JP2018505158A - 代謝症候群の診断および処置のための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
代謝症候群の診断および処置のための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
出願データシートまたはその何らかの訂正において特定されるありとあらゆる優先権主張は本明細書によって、米国特許法施行規則1.57に基づいて参照により組み込まれる。本出願は米国特許出願第14/591,660号(2015年1月7日出願)の利益を主張する。前述の出願はその全体において参照によって本明細書中に組み込まれ、本明細書によって明確に本明細書の一部となる。
合衆国政府は、連邦政府補助金N00014−12−1−0294(全米海洋哺乳類財団)を受けた対象発明への権原移転に従って本発明において所有権上の権利を有する。
用語「アルコール」は、本明細書中で使用される場合、広義の用語であり、当業者にとってのその通常的かつ慣例的な意味が与えられ(しかも、特別な意味または特別に定義された意味に限定されることはなく)、したがって、限定されないが、1つもしくは複数のヒドロキシ基を組み込む、あるいは、1つもしくは複数のヒドロキシ基によって置換される、または、1つもしくは複数のヒドロキシ基を含むために官能基化される本明細書中に記載されるようなどのような化合物をも示す。
奇数鎖脂肪酸には、飽和脂肪酸および不飽和脂肪酸がある(例えば、Jenkins B、West J、Koulman A(2015)、A review of odd−chain fatty acid metabolism and the role of pentadecanoic acid(C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid(C17:0) in health and disease、Molecules、20:2425〜44を参照のこと)。本明細書中に提供されるように、様々な脂肪酸が、当業者によって用いられるような従来の命名法を使用して示され、記載される。飽和脂肪酸は炭素−炭素二重結合を含まない。不飽和脂肪酸は、少なくとも1つの炭素−炭素二重結合を含む。モノ不飽和脂肪酸は1つだけの炭素−炭素の二重結合を含む。ポリ不飽和脂肪酸は2つ以上の炭素−炭素二重結合を含む。脂肪酸における二重結合は一般にはシス型である;しかしながら、トランス型の二重結合もまた可能である。二重結合の位置をΔnによって示すことができ、この場合、nは、二重結合している炭素原子のそれぞれ対の小さい方の番号を有する炭素を示す。総炭素数:二重結合数、Δ二重結合位置を規定する簡便な表記法を用いることができる。例えば、20:4Δ5;8;11;14は、20個の炭素原子と、4つの二重結合とを有し、二重結合が、5位炭素原子と6位炭素原子との間、8位炭素原子と9位炭素原子との間、11位炭素原子と12位炭素原子との間、および、14位炭素原子と15位炭素原子との間に位置する脂肪酸(ただし、炭素原子1はカルボン酸基の炭素である)を示す。ステアリン酸(オクタデカン酸)は飽和脂肪酸である。オレイン酸(cis−Δ9−オクタデセン酸)はモノ不飽和脂肪酸であり、リノレン酸(all−cis−Δ9,12,15−オクタデカトリエン酸)はポリ不飽和脂肪酸である。
奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその塩もしくは誘導体と、少なくとも1つの賦形剤とを含む配合物が提供される。様々な実施形態の化合物を経口配合物で投与することが一般に好ましい;しかしながら、他の投与経路もまた意図される。
奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその塩もしくは誘導体を含む食品およびその他の食物が提供され、ただし、この場合、食品における奇数鎖脂肪酸の量が強化されている(例えば、富化または濃縮されている)。本明細書中に提供される奇数鎖脂肪酸は、被験体による消費のための食品に加えられる場合がある。奇数鎖脂肪酸は食品の1つまたは複数の成分に取り入れられる場合がある。奇数鎖脂肪酸は成分として調製される場合があり、または調製されない場合がある。化合物または当該化合物を含む調製物は、調製前に、調製時に、または調製後に加えられる場合がある。調製には、限定されないが、この技術分野において知られている調理、混合、風味付け、味付け、混和、茹でる、油調理(frying)、焼くまたは他のプロセスが含まれる場合がある。強化は好ましくは、本明細書中の他の箇所で記載されるような奇数鎖脂肪酸の治療的な1日投薬量を提供するようなレベルである;しかしながら、有益な効果がまた、そのような投薬量よりも少ない量で得られる場合がある。
本明細書中には、代謝症候群、I型糖尿病、II型糖尿病、肥満、糖尿病前症、グルコース不耐性、妊娠糖尿病(GDM)、空腹時血糖異常(IFG)、高フェリチン血症、アディポネクチン産生異常、食後高血糖症、脂質異常症、食後脂質異常症、高脂血症、高トリグリセリド血症、ポスト高トリグリセリド血症、インスリン抵抗性、多嚢胞性卵巣症候群(PCOS)、非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患(NAFL)、非アルコール性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、低インスリン血症、脂肪肝疾患、上昇したグルコースレベル、上昇したインスリンレベルおよび上昇したLDLトリグリセリドレベル(これらに限定されない)を含む状態を処置するための組成物および方法が提供される。
いくつかの実施形態において、本明細書中に開示される化合物(例えば、奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその塩もしくは誘導体など)、あるいは、本明細書中に記載される化合物またはその塩もしくは誘導体を含む医薬組成物は、1つまたは複数のさらなる活性な薬剤との組合せで使用される場合がある。奇数鎖脂肪酸の化合物またはその塩もしくは誘導体、あるいは、奇数鎖脂肪酸の化合物またはその塩もしくは誘導体を含む組成物との組合せで使用することができるさらなる活性な薬剤の例には、本明細書中に記載されるように、また、そうでない場合には医療科学において知られているように、代謝症候群および関連状態を処置するために現在使用されている薬剤が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。
ゴニスト;EP−01492;ホルモン感受性リパーゼ阻害剤;脂肪酸結合タンパク質4阻害剤;チオラクトン誘導体;プロテインチロシンホスファターゼIB阻害剤;MCH−1アンタゴニスト;P−64;PPARガンマリガンド;メラニン凝集ホルモンアンタゴニスト;チアゾール系ガストロプロキネティクス(gastroprokinetics);PA−452;T−226296;A−331440;免疫薬物ワクチン;糖尿病/肥満治療剤(Bioagency、Biofrontera Discovery GmbH);P−7(Genfit);DT−011M;PTP1B阻害剤;抗糖尿病ペプチドコンジュゲート;KATPアゴニスト;肥満治療剤(Lexicon);5−HT2アゴニスト;MCH−1受容体アンタゴニスト;GMAD−1/GMAD−2;STG−a−MD;血管形成阻害剤;Gタンパク質共役受容体アゴニスト;ニコチン様治療剤(ChemGenex);抗肥満剤(Abbott);メラニン凝集ホルモン;GW−594884A;MC−4Rアゴニスト;ヒスタミンH3アンタゴニスト;オーファンGPCR調節剤;MITO−3108;LC−002;HE−2300;IGF/BBP−2−13;5−HT2Cアゴニスト;ML−22952;ニューロペプチドY受容体アンタゴニスト;AZ−40140;抗肥満療法(Nisshin Flour);GNTI;メラノコルチン受容体調節剤;アルファ−アミラーゼ阻害剤;ベータ−3アドレナリン受容体アゴニスト;ob遺伝子産物(Eli Lilly&Co.);SWR−0342−SA;SWR−0335;SP−18904;経口用インスリン模倣体;肥満治療剤(7TM Pharma);ベータ−ヒドロキシステロイドデヒドロゲナーゼ(HSD)阻害剤;QRX−431;E−6776;RI−450;メラノコルチン−4アンタゴニスト;メラノコルチン4受容体アゴニスト;肥満治療剤(CuraGen);レプチン模倣体;A−74498;第二世代レプチン;NBI−103;CL−314698;CP−114271;ベータ−3アドレナリン受容体アゴニスト;NMI−8739;UCL−1283;BMS−192548;CP−94253;PD−160170;ニコチンアゴニスト;LG−100754;SB−226552;LY−355124;CKD−711;L−751250;PPAR阻害剤;Gタンパク質治療剤;肥満療法(Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc.);BW−1229;モノクローナル抗体(ObeSys/CAT);L−742791;(S)−シブトラミン;MBU−23;YM−268;BTS−78050;tubby様タンパク質遺伝子;ゲノミクス(摂食障害;Allelix/Lilly);MS−706;GI−264879A;GW−409890;FR−79620アナログ;肥満療法(Hybrigenics SA);ICI−198157;ESP−A;5−HT2Cアゴニスト;PD−170292;AIT−202;LG−100641;GI−181771;抗肥満治療剤(Genzyme);レプチン調節剤;GHRH模倣体;肥満療法(Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd.);SB−251023;CP−331684;BIBO−3304;コレステン−3−オン類;LY−362884;BRL−48962;PY−1アンタゴニスト;A−71378;.RTM.−ジデスメチルシブトラミン(didesmethylsibutramine);肥満治療剤(Bristol−Myers Squibb Co.);肥満治療剤(Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc.);LY−226936;PYアンタゴニスト;CCK−Aアゴニスト;FPL−14294;PD−145942;ZA−7114;CL−316243;SR−58878;R−1065;BDBP−3226;HP−228;タリベグロン(talibegron);FR−165914;AZM−008;AZM−016;AZM−120;AZM−090;AZM−131;AZM−132;AZM−134;AZM−127;AZM−083;AZM−115;AZM−140;ボメロフェリン(vomeropherin);BMS−187257;D−3800;遺伝子発見(Axys/Glaxo);BRL−26830A;SX−013;ERR調節剤;アジプシン;AC−253;A−71623;A−68552;BMS−210285;TAK−677;MPV−1743;肥満治療剤(Modex);GI−248573;エクソピパム(exopipam);SSR−125180;肥満治療剤(Melacure Therapeutics AB);BRL−35135;SR−146131;P−57;CGP−71583A;RF−1051;BMS−196085;マニファキシン(manifaxine);DMNJ(Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology);BVT−5182;LY−255582;SNX−024;ガラニンアンタゴニスト;ニューロキニン−3アンタゴニスト;デクスフェンフルラミン;マジンドール;ジエチルプロピオン;フェンジメトラジン;ベンズフェタミン;アンフェブタモン;セルトラリン;AOD−9604;ATL−062;BVT−933;GT389−255;SLV319;HE−2500;PEG−アクソキン(axokine);L−796568;およびABT−239;リモナバン、シブトラミン、オルリスタット、PYYまたはそのアナログ、CB−1アンタゴニスト、レプチン、フェンテルミンおよびエキセンジンアナログ;GPR119アンタゴニスト(例えば、アナンダミド;AR−231,453;MBX−2982;オレオイルエタノールアミド;PSN−365,963;PSN−632,408;パルミトイルエタノールアミド);GPR120アゴニスト;GPR40アゴニスト;SGLT2阻害剤。
当業者には容易に明らかであろうように、投与されるべき有用なインビボ投薬量、および、具体的な投与様式は、年齢、体重、状態の重篤度、および、処置される哺乳動物種、用いられる化合物の具体的形態、また、これらの化合物が用いられる具体的な使用法に依存して変化する。効果的な投薬量レベルの決定、すなわち、所望される結果を達成するために必要な投薬量レベルの決定が、日常的な方法を使用して、例えば、インビボ研究を使用して当業者によって達成され得る。例えば、“Estimating the Maximum Safe Starting Dose in Initial Clinical Trials for Therapeutics in Adult Healthy Volunteers”(米国食品医薬品局、2005年7月)が参照され得る。
本明細書中には、代謝症候群および関連状態の診断およびモニタリングのための方法が提供される。
海軍海洋哺乳動物プログラム(MMP)でのイルカは、代謝症候群に関しての十分に研究されたイルカ集団であり、この集団は、野生イルカ(例えば、Sarasota湾(フロリダ)に生息する野生イルカなど)と比較したとき、代謝症候群を発症する危険性がより大きい。これら2つの集団を比較したとき、ボディーマス指数またはストレス指標(すなわち、コルチゾール)のどちらもMMPイルカでは代謝症候群についての危険因子ではない。血液に基づく代謝症候群の指標の値を比較する研究において、MMPイルカは、Sarasota湾のイルカよりも高齢であった;MMPイルカ集団がより高齢であることがさらに、Sarasota湾に生息する野生イルカを含めて、野生イルカと比較した場合、そのより大きい年間生存率およびより長い寿命によって裏づけられる。イルカにおける代謝症候群についての提案された危険因子には、高齢、摂食スケジュールおよび活動スケジュールにおける違い、ならびに、餌魚における違いを挙げることができる。餌魚(および特定の種類の魚に伴うある種の脂肪酸)における違いがイルカにおける代謝症候群および鉄過剰症の危険性における違いの原因であり得るという仮説を立てることができる。
血液を、(インスリン、鉄、フェリチン、血清脂肪酸プロフィルおよび血清化学については)BD Vacutainer血清セパレーターチューブに、(赤血球脂肪酸プロフィルについては)EDTA BD Vacutainer採血チューブに、そして、(トリグリセリドを含む血漿化学については)リチウムヘパリンBD Vacutainer採血チューブに採取した。血液チューブを採取の30分〜60分のうちに3000rpmで10分間遠心分離し、輸送までの処理期間中、冷却した。残る血清/血漿を凍結バイアルに移し、参照研究所への終夜宅配便によるドライアイスでの輸送まで−80℃で貯蔵した。
血清および赤血球膜の脂肪酸プロフィルが、Kennedy Krieger InstituteにおけるGenetics Laboratoriesによって行われた。脂肪酸を、以前に記載されたようにAT−Silar−100カラム(Grace、Columbia、Maryland 21044)を使用するペンタフルオロベンジルブロミド脂肪酸誘導体のキャピラリーガスクロマトグラフィー/質量分析法によって分析した。赤血球のみについては、脂質を分析前にヘキサン:イソプロパノールにより抽出した。それぞれの処理は、データが公表される前に臨床研究室品質管理に合格することが要求された。CV%が典型的には10%未満であった。血清におけるパーセント脂肪酸を、研究イルカの中での血清における潜在的変動性を低下させることを助けるためのより堅固な指標として使用した。鉄、TIBCおよびフェリチンを、製造者のプロトコルに従う、Roche Cobas Mira(Roche Diagnostics、Indianapolis、Indiana 46250)での比色定量分析によって、Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratoryで分析した。血漿中のトリグリセリドおよびグルコースを直接、Roche Cobas8000システム(Roche Diagnostics、Indianapolis、Indiana 46250)を製造者のプロトコルに従って使用して測定した。グルコースを、コーネル大学におけるAnimal Health Diagnostic Centerにおいて、Roche Diagnostics Modular Analytics P Module臨床化学分析装置(Roche Diagnostics、Indianapolis、IN 46250)で光度測定法により測定した。総インスリンを、ARUP Laboratoriesにおいて、Siemens ADVIA Centaur Immunoassayシステム(Siemens Medical Solutions USA,Inc.、Malvern、Pennsylvania 19355)での限外濾過/定量的化学発光免疫アッセイによって分析した。
サンプル受入れ:すべてのサンプルが、処理されまで−80℃で維持された。
2外れ値となった2頭の高フェリチンのイルカ(これらはまた、低下するフェリチンを給餌研究の期間中に有した)が、研究期間中の平均値の比較を可能にするために除かれた。
3Indian River潟湖における野生の放し飼いイルカについての以前に報告された結果に基づく(Mazzaro LM他(2012)、Iron indices among bottlenose dolphins(Tursiops truncatus):identifying populations at risk for iron overload、Comp Med、62:508〜515、PMID:23561885)。
イルカ血清のアリコートが米国海軍海洋哺乳動物プログラム(MMP)における6頭のバンドウイルカの給餌研究集団からドライアイス上で一晩輸送された。到着時に、サンプルを、40℃の湯浴において2分間、急速解凍し、10秒間にわたってボルテックス撹拌し、卓上型遠心分離機において3000×gで10秒間遠心分離し、その後、110μlおよび50μlのアリコートに小分けし、次いで、これらを、試験されるまで−80℃で凍結した。
血清中のFGF21濃度を、線維芽細胞増殖因子21マウス/ラットELISAキット(Biovendor、Asheville、NC)を使用して求めた。サンプルを氷上で1時間解凍し、ボルテックス撹拌し、その後、希釈緩衝液において1:4で希釈した。標準物を、乾燥FGF21標準物を2560pg/mLのFGF21の最終濃度に1mLの希釈緩衝液において再構成することによって調製した。この標準物溶液を1280pg/mLから20pg/mLにまで1:1で連続希釈し、これにより、下記の7個の標準物溶液を得た:1280pg/mL、640pg/mL、320pg/mL、160pg/mL、80pg/mL、40pg/mLおよび20pg/mL。動物A、動物Wおよび動物LLからの時間0におけるサンプルを、バッチ変動性を見積もるための標準参照物を構築するためにプールした。100μlに等しい体積のサンプル、標準物または標準参照物を、FGF21抗体により事前に被覆された2枚の96ウエルプレートのウエルに三連で等分した。サンプルおよび標準物の両方を位置に関して2枚のプレートにおいてランダム化した。一頭の動物からの三連のサンプルは常に、同じプレートに配置した。それぞれのプレートが、独立した一連の標準物および標準参照物を含有した。プレートを室温(20℃)でインキュベーションし、300RPMで1.6時間振とうした。その後、プレートを、マルチチャンネルピペットを使用して、キットに提供される洗浄液の35μLにより3回洗浄した。洗浄前に、また、洗浄と洗浄との間で、プレートをペーパータオルの上で反転し、軽くたたいて水気を除いた。ビオチン標識抗体の溶液(100μL)をそれぞれのウエルに加えた。プレートをさらに室温(20℃)でインキュベーションし、300RPMで1時間振とうした。プレートを上記のように再び洗浄した。その後、ストレプトアビジン−HRPコンジュゲートの溶液(100μL)をそれぞれのウエルに加えた。プレートを室温(20℃)でインキュベーションし、300RPMで30分間振とうし、上記のように洗浄した。基質溶液(100μL)をそれぞれのウエルに加えた。その後、プレートをアルミニウム箔で覆い、室温(20℃)で20分間インキュベーションした。発色を、100μLの停止液をそれぞれのウエルに加えることによって停止させた。プレートを、Spectramax 340PC(Molecular Devices、Sunnyvale、CA)において、停止液投与の5分以内に、630nmの参照波長を用いて450nmで読み取った。参照波長での吸光度を、最終的な吸光度読み取りを得るために450nmでの読み取りから差し引いた。標準曲線を、標準物の吸光度と、既知の濃度との間における二次の回帰直線を使用することによって計算した、検出下限(LLOD)を、ブランクの標準偏差の3倍をブランクの平均に加えることによって決定した。定量下限(LLOQ)を、ブランクの標準偏差の10倍をブランクの平均に加えることによって決定した。標準参照物の平均についての変動係数が0.23%であったので、バッチ補正を適用しなかった。
血清アリコート(110μl)を、(Bielawski他、2006)の確立されたプロトコルに従うセラミド決定およびスフィンゴシン決定のために、MUSC Lipidomics Coreに送付した。簡単に記載すると、血清を血清非含有培地において希釈し、これに、下記のものを定量するための内部標準溶液を加えた:スフィンゴシン類(SPH)、ジヒドロ−スフィンゴシン類(dSPH)、スフィンゴシン−1−リン酸類(SIP)、ジヒドロ−スフィンゴシン−1−リン酸類(dS1P)、セラミド類(Cer 16:0、Cer 14:0、Cer 16:0、Cer 18:0、Cer 18:1、Cer 20:0、Cer 24:0、Cer 24:1、Cer 26:0、Cer 26:1)およびジヒドロ−セラミド(Cer d16:0)。定量されたセラミド類はd18:1スフィンゴイド骨格を含有した:数字は、N結合した脂肪酸における炭素数:二重結合数を示す。脂質を、30:10:60のイソプロパノール:水:酢酸エチルの溶液を使用して抽出した。サンプルをボルテックス撹拌し、4000rpmで10分間遠心分離した。上清を新しいチューブに移し、ギ酸を加え、抽出プロセスを繰り返した。その後、上清を一緒にし、エバポレーションし、移動相A(0.2%ギ酸を含有するメタノールにおける1mMギ酸アンモニウム)において再構成した。これをボルテックス撹拌し、4000rpmで5分間遠心分離した。その後、上清をHPLCシステムに注入した。サンプルを、エレクトロスプレーイオン源(Thermo Finnigan、PE Sciex)を備える三連四重極質量分析計で分析した。濃度を外部標準曲線によって求めた。ブランクの濃度を2倍超えないサンプルはどれも、検出限界未満であると見なした。データがpmol/mlとして報告される。
アディポネクチンを分析するための血清の調製を、下記の変更を伴うNeely他(2013)の確立されたプロトコルに従って行った。イルカ血清のアリコートを室温で1分間解凍し、5秒間にわたってボルテックス撹拌し、その後、50mM重炭酸アンモニウム(AmBic)において希釈した(1:10;v:v)。ジチオスレイトールの溶液(25mMのAmBicに溶解されたもの)を100mMの最終濃度にピペットによって混合し、その後、短時間にわたって遠心分離し、60℃で30分間インキュベーションした。反応液を5分間冷却し、その後、ヨードアセトアミド(50mMのAmBicに溶解されたもの)を10mMの最終濃度に加えることによってアルキル化し、37℃で30分間インキュベーションした。反応液を176.5μlの50mM AmBicにより希釈し、その後、質量分析グレードのトリプシンゴールドを酵素対タンパク質の1:10の比率で加えた。反応液を37℃で16時間インキュベーションし、その後、反応を、350μlの1%ギ酸を加えることによって停止させ、反応液を室温で30分間インキュベーションした。2つの同位体標識された標準物をそれぞれのサンプルに加え、0.1%ギ酸により1mlにし、その後、サンプルを、アセトニトリルにより調整されたStrata−X 33μポリマー逆相固相抽出カラム(Phenomenex、Torrance、CA、米国)に負荷した。カラムを1mlの0.1%ギ酸により2回洗浄した。ペプチドを、最初は1mlの15%アセトニトリル/0.1%ギ酸により溶出し、次いで、別個のチューブに、1mlの30%アセトニトリル/0.1%ギ酸により溶出した。溶出サンプルを−80℃で一晩凍結し、その後、スピードバックによって減圧下で乾燥した。それぞれのサンプルを100μlのMPA(98%の水、2%のアセトニトリル、0.1%のギ酸)に再懸濁し、15分間にわたってボルテックス撹拌し、その後、10,000×gで5分間遠心分離し、その後、新しい1.5mlの微量遠心チューブに移した。ペプチド濃度を280nmでの吸光度によって推定した(平均、約14μg/μl)。注入前に、サンプルの5μlを195μlのMPAに希釈し、その後、トラップカラムに注入した。
A群イルカにおける総アディポネクチンおよびパーセント非修飾アディポネクチンのレベルを測定した。0週でのイルカについてのアディポネクチンの平均レベル(pmol/mL±SD)が776±401であり、3週では937±531であり、6週では806±382であり、12週では1147±477であり、18週では1189±640であり、24週では1196+467であった。血清中のアディポネクチンレベルにおける変化が、0週目と比較した場合、12週目、18週目および24週目でのイルカにおいて有意に上昇した(P<0.002)(図1C)。0週でのイルカにおけるパーセント非修飾アディポネクチンの平均レベル(平均%非未修飾体±SD)が23.8±6であり、3週では18.9±6であり、6週では18.4±6であり、12週では18.0±4であり、18週では16.0±4であり、24週では15.2±5であった。平均パーセント非修飾アディポネクチンが、0週目でのコントロールに対してすべての採取間隔において減少した(P<0.03)(図1D)。1頭のイルカが、定量限界未満の血清中のFGF21濃度を含有した。それ以外の5頭のイルカのサンプルでは、血清中のFGF21濃度が129pg/mlから1599pg/mlにまで及んだ。FGF21レベルにおける平均変化は本研究の経過にわたって有意に異なっていなかった(図5)。
血清アディポネクチンは正の関連をFGF21に関して(ρ=0.788、P<0.001)およびヘプタデカン酸C17:0に関して(ρ=0.441、P=0.008)有し、また、負の関連をフェリチンに関して(ρ=−0.425、P=0.011)、トランスフェリン飽和度に関して(ρ=−0.381、P=0.024)および鉄に関して(ρ=−0.433、P=0.009)有した(表7)。パーセント非修飾アディポネクチンの量は負の相関を総スフィンゴシンに関して有し(ρ=−0.434、P=0.009)、また、正の相関をインスリンに関して(ρ=0.425、P=0.011)およびフェリチンに関して(ρ=0.422、P=0.012)有した(表7)。FGF21は負の相関を鉄に関して(ρ=−0.430、P=0.013)(表7)有した。アディポネクチンおよびFGF21はともに、負の相関を、Cer 14:0、Cer 18:0、Cer 18:1、Cer 20:1、および、Cer 22:1に関して有した(表7)。有意な相関が、血清アディポネクチン、パーセント非修飾アディポネクチンまたはFGF21のレベルと、総セラミド、グルコース、トリグリセリド、セルロプラスミンおよびハプトグロビンとの間には認められなかった(表9)。
血清中のセラミドレベルをそれぞれの時間間隔でA群イルカにおいて測定した(図3;表10)。セラミド24:1が、6頭のイルカの血清で測定される最も多いセラミドであり、測定される総セラミドの平均40%を構成した(表10)。Cer 24:1のレベルが、0週目と比較して有意に6週目では18%低下し、12週目では24%低下し、18週目では33%低下し、24週目では29%低下した(図3E)。セラミド18:1は、測定される総セラミドの約2%を構成しており、0週目と比較して3週目では18%低下し、6週目では21%低下し、12週目では24%低下し、18週目では39%低下し、24週目では27%低下した(図3A)。セラミド20:1は、測定される総セラミドのおよそ1%を構成しており、0週目と比較して3週目では21%低下し、6週目では15%低下し、12週目では24%低下し、18週目では28%低下し、24週目では31%低下した(図3C)。Cer d16:0は総セラミド量のおよそ1%を構成しており、0週目と比較して有意に18週目ではおよそ46%低下した(表10)。セラミド22:0は総セラミドのおよそ7%を構成し、0週目と比較して有意に3週目では96%増大し、6週目では59%増大し、12週目では69%増大し、18週目では44%増大し、24週目では50%増大した(図3B)。セラミド24:0は総セラミドのおよそ11%を構成し、0週目と比較して有意に3週目では183%増大し、6週目では98%増大し、12週目では129%増大し、18週目では66%増大し、24週目では111%増大した(図3D)。セラミド26:0は総セラミドのおよそ1%を構成し、0週目と比較して有意に3週目では143%増大し、6週目では85%増大し、12週目では149%増大し、18週目では71%増大し、24週目では111%増大した(図3F)。測定される総血清セラミドの大雑把には3%、14%、9%、3%、4%および5%をそれぞれ構成したが、Cer 14:0、Cer 16:0、Cer 18:0、Cer 20:0、Cer 22:1、および、Cer 26:1の血清中レベルにおける統計学的に有意な変化が、0週目と比較して認められなかった(表10)。
血清中のスフィンゴシンレベルを0週目に対してそれぞれの時点で比較した(図4;表10)。ジヒドロスフィンゴシンが、0週目(140pmol/ml±27)と比較して有意に6週では32%上昇し(180pmol/ml±24)、18週では34%上昇し(186pmol/ml±30)、24週では45%上昇した(199pmol/ml±43)。dS1Pのレベルが、0週目(35pmol/ml±5)と比較して有意に24週目では157%上昇した(88pmol/ml±20)(図4B)。測定される最も多いスフィンゴシンがSIPであり、これは総スフィンゴシンのおよそ49%を構成し、0週目(211pmol/ml±13)と比較して有意に24週目では92%上昇した(404pmol/ml±59)(図4C)。総スフィンゴシン(測定されるスフィンゴシン類の和)のレベルが、餌における変化の後では有意に6週では21%増大し、12週では19%増大し、18週では24%増大し、24週では62%増大した(図4D)。総セラミドの平均は数値的にはより低く、しかし、時間0と比較して統計学的に有意であることは見出されなかった(図4D)。総スフィンゴシンの大雑把には12%を構成するSPHの血清中レベルにおける変化は、0週目と比較して、統計学的に有意ではなかった(表10)。
非枯渇化血清の質量分析に基づくプロテオミクスにより、59個のタンパク質の特定が0.1%未満の偽発見率でもたらされた。8個のタンパク質が、時間0に対して、24週間の研究にわたって有意に異なっていた(表8)。PRM−MSデータを確認すると、アディポネクチンが、0週目と比較して、12週目、18週目および24週目では、2.66倍、2.79倍および2.99倍それぞれ、有意に上昇した(表8)。ハプトグロビンが、0週目と比較して12週目では1.72倍上昇し、18週目では1.55倍上昇した(表8)。インター−アルファ(グロブリン)阻害剤H3が、0週目と比較して、12週目でのみ1.51倍の増大を示した(表8)。セルピンペプチダーゼ阻害剤、すなわち、クレードC−1(アンチトロンビンIII)が、有意に低下した唯一のタンパク質であり、しかし、この低下は一過性であり、0週目と比較して6週目では、6週目で低下しただけであった(−1.50倍の変化)(表8)。ANOVAにより、ヘモグロビンサブユニットベータ、ヘモグロビンサブユニットアルファ、アポリポタンパク質Eおよびアルブミンが、有意に異なっているとして特定されたにもかかわらず、事後分析では、統計学的な差が、0週目に対して比較されるどの時点においてであっても示されなかった(表8)。
有意性(P<0.05)が太字で示される。
*=P<0.05、†=P<0.01、および、‡=P<0.001。
血液サンプルを海軍海洋哺乳動物プログラム(MMP)からの30頭のイルカの管理された集団から採取した。インスリン上昇(上昇したインスリンレベルは30頭のA群イルカの中での第3四分位(75th quatile)(15μIU/ml)以上の値として定義した)を有するMMPイルカ(n=8)から得られる食後2時間での血中値を、インスリン上昇を有しないMMPイルカ(n=22)と比較した。表11には、インスリン非上昇に対するインスリン上昇の値が例示される。群における違いが年齢に関して認められず(30±7歳および25±14歳、それぞれ;P=0.32)、また、性別に関して認められなかった(メスの割合、37.5%および54.6%、それぞれ;P=0.68)。MMPイルカに関して以前に報告されていることと類似して、インスリン上昇を有するMMPイルカはまた、インスリン非上昇を有するMMPイルカと比較したとき、より高いグルコース、トリグリセリドおよびガンマ−グルタミルトランスペプチダーゼ(GGT)を有する可能性がより高かった。このことから、インスリン上昇を有するイルカが、代謝症候群の危険性を有するイルカ、または、代謝症候群の危険性がより高いイルカを表しているという主張が裏づけられ得る。
ヒトと同様に、一般的なバンドウイルカ(Tursiops truncatus)は、上昇したインスリン、トリグリセリド、グルコースおよびフェリチンを含めて、無症状性の代謝症候群、同様にまた、脂肪肝疾患を発症し得る。San Diego湾(カリフォルニア)に生息する海軍海洋哺乳動物プログラムで管理されるイルカは、代謝に関する十分に研究された集団であり、この群は、Sarasota湾(フロリダ)に生息する野生のバンドウイルカ群と比較して、より高いインスリン、トリグリセリド、フェリチンおよび鉄を有する。重要なことではあるが、代謝症候群についてのイルカの事例集団および参照集団の存在は、比較のための類似するヒト集団に相当する。
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Claims (23)
- 1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその医薬的に許容され得る塩、および
医薬的に許容され得るキャリア
を含む医薬組成物。 - 前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸がヘプタデカン酸である、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 偶数鎖脂肪酸を実質的に含まない、請求項1〜2のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸を含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 単位投薬形態である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 1kgの体重あたり2.5mg〜11mgの前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその医薬的に許容され得る塩を患者に投与するために構成される、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 1日あたり1回の投与のために構成される、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 0.01mg〜10000mgの前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその医薬的に許容され得る塩を含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 代謝症候群、心臓血管疾患、糖尿病、2型糖尿病、多嚢胞性卵巣症候群、脂肪肝、コレステロール胆石、喘息、睡眠障害、ガン、腹部肥満、血圧上昇、上昇した空腹時血漿グルコース、上昇した血清トリグリセリド、低下した高密度リポタンパク質レベル、前炎症性状態、C反応性タンパク質の上昇、血栓形成促進性状態、高フェリチン血症、鉄過剰症を伴う高フェリチン血症、および鉄過剰症を伴わない高フェリチン血症の処置または予防のための医薬品を製造することにおける、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載される医薬組成物の使用。
- 高フェリチン血症の処置または予防のための医薬品を製造することにおける、請求項9に記載の使用。
- 代謝症候群の処置または予防のための医薬品を製造することにおける、請求項9に記載の使用。
- 前記医薬組成物が、代謝症候群のマーカーまたは代謝症候群の症状を調節するために構成される、請求項11に記載の使用。
- 代謝症候群の前記マーカーが、奇数鎖脂肪酸割合、奇数鎖脂肪酸の血清中濃度、奇数鎖脂肪酸の赤血球膜中濃度、血清中の総奇数鎖脂肪酸、赤血球膜中の総奇数鎖脂肪酸、血清フェリチン、血清鉄、トランスフェリチン飽和度、血清グルコース、血清トリグリセリド、血圧、アディポネクチン、HDLコレステロール、尿中微量アルブミン、CRP、IL−6、TNFα、c−Jun N末端キナーゼ、ATMおよび単球走化性タンパク質−1からなる群から選択される、請求項12に記載の使用。
- 前記医薬組成物が、前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸の血清中濃度または赤血球膜中濃度を処置前の値よりも少なくとも約0.01×10−4Mだけ増大させるために構成される、請求項9〜13のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- 代謝症候群、心臓血管疾患、糖尿病、2型糖尿病、多嚢胞性卵巣症候群、脂肪肝、コレステロール胆石、喘息、睡眠障害、ガン、腹部肥満、血圧上昇、上昇した空腹時血漿グルコース、上昇した血清トリグリセリド、低下した高密度リポタンパク質レベル、前炎症性状態、C反応性タンパク質の上昇、血栓形成促進性状態、高フェリチン血症、鉄過剰症を伴う高フェリチン血症、および鉄過剰症を伴わない高フェリチン血症を処置または予防する方法であって、
その必要性のある患者に、有効量の1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその医薬的に許容され得る塩を投与すること
を含む方法。 - 前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその医薬的に許容され得る塩が、前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその医薬的に許容され得る塩と、医薬的に許容され得るキャリアとを含む単位投薬形態における医薬組成物として提供される、請求項15の記載の方法。
- 前記単位投薬形態が0.01mg〜10000mgの前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその医薬的に許容され得る塩を含む、請求項15〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸がヘプタデカン酸である、請求項15〜17のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記医薬組成物が偶数鎖脂肪酸を実質的に含まない、請求項15〜18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記医薬組成物が複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸を含む、請求項15〜19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 1日あたり、1kgの体重あたり2.5mg〜11mgの前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその医薬的に許容され得る塩が、前記患者に投与される、請求項15〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸またはその医薬的に許容され得る塩が前記患者に1日あたり1回投与される、請求項15〜21のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記1つまたは複数の奇数鎖脂肪酸の血清中濃度または赤血球膜中濃度が処置前の値よりも少なくとも約0.01×10−4Mだけ増大させられる、請求項15〜22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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