JP2021138714A - 腫瘍内微小環境に影響を与えるベータ−グルカン方法と組成物 - Google Patents
腫瘍内微小環境に影響を与えるベータ−グルカン方法と組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2014年11月6日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/076,094号と、2015年2月13日に出願された第62/115,895号と、2015年4月20日に出願された第62/149,892号と、2015年9月29日に出願された第62/234,276号と、2015年10月8日に出願された第62/239,005号に対する優先権を主張し、当該文献は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
インビトロで培養されたヒトM1とM2のマクロファージの確立と特徴付け:ヒトの全血からのCD14+単球を、フィコール密度勾配と磁気ビーズ分離を使用して濃縮した。その後、濃縮した単球(1mL当たり5×105細胞)をその後、M1極性化(5%の自己血清と100ng/mLの組み換えのヒト顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(rhGM−CSF)(R&D Systems)を追加されたXVivo 10媒体(Lonza Group))、または、M2極性化(10%の自己血清と50ng/mLの組み換えのヒトマクロファージコロニー刺激因子(rhM−CSF)(R&D Systems)を追加されたXVivo 10媒体)の条件下で6日間培養した。β−グルカンの効果を評価するために行われた実験では、全血はビヒクル(クエン酸ナトリウム緩衝剤)または25μg/mLの可溶性のグルカンを用いて37°Cで2時間最初に培養され、その後、単球を単離して分化させた。表現型の分析のためにマクロファージを収穫する前に、形態をチェックした。6日目のマクロファージ培養物(MCM)の培地を集め、遠心沈殿させて汚染された細胞ペレット剤を取り除き、ELISAによるその後のサイトカイン分析のために凍結させるか、または表面マーカーあるいはCD4 T細胞増殖を評価するべく、CD3とCD28で刺激されたCD4 T細胞(MCM−CD4 T)を含む共培養を設定するために用いた。表面マーカーの調節またはCD4 T細胞増殖に対する効果のいずれかを評価するべく、マクロファージを用いて、CD3とCD28により、またはCD3のみで刺激されたCD4 T細胞(MacCD4 T)を用いて共培養を6日目に設定した。Mac−CD4 T細胞増殖研究について、M1またはM2のマクロファージを、CD3とCD28で、またはCDのみで刺激した、CFSEで標識した自己由来のCD4 T細胞を1:10の比率で培養した。T細胞増殖はフローサイトメトリーによって実験の最後に(9日目−11日目)測定され、結果をCFSE希釈ピークとしてグラフで示す。CD3のみで刺激されたT細胞の評価は常に11日目に行われた。定量的な結果は、培養条件の各々において3通りのウェルの各々について計算された分裂指数(Division Index)(母集団の経験した細胞分裂の平均回数)として報告された。MacCD4 T細胞共培養の培養上清が、その後のサイトカイン分析のために集められた。
M2からM1への再分極に対するβ−グルカンの効果:ビヒクルによりまたはβ−グルカンにより処置された全血からのM1とM2のマクロファージを、上に記載されたように調製した。M1/M2に特異的なマーカー(HLA−DR、CD163、CD206、CD209、CD80、CD86、およびPD−L1を含む)のパネルの発現は、フローサイトメトリーによって測定された。β−グルカンの前処置はM1マクロファージ表現型に影響を与えなかったが、M2マクロファージ表現型には影響を与えた。図2Aで示されるように、CD163の平均蛍光強度(MFI)は、β−グルカンにより処置されたM2マクロファージでダウンモジュレートされる。加えて、CD86の表面発現は、PD−L1のタンパク質とmRNAの両方のレベルと同様に増強された(図2B)。
高結合性の被験体対低結合性の被験体からの細胞におけるM2からM1への再分極に対するβ−グルカンの効果:好中球と単球への可溶性のβ−グルカンの結合を評価する初期の研究は、被験体が様々な結合能力を備えていることを明らかにした。さらなる研究では、可溶性のβ−グルカンが高結合性の被験体の免疫細胞の少なくともいくつかに結合しており、高結合性の被験体は高次の天然の抗β−グルカン抗体を有していることが分かった。機能的な研究は、結合レベルと抗体レベルの一般的なカットオフを特定し、これを用いて被験体を高バインダー(β−グルカンに対して高応答性)と低バインダー(β−グルカンに対して低応答性)であることを特定した。
免疫抑制条件におけるM2からM1への再分極に対するβ−グルカンの効果:免疫抑制サイトカインの存在下で、β−グルカンで処置したM2a及びβ−グルカン処置したM2のマクロファージの表現型評価と機能評価を行った。M2又はM2aのマクロファージを上述のように調製した。3日目に、腫瘍培養培地(TCM)をM2マクロファージ培養物に加えることで培養物の体積の70%を占め、次いで6日目にCD163発現及び機能活性を評価した。BxPC3、即ち膵癌細胞株からのTCMは、M−CSF、TGF−ベータ、IL−4などを含む様々な免疫抑制サイトカインを含むことが示された。M2aマクロファージを上述のようにIL−4において培養した。
Tregsの存在下でのCD4/CD8 T細胞の増殖及び活性化に対するβ−グルカンの効果:血漿を得るために、25μg/mLのβ−グルカン又はビヒクルで全血を6時間処理し、沈降させ、血漿を取り除いた。50,000の自己CFSE標識化PBMCを、CD3/28ビーズを活性化する50,000のT細胞(T細胞の拡張及び活性化のためのDYNABEADSヒトT−活性化因子CD3/CD28)の存在下で3日間、処置した血漿中で培養した。培養の終わりに、PBMCをCD4及びCD8で染色し、T細胞増殖をCFSE希釈により測定した。図5Aにおいて典型的なCFSE希釈プロットにより示されるように、β−グルカンで処置した全血からの血漿は、ビヒクルで処置した対照と比較して、CD4とCD8の両方の増殖を著しく増強させた。
インビトロで培養されたヒト未成熟単球由来の樹状細胞(imMoDC)及び成熟単球由来の樹状細胞(mMoDC)の確立と特性付け:マクロファージ及び樹状細胞が、自然免疫と適応免疫を架橋する2つの重要な抗原提示細胞であると仮定して、ヒト単球由来の樹状細胞(MoDC)に対する、可溶性のβ−グルカンの表現型効果及び機能効果も評価した。可溶性のβ−グルカン又はビヒクルで処置した全血から濃縮された単球を、樹状細胞の分化のために、適切なサイトカイン、GM−CSF、加えてIL−4を含有する培地で培養した。インビトロでの培養、及びヒトMoDCの評価のための方法に含まれる工程を、以下に概説する。
MoDCの成熟に対するβ−グルカンの効果:高バインダーと低バインダーの、可溶性のβ−グルカンで処置した全血から調製したmMoDCの表現型評価及び機能評価を行った。高バインダーと低バインダーのmMoDCを上述のように調製した。フローサイトメトリーにより、CD80、CD83、CD86、及びHLA−DRの発現のためにmMoDCを評価し、中間のMFIをアイソタイプ対照染色及び表面抗原染色のために計算して、その結果を表7に示す。
細胞間接触及び可溶性因子が、β−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージによりCD4 T細胞増殖を増加させる:読み取り情報としてCD4 T細胞増殖を用いて、β−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージにより増殖を始める際の細胞間接触又は可溶性因子の要件を調べた。マクロファージとT細胞との間の細胞間接触を調べるために、CD28が存在しない状態でβ−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージと共培養した時にCD4 T細胞増殖を測定し、表面活性化マーカーの同時刺激及び調節を、共培養物におけるβ−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージとT細胞の両方に対して調べた。
高バインダーvs低バインダーにおける、β−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージの分析:前述で議論したように、被験体における抗β−グルカン抗体(ABA)の閾値は、β−グルカン免疫療法に重要であることが示された。それ故、β−グルカンがM1/M2の分極を調節する能力におけるABA閾値の重要性を調べた。β−グルカンが高バインダー対低バインダーにおけるM1/M2の分極を調節する能力を、表現型評価及び機能評価の両方により判定した。
血清交差研究:β−グルカンが低バインダーにおいてM1/M2分極の調節を示さなかったので、より高レベルのABAを含有する血清の存在下で低バインダーの単球を用いたβ−グルカンによる調節(高バインダーからの血清交差)を、評価した。これを試験するために、M2マクロファージを、若干の改変と共に上述のように調製した。低バインダーの全血を沈降させて血漿を取り除き、次いで細胞を高バインダーから得た血清と共に再構築した。再構築された血液を、37℃で2時間、ビヒクル又はβ−グルカン(25μg/mL)で処置した。抗β−グルカン特異的モノクローナル抗体、及び後にフローサイトメトリーを使用することにより、結合について単球を評価した。その後、全血中のビヒクル又はβ−グルカンで処置した単球を分離し、M2マクロファージに分化し、M2細胞(データは示されず)又はMCMの何れかを使用して、それらがCD4 T細胞の増殖(各条件において6回の繰返し)を増強し、且つ上述の方法を用いてIFN−γ産生を増加させる能力について評価した。
免疫抑制サイトカイン(TCM)の存在下で培養された、β−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージ上でのPD−L1のアップレギュレーション:単球又はM2マクロファージを上述のように調製した。3日目に、TCMを加えて、培養物の体積の70%を占めて、その後、CD4 T細胞と再び共培養された場合にTCMによるPD−L1の発現を評価した。
細胞により分泌された可溶性因子と同様に、β−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージ自体も、CD4 T細胞の増殖の増強に重要である。最後に、β−グルカンは、より高レベルのABAを有している健康なドナーからの細胞のみにおいてM2分極を阻害した。
MiaPaCaにおけるPD−L1のアップレギュレーション:β−グルカン及びビヒクルで処置したM2マクロファージ、並びにβ−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージ+ABAを、高バインダーの血清及び低バインダーの血清と共に培養し、腫瘍細胞上でのPD−L1の発現を評価した。図13は、β−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージが、高バインダーにおいて腫瘍細胞上でPD−L1の発現を増加させ、及びABAの付加により、β−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージが低バインダーにおいて腫瘍細胞上でPD−L1の発現も増加したことを示している。
骨髄性サプレッサー細胞(MDSC)に対する可溶性のβ−グルカンの効果:MDSCは、血液、リンパ節、及び骨髄中に、並びに癌を患う大半の患者と実験動物中の腫瘍部位にて蓄積され、適応免疫及び自然免疫の両方を阻害する。MDSCを、腫瘍により分泌され及び宿主により分泌された因子によって誘発し、その多くは炎症促進性分子である。炎症促進性メディエータによるMDSCの誘発は、免疫監視機構と抗腫瘍免疫をダウンレギュレートし、それにより腫瘍増殖を促進するMDSCの蓄積を、炎症が促進するという仮説を導いた。
β−グルカンで処置したM2マクロファージ/MoDCとT細胞の共培養部からの上清は、腫瘍細胞上でPD−L1発現を誘発する:M2マクロファージとMoDCを上述のように調製した。その後、マクロファージとMoDCを、前述のようなT細胞増殖アッセイに使用した。これら増殖アッセイからの上清を集め、NSCLC、乳房、膵臓、結腸、及びB細胞リンパ腫を含む様々な腫瘍細胞株でインキュベートした。これら腫瘍細胞株上でのPD−L1の発現を、フローサイトメトリーにより48時間後に評価した。図15には、3つの異なる実験の典型的な結果が示されている。
TMEに対する、抗血管形成剤と組み合わせた可溶性のβ−グルカンの効果:腫瘍血管新生は、TMEにおける免疫機能を変え、その結果として免疫抑制環境をもたらす。抗VEGFR2抗体DC101(マウスラムシルマブ)などの抗血管形成剤は、癌治療に有用であると証明されてきた。可溶性のβ−グルカンは、より多くの抗腫瘍の環境に対してTMEを歪めることができるので、DC101と組み合わせて用いることで、マウスにおけるNCI−H441非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)の皮下の異種移植片を処置し、DC101抗体の効果を増大させる。
・0.2ml/マウスのビヒクル
・1.2mg/マウスのIMPRIME PGG(Biothera, Inc.)
・10mg/kg又は20mg/kgのDC101(Clone:DC101 Catalog#:BE0060)
10日目と最後の投薬2時間後に血液サンプルを採取した。
抗PD−L1抗体と組み合わせた可溶性のβ−グルカンは腫瘍の無い生存を増強する:別の動物研究において、マウスにMC38腫瘍細胞を注入し、処置群へと無作為化した。8〜12週齢のメスのC57BL/6マウスの側腹部に、0.1mlの体積で1×106のMC38腫瘍細胞、即ち低レベルのPD−L1を発現する結腸腺癌腫を皮下注射した。3日目に始めて二週に一回、マウスに以下の薬剤を投薬した:
・0.2ml/マウスのビヒクル
・1.2mg/マウスのIMPRIME PGG(Biothera, Inc.)
・100μg/マウスの抗PDL−1 Clone:10F.9G2 BioXcell Catalog#:BE0101
血液サンプルを、投薬1の1時間前、投薬3の2時間後、エンドポイント、及び最後の投薬(20日目)の2時間後に集めた。処置群は、ビヒクル(PBS対照)、IMPRIME PGGのみ、抗PD−L1抗体のみ、及び抗PD−L1+IMPRIME PGGを含んでいた。一旦大きさが150mm3の群平均に到達した場合に、腫瘍を処置群へと無作為化した。結果を表10に示す。
可溶性のβ−グルカンと抗血管形成剤のTMEに対するインビボでの効果:H1299 NSCLC腫瘍を持つマウスに、ベバシズマブ(抗血管形成抗体)(4週間にわたり週に2回、5mg/kgをIPで)を単独で、又は、他のマウスの研究用の上述のようなIMPRIME PGG(4週間にわたり週に2回、1.2mg/マウスをIVで)と組み合わせて投与した。図17Aに示されるように、ベバシズマブとIMPRIME PGGの組み合わせを投与された処置群は、PD−L1発現の増加を示し、図17Bは、アルギナーゼ1の下方調節を示しており、図17Cは、ベバシズマブのみを投与された群のものと比較して、TMEのC11b陽性の自然免疫浸潤細胞中の誘導型一酸化窒素合成酵素(iNOS)の発現の増加を示す。iNOSの増加とアルギナーゼ1の減少は、M1、即ち免疫賦活性環境を示すマーカーである。
このデータは、可溶性のβ−グルカンが抗血管形成剤の効果を増加させ且つインビボでTMEを調節することを明確に示している。
抗PD−1抗体と組み合わせた可溶性のβ−グルカンは、腫瘍及びTMEに影響を及ぼす:初めにインビトロでの研究を行い、抗ヒトPD−1Mab、ニボルマブ(Bristol Myers Squib)(非補体活性化抗体、非腫瘍標的抗体)、及びIMPRIME PGGの間の相乗効果を研究した。最初の研究は、IMPRIME PGGで処置した単球から分化されたMoDCを用いる同種の混合リンパ球反応(MLR)を利用した。健全なドナーからの全血を、37℃で2時間、IMPRIME PGG又はビヒクルで処置した。500U/mLのインターロイキン4(IL−4)及び250U/mLのGM−CSF(R&D Systems)と共に、7日間インビトロで、単球精製キット(Thermo Fisher Scientific)により、ネガティブ選択を使用してPBMCから分離された単球を培養することにより、樹状細胞(DC)を生成した。CFSE標識化CD4+T細胞(1×105)及び同種のDC(1×104)を、ニボルマブ又はアッセイの開始時に加えられるアイソタイプ対照抗体IgG4の用量滴定により、又は用量滴定無しで共培養した。5日後、T細胞の増殖をCFSE希釈アッセイにより測定し、結果を図18Aに示す。図に示されるように、特により高用量のニボルマブでは、IMPRIME PGG及びニボルマブによる処置は、抗体のみによる処置よりもT細胞の増殖を著しく増加させた。
Claims (30)
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンと、
非腫瘍標的化免疫抑制緩和剤とを含む、
免疫療法で使用される組成物。 - 非腫瘍標的化免疫抑制緩和剤は抗PD−1抗体である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 腫瘍標的化抗体をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 免疫療法はIL−2を含まない、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- チェックポイント阻害剤はニボルマブである、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンは酵母由来である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンはβ−1,3/1,6グルカンを含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンはβ(1,6)−[ポリ−(1,3)−D−グルコピラノシル]−ポリ−β(1,3)−D−グルコピラノースを含む、請求項1−7のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 単一製剤で提供される、請求項1−8のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカン成分と抗体成分は別々の製剤で提供される、請求項1−9のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンによる免疫療法での使用のための可溶性のβ−グルカンと抗PD−1抗体の使用。
- 抗PD−1抗体は非補体活性化の非腫瘍標的化抗体である、請求項11に記載の使用。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンによる免疫療法はIL−2を含まない、請求項11に記載の使用。
- 腫瘍標的化抗体をさらに含む、請求項11−13のいずれかに記載の使用。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンは酵母由来である、請求項11に記載の使用。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンはβ−1,3/1,6グルカンを含む、請求項11に記載の使用。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンはβ(1,6)−[ポリ−(1,3)−D−グルコピラノシル]−ポリ−β(1,3)−D−グルコピラノースを含む、請求項11に記載の使用。
- TGF−β阻害剤を含まない可溶性のβ−グルカンによる免疫療法で使用するための可溶性のβ−グルカンと抗血管新生薬の使用。
- 抗血管新生薬は抗VEGF抗体または抗VEGFR2抗体である、請求項18に記載の使用。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンは酵母由来である、請求項18に記載の使用。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンはβ−1,3/1,6グルカンを含む、請求項18に記載の使用。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンはβ(1,6)−[ポリ−(1,3)−D−グルコピラノシル]−ポリ−β(1,3)−D−グルコピラノースを含む、請求項18に記載の使用。
- 癌を処置する方法であって、
可溶性のβ−グルカンと非腫瘍標的化免疫抑制緩和剤とを含む組成物を併用投与する工程を含む、方法。 - 可溶性のβ−グルカンと非腫瘍標的化免疫抑制緩和剤は同時に併用投与される、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンと非腫瘍標的化免疫抑制緩和剤は異なる時間に併用投与される、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 非腫瘍標的化免疫抑制緩和剤は抗PD−1抗体である、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 癌を処置する方法はIL−2を投与する工程を含まない、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 癌を処置する方法であって、
可溶性のβ−グルカンと抗血管新生薬を含み、TGF−β阻害剤を含まない組成物を併用投与する工程を含む、方法。 - 抗血管新生薬は抗VEGF抗体または抗VEGFR2抗体である、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 可溶性のβ−グルカンと抗血管新生薬は同時にまたは異なる時間に併用投与される、請求項28に記載の方法。
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