JP2023072017A - 多孔性3d生体模倣足場、バイオメディカルインプラントおよびそれらの使用 - Google Patents
多孔性3d生体模倣足場、バイオメディカルインプラントおよびそれらの使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2017年6月19日に出願されたオーストラリア仮特許出願第2017902326号明細書の優先権を主張し、その内容は援用されるものと理解されるべきである。
したがって、本発明の一態様では、足場を調製する方法が提供され、上記方法は、繊維形成分子を含む溶液を提供する工程と、溶液を冷却媒体に曝して、冷却媒体と溶液との間の界面で温度差を確立する工程と、温度差の結果として溶液を冷却して、溶液中で溶媒結晶化と繊維の整列とを誘導して、足場を作成する工程とを含む。
いくつかの実施形態では、本発明の方法は、足場を溶液または溶媒に曝し、続いて追加の冷却工程を行って足場内で溶媒結晶化およびチャネルを誘導することをさらに含むことができる。いくつかの実施形態では、チャネルは、整列した繊維と実質的に共整列している。いくつかの実施形態では、チャネルはマイクロチャネルまたはマクロチャネルであり得る。
本発明の足場およびその調製方法は、任意の好適な繊維形成分子を使用して調製することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、繊維形成分子は、天然ポリマー、合成ポリマーおよびそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される。
本発明の足場、およびその調製方法は、添加剤を含むことができる。任意の好適な添加剤を加えて、所望の生物活性を有する、繊維形成分子の溶解度を改善する、または足場内で繊維および/またはチャネルの形成を促進するなどの機能を足場に付与することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、添加剤は、薬物、増殖因子、ポリマー、界面活性剤、化学物質、粒子、ポロゲンおよびそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される。
特定の実施形態では、本発明の足場は、中央チャネルをさらに含むことができる。中央チャネルは、足場の縦軸などの足場の軸に沿って誘導することができる。中央チャネルは、当技術分野で知られている任意の好適な技術を使用して形成することができる。特定の実施形態では、中央チャネルは、ブレードまたはレーザーを使用して足場を切断してチャネルを形成するなどの機械的処理によって形成することができる。他の実施形態では、足場が形成されると、足場が完全に形成されて中央チャネルが生じる前に冷却工程が終了するように、繊維形成分子を含む溶液の冷却を制御することによって中央チャネルが形成される。あるいは、中央チャネルの形状を規定する内側チューブまたはシリンダーを有する容器として円筒チューブを使用して繊維形成溶液を冷却すると、中央チャネルが形成され得る。
本発明の足場は、バルク3D足場での細胞増殖、細胞培養および組織形成を促進するのに好適であり得る。したがって、本発明の足場に結合する細胞は、任意の望ましい細胞生存率を有し、所望の用途に基づいて決定される。当業者によって理解されるように、細胞は、当技術分野で知られている任意の好適な技術を使用して、本発明の足場上で培養され得る。典型的には、細胞は、足場の形成後に足場上で培養され得る。
本発明はまた、生体模倣複合材料などの複合材料を製造するための、様々な種類および組成の、本明細書に記載の繊維を有する織物、包帯または他の既存の製品などの改質材料に関する。一実施形態では、本発明は、実質的に整列した繊維のマトリックスと少なくとも1つの基材とを含む複合材料を提供する。
基材は、本発明の整列した繊維を組み込むためのテンプレートとして好適な任意の好適な材料であり得る。基材の例には、包帯、包帯剤および織物が挙げられる。いくつかの実施形態では、基材は、本発明の方法により調製された足場であり得る。基材は、本発明の複合材料に整列した繊維を組み込むことができる多孔性または非多孔性の任意の好適な材料とすることができる。特定の実施形態では、基材は多孔性または非多孔性であり得る。基材が非多孔性である実施形態では、基材の表面に、整列した繊維を形成することができる。基材が多孔性である実施形態では、細孔内および/または基材の表面に、整列した繊維を形成することができる。基材の表面に、整列した繊維が形成される場合、十分な繊維形成分子があれば、整列した繊維は足場を形成することができる。
ここで、以下の実施例を参照して本発明を説明する。
0.5%(w/v)Na2CO3水溶液中で絹繭を4回(20分/時間)煮沸して、セリシンタンパク質を除去した。脱ガムした絹繊維を超純水で完全にリンスして、残存するセリシンを除去した。乾燥後、それらをCaCl2、H2OおよびCH3CH2OHの混合物(モル比1:8:2)に65℃で溶解して、透明な溶液を得た。その後、得られた溶液を、セルロース透析チューブ(分子量カットオフ:14kDa;Sigma Aldrich、オーストラリア)を使用して、周囲温度で4日間、超純水(18.2mΩ・cm)に対して透析した。不純物を濾過し、5000rpmで20分間遠心分離することによって除去した。最後に、凍結乾燥機(FreeZone 2.5Lベンチトップ凍結乾燥機;米国ミズーリ州カンザスシティ、Labconco)を用いて、遠心分離した溶液を凍結乾燥させることによって、再生SFスポンジを得た。その後の使用のために、2gの再生SFスポンジを100mLの超純水に溶解することによって、SF溶液(2%)を得た。
(a)整列したナノファイバーを有する足場(AFb)
ガラス管内のSF溶液を液体窒素に直接浸漬した。凍結乾燥機を使用して凍結試料を凍結乾燥させることにより、標的足場を生成した。作製スキームを図2に示す。
足場を水に不溶性にするために、上記の得られた足場(AFb)を周囲温度で12時間エタノールに浸漬することによって後処理した。エタノールを除去し、超純水で完全にリンスした後、AF足場が得られ、これを使用またはその後の処理のために超純水に再浸漬した。
上記の超純水中のAF足場を-20℃で72時間かけて凍結させた。凍結乾燥後、A(F&C)足場が得られた。
比較のために、液体窒素を用いて瞬間凍結させるのではなく、それぞれ-20℃および-80℃の冷凍庫内で足場を形成した。-20℃のWb足場では、ガラス管内のSF溶液を-20℃で53時間かけて凍結させた。-80℃のW&Fb足場では、ガラス管内のSF溶液を-80℃で53時間かけて凍結させた。凍結乾燥による氷結晶の除去後、WbおよびW&Fb足場がそれぞれ得られる。
A(F&C)足場を得るための同じ手順を用いて、上記のWbおよびW&Fb足場をさらに処理した。すなわち、周囲温度で12時間エタノールに浸漬することによって、足場を後処理した。エタノールを除去し、超純水で完全にリンスした後、超純水中の足場を-20℃で72時間かけて凍結させた。凍結乾燥後、それぞれWおよびW&F足場が得られた。
その後の使用のために、2gの再生SF/ゼラチン混合物(重量比95:5)を100mLの超純水に溶解することによって、SF/ゼラチン(Sigma-Aldrich、オーストラリア)溶液(2%)を得た。次いで、上記のSF A(F&C)足場を生成するための同じプロトコルによって、SF/ゼラチン複合A(F&C)足場を作製した。
0.3gのアルギン酸ナトリウムを100mLの超純水に50℃で撹拌しながら溶解することによって、アルギン酸ナトリウム(Sigma-Aldrich、オーストラリア)溶液(0.3%w/v)を作製した。エタノールの代わりにCaCl2水溶液を使用してAF足場を形成するためのAFb足場の後処理とは別に、SF A(F&C)足場を作製するための同じプロトコルによって、アルギン酸ナトリウムA(F&C)足場を調製した。
容器内の繊維形成分子の溶液および基材(例えば、ポリプロピレン多孔性微小繊維材料)、または繊維形成分子の溶液(例えば、シルクフィブロイン溶液、アルジネート溶液、ゼラチン溶液またはそれらの組合せ)を吸収させた基材を直接液体窒素中に直接浸漬するか、液体窒素中にゆっくりと降下させて温度差を生じさせた。凍結乾燥機を使用して凍結試料を凍結乾燥させることにより、複合材料を生成した。場合により、足場を水に不溶性にするために、好適な架橋剤(エタノール溶液など)、または架橋剤の蒸気環境(75%エタノール蒸気など)に浸漬することによって、得られた複合足場を後処理することができる。室温で乾燥させるか、超純水で完全にリンスし、次いで凍結乾燥させることにより、結果として生じる複合材料を得た。代表的な顕微鏡写真を図4および図5に示す。
走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)(Zeiss Supra 55VP)を使用して材料の形態を観察し、画像処理ソフトウェア(Image-J 1.34)によって、代表的なSEM画像から繊維径を決定した。減衰全反射(ATR)モード(4cm-1解像度、64スキャン)でBruker VERTEX 70機器を使用して、600~4000cm-1の波数範囲でフーリエ変換赤外分光法(FTIR)スペクトルを記録した。100 Nローディングセルを備えたInstron 5967 コンピュータ化万能材料試験機(Instron Corp、米国)を使用して、シルク足場の圧縮機械的特性を得た。クロスヘッド速度5mm/分で、直径10mmおよび高さ4mmの円筒状の足場を測定した(各群について6つの試料を測定した)。圧縮応力と歪みとをグラフ化し、応力-歪み曲線の初期直線部分の勾配として圧縮弾性率を計算した。Xradia micro XCT200(Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy,Inc.、米国)によるマイクロX線コンピュータ断層撮影(マイクロCT)を使用して、シルク足場の構造を撮像した。電圧40kVおよびピーク出力10WのX線管を使用した。1回の完全な断層再構成のために、180度で361の等角投影図(露光時間:8秒/投影)を得た。明瞭な投影と最終的な3D可視化とを得るために、3D再構成アルゴリズムによる位相回復トモグラフィーを導入した。再構成された3D画像のサイズは、各辺に沿って4.3μmのボクセルサイズを有する512×512×512ボクセルであった。
ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC;Life Technologies、オーストラリア)の培養および足場播種:低血清増殖サプリメントを含むMedium 200(LSGS;Life Technologies、オーストラリア)中でHUVECを培養した。75%エタノール蒸気の環境で滅菌した後、足場(直径約10mmおよび厚さ約3mm)を24ウェルプレート(Greiner Bio-One)に入れた。細胞培地に懸濁したHUVECを、対応する密度(インビトロでの細胞の接着、増殖および血管新生の試験では、それぞれ1×105/ウェル、1.5×105/ウェルおよび2×105/ウェル)で足場に均一に播種した。細胞を播種した足場は、標準的な培養条件下(37℃、5%CO2)、インビトロで維持し、2~3日ごとに培地を交換した。
播種後の一定の時点(細胞捕捉アッセイでは2、4および8時間、細胞増殖アッセイでは2、4および6日)で、製造者の指示に従ってMTSアッセイ(Promega、米国)を使用して、足場上の細胞の生存率を分析し、マイクロプレートリーダー(SH-1000Lab、Corona Electric Co.,Ltd、日本)を用いて490nmで吸光度を測定した。
21日間の培養後、細胞足場複合体をPBSでリンスし、周囲温度で30分かけて4%パラホルムアルデヒド(Sigma-Aldrich、オーストラリア)で固定した。PBSでリンスした後、0.1% Triton X-100(Sigma-Aldrich、オーストラリア)を用いて複合体を10分間透過処理し、続いてPBSでリンスした。次いで、Image-iT(登録商標)FX Signal Enhancer Ready Probes(商標)試薬(Life Technologies、オーストラリア)中で複合体を30分間インキュベートした。PBSでリンスした後、10%正常ヤギ血清ブロッキング溶液(Life Technologies、オーストラリア)とともに複合体を10分間インキュベートして、非特異的結合をブロックし、次いでPBSでリンスした。その後、CD31モノクローナル抗体(1:50;Life Technologies、オーストラリア)とともに複合体を4℃で一晩インキュベートした。PBSでリンスした後、ヤギ抗マウスIgG(H+L)二次抗体、Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488コンジュゲート(1:200;Life Technologies、オーストラリア)とともに複合体を1時間インキュベートした。足場をPBSで再度リンスし、DAPI(Life Technologies、オーストラリア)中、暗所で10分間インキュベートした。共焦点蛍光顕微鏡を使用して、処理したままの試料を評価した。
(a)ラット胚性後根神経節ニューロン(DRG;Lonza、米国)の培養および足場播種
PNGM(商標)SingleQuots(商標)(Lonza、米国)と、150ng/mlの神経成長因子(NGF;Sigma-Aldrich、オーストラリア)とを添加した初代ニューロン基本培地(PNBM;Lonza、米国)中でDRGを培養した。
播種後の一定の時点(6、12および24時間)で、製造者の指示に従ってMTSアッセイ(Promega、米国)を使用して、足場に捕捉されたDRGの生存率を分析し、マイクロプレートリーダー(SH-1000Lab、Corona Electric Co.,Ltd、日本)を用いて490nmで吸光度を測定した。
21日間の培養後、足場をPBSでリンスし、周囲温度で30分かけて4%パラホルムアルデヒド(Sigma-Aldrich、オーストラリア)で固定した。PBSでリンスした後、0.1% Triton X-100(Sigma-Aldrich、オーストラリア)を用いて複合体を30分間透過処理し、次いで再度PBSでリンスした。続いて、10%正常ヤギ血清ブロッキング溶液(Life Technologies、オーストラリア)中で足場を10分間インキュベートして、非特異的結合をブロックした後、PBSでリンスした。次いで、ウサギ由来の抗ニューロフィラメント-200抗体(1:50;Sigma-Aldrich、オーストラリア)とともに足場を4℃で一晩インキュベートした。PBSでリンスした後、ヤギ抗ウサギIgG(H+L)二次抗体、Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488コンジュゲート(1:200;Life Technologies、オーストラリア)とともに足場を1時間インキュベートした。最後に、共焦点蛍光顕微鏡を使用して、処理した試料を分析した。
実験はいずれも3連で行い、平均±標準偏差(SD)としてデータを表した。Origin 9ソフトウェアパッケージ(OriginLab、米国)の統計ソフトウェアを使用して、一元配置分散分析により統計的有意差を分析した。p<0.05またはp<0.01の差を統計的に有意であると解釈した。
FDAに承認されたシルクフィブロイン(SF)は、その優れた生体適合性、調整可能な機械的特性、生分解性および低炎症反応のため、バイオメディカル材料として広く認識され、使用されている。本発明者らは、モデルとしてシルクフィブロインを用いて、容易な凍結乾燥手法によって、共整列したナノファイバーおよびマクロチャネルを有する3Dシルクフィブロイン(SF)足場を便利に作成することができることを実証した。この方法は、氷の結晶化の制御に基づく。ある体積の水が凍結すると、氷結晶のサイズおよびその配向は、温度勾配、凍結速度、およびその体積の温度勾配の方向によって制御される。温度が低く凍結が速いほど、すなわち、熱力学的駆動力および反応速度が高いほど、氷核形成が促進され、多くの微細な結晶がもたらされる。
液体窒素での最初の凍結中、微細な氷結晶の間に集合したシルクフィブロイン(SF)分子は放射状に配向していた(図2a)。凍結乾燥によって凍結試料中の氷結晶を除去した後、3D SF足場、すなわち、放射状に整列したナノファイバーと均一に分布したナノ粒子とを有するAFb足場(図2b)が得られた(図10aを参照)。以下の試験では、エタノール中の後処理前のチャネルを有しない放射状に整列した3Dナノファイバー足場は、AFbとして示される(A、Fおよびbは、それぞれ、「整列した(aligned)」、「ナノファイバー(nanofibres)」および「エタノール中の後処理前(before post-treatment in ethanol)」を表す)。明らかに、調製されたままのSFナノファイバーは滑らかな形態を呈し、放射状によく整列していた(図10aを参照)。この方法は容易であり、様々な形状(チューブおよび粒子も含む)、直径および厚さの試料を作製することを可能にする(図10bを参照)。さらに、液体窒素中のSF溶液を方向的に凍結することによって、足場ナノファイバーの整列方向を制御することができる(図10bを参照)。例えば、SF溶液を含むチューブを液体窒素中にゆっくりと降下させることによって、垂直に整列したナノファイバーを作製することができる。液体窒素にSF溶液を直接滴下することにより、放射状に整列したナノファイバーを有する粒子が得られた。さらに、繊維形成分子(シルクフィブロイン)を含む溶液を液体窒素に滴下または噴霧すると、図10bのものと同様の放射状に整列したナノファイバーを有する粒子または球体が生成された。
シルクフィブロインの構造変化に対する調製方法の影響を理解するために、足場の二次構造を調査した。SFの立体構造変化は、ATR-FTIRスペクトルの特有の吸収ピーク(アミドIIは1600~1500cm-1、アミドIは1700~1600cm-1)のシフトによって示され得ることが知られている。エタノールによる後処理前の3つの足場はいずれも、ランダムコイルを示唆する約1644cm-1に1つの主要な特有のピークを示した(図15aを参照)。WbおよびW&Fb足場が1517cm-1に別の主要な特有のピークを示したのに対して(主要なβシート構造を示す)、AFb足場は1533cm-1に別の主要な特有のピークを示し(主要なランダムコイル構造を示す)、液体窒素による低温処理が、ランダムコイルの形成に有益であり得ることを示唆した(図15a参照)。エタノール中で処理した後、3つの足場はいずれも約1700、1622および1517cm-1に主要な特有のピークを示し、処理された足場が主にβシート構造からなることを示唆した(図15bを参照)。
整列したチャネルおよびナノファイバーが細胞に及ぼす影響を理解するために、古典的な接着性HUVECを使用して、細胞を捕捉し、それらの増殖を促進する足場の能力を調査した。いずれの時点でも、A(F&C)足場はWおよびW&F足場よりも有意に高い細胞捕捉および増殖能力を示し、A(F&C)の足場の整列したチャネルおよびナノファイバー構造が細胞の接着および増殖に有益であることを示した(図6a、b)。W足場と比較して、W&F足場の方が8時間の時点での細胞接着と6日目の増殖生存率とが高いことが示されたが、これはおそらくW&F足場内のナノファイバーの存在によるものであった。
非接着性DRGを使用して、共整列したチャネルおよびナノファイバーが細胞に及ぼす影響をさらに確認した。図8aに示すように、A(F&C)足場はまた、優れたDRG捕捉能力を示した。AF足場は最も低いDRG捕捉を示し、W足場とW&F足場との間に有意差は観察されなかった。これらの観察は、足場の共整列したチャネルおよびナノファイバーが、接着性細胞だけでなく、非接着性細胞の捕捉にも役立ち得ることを示唆している。図8bは、走査された足場の領域と対応する画像とを示している。豊富な神経突起は、AF足場の表面上のナノファイバーの方向に整列していたが、足場の内側部分では観察されなかった。マクロ孔WおよびW&F足場では、神経突起は表面のみに凝集していた。これらの結果から、チャネルが存在しない場合、21日間の培養中にDGRが足場の内側領域に増殖することが困難であり、DRGの神経突起伸長が抑制されたことが示された。
Claims (17)
- 足場全体にわたって複数の相互接続されたマクロチャネルで規定されたナノファイバー壁を備え、
前記相互接続されたマクロチャネルは、100μm~1000μmの直径を有し、
前記ナノファイバー壁は、
前記マクロチャネルの長軸に沿って一方向に整列した直径20nm~5000nmの1つ以上のポリマーのナノファイバーを含むマトリックスと、前記壁内において前記整列したナノファイバーによって採用された配向に整列した直径20nm~1500nmの細孔と、を備え、
前記1つ以上のポリマーは、天然ポリマー、合成ポリマーまたはそれらの組み合わせから選択される多孔性3D生体模倣足場。 - 前記ナノファイバー壁の前記ナノファイバーに沿って分散したナノ粒子を含む請求項1に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 前記チャネルの壁は、前記チャネルの前記方向に沿って整列したナノ粒子およびナノファイバーで構成されている請求項1または請求項2に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 前記整列したナノファイバーは、少なくとも50nmの長さを有する請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 前記整列したナノファイバーは、放射状に整列した繊維、直線状に整列した繊維、または縦方向に整列した繊維である請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 前記整列したナノファイバーは、シルクフィブロイン、アルジネート、ウシ血清アルブミン、コラーゲン、キトサン、ゼラチン、セリシン、ヒアルロン酸、およびデンプンからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの天然ポリマーで形成される請求項1に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 前記ナノ粒子は、シルクフィブロイン、アルジネート、ウシ血清アルブミン、コラーゲン、キトサン、ゼラチン、セリシン、ヒアルロン酸、およびデンプンからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの天然ポリマーで形成される請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 前記整列したナノファイバーは、ビニルポリマー、ポリ(エチレンオキシド)、ポリホルムアルデヒド、ポリアセトアルデヒド、ポリ(3-プロピオネート)、ポリ(10-デカノエート)、ポリ(エチレンテレフタレート)、ポリカプロラクタム、ポリ(11-ウンデカノアミド)、ポリ(ヘキサメチレンセバカミド)、ポリ(m-フェニレンテレフタレート)、ポリ(テトラメチレン-m-ベンゼンスルホンアミド)およびそれらのコポリマーからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの合成ポリマーで形成される、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 薬物、増殖因子、ポリマー、界面活性剤、化学物質、粒子、ポロゲンおよびそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの添加剤をさらに含む請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 界面活性剤、保存剤、湿潤剤、乳化剤および分散剤などの少なくとも1つのアジュバントをさらに含む請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 前記整列したナノファイバーは、例えば架橋剤で架橋されている請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 薬物、増殖因子、ポリマー、界面活性剤、化学物質、粒子、ポロゲンおよびそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される添加剤をさらに含む請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 20~160kPaの圧縮弾性率を有する請求項1から12のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場を含むバイオメディカルインプラント。
- 細胞増殖を促進するために細胞を捕捉および培養する請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場の使用。
- 細胞培養、組織修復および/または組織工学のための細胞担体のテンプレートとしての請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場を含むバイオメディカルインプラントの使用。
- 組織損傷の治療において、組織損傷を受け、組織の修復および/または再生を必要とする哺乳動物の治療に使用するための請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性3D生体模倣足場または請求項14に記載のバイオメディカルインプラント。
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