JP2019505979A - 電気化学システムにおける廃棄物管理 - Google Patents
電気化学システムにおける廃棄物管理 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 166
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 68
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- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M aluminum;oxygen(2-);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[Al+3] VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
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- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 29
- -1 hydroxide ions Chemical class 0.000 description 24
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 21
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- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 16
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 13
- XFBXDGLHUSUNMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;hydrate Chemical compound O.[AlH3] XFBXDGLHUSUNMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
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- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005830 Polyurethane Foam Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011496 polyurethane foam Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001680 bayerite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006355 external stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001679 gibbsite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012092 media component Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229920006300 shrink film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009461 vacuum packaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0693—Treatment of the electrolyte residue, e.g. reconcentrating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
- H01M8/083—Alkaline fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/22—Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising carbon or oxygen or hydrogen and other elements; Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising only elements other than carbon, oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
- C02F2001/5218—Crystallization
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
- H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0002—Aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0014—Alkaline electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本願は、2016年2月23日に出願された米国仮出願第62/298,877号、2016年7月13日に出願された米国仮出願第62/361,786号の各々に対する優先権を主張するものであり、これらの各々の全体の開示は、その全体が本明細書中に開示されているかのように参照により本明細書中に援用される。
本実施例は、多孔質発泡体が沈殿トラップとして使用された、アルミニウム・水燃料電池(Al−H2O燃料電池)の動作を説明する。図7は、本沈殿トラップ試験装置を示す、概略図である。蠕動ポンプと、Al−H2O燃料電池と、沈殿トラップとを含む、実験設定が、図7に示される順序で組み立てられた。
本実施例は、実施例1で説明される多孔質発泡体が、上記で参照される図6に示される構造に類似する、沈殿トラップを形成するように、変動する直径の包装されたストローと置換された、実施例1で説明されるものに類似するシステムの動作を説明する。6mm、5mm、および2mmの直径である、市販の飲料用ストローおよびコーヒーのかき混ぜ棒が、中型サイズのTopFin(R) Aquarium Gravel Vacuumに包装された。別様に、実験設定は、実施例1で説明されるものと同じであった。温度は、制御されず、最大5日の期間にわたって15℃〜25℃の間で変動させられた。別様に、手順は、実施例1で説明されるものと同じであった。
Claims (22)
- 電気化学システムを動作させる方法であって、前記方法は、
アルミニウムを含む固体が多孔質媒体の表面上に沈殿させられるように、前記多孔質媒体を通して前記電気化学システムの電解質を輸送するステップ
を含み、
前記固体内の前記アルミニウムの少なくとも一部は、前記電気化学システム内で実施される電気化学反応の生成物から生じる、方法。 - 前記沈殿の少なくとも10重量%は、前記多孔質媒体の細孔内で生じる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電解質は、ポンプによって、重力によって、温度勾配、上昇ガスの気泡、もしくは超臨界流体によって引き起こされる対流によって、または分子拡散によって、前記多孔質媒体を通して輸送される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記固体は、水酸化アルミニウム(Al(OH3))、酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)、および水酸化酸化アルミニウム(AlO(OH))のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記多孔質媒体は、連続気泡発泡体、プリズム媒体、ポリマー、および官能化表面のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記多孔質媒体の細孔の平均細孔直径は、1マイクロメートルを上回るまたはそれと等しい、かつ10cm未満またはそれと等しい、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記多孔質媒体の少なくとも一部は、前記多孔質媒体を損傷することなく、前記システムから除去されることが可能である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電気化学システムは、ガスおよび超臨界流体のうちの少なくとも1つを生成する電気化学反応を受ける、請求項1に記載の方法。
- アルミニウムが、電気と前記アルミニウムを含む生成物とを生成するために酸素または水と反応させられ、前記アルミニウムを含む前記生成物の少なくとも一部が、前記多孔質媒体の表面上に沈殿させられるように、前記電気化学システムを動作させるステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記多孔質媒体が前記電気化学システムの動作中に膨張されるように、前記電気化学システムを動作させるステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 水酸化アルミニウムが連続気泡発泡体上に沈殿させられるように、前記連続気泡発泡体を通して過飽和アルミン酸塩流を輸送するステップを含み、前記沈殿の少なくとも10重量%は、前記連続気泡発泡体の細孔内で生じる、アルミン酸塩廃棄物を収集するための方法。
- 前記過飽和流は、ポンプによって、重力によって、温度勾配、上昇ガスの気泡、もしくは超臨界流体によって引き起こされる対流によって、または分子拡散によって、前記連続気泡発泡体を通して輸送される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 電気化学システムであって、前記電気化学システムは、
アルミニウムを含む電気化学的活性材料を含む電極と、
多孔質媒体と
を備え、
前記多孔質媒体は、アルミニウムを含む固体が前記多孔質媒体の表面上に沈殿させられることができるように構成される、電気化学システム。 - 前記電気化学システムは、液体および超臨界流体電解質のうちの少なくとも1つに流体的に接続されるポンプを備える、請求項13に記載のシステム。
- 前記電気化学システムは、アルミニウム・水ベースの電気化学システムまたはアルミニウム・空気ベースの電気化学システムである、請求項13に記載のシステム。
- 前記電極はさらに、ガリウム、インジウム、マグネシウム、およびスズのうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項13に記載のシステム。
- 前記多孔質媒体は、連続気泡発泡体、プリズム媒体、ポリマー、および官能化表面のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項13に記載のシステム。
- 前記多孔質媒体の細孔の平均細孔直径は、1マイクロメートルを上回るまたはそれと等しい、かつ10cm未満またはそれと等しい、請求項13に記載のシステム。
- 前記多孔質媒体の少なくとも一部は、前記多孔質媒体を損傷することなく、前記システムから除去されることが可能である、請求項13に記載のシステム。
- 前記電気化学システムは、ガスおよび超臨界流体のうちの少なくとも1つを生成する電気化学反応を受けるように構成される、請求項13に記載のシステム。
- 前記多孔質媒体は、前記多孔質媒体が弛緩状態である、および/または使用のために膨張されるときの前記多孔質媒体の幾何学的体積の80%未満またはそれと等しい幾何学的体積を占有するように、使用に先立って圧縮される、請求項13に記載のシステム。
- 前記多孔質媒体は、電解質によってアクセス可能である前記電気化学システムの体積または表面積の少なくとも5%を占有する、請求項13に記載のシステム。
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