JP2019504888A - 一本鎖アデノ随伴ウイルス9または自己相補型アデノ随伴ウイルス9の脳脊髄液への注射 - Google Patents
一本鎖アデノ随伴ウイルス9または自己相補型アデノ随伴ウイルス9の脳脊髄液への注射 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
処置を中枢神経系(CNS)へターゲティングするための組成物および方法;具体的には、処置をCNS内の異なる細胞へターゲティングするため、脳室内(ICV)またはくも膜下腔内(大槽もしくは腰椎)の経路を介した脳脊髄液(CSF)への注射によって投与されるアデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV)、具体的には、AAV9を利用する投薬計画が、記載される。
Emory UniversityおよびRegenxbioは、共同研究契約の当事者である。
中枢神経系(CNS)の疾患を処置するため、遺伝子治療が、動物モデルにおいて長い間研究されてきた。リソソーム蓄積症のような多様な遺伝性代謝疾患が、脳に影響を与え、精神遅滞および神経変性を引き起こす。CNS障害は、患者およびその家族の生活の質に実質的に影響を与え、自立の喪失およびコミュニケーションの困難をもたらす。治療用遺伝子の脳への直接送達は、全身治療で見出される問題を回避し得る、これらの疾患のための可能性のある処置を提示する。例えば、CNSにおける中和抗体には、懸念が少なく(Gray et al., 2013, Gene Therapy 20:450-459(非特許文献1))、ベクターおよび/またはトランスジーンに対する免疫応答のリスクは比較的低いようであるが(Mingozzi and High, Blood. 2013 Jul 4;122(1):23-36(非特許文献2))、このリスクはまだゼロではない(Ellinwood et al., Mol Ther. 2011 Feb;19(2):251-9(非特許文献3))。
脳室内(ICV)またはくも膜下腔内(大槽もしくは腰椎)の投与経路を介して脳脊髄液(CSF)へssAAVベクターまたはscAAVベクターを注射することによって、治療用遺伝子産物(例えば、治療用タンパク質またはその他の治療剤)をコードする一本鎖アデノ随伴ウイルス(ssAAV)ベクターまたは自己相補型アデノ随伴ウイルス(scAAV)ベクター(例えば、ssAAV9ベクターまたはscAAV9ベクター)の治療的有効量を投与することによる、ヒト対象を処置するための組成物および方法が記載される。ICV経路が利用される場合、両側ICV注射が、臨床的状況において好ましい場合がある。
遺伝子治療による、CNSに影響する障害の、可能性のある処置のため、脳および脊髄(CNS)の全体において形質導入を達成することを目標として、脳脊髄液(CSF)へのウイルスベクターの送達のための様々な投与経路(くも膜下腔内、大槽内、または脳室内)を、動物モデルにおいて調査した。あるベクター、具体的には、アデノ随伴ウイルス血清型9(AAV9)は、CSF送達後にCNSの多くの領域に形質導入する能力を有する(Dayton et al., Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012 Jun;12(6):757-66)。これに関して、AAV9の脳室内(ICV)送達は、脳脊髄液(CSF)を介してCNSへ遺伝子を送達するため、新生仔マウスまたは若年マウスのモデルにおいて研究されている(McClean et al., 2014, Neurosci.Lett. 576:73-8;Levites et al., J.Neurosci. 26:11923-8;Gholizadeh et al., 2013, 24:205-13;Dirren et al., 2014, Hum.Gene Ther. 25:109-20)。しかしながら、これらの動物モデルにおいては脳が完全に発達しておらず、処置齢が変動する場合、形質導入パターンの顕著な違いが認められた(Chakrabarty et al., 2013, PLoS One 8:e67680)。AAV9が、成体脳において、最も重要なことには、ヒト対象において、どのように機能するかは、不明である。あるイヌ研究(Haurigot et al., 2013, J.Clin.Invest. Jul 1)を除き、マウスより大型の動物へのICV注射後のAAV9の体内分布に関しては、ほとんど未知である。
・乳児のため、約4.4×1013〜約1.33×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、約1.56×1014〜約4.67×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・乳児のため、約7.4×1012〜約1.86×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、約2.59×1013〜約6.51×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・乳児のため、4.4×1013〜1.33×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、1.56×1014〜4.67×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・乳児のため、7.4×1012〜1.86×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・大人のため、2.59×1013〜6.51×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・3〜9か月齢:約6.0×1013〜約1.9×1014GC;または約1.1×1014〜約2.79×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・9〜36か月齢:約1.0×1014〜約3.3×1014GC;または約1.85×1013〜約4.65×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・3〜12歳:約1.2×1014〜約3.96×1014GC;または約2.2×1013〜約5.58×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・12歳超:約1.4×1014〜約4.62×1014GC;または約2.59×1013GC〜約6.51×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)。
・3〜9か月齢:6.0×1013〜1.9×1014GC;または1.1×1014〜2.79×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・9〜36か月齢:1.0×1014〜3.3×1014GC;または1.85×1013〜4.65×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・3〜12歳:1.2×1014〜3.96×1014GC;または2.2×1013〜5.58×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・12歳超:1.4×1014〜4.62×1014GC;または2.59×1013GC〜6.51×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)。
・約4.4×1013〜約1.32×1014(一定用量);または
・約7.4×1012〜約1.86×1014GCの全(一定用量)。
・4.4×1013〜1.32×1014(一定用量);または
・7.4×1012〜1.86×1014GCの全(一定用量)。
・乳児のため、約8.8×1013〜約2.66×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、約3.21×1014〜約9.34×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・乳児のため、約14.8×1012〜約3.72×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、約5.18×1013〜約13.02×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・乳児のため、8.8×1013〜2.66×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、3.21×1014〜9.34×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・乳児のため、14.8×1012〜3.72×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、5.18×1013〜13.02×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・3〜9か月齢:約1.20×1014〜約3.8×1014GC;または約2.2×1014〜約5.58×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・9〜36か月齢:約2.0×1014〜約6.6×1014GC;または約3.7×1013〜約9.3×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・3〜12歳:約2.4×1014〜約7.92×1014GC;または約4.4×1013〜約1.116×1015GCの全用量(一定用量);
・12歳超:約2.8×1014〜約9.24×1014GC;または約5.18×1013GC〜約1.302×1015GCの全用量(一定用量)。
・3〜9か月齢:1.20×1014〜3.8×1014GC;または2.2×1014〜5.58×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・9〜36か月齢:2.0×1014〜6.6×1014GC;または3.7×1013〜約9.3×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・3〜12歳:2.4×1014〜7.92×1014GC;または4.4×1013〜1.116×1015GCの全用量(一定用量);
・12歳超:2.8×1014〜9.24×1014GC;または5.18×1013GC〜1.302×1015GCの全用量(一定用量)。
・約8.8×1013〜約2.64×1014(一定用量);または
・約1.48×1013〜約3.72×1014GCの全(一定用量)
である。
・8.8×1013〜2.64×1014(一定用量);または
・1.48×1013〜3.72×1014GCの全(一定用量)。
・乳児のため、約2.2×1013〜約6.65×1013GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、約7.8×1013〜約2.335×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・乳児のため、約3.7×1012〜約9.3×1013GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、約1.295×1013〜約3.225×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・乳児のため、2.2×1013〜6.65×1013GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、7.8×1013〜2.335×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・乳児のため、3.7×1012〜9.3×1013GCの全用量(一定用量)
・成人のため、1.295×1013〜3.225×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)
・3〜9か月齢:約3.0×1013〜約9.5×1013GC;または約5.5×1013〜約1.395×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・9〜36か月齢:約5×1013〜約1.65×1014GC;または約9.25×1012〜約2.325×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・3〜12歳:約6×1013〜約1.98×1014GC;または約1.1×1013〜約2.79×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・12歳超:約7×1013〜約2.31×1014GC;または約1.295×1013GC〜約3.225×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)。
・3〜9か月齢:3.0×1013〜9.5×1013GC;または5.5×1013〜1.395×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・9〜36か月齢:5×1013〜1.65×1014GC;または9.25×1012〜2.325×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・3〜12歳:6×1013〜1.98×1014GC;または1.1×1013〜2.79×1014GCの全用量(一定用量);
・12歳超:7×1013〜2.31×1014GC;または1.295×1013GC〜3.225×1014GCの全用量(一定用量)。
・約2.2×1013〜約6.6×1013(一定用量);または
・約3.7×1012〜約9.3×1013GCの全(一定用量)
である。
・2.2×1013〜6.6×1013(一定用量);または
・3.7×1012〜9.3×1013GCの全(一定用量)。
アデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV):AAVは、ヒトおよびいくつかのその他の霊長類種に感染する小さいウイルスである。AAVは、現在、疾患を引き起こすことは知られておらず、ウイルスは極めて軽度の免疫応答を引き起こす。AAVは、分裂細胞および非分裂細胞の両方に感染することができ、そのゲノムを宿主細胞のものに組み込むことができる。AAVゲノムは、約4.7キロ塩基長であるプラス鎖またはマイナス鎖のいずれかの一本鎖デオキシリボ核酸(ssDNA)から構築されている。ゲノムは、DNA鎖の両端に末端逆位配列(ITR)を含み、2個のオープンリーディングフレーム(ORF):repおよびcapを含む。Repは、AAVの生活環に必要とされるRepタンパク質をコードする4種の重複する遺伝子から構成され、Capは、正二十面体対称のカプシドを形成するために共に相互作用するカプシドタンパク質:VP1、VP2、およびVP3の重複するヌクレオチド配列を含有している。遺伝子治療のため、ITRは、治療用遺伝子の隣にシスで必要とされる唯一の配列であるようであり:構造(cap)遺伝子およびパッケージング(rep)遺伝子は、トランスで送達され得る。現在、AAVの11の血清型(AAV1〜11)が認識されている。
ウイルスベクター、例えば、アデノウイルスベクターまたはAAVのような一つまたは複数のベクターを含む方法および組成物が、本明細書に開示される。ウイルス遺伝子を完全にまたはほぼ完全に欠く欠陥ウイルスを使用することができる。欠陥ウイルスベクターの使用は、ベクターが他の細胞に感染する懸念なしに、特定の細胞への投与を可能にする。有用なアデノウイルスベクターおよびAAVベクターには、複製能を有する型、複製欠損型、ガットレス(gutless)型が含まれる。理論に拘束されるものではないが、アデノウイルスベクターは、インビトロでの強力な発現、優れた力価、ならびにインビボで分裂細胞および非分裂細胞に形質導入する能力を示すことが公知である(Hitt et al., Adv in Virus Res 55:479-505, 2000)。インビボで使用された場合、これらのベクターは、ベクター骨格に対して誘発される免疫応答のため、強力であるが一時的な遺伝子発現をもたらす。いくつかの非限定的な例において、有用なベクターは、Stratford-Perricaudet et al.(J.Clin.Invest., 90:626-630 1992;La Salle et al., Science 259:988-990, 1993)によって記載されたベクターのような弱毒化アデノウイルスベクター;または欠陥AAVベクター(Samulski et al., J.Virol., 61:3096-3101, 1987;Samulski et al., J.Virol., 63:3822-3828, 1989;Lebkowski et al., Mol.Cell Biol., 8:3988-3996, 1988)である。
scAAVベクターは、全て、参照によって本明細書に組み入れられるMcCarty et al., 2001, Gene Ther. 8:1248-1254;Carter PCT公開番号WO 2001/011034;およびSamulski、PCT公開番号WO 2001/092551に開示されている。
scAAV9およびssAAV9の脳室内投与後の異なる発現パターンの驚くべき発見が、本明細書に開示される。いくつかの態様において、scAAV9またはssAAV9の脳室内投与は、リソソーム蓄積障害を処置するために使用され得る。
本明細書に開示された方法を使用して処置され得る非リソソーム蓄積障害には、脊髄性筋萎縮症(SMA)1型、II型、III型、IV型(SMN1遺伝子、UBA1遺伝子、DYNC1H1遺伝子、VAPB遺伝子)、X連鎖筋細管ミオパチー(MTM1遺伝子)、カテコールアミン誘発性多形性脳室性頻拍(CASQ2遺伝子)、色覚異常(CNGB3遺伝子、CNGA3遺伝子、GNAT2遺伝子、PDE6C遺伝子)、全脈絡膜萎縮(CHM遺伝子)、フリートライヒ運動失調症CNS(FXN遺伝子)、全身性フリートライヒ運動失調症(FXN遺伝子)、副腎白質ジストロフィー(ABCD1遺伝子)、アルツハイマー病(APP遺伝子、PPARγ遺伝子)、筋萎縮性側索硬化症(SOD1遺伝子)、アンジェルマン症候群(UBE3A遺伝子)、毛細血管拡張性失調症(ATM遺伝子)、シャルコー・マリー・トゥース症候群(PMP22遺伝子)、コケイン症候群(ERCC6遺伝子、ERCC8遺伝子)、聴覚消失(GJB2遺伝子)、デュシェンヌ型筋ジストロフィー(DMD遺伝子)、てんかん(SCN1A遺伝子)、脆弱X症候群(FMR1遺伝子)、ハンチントン病(HTT遺伝子)、レッシュ・ナイハン症候群(HGPRT遺伝子)、メープルシロップ尿症(BCKDHA遺伝子、BCKDHB遺伝子、DBT遺伝子)、メンケス症候群(ATP7A遺伝子)、筋緊張性ジストロフィー(DMPK)、ナルコレプシー(HLA遺伝子)、神経線維腫症(NF1遺伝子)、パーキンソン病(LRRK2遺伝子、PARK2遺伝子、PARK7遺伝子、PINK1遺伝子、SNCA遺伝子)、フェニルケトン尿症(PAH遺伝子)、プラダー・ウィリー症候群、レフサム病(PEX7遺伝子)、レット症候群(MECP2遺伝子)、脊髄小脳失調症(SCA1遺伝子)、タンジール病(ABCA1遺伝子)、結節硬化症(TSC1遺伝子、TSC2遺伝子)、フォンヒッペル・リンダウ症候群(VHL遺伝子)、ウィリアムズ症候群(CLIP2遺伝子、ELN遺伝子、GTF2I遺伝子、GTF2IRD1遺伝子、LIMK1遺伝子)、ウィルソン病(ATP7B遺伝子)、またはツェルウェーガー症候群(PEX1遺伝子)が含まれるが、これらに限定されるわけではない。
いくつかの態様において、免疫抑制剤は、KINERET(登録商標)(アナキンラ)、ENBREL(登録商標)(エタネルセプト)、もしくはREMICADE(登録商標)(インフリキシマブ)のような生物学的応答修飾剤、ARAVA(登録商標)(レフルノミド)のような疾患修飾性抗リウマチ薬(DMARD)、プレドニゾンもしくはコルチゾンのようなステロイド、ミコフェノール酸モフェチル(MMF)のような免疫抑制剤、シロリムス(ラパマイシン)もしくはタクロリムスのようなIL-2のマクロライド阻害剤、セレコキシブ、トリサリチル酸コリンマグネシウム、ジクロフェナク、ジクロフェナクカリウム、ジクロフェナクXR、ジフルニサル、エトドラク、エトドラクER、フェノプロフェン、経口フルルビプロフェン、イブプロフェン、インドメタシン、インドメタシンSR、インドメタシン坐剤、ケトプロフェン、ケトプロフェンER、メクロフェナム酸、メロキシカム、ナブメトン、ナプロキセン、ナプロキセンCR、、ナプロキセンER、オキサプロジン、ピロキシカム、ロフェコキシブ、サルサラート、スリンダク、もしくはトルメチンナトリウムのような非ステロイド性抗炎症薬(NSAID)、またはHYALGAN(登録商標)(ヒアルロン酸)もしくはSYNVISC(登録商標)(ハイランG-F20)のようなその他の生成物である。
材料および方法
ベクター:自己相補型AAV9(scAAV9)を利用した。発現ベクターは、増強緑色蛍光タンパク質(GFP)cDNAの発現を駆動するための専有のミニニワトリβアクチンプロモーターを使用する。ラット研究において、ベクター力価は1ml当たり1.2×1013ベクターゲノム(vg)である。ブタ研究のため、サイトメガロウイルスエンハンサー/ニワトリβアクチンプロモーターからGFPを発現するscAAV9を、Nationwide Children's Hospitalのベクターコアから購入した。それを1.34×1013vg/mlの濃度で使用した。
形質導入の体内分布
臨床的に使用され得る用量を決定するため、二つの主要な制限因子:合理的な時間内に安全に送達され得るウイルス力価および体積を考察した。臨床等級のベクターのウイルス力価は、一般に、1013〜1014ベクターゲノム(vg)/mlの範囲である。本発明者らは、成人において約8〜16mlに相当する、CSF体積の5〜10%が、単一ボーラスICV注射で送達され得ると推定する。これらの推定値に基づき、成人ICV最大用量は、約1015vgであろう。ラットCSF体積に基づき用量をスケールダウンすると、この用量は、成体ラットにおいて約3×1012vgに相当する。この用量は、理想的な条件の下での最大値を表すため、この研究において試験された最高用量は、この最大値の3分の1であった。
脳における形質導入効率
GFP+区域を、大脳皮質、海馬、および小脳という三つの脳領域において測定した(図3)。scAAV9の用量を増加させると、一般に、三つの脳領域の全てにおいて形質導入が増加した。海馬においては、区域の25%〜35%がGFP+であり、染色の多くは顆粒層外で起こっていた。小脳においては、GFP+細胞は、主にプルキンエニューロンの形質導入から、分子層の区域の5%〜32%を占めていた。大脳皮質は、定量化された三つの領域の中で最低レベルの形質導入を有し、区域の1%〜10%がGFP+であった。
非CNSの形質導入
ICV注入後にscAAV9が末梢に逃避したか否かを決定するため、肝臓試料をGFPについて染色した。極めて少ないGFP細胞が同定され(示されないデータ、中用量ラットから評価された組織18cm2当たり1個の陽性細胞)、CNSから逃避したscAAV9の量は小さいことが示唆された。
アストロサイト活性化
外来のウイルスおよびタンパク質の導入は、CNSにおいて免疫応答を誘発することができ、しばしば、アストログリオーシスを起こす。活性化されたアストロサイトの存在を探すため、本発明者らは、PBSによって処置された2匹のラットおよび高用量scAAV9によって処置された2匹のラットに由来する脳切片を、GFAPについて染色した。図1に図示されたものに隣接する領域から採取された、動物1匹当たり8個の切片(小脳由来4個、海馬および大脳皮質を含む4個)を評価した。GFAP染色を、アストロサイトの活性化の総体的な変化を探すため、低倍率で評価し、局所的変化を探すため、小脳、海馬、および大脳皮質において高倍率で評価した。生理的食塩水によって処置された動物と比べて、AAVによって処置された動物において、染色の識別可能な変化は観察されなかった。
成体ブタへのICV注射
3匹の成体家畜ブタに、1.5〜4.5mlの体積で、2.01×1013〜6.03×1013vgの範囲の用量で、scAAV9-GFPの片側注射を与えた。3週間後、動物を安楽死させた。3匹の全てのブタからの結果は、類似していた。代表的な切片を図4に示す。ラットと同様に、大脳皮質、海馬、および小脳の実質的な形質導入が存在する。形態学的には、これらの細胞は、ラットにおいて見出されたものと外観が類似しているようであり、プルキンエ細胞およびアストロサイトを含む両方のニューロンの形質導入が示唆された。
Claims (15)
- 非分泌型治療用タンパク質をコードする自己相補型アデノ随伴ウイルス血清型9(scAAV9)の有効量をヒト対象へ投与する工程
を含む、非分泌型治療用タンパク質をその必要のあるヒト対象の中枢神経系(CNS)へ送達する方法であって、scAAV9が、脳室内、くも膜下腔内大槽、またはくも膜下腔内腰椎の経路を介した脳脊髄液(CSF)への注射によって投与される、方法。 - 治療用タンパク質をコードする自己相補型アデノ随伴ウイルス血清型9(scAAV9)の有効量をヒト対象へ投与する工程
を含む、治療用タンパク質をその必要のあるヒト対象のニューロン、プルキンエニューロン、および/またはアストロサイトへ送達する方法であって、scAAV9が、脳室内、くも膜下腔内大槽、またはくも膜下腔内腰椎の経路を介した脳脊髄液(CSF)への注射によって投与される、方法。 - 治療用タンパク質が非分泌型治療用タンパク質である、請求項2記載の方法。
- ヒト対象が乳児である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 約7.4×1012〜約1.86×1014GCの全用量のscAAV9を対象へ投与する工程を含む、請求項4記載の方法。
- 対象が成人である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 約2.59×1013〜約6.51×1014GCの全用量のscAAV9を対象へ投与する工程を含む、請求項6記載の方法。
- 遺伝性障害がリソソーム蓄積症である、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 治療的有効量の免疫抑制剤を対象へ投与する工程を含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 免疫抑制剤が細胞傷害性T細胞の活性を減少させる、請求項9記載の方法。
- 免疫抑制剤が脳炎を減少させる、請求項9または10記載の方法。
- 免疫抑制剤が非ステロイド性抗炎症剤である、請求項9〜11のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 対象における脳炎のリスクを低下させる、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- scAAV9が脳における細胞に形質導入する、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- scAAV9が海馬、小脳、および大脳皮質における細胞に形質導入する、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項記載の方法。
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WO2021263060A3 (en) * | 2020-06-24 | 2022-01-27 | Lycia Therapeutics, Inc. | Bifunctional bridging compositions for viral transduction |
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US12070510B2 (en) | 2024-08-27 |
ES2962860T3 (es) | 2024-03-21 |
JP2022101648A (ja) | 2022-07-06 |
IL300254A (en) | 2023-03-01 |
DK3411484T3 (da) | 2023-11-20 |
EP3411484B1 (en) | 2023-10-04 |
PT3411484T (pt) | 2023-11-17 |
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