JP2024139186A - Joint structure of wooden pillars and reinforced concrete foundation - Google Patents

Abstract

[Problem] To provide a joint structure between a wooden pillar and a foundation made of reinforced concrete, capable of suppressing a decrease in the strength of the wooden pillar caused by compressive deformation of the base of the wooden pillar joined to the foundation. [Solution] A joint structure 100 between a wooden pole 10 and a foundation 80 made of reinforced concrete, in which a pair of first recesses 14 are provided on the underside 11 of the wooden pole 10, a first through hole 15 is provided connecting the upper side 12 and the first recesses 14, a pair of steel boxes 30 made of steel that fit into each of the first recesses 14, and a steel frame base 40 including a steel cross bar 20 connecting the boxes 30, a first hole 37 is provided in the upper plate 32 of the box 30, access openings 35, 36 are provided on the sides of the box 30, and a second hole 38 is provided in the lower plate 33 of the box 30, a tensioning material 60 inserted through the first through hole 15 and the first hole 37 is fixed to a fixing device 63 abutting the upper plate 32 in a tensioned state, and an anchor bolt 85 protruding from the top end 81 of the foundation 80 is inserted through the second hole 38 and tightened with a nut. [Selected Figure] Figure 1

Description

The present invention relates to a joint structure between a wooden pillar and a reinforced concrete foundation.

The framework that makes up a building (building framework) includes frameworks made of columns and beams of the same material, such as wooden frameworks made of wooden columns and wooden beams, and steel frameworks made of steel columns and steel beams, as well as hybrid frameworks made of wooden columns and steel beams. By using wooden columns instead of steel for both columns and beams, a building framework can be formed that has the high rigidity of steel and the various functions provided by wood. Furthermore, compared to wooden frameworks made of wooden columns and wooden beams, building frameworks have a higher plastic deformation capacity during earthquakes.

Here are some specific examples of the effects of using wood: compared to steel frames and concrete, wood is lighter, has a high specific strength, and is easy to process. It also has high insulation and moisture-regulating properties. It also has the appearance design that only natural materials can provide, and because it is a natural material, it has low carbon dioxide emissions and is highly effective in reducing environmental impact.

Patent Document 1 proposes a column-beam joint structure consisting of a wooden column and a steel beam. Specifically, a beam load bearing part is provided on the column toward the center from the joint end where the column and beam meet, and a part of the beam's load is transferred to the beam load bearing part by a joint metal that joins the column and the beam, and the beam's load is supported by the column joint end and the beam load bearing part.

In this beam-column joint structure, a column reinforcement material made of carbon fiber is attached to the outer periphery of the joint end side of the column that contacts the beam. In addition, at least one L-shaped metal joint that connects the beam and column is attached, and this L-shaped metal joint has a step so that part of the contact surface that contacts the column does not interfere with the reinforcement material.

JP 2011-256616 A

As described above, compared to existing wooden frames formed of wooden columns and wooden beams, the column-beam joint structure (hybrid frame) formed of wooden columns and steel beams described in Patent Document 1 increases the plastic deformation capacity of the building frame during an earthquake. However, when the wooden columns on the first floor are joined to the steel beams above and to the reinforced concrete foundation below, the reinforced concrete foundation is designed not to yield during an earthquake. Therefore, when horizontal forces during an earthquake act on the building frame, compressive deformation is likely to occur at the side ends of the column bases of the wooden columns joined to the foundation, and there is concern that this compressive deformation will reduce the strength of the wooden columns.

The present invention was made in consideration of the above problems, and aims to provide a joint structure between a wooden pillar and a reinforced concrete foundation that can suppress a decrease in the strength of the wooden pillar caused by compressive deformation of the base of the wooden pillar joined to the foundation.

In order to achieve the above object, one embodiment of the joint structure of the present invention between a wooden pillar and a reinforced concrete foundation is as follows:
A joint structure of wooden pillars and reinforced concrete foundations,
The wooden pole is provided with a pair of first recesses on the left and right sides of the lower surface on the foundation side, and a pair of first through holes connecting the upper surface on the opposite side to the lower surface and the pair of first recesses,
A pair of anchor bolts are embedded in the top end of the foundation at positions corresponding to the pair of first recesses, and the heads of the anchor bolts protrude above the top end,
a steel frame base including a pair of steel boxes fitted into the pair of first recesses, respectively, and a steel frame cross bar connecting the pair of boxes, a first hole communicating with the first through hole being formed in an upper plate of the boxes that abuts against the first recesses, an access opening being provided on a side of the box to allow free access to the inside of the box, and a second hole through which the head of the anchor bolt is inserted being formed in a lower plate of the box that abuts against the foundation,
The tension member inserted through the first through hole and the first hole is fixed to a fixing device abutting against the upper plate in a tensioned state,
The anchor bolt is inserted into the second hole and tightened with a nut.

According to this aspect, the wooden pillar and the reinforced concrete foundation are joined via the steel pedestal, so that when compressive deformation occurs at the side end of the base of the wooden pillar during an earthquake, a part of the steel pedestal undergoes plastic deformation (yields) before the wooden pillar, thereby suppressing damage and loss of strength caused by compressive deformation of the wooden pillar. The tension material is fixed to both the upper surface above the wooden pillar and the box of the steel pedestal that is fitted into the first recess, thereby realizing a joint between the wooden pillar and the steel pedestal with high joint strength and excellent assembly properties.

Here, wooden columns include not only normal wooden columns, but also wooden wall columns. The "tension material" can be a PC (Prestressed Concrete) steel bar or PC steel wire. A sheath tube may be provided inside the through hole. The tension material can be a bonded PC pressure-bonded material using the bonded PC pressure-bonding method, in which the tension material is pressure-bonded via grout filled inside the through hole (or sheath tube), or an unbonded PC pressure-bonded material using the unbonded PC pressure-bonding method, which does not require grout filling.

In another embodiment of the joint structure between a wooden pole and a reinforced concrete foundation according to the present invention,
The steel cross beam is formed of an H-shaped steel or a square steel pipe,
The first through hole is located at the center of the width of the wooden pole.

According to this aspect, the steel cross beams that form the steel base are commonly used H-shaped steel or square steel pipes, so it is possible to form a joint structure between a wooden pillar and a reinforced concrete foundation that can prevent a decrease in the durability of the wooden pillar while suppressing the increase in manufacturing costs of the steel base.

In addition, a first through hole is provided in the center of the wooden pillar, and the steel box is fitted into the first recess of the wooden pillar, and the box and wooden pillar are connected by tension members inserted into the first through hole of the wooden pillar. This allows the wooden pillar and the steel frame base to be joined by one tension member on each side, which is preferable as it improves manufacturability (ability to introduce axial force into the tension members).

In another embodiment of the joint structure between a wooden pole and a reinforced concrete foundation according to the present invention,
Between the pair of boxes on the upper flange of the steel cross beam and at both ends of the width direction of the steel cross beam, a pair of steel flanges are fixed that protrude toward the wooden pole, and a pair of third holes are opened at mutually corresponding positions in the pair of flanges.
A pair of second recesses into which the pair of flanges fit are provided at positions on the wooden post corresponding to the pair of flanges, and second through holes are opened at positions on the wooden post corresponding to the pair of third holes,
The pair of flanges are fitted into the pair of second recesses, respectively, and bolts are inserted into the pair of third holes and the second through holes and tightened with nuts.

According to this aspect, a pair of steel flanges that protrude toward the wooden column and are provided between a pair of boxes in the upper flange of the steel cross beam (the upper flange of the H-shaped steel, the steel plate above the square steel pipe) and at both ends of the width of the steel cross beam fit into a pair of second recesses in the wooden column and are bolted together, so that the pair of flanges can resist the shear force that acts between the wooden column and the steel base during an earthquake. In addition, when the wooden column and the steel base are manufactured together in a factory, for example, the wooden column and the steel base are fixed in advance via the pair of flanges, and then the tension material inserted into the first through hole can be tensioned in a stable position, which is preferable.

In another embodiment of the joint structure between a wooden pole and a reinforced concrete foundation according to the present invention,
A steel rod is fixed between the pair of boxes on the upper flange of the steel cross beam and at the center of the width of the steel cross beam, and extends toward the wooden column.
A pair of third recesses into which the steel rod fits is provided at a position corresponding to the steel rod in the wooden pole,
The steel bar is fitted into the third recess.

According to this aspect, the steel rod that is provided between the pair of boxes on the upper flange of the steel cross bar and in the center of the width direction of the steel cross bar and that protrudes toward the wooden column is fitted into the third recess provided in the wooden column, so that the steel rod can resist the shear force that acts between the wooden column and the steel base during an earthquake. In addition, when the wooden column and the steel base are integrally manufactured in a factory, for example, the wooden column and the steel base are aligned in advance via the steel rod, and then the tension material inserted into the first through hole can be tensioned in a stable position, which is preferable.

In another embodiment of the joint structure between a wooden pole and a reinforced concrete foundation according to the present invention,
The tension member is characterized in that it is an unbonded PC crimped material.

According to this embodiment, the tension member is an unbonded PC pressure-bonded material, which eliminates the need to place a sheath tube in the first through hole or fill it with grout, and allows the joining structure between the wooden column and the steel beam to be formed using a pressure-bonding method with excellent workability.

In another embodiment of the joint structure between a wooden pole and a reinforced concrete foundation according to the present invention,
The wooden pillar is a wall pillar formed from any one of a plurality of square timber units, laminated timber, solid wood, structural plywood, laminated veneer lumber, and cross-laminated timber.

According to this aspect, the wooden columns are wall columns formed from one of multiple square timber units, laminated timber, solid wood, structural plywood, laminated veneer lumber, or cross-laminated timber, so that the wall columns function as load-bearing walls even when using wooden columns. For example, by adjusting the number of square timbers or the width of LVL or CLT, etc., a wall column with the desired rigidity (earthquake resistance) can be formed.

As can be understood from the above explanation, the joint structure of the present invention between a wooden pillar and a reinforced concrete foundation can suppress the decrease in strength of the wooden pillar caused by compressive deformation of the base of the wooden pillar joined to the foundation.

1 is a perspective view showing an example of a joint structure between a wooden pillar and a reinforced concrete foundation according to an embodiment of the present invention before assembly. FIG. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an example of a joint structure between a wooden post and a reinforced concrete foundation in an embodiment. 11 is a perspective view showing a pre-assembly state of another example of a joint structure between a wooden pillar and a reinforced concrete foundation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11 is a perspective view of another example of a joint structure between a wooden pole and a reinforced concrete foundation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.

Below, several examples of joint structures between wooden posts and reinforced concrete foundations according to the embodiments will be described with reference to the attached drawings. Note that in this specification and the drawings, substantially identical components may be designated by the same reference numerals to avoid redundant description.

[Joint structure between wooden pillar and reinforced concrete foundation according to the embodiment]
A number of examples of joint structures between a wooden pole and a steel beam according to the embodiment will be described with reference to Figures 1 to 4. Here, Figure 1 is a perspective view showing an example of a joint structure between a wooden pole and a reinforced concrete foundation according to the embodiment in a pre-assembly state, and Figure 2 is a perspective view of an example of a joint structure between a wooden pole and a reinforced concrete foundation according to the embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 1, the joint structure 100 is a joint structure between a wooden pillar 10, a steel frame base 40, and a reinforced concrete foundation 80. Note that a description of the joint structure between the wooden pillar 10 and a steel frame beam (not shown) above it will be omitted.

The wooden pillar 10 is a wall pillar, and with regard to the cross-sectional dimensions perpendicular to the axial direction of the pillar, the width t1 in the wall thickness direction (width direction) is, for example, approximately the same as or greater than the wall thickness (when the thickness of the insulation material and exterior material is added, the width in the wall thickness direction can generally be greater than the wall thickness), and the width t2 in the direction perpendicular to the wall thickness is about two to several times the width t1, making it a rectangular cross-section pillar.

The wooden wall pillars 10 are made of multiple log units, laminated timber, solid wood, structural plywood, laminated veneer lumber (LVL), or cross laminated timber (CLT).

Even though wooden columns 10 are used, the wall columns function as load-bearing walls, making it possible to form a hybrid joint structure consisting of wooden columns and steel beams with excellent earthquake resistance.

The wooden pillar 10 has a pair of first recesses 14 on the left and right sides of the bottom surface 11 on the foundation 80 side. In addition, a pair of first through holes 15 are provided near the left and right ends of the wooden pillar 10, connecting the top surface 12 on the opposite side to the bottom surface 11 with the pair of first recesses 14. More specifically, the first through holes 15 are provided in the center position (position t1/2) of the width t1 of the wooden pillar 10.

A pair of second recesses 16 are provided at the center of the pair of first recesses 14 on the pair of wide surfaces 13 of the wooden pole 10. A plurality of second through holes 17 (two in the illustrated example) are provided inside the wooden pole 10, penetrating between the pair of second recesses 16.

On the other hand, the steel frame base 40 has a steel frame cross bar 20 and a pair of steel boxes 30 that are welded to the left and right ends of the steel frame cross bar 20 and fit into a pair of first recesses 14 in the wooden column 10, respectively.

The steel cross beam 20 is formed of an H-shaped steel having a web 21, an upper flange 22, and a lower flange 23. Here, the steel cross beam may be formed of a square steel pipe.

The box 30 is a hollow hexahedron with a housing 31 that is open on the side opposite the steel cross beam 20. A steel reinforcing plate 34 is welded to the inside of the housing 31 at a position corresponding to the upper flange 22 of the steel cross beam 20, and above and below the reinforcing plate 34 there are access openings 35, 36 that allow workers to reach inside the housing 31.

The stiffness of the box 30 is increased by attaching a reinforcing plate 34 inside the housing 31, and the stiffness of the box 30 is set so that when a compressive force acts on the side end of the base of the wooden pillar 10 during an earthquake, the box 30 undergoes plastic deformation before the wooden pillar 10, preventing the destruction of the wooden pillar 10.

The upper plate 32 of the housing 31 has a first hole 37 through which the lower part of the tension member 60 is inserted, and the lower plate 33 has a second hole 38 through which the anchor bolt 85 is inserted.

A pair of steel flanges 50 are welded to the upper flanges 22 of the steel cross beams 20 at the midpoint between the pair of boxes 30 and at both ends of the width of the steel cross beams 20, and a pair of third holes 52 are drilled at corresponding positions in the pair of flanges 50.

In addition, multiple reinforcing ribs 28 (two in the illustrated example) are welded to the steel cross beam 20 between the web 21 and the upper and lower flanges 22 and 23, and below the pair of flanges 50. Two reinforcing ribs (not shown) are also welded to the rear of the page.

A pair of anchor bolts 85 are embedded in the top edge 81 of the reinforced concrete foundation 80 at positions corresponding to the pair of first recesses, with their heads protruding above the top edge 81.

The wooden pillar 10 and the steel frame base 40 are preassembled in the factory, and the assembled wooden pillar 10 and steel frame base 40 are transported to the site, where the steel frame base 40 is attached to the reinforced concrete foundation 80 that is being constructed at the site.

Specifically, first, as shown in FIG. 1, the two boxes 30 are fitted into the corresponding first recesses 14 in the X1 direction, and at the same time, the two flanges 50 are fitted into the corresponding second recesses 16 in the X2 direction.

Next, the bolt 70 is inserted in the X3 direction through the second through hole 17 and the pair of third holes 52 that communicate with each other, and then tightened with the nut 72 to temporarily fix the wooden column 10 and the steel frame base 40.

Next, the tension member 60 is inserted in the X4 direction from above the first through hole 15, and the fixing device 63 is inserted in the X5 direction from the access opening 35 above the box 30, and the fixing device 63 is attached to the lower end of the tension member 60 and abutted against the upper plate 32. Here, a PC steel bar is applied to the tension member 60.

Next, the upper end of the tension member 60 is tensioned above the upper surface 12 of the wooden pillar 10, and the upper end of the tension member 60 in the tensioned state is fixed to the upper surface 12 via a fixing device 62. By applying the unbonded PC crimping method, the joint unit between the wooden pillar 10 and the steel base 40 is manufactured in the factory.

Although not shown here, instead of the illustrated example in which the entire top surface 12 of the wooden pole 10 is flat, recesses similar to the pair of first recesses 14 on the lower side may be provided at the left and right ends of the top surface 12, a steel box with an access opening may be inserted into each recess, and the upper ends of the tendons 60 may be fixed inside the box. This box will be joined to a steel beam (not shown).

The joint unit of the wooden pillar 10 and the steel frame base 40 fabricated in a factory is transported to the site, and a pair of anchor bolts 85 extending from the top 81 of the reinforced concrete foundation 80 are inserted in the X6 direction into the second holes 38 in the lower plates 33 of the corresponding pair of boxes 30. Next, nuts 87 are inserted in the X7 direction from the access openings 36 below the boxes 30, and the heads of the anchor bolts 85 are tightened with the nuts 87 to form the joint structure 100 shown in FIG. 2.

As shown in FIG. 2, when a horizontal force H during an earthquake acts on the wooden pillar 10 and one side end of the base of the wooden pillar 10 presses against the top end 81 of the foundation 80 with a compressive force Q, the rigidity and design load (compressive force Q) of both the wooden pillar 10 and the box 30 are set so that the box 30 of the steel frame base 40 undergoes plastic deformation prior to the compressive deformation of the wooden pillar 10. This makes it possible to suppress damage and loss of strength caused by the compressive deformation of the wooden pillar 10, and to form a building frame with a joint structure 100 between the wooden pillar and the reinforced concrete foundation that is highly earthquake-resistant and durable.

In addition, a pair of steel flanges 50, which are provided between a pair of boxes 30 on the upper flange 22 of the steel cross bar 20 and at both ends of the width of the steel cross bar 20, fit into a pair of second recesses 16 provided in the wooden column 10 and are bolted together, allowing the pair of flanges 50 to resist the shear force S acting between the wooden column 10 and the steel base 40 during an earthquake. Furthermore, when the wooden column 10 and the steel base 40 are integrally manufactured in a factory, the wooden column 10 and the steel base 40 are fixed in advance via the pair of flanges 50, and then the tension material 60 inserted into the first through hole 15 can be tensioned in a stable position, improving manufacturability in the factory.

Next, another example of a joint structure between a wooden post and a steel beam according to an embodiment will be described with reference to Figures 3 and 4. Here, Figure 3 is a perspective view showing the pre-assembly state of another example of a joint structure between a wooden post and a reinforced concrete foundation according to an embodiment, and Figure 4 is a perspective view of another example of a joint structure between a wooden post and a reinforced concrete foundation according to an embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 3, a steel rod 55 that projects toward the wooden pole 10 is welded to the upper surface 25 of the upper flange 22 of the steel cross beam 20A that constitutes the steel pedestal 40A, and the wooden pole 10 and steel pedestal 40 shown in FIG. 1 differ in that a third recess 18 through which the steel rod 55 is inserted is provided on the lower surface 11 of the wooden pole 10A.

In the factory production, as shown in FIG. 3, the two boxes 30 are fitted into the corresponding first recesses 14 in the X1 direction, and at the same time, the steel bar is fitted into the third recess 18 in the X2 direction. Next, the tension member 60 is inserted in the X4 direction from above the first through hole 15, and the fixing device 63 is inserted in the X5 direction from the access opening 35 above the box 30 to attach the fixing device 63 to the lower end of the tension member 60 and abut the upper plate 32. Next, the upper end of the tension member 60 is tensioned above the upper surface 12 of the wooden column 10, and the upper end of the tension member 60 in the tensioned state is fixed to the upper surface 12 via the fixing device 62. By applying the unbonded PC crimping method, the joint unit between the wooden column 10A and the steel frame base 40A is produced in the factory.

The joint unit of the wooden pillar 10A and the steel frame base 40A, which are manufactured in a factory, is transported to the site, and a pair of anchor bolts 85 extending from the top end 81 of the reinforced concrete foundation 80 are inserted in the X6 direction into the second holes 38 in the lower plates 33 of the corresponding pair of boxes 30, and the heads of the anchor bolts 85 are tightened with nuts 87 through the access openings 36 to form the joint structure 100A shown in FIG. 4.

As shown in FIG. 4, when a horizontal force H during an earthquake acts on the wooden pillar 10A and one side end of the base of the wooden pillar 10A presses against the top end 81 of the foundation 80 with a compressive force Q, the box 30 undergoes plastic deformation prior to the compressive deformation of the wooden pillar 10A, thereby suppressing damage and loss of strength caused by the compressive deformation of the wooden pillar 10A, and a building frame can be formed with a joint structure 100A between the wooden pillar and the reinforced concrete foundation, which has high earthquake resistance and durability.

The steel rod 55, which is provided between a pair of boxes 30 on the upper flange 22 of the steel cross bar 20A and at the center of the width of the steel cross bar 20A, fits into the third recess 18 of the wooden column 10A, allowing the steel rod 55 to resist the shear force S that acts between the wooden column 10A and the steel base 40A during an earthquake. Furthermore, when the wooden column 10A and the steel base 40A are integrally manufactured in a factory, the wooden column 10A and the steel base 40A are aligned in advance via the steel rod 55, and then the tension material 60 inserted into the first through hole 15 can be tensioned in a stable position, improving manufacturability in the factory.

Note that the configurations described in the above embodiments may be combined with other components, and the present invention is not limited to the configurations shown here. In this regard, changes can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and can be determined appropriately according to the application form.

10, 10A: Wooden pillar 11: Bottom surface 12: Top surface 13: Wide surface 14: First recess 15: First through hole 16: Second recess 17: Second through hole 18: Third recess 20: Steel frame cross bar 21: Web 22: Top flange 23: Bottom flange 25: Top surface 26: Bottom surface 28: Reinforcement rib 30: Box 31: Housing 32: Top plate 33: Bottom plate 34: Reinforcement plate 35, 36: Access opening 37: First hole 38: Second hole 40: Steel frame base 50: Flange 52: Third hole 55: Steel rod 60: Tensile member 62, 63: Fixing device 70: Bolt 72: Nut 80: Foundation (foundation made of reinforced concrete)
81: Top 85: Anchor bolt 87: Nut 100, 100A: Joint structure (joint structure between wooden pillar and reinforced concrete foundation)
H: Horizontal force S: Shear force Q: Compressive force

Claims (6)

A joint structure of wooden pillars and reinforced concrete foundations,
The wooden pole is provided with a pair of first recesses on the left and right sides of the lower surface on the foundation side, and a pair of first through holes connecting the upper surface on the opposite side to the lower surface and the pair of first recesses,
A pair of anchor bolts are embedded in the top end of the foundation at positions corresponding to the pair of first recesses, and the heads of the anchor bolts protrude above the top end,
a steel frame base including a pair of steel boxes fitted into the pair of first recesses, respectively, and a steel frame cross bar connecting the pair of boxes, a first hole communicating with the first through hole being formed in an upper plate of the boxes that abuts against the first recesses, an access opening being provided on a side of the box to allow free access to the inside of the box, and a second hole through which the head of the anchor bolt is inserted being formed in a lower plate of the box that abuts against the foundation,
The tension member inserted through the first through hole and the first hole is fixed to a fixing device abutting against the upper plate in a tensioned state,
A joint structure between a wooden pillar and a reinforced concrete foundation, characterized in that the anchor bolt is inserted into the second hole and tightened with a nut. The steel cross beam is formed of an H-shaped steel or a square steel pipe,
2. The joint structure between a wooden pole and a reinforced concrete foundation according to claim 1, wherein the first through hole is provided at a central position in the width direction of the wooden pole. Between the pair of boxes on the upper flange of the steel cross beam and at both ends of the width direction of the steel cross beam, a pair of steel flanges are fixed that protrude toward the wooden pole, and a pair of third holes are opened at mutually corresponding positions in the pair of flanges.
A pair of second recesses into which the pair of flanges fit are provided at positions on the wooden post corresponding to the pair of flanges, and second through holes are opened at positions on the wooden post corresponding to the pair of third holes,
The joint structure between a wooden pillar and a reinforced concrete foundation as described in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the pair of flanges are fitted into the pair of second recesses, respectively, and bolts are inserted into the pair of third holes and the second through holes and tightened with nuts. A steel rod is fixed between the pair of boxes on the upper flange of the steel cross beam and at the center of the width of the steel cross beam, and extends toward the wooden column.
A pair of third recesses into which the steel rod fits is provided at a position corresponding to the steel rod in the wooden pole,
3. The joint structure between a wooden pole and a reinforced concrete foundation according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the steel rod is fitted into the third recess. The joint structure between a wooden column and a reinforced concrete foundation according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the tension member is an unbonded PC pressure-bonded member. The joint structure between a wooden column and a reinforced concrete foundation according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the wooden column is a wall column formed from one of a plurality of square timber units, laminated timber, solid wood, structural plywood, laminated veneer lumber, and cross-laminated timber.

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