるような設備があったとしても、家庭内で使用する場合には、火傷等の危険がともなう。
【0005】
次に第2に、触媒として塩酸を含有する処理液は、塩酸が劇薬であるため、食器等に使用するには衛生上および安全上、人体にとっては好ましくないという課題が存在する。
【0006】
そこで本発明は、家庭において、簡易的に食器を撥水・防汚処理することの可能な、塩酸のような劇薬を使用することなく、50〜60℃程度の低い温度で処理できる防汚処理方法およびこれらの処理を施す防汚処理剤を提供することを目的とする。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
従来、シランカップリング剤のアルコキシシリル基をシラノール基に変えるためには、上記の文献に記述されているように、塩酸のような強酸が必要だと考えられていた。
【0008】
しかしながら、本発明者らはアルコキシシリル基をシラノール基に変える反応が酸による加水分解反応なので、弱酸でも進むと考えて、各種の有機酸を検討した。その結果、酒石酸のような食用有機酸でも加水分解が進むことを見いだした。
【0009】
そこで、本発明の防汚処理剤はフッ化アルキルアルコキシシランと食用有機酸と水とエタノールとを有する構成となっている。この構成により、用いている酸が食用の酸であるため、防汚処理を食器などにも応用することが可能となる。なおここで、防汚処理剤に用いる食用酸としては、酒石酸、クエン酸、りんご酸、コハク酸および乳酸のいずれかを含む酸触媒を意味する。
【0010】
また、家庭で簡易的に撥水・防汚処理する方法として、基材表面に、フッ化アルキルアルコキシシランと食用有機酸と水とエタノールとを有する防汚処理剤を塗布した後、40℃以上80度以下の温度雰囲気に暴露する防汚処理方法により容易に防汚処理することが可能となる。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明の実施の形態における防汚処理剤及び防汚処理方法について説明する。
【0012】
本発明の防汚処理剤は、フッ化アルキルアルコキシシランと食用有機酸と水とエタノールとを有する構成となっている。なお上記のフッ化アルキルアルコキシシランとしては、例えば、CF3(CF2)7CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3、CF3(CF2)7CH2CH2Si(OC2H5)3、CF3(CF2)5CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3、CF3(CF2)5CH2CH2Si(OC2H5)3、CF3(CF2)3CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3、CF3(CF2)3CH2CH2Si(OC2H5)3などが挙げることができる。
【0013】
また、食用有機酸としては、例えば酒石酸、クエン酸、りんご酸、コハク酸および乳酸が例として挙げられる。
【0014】
フッ化アルキルアルコキシシランの濃度は、0.01wt%〜30wt%が望ましく、さらに好ましくは0.1wt%〜10wt%である。0.01wt%以下では、撥水・防汚処理剤としての効果が小さくなり、一方、30wt%以上では、防汚処理剤中のフッ化アルキルアルコキシシランが重合して、白い沈澱ができ防汚処理剤として使用できなくなる。
【0015】
食用有機酸の濃度は、フッ化アルキルアルコキシシランに対してモル比で1.5倍〜5倍が望ましい。1.5倍以下では、フッ化アルキルアルコキシシランの一部の分子が下記に示すようなシラノール化反応を起こさないため、撥水・防汚効果が低下する。
【0016】
【化1】
【0017】
また、5倍以上では、食器等に防汚処理剤を塗布した場合、食用有機酸が白い沈澱となって析出し、撥水・防汚性を低下させる。
【0018】
水の量は、モル比で少なくともフッ化アルキルアルコキシシランの3倍量が必要で、エタノールに対して、容積比で0.2倍以下が望ましい。水の量が0.2倍以上になると、フッ化アルキルアルコキシシランは水に溶けないため、水/エタノールの混合溶媒に溶けずに、二層に分離してしまって防汚処理剤としての機能を発揮しなくなるからである。
【0019】
次に、本発明の防汚処理方法について説明する。
本発明の防汚処理方法は、基材表面に、フッ化アルキルアルコキシシランと有機酸と水とエタノールとを有する防汚処理剤を塗布した後、40℃〜80℃の温度雰囲気に少なくとも10分間暴露する。
【0020】
本発明の防汚処理方法で、撥水・防汚処理できる基材は、ガラス、セラミックおよび金属である。また塗布法としては、スプレーコーティング法、ロールコーティング法、スピンコーティング法、ブラシコーティング法、ディッピング法などを例として挙げることができる。
【0021】
本発明の防汚処理方法で、加熱処理する温度は40℃〜80℃が望ましい。市販の食器乾燥器の吹き出し熱風温度が70℃程度であるので、この温度雰囲気は家庭で容易に得られる。40℃以下では、シラノール化したフッ化アルキルアルコキシシランと基材との反応が進ににくく、処理面がすぐれた撥水・防汚性を示さないことがある。80℃以上にあげても、処理品の撥水・防汚特性は変わらないため、あげる必要がない。但し、80℃以上の温度で熱処理を行ってもよいことは言うまでもない。
【0022】
40℃〜80℃の温度雰囲気に暴露する時間は、少なくとも10分は必要であるが、10分以上では、処理品の撥水・防汚特性は一定となる。
【0023】
次に、本発明の防汚処理剤および防汚処理方法の具体的な実施例について説明する。
【0024】
(実施例1)
500mlのビーカーにエタノール270ml、純水30ml、ヘプタデカフルオロデシルトリメトキシシラン3g、L−(+)−酒石酸2.39gを入れ、マグネットスターラーで10分攪拌する。このようにして、作製した防汚処理剤をA剤とする。
【0025】
(実施例2)
実施例1においてヘプタデカフルオロデシルトリメトキシシラン3gをヘプタデカフルオロデシルトリエトキシシシラン3gに変えて防汚処理剤を同じように作製した。この防汚処理剤をB剤とする。
【0026】
(実施例3)
実施例1においてL−(+)−酒石酸2.39gをクエン酸3.32gに変えて防汚処理剤を同じように作製した。この防汚処理剤をC剤とする。
【0027】
(実施例4)
実施例1においてL−(+)−酒石酸2.39gをリンゴ酸2.14gに変えて防汚処理剤を同じように作製した。この防汚処理剤をD剤とする。
【0028】
(実施例5)
実施例1においてL−(+)−酒石酸2.39gをこはく酸1.88gに変えて防汚処理剤を同じように作製した。この防汚処理剤をE剤とする。
【0029】
(実施例6)
実施例1においてL−(+)−酒石酸2.39gを乳酸1.43gに変えて防汚処理剤を同じように作製した。この防汚処理剤をF剤とする。
【0030】
(実施例7)
セラミック製の茶碗、皿およびスライドガラスを各6枚用意し、上記の防汚処理剤A〜Fをスプレーコーティングした。つぎに、コーティングした試料を市販の食器乾燥器セットし、10分間加熱した。
【0031】
加熱終了後、試料を取り出し、茶碗には炊きたてのご飯粒を、皿には半熟卵の黄身を付着させて一昼夜放置し、未処理の茶碗および皿と汚れの落ちる程度を比較した。また、スライドガラスの水に対する接触角を自動接触角計で測定した。
【0032】
その結果を下記の表にまとめた。
【0033】
【表1】
【0034】
上記の表より明らかなとおり、本発明の防汚処理剤で処理した茶碗、皿は食物汚れがこびりつかず、またスライドガラスの水に対する接触角は110度以上と高く、優れた撥水・防汚性を示すことがわかる。
【0035】
【発明の効果】
以上の通り本発明の防汚処理剤で処理することにより、食器等に対しても優れた撥水・防汚性を付与できる。本発明の防汚処理法は簡易であるため、家庭においても容易にできるとともに、人体に影響のない食用酸を用いているため、容易に食器などに用いることができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an antifouling treatment agent and an antifouling treatment method capable of easily performing water-repellent / antifouling treatment on tableware and the like at home.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, as a method for water-repellent / antifouling treatment of a substance, the substrate is immersed in a solution of a fluorocarbon silane coupling agent and then taken out, and heat treatment is performed to bond the substrate and the silane coupling agent. Methods for promoting are known (eg, Fumio Ide, “Interface Control and Design of Composite Materials”). In this method, in order to promote the reaction, it is heated to 200 ° C. (for example, Norio Yoshino, Material Technology, Vol. 13, p55, 1995), or hydrochloric acid is used as a catalyst for treatment at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower. A method of adding (for example, Akira Yuasa, Ceramics, Vol. 29, p533, 1994) has been proposed.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when the water repellent / antifouling treatment is performed by the conventional method as described above, there are some problems.
[0004]
First, as one of the water repellent / antifouling treatment steps, the step of heating to 200 ° C. is required as described above, but the step of heating to 200 ° C. is difficult at home. Even if there is equipment that cannot create such a temperature atmosphere easily and can be created, there is a risk of burns when used in the home.
[0005]
Secondly, the treatment liquid containing hydrochloric acid as a catalyst has a problem that it is not preferable for the human body in terms of hygiene and safety when used for tableware and the like because hydrochloric acid is a powerful drug.
[0006]
Therefore, the present invention provides an antifouling treatment that can be processed at a low temperature of about 50 to 60 ° C. without using a powerful drug such as hydrochloric acid that can easily and easily repel water and stain the tableware at home. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and an antifouling agent for performing these treatments.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
Conventionally, in order to change the alkoxysilyl group of a silane coupling agent to a silanol group, it has been considered that a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid is necessary as described in the above-mentioned literature.
[0008]
However, the present inventors have studied various organic acids on the assumption that the reaction for changing an alkoxysilyl group to a silanol group is a hydrolysis reaction with an acid, and that even a weak acid proceeds. As a result, it was found that hydrolysis proceeds even with edible organic acids such as tartaric acid.
[0009]
Therefore, the antifouling treatment agent of the present invention has a configuration comprising a fluoroalkylalkoxysilane, an edible organic acid, water, and ethanol. With this configuration, since the acid used is an edible acid, the antifouling treatment can be applied to tableware and the like. Here, the edible acid used for the antifouling treatment agent means an acid catalyst containing any of tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid .
[0010]
Also, as a simple water-repellent / antifouling treatment method at home, after applying an antifouling treatment agent having a fluoroalkylalkoxysilane, an edible organic acid, water and ethanol to the substrate surface, the temperature is 40 ° C. or higher. The antifouling treatment can be easily performed by the antifouling treatment method exposed to a temperature atmosphere of 80 degrees or less .
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the antifouling treatment agent and the antifouling treatment method in the embodiment of the present invention will be described.
[0012]
The antifouling treatment agent of the present invention has a configuration comprising a fluorinated alkylalkoxysilane, an edible organic acid, water, and ethanol. Note The fluorinated alkyl alkoxysilanes described above, for example, CF 3 (CF 2) 7 CH 2 CH 2 Si (OCH 3) 3, CF 3 (CF 2) 7 CH 2 CH 2 Si (OC 2 H 5) 3 CF 3 (CF 2 ) 5 CH 2 CH 2 Si (OCH 3 ) 3 , CF 3 (CF 2 ) 5 CH 2 CH 2 Si (OC 2 H 5 ) 3 , CF 3 (CF 2 ) 3 CH 2 CH 2 Si (OCH 3 ) 3 , CF 3 (CF 2 ) 3 CH 2 CH 2 Si (OC 2 H 5 ) 3 and the like can be mentioned.
[0013]
Examples of edible organic acids include tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid.
[0014]
The concentration of the fluorinated alkylalkoxysilane is desirably 0.01 wt% to 30 wt%, more preferably 0.1 wt% to 10 wt%. If it is 0.01 wt% or less, the effect as a water repellent / antifouling treatment agent is reduced. On the other hand, if it is 30 wt% or more, the fluorinated alkylalkoxysilane in the antifouling treatment agent is polymerized to form a white precipitate. It cannot be used as a treatment agent.
[0015]
The concentration of the edible organic acid is preferably 1.5 to 5 times in molar ratio with respect to the fluorinated alkylalkoxysilane. If it is 1.5 times or less, some molecules of the fluorinated alkylalkoxysilane do not cause silanolation reaction as shown below, so that the water repellency / antifouling effect decreases.
[0016]
[Chemical 1]
[0017]
On the other hand, when the antifouling treatment agent is applied to tableware or the like at 5 times or more, the edible organic acid precipitates as a white precipitate, thereby reducing the water repellency and antifouling properties.
[0018]
The amount of water is required to be at least three times that of the fluorinated alkylalkoxysilane in molar ratio, and is preferably 0.2 times or less in volume ratio with respect to ethanol. When the amount of water exceeds 0.2 times, fluorinated alkylalkoxysilane does not dissolve in water, so it does not dissolve in a mixed solvent of water / ethanol, but separates into two layers and functions as an antifouling treatment agent. It is because it stops exhibiting.
[0019]
Next, the antifouling treatment method of the present invention will be described.
In the antifouling treatment method of the present invention, an antifouling treatment agent comprising a fluoroalkylalkoxysilane, an organic acid, water, and ethanol is applied to the surface of a substrate, and then at a temperature atmosphere of 40 ° C. to 80 ° C. for at least 10 minutes. To expose.
[0020]
Substrates that can be treated with water / repellency by the antifouling treatment method of the present invention are glass, ceramic and metal. Examples of the coating method include a spray coating method, a roll coating method, a spin coating method, a brush coating method, and a dipping method.
[0021]
In the antifouling treatment method of the present invention, the temperature for the heat treatment is preferably 40 ° C to 80 ° C. Since the blown hot air temperature of a commercial tableware dryer is about 70 ° C., this temperature atmosphere can be easily obtained at home. Below 40 ° C., the reaction between the silanolated fluorinated alkylalkoxysilane and the substrate is difficult to proceed, and the treated surface may not exhibit water repellency / antifouling properties. Even if the temperature is raised to 80 ° C. or higher, the water repellency / antifouling properties of the treated product do not change, so that it is not necessary to raise it. However, it goes without saying that the heat treatment may be performed at a temperature of 80 ° C. or higher.
[0022]
The time of exposure to a temperature atmosphere of 40 ° C. to 80 ° C. needs to be at least 10 minutes.
[0023]
Next, specific examples of the antifouling treatment agent and the antifouling treatment method of the present invention will be described.
[0024]
Example 1
In a 500 ml beaker, 270 ml of ethanol, 30 ml of pure water, 3 g of heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxysilane and 2.39 g of L-(+)-tartaric acid are added and stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 10 minutes. Thus, let the produced antifouling processing agent be A agent.
[0025]
(Example 2)
In Example 1, 3 g of heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxysilane was changed to 3 g of heptadecafluorodecyltriethoxysilane, and an antifouling treatment agent was produced in the same manner. This antifouling agent is designated as B agent.
[0026]
Example 3
In Example 1, 2.39 g of L-(+)-tartaric acid was changed to 3.32 g of citric acid to prepare an antifouling treatment agent in the same manner. This antifouling agent is designated as C agent.
[0027]
(Example 4)
In Example 1, 2.39 g of L-(+)-tartaric acid was changed to 2.14 g of malic acid to prepare an antifouling treatment agent in the same manner. This antifouling agent is D agent.
[0028]
(Example 5)
In Example 1, 2.39 g of L-(+)-tartaric acid was changed to 1.88 g of succinic acid to prepare an antifouling treatment agent in the same manner. This antifouling agent is designated as E agent.
[0029]
(Example 6)
In Example 1, 2.39 g of L-(+)-tartaric acid was changed to 1.43 g of lactic acid to prepare an antifouling treatment agent in the same manner. This antifouling treatment agent is designated as F agent.
[0030]
(Example 7)
Six pieces of ceramic teacups, dishes and slide glasses were prepared, and the antifouling treatment agents A to F were spray coated. The coated sample was then set in a commercial tableware dryer and heated for 10 minutes.
[0031]
After the heating, the sample was taken out, freshly cooked rice grains were attached to the tea bowl, and the yolks of soft-boiled eggs were attached to the dish and left for a whole day and night. Moreover, the contact angle with respect to the water of a slide glass was measured with the automatic contact angle meter.
[0032]
The results are summarized in the following table.
[0033]
[Table 1]
[0034]
As is apparent from the above table, the tea bowls and dishes treated with the antifouling treatment agent of the present invention are free from food stains, and the contact angle of the slide glass with water is as high as 110 degrees or more. It turns out that it shows sex.
[0035]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, by treating with the antifouling agent of the present invention, excellent water repellency and antifouling properties can be imparted to tableware and the like. Since the antifouling treatment method of the present invention is simple, it can be easily used at home, and since an edible acid that does not affect the human body is used, it can be easily used for tableware and the like.
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP31457496A JP3787928B2 (en) | 1996-11-26 | 1996-11-26 | Antifouling treatment agent and antifouling treatment method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP31457496A JP3787928B2 (en) | 1996-11-26 | 1996-11-26 | Antifouling treatment agent and antifouling treatment method |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH10151421A JPH10151421A (en) | 1998-06-09 |
JP3787928B2 true JP3787928B2 (en) | 2006-06-21 |
Family
ID=18054933
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP31457496A Expired - Fee Related JP3787928B2 (en) | 1996-11-26 | 1996-11-26 | Antifouling treatment agent and antifouling treatment method |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP3787928B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6395331B1 (en) * | 1997-10-28 | 2002-05-28 | Yazaki Corporation | Transparent substrate bearing an anti-stain, hydrophobic coating, and process for making it |
JP5487429B2 (en) * | 2006-12-04 | 2014-05-07 | 小川 一文 | Water / oil repellent / antifouling treatment liquid, method for producing the same, and water / oil repellent / antifouling treatment using the same |
JP5299260B2 (en) | 2009-12-24 | 2013-09-25 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | Method for surface treatment of solid material |
-
1996
- 1996-11-26 JP JP31457496A patent/JP3787928B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH10151421A (en) | 1998-06-09 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE69623696T2 (en) | Process for producing a chemically adsorbed film and solution of a chemical adsorbent for this process | |
JP4681094B2 (en) | Compositions having fluoroorganofunctional silanes and / or siloxanes, their preparation, their use and surface-modified supports | |
KR950004153B1 (en) | Chemisorption Monomolecular Accumulator and its Manufacturing Method | |
JP2004130785A (en) | Easily cleanable apparatus which can be easily cleaned and provided with heat resistant surface coating | |
JP4230114B2 (en) | Capped silicone film and method for producing the same | |
JP4084558B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of coating film | |
JP2981040B2 (en) | Chemisorbed monomolecular cumulative film and method for producing the same | |
JP3787928B2 (en) | Antifouling treatment agent and antifouling treatment method | |
US6509101B2 (en) | Silane coating for cooking utensils | |
US6054522A (en) | Coating for imparting non-stick, abrasion resistant and non-wetting properties to inorganic articles | |
JPH10292057A (en) | Chemisorbent film, its production and chemisorbent solution used therefor | |
JPH05161844A (en) | Preparation of chemisorption film | |
JPH0531441A (en) | Fluorocarbon coating film and its production | |
JP2981043B2 (en) | Antifouling adsorption film and method for producing the same | |
JPH04240171A (en) | Stainproof ceramic product and production thereof | |
JPH05132065A (en) | Surface-treated glass bottle | |
US2582215A (en) | Method of rendering ceramic materials water repellent | |
JPH09142887A (en) | Surface-protection film for noble metal | |
JPH04256710A (en) | Cooking utensil and its manufacture | |
JP2003055002A (en) | Surface treatment method for glass article | |
JP3604083B2 (en) | Method for producing surface-modified ceramics | |
JP4086276B2 (en) | Water-soluble antifouling paint | |
JP2000297248A (en) | Organic thin film, method and device for producing the same, liquid crystal-aligning film, method and device for producing the same, liquid crystal display device using liquid crystal-aligning film and method for producing the same | |
JPH04244518A (en) | Heating cooking device | |
JPS62230644A (en) | Production of electrically conductive fiber |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20050401 |
|
RD01 | Notification of change of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7421 Effective date: 20050623 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20051108 |
|
A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20051214 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20060307 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20060320 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100407 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110407 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120407 Year of fee payment: 6 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130407 Year of fee payment: 7 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |