JP2015509989A - Oh基含量の高いポリアクリレートコポリマー水性分散体 - Google Patents
Oh基含量の高いポリアクリレートコポリマー水性分散体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2015509989A JP2015509989A JP2014548001A JP2014548001A JP2015509989A JP 2015509989 A JP2015509989 A JP 2015509989A JP 2014548001 A JP2014548001 A JP 2014548001A JP 2014548001 A JP2014548001 A JP 2014548001A JP 2015509989 A JP2015509989 A JP 2015509989A
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- Prior art keywords
- meth
- acrylate
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- polyol
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
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- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 49
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- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
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- RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylene diisocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NCCCCCCN=C=O RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 11
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
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- IAXXETNIOYFMLW-COPLHBTASA-N [(1s,3s,4s)-4,7,7-trimethyl-3-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl] 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound C1C[C@]2(C)[C@@H](OC(=O)C(=C)C)C[C@H]1C2(C)C IAXXETNIOYFMLW-COPLHBTASA-N 0.000 description 4
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 4
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- 229940119545 isobornyl methacrylate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PSGCQDPCAWOCSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4,7,7-trimethyl-3-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl) prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C1CC2(C)C(OC(=O)C=C)CC1C2(C)C PSGCQDPCAWOCSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylmorpholine Chemical compound CN1CCOCC1 SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- ARXKVVRQIIOZGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-butanetriol Chemical compound OCCC(O)CO ARXKVVRQIIOZGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- WYKYCHHWIJXDAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-ethylhexaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)C(=O)OOC(C)(C)C WYKYCHHWIJXDAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RUELTTOHQODFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,6-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=C(N=C=O)C=CC=C1N=C=O RUELTTOHQODFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
- C08L33/14—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atoms in addition to the carboxy oxygen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F283/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers provided for in subclass C08G
- C08F283/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers provided for in subclass C08G on to polycarbonates or saturated polyesters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/0804—Manufacture of polymers containing ionic or ionogenic groups
- C08G18/0819—Manufacture of polymers containing ionic or ionogenic groups containing anionic or anionogenic groups
- C08G18/0823—Manufacture of polymers containing ionic or ionogenic groups containing anionic or anionogenic groups containing carboxylate salt groups or groups forming them
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/42—Polycondensates having carboxylic or carbonic ester groups in the main chain
- C08G18/4266—Polycondensates having carboxylic or carbonic ester groups in the main chain prepared from hydroxycarboxylic acids and/or lactones
- C08G18/4269—Lactones
- C08G18/4277—Caprolactone and/or substituted caprolactone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/62—Polymers of compounds having carbon-to-carbon double bonds
- C08G18/6216—Polymers of alpha-beta ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids or of derivatives thereof
- C08G18/625—Polymers of alpha-beta ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids; hydrolyzed polymers of esters of these acids
- C08G18/6254—Polymers of alpha-beta ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and of esters of these acids containing hydroxy groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/703—Isocyanates or isothiocyanates transformed in a latent form by physical means
- C08G18/705—Dispersions of isocyanates or isothiocyanates in a liquid medium
- C08G18/706—Dispersions of isocyanates or isothiocyanates in a liquid medium the liquid medium being water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
- C09D133/14—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing halogen, nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen atoms in addition to the carboxy oxygen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D151/00—Coating compositions based on graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D151/08—Coating compositions based on graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers grafted on to macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D175/04—Polyurethanes
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
(M1)アクリル酸および/またはメタクリル酸脂環式エステル、
(M3)ヒドロキシル官能性ラジカル重合性モノマー、
(M4)カルボキシル官能性ラジカル重合性モノマー、
(M5)アルコール基中にC1〜C12炭化水素基を有するヒドロキシル不含有およびカルボキシル不含有(メタ)アクリル酸エステル、および/または芳香族ビニル化合物
を含んでなるラジカル重合性モノマー混合物(M)から合成されたコポリマー(P)を含んでなるコポリマー水性二次分散体であって、混合物が、ポリエステルポリオールおよび/またはポリカーボネートポリオールからなる群から選択され、少なくとも2の平均ヒドロキシル基官能価を有するポリオール(PO)を更に含んでなる分散体によって達成される。
(M1)はイソボルニル(メタ)アクリレートであり、
(M3)は、ヒドロキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、ヒドロキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレートおよび/またはブタンジオールモノ(メタ)アクリレートであり、
(M4)は(メタ)アクリル酸であり、
(M5)は、スチレン、メチル(メタ)アクリレートおよび/またはn−ブチル(メタ)アクリレートである。
(M1)を5重量%〜25重量%、好ましくは10重量%〜20重量%、
(M3)を25重量%〜45重量%、好ましくは30重量%〜40重量%、
(M4)を1重量%〜10重量%、好ましくは2重量%〜5重量%、
(M5)を25重量%〜45重量%、好ましくは30重量%〜40重量%、
ポリオール(PO)を5重量%〜20重量%、好ましくは8重量%〜15重量%
の量で使用する。
(M1)アクリル酸および/またはメタクリル酸脂環式エステル、
(M3)ヒドロキシル官能性ラジカル重合性モノマー、
(M4)カルボキシル官能性ラジカル重合性モノマー、
(M5)アルコール基中にC1〜C12炭化水素基を有するヒドロキシル不含有およびカルボキシル不含有(メタ)アクリル酸エステル、および/または芳香族ビニル化合物
を含んでなるモノマー混合物(M)をラジカル重合する工程を含む、本発明の分散体の製造方法であって、混合物が、ポリエステルポリオールおよび/またはポリカーボネートポリオールからなる群から選択され、少なくとも2の平均ヒドロキシル基官能価を有するポリオール(PO)を更に含んでなる方法を対象とする。
(M1)はイソボルニル(メタ)アクリレートであり、
(M3)は、ヒドロキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、ヒドロキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレートおよび/またはブタンジオールモノ(メタ)アクリレートであり、
(M4)は(メタ)アクリル酸であり、
(M5)は、スチレン、メチル(メタ)アクリレートおよび/またはn−ブチル(メタ)アクリレートである。
(M1)を5重量%〜25重量%、好ましくは10重量%〜20重量%、
(M3)を25重量%〜45重量%、好ましくは30重量%〜40重量%、
(M4)を1重量%〜10重量%、好ましくは2重量%〜5重量%、
(M5)を25重量%〜45重量%、好ましくは30重量%〜40重量%、
ポリオール(PO)を5重量%〜20重量%、好ましくは8重量%〜15重量%
の量で使用する。
Dowanol(登録商標) PnB:プロピレングリコールn−ブチルエーテル
Peroxan(登録商標) DB:ジ−tert−ブチルペルオキシド
Bayhydur(登録商標) XP 2451:HDIに基づく親水性脂肪族ポリイソシアネート
Bayhydur(登録商標) XP 2655:HDIに基づく親水性脂肪族ポリイソシアネート
Bayhydur(登録商標) XP 2487/1:HDIに基づく親水性脂肪族ポリイソシアネート
Desmodur(登録商標) 3900:HDIに基づく低粘性脂肪族ポリイソシアネート樹脂
Butoxyl(登録商標):3−メトキシ−n−ブチルアセテート
ポリエステルポリオールを、9466g(70.12重量%)のトリメチロールプロパン、4034g(29.88重量%)のε−カプロラクトンおよび6.75g(0.05重量%)のDesmorapid(登録商標) Z(ジラウリン酸ジブチルスズ触媒)から調製した。得られたポリオールは、4524mPas(17.93/s)の粘度(23℃、VT 500)、0.7mgKOH/gの酸価(DIN 53402)、881mgKOH/gのOH価(DIN 53240)および26.7重量%のOH含量を有していた。
実施例2.1の分散体および様々なポリイソシアネートを用いて、塗料組成物を調製した。乾燥後に得られたフィルムを、30%H2SO4で処理し、耐薬品性を試験した。
第一評価:綿棒除去および清浄化の後のフィルム外観
5=目視による変化はなし
4=光沢または色が僅かに変化
3=変色を容易に目視確認、光沢なし
2=著しい変色、僅かに表面変化(膨潤)
1=表面変化、または表面材料の部分破壊、または表面への綿の付着
0=フィルム破壊(拭き取り可能)
第二評価:指の爪で引掻いた後のフィルム外観
2=目視による変化はなし
1=引掻き可能
0=完全引掻き可能
Claims (15)
- (M1)アクリル酸および/またはメタクリル酸脂環式エステル、
(M3)ヒドロキシル官能性ラジカル重合性モノマー、
(M4)カルボキシル官能性ラジカル重合性モノマー、
(M5)アルコール基中にC1〜C12炭化水素基を有するヒドロキシル不含有およびカルボキシル不含有(メタ)アクリル酸エステル、および/または芳香族ビニル化合物
を含んでなるラジカル重合性モノマー混合物(M)から合成されたコポリマー(P)を含んでなるコポリマー水性二次分散体であって、混合物が、ポリエステルポリオールおよび/またはポリカーボネートポリオールからなる群から選択され、少なくとも2の平均ヒドロキシル基官能価を有するポリオール(PO)を更に含んでなることを特徴とする分散体。 - ラジカル重合性モノマー混合物(M)は、(M2)脂肪族カルボン酸ビニルエステルを含有しない、請求項1に記載の分散体。
- コポリマー(P)は、5重量%〜15重量%のヒドロキシル基含量を有する、請求項1に記載の分散体。
- ポリオール(PO)は、15重量%〜35重量%のヒドロキシル基含量を有する、請求項1に記載の分散体。
- ポリオール(PO)は、少なくとも三官能性のアルコールとラクトンとの反応から得られたポリエステルポリオールである、請求項1に記載の分散体。
- 水性分散体は、対象元素が少なくとも+4の酸化状態を有する周期表の亜属5および/または6の元素の1種以上の化合物を更に含んでなる、請求項1に記載の分散体。
- (M1)はイソボルニル(メタ)アクリレートであり、
(M3)は、ヒドロキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、ヒドロキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレートおよび/またはブタンジオールモノ(メタ)アクリレートであり、
(M4)は(メタ)アクリル酸であり、
(M5)は、スチレン、メチル(メタ)アクリレートおよび/またはn−ブチル(メタ)アクリレートである、
請求項1に記載の分散体。 - 分散体中の固体の総重量に基づいて、合計が100重量%以下となるように、
(M1)を5重量%〜25重量%、
(M3)を25重量%〜45重量%、
(M4)を1重量%〜10重量%、
(M5)を25重量%〜45重量%、
ポリオール(PO)を5重量%〜20重量%
の量で使用する、請求項1に記載の分散体。 - (M1)アクリル酸および/またはメタクリル酸脂環式エステル、
(M3)ヒドロキシル官能性ラジカル重合性モノマー、
(M4)カルボキシル官能性ラジカル重合性モノマー、
(M5)アルコール基中にC1〜C12炭化水素基を有するヒドロキシル不含有およびカルボキシル不含有(メタ)アクリル酸エステル、および/または芳香族ビニル化合物
を含んでなるモノマー混合物(M)をラジカル重合する工程を含む、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の分散体の製造方法であって、混合物が、ポリエステルポリオールおよび/またはポリカーボネートポリオールからなる群から選択され、少なくとも2の平均ヒドロキシル基官能価を有するポリオール(PO)を更に含んでなることを特徴とする、方法。 - ポリオール(PO)は、少なくとも三官能性のアルコールとラクトンとの反応から得られたポリエステルポリオールである、請求項9に記載の方法。
- (M1)はイソボルニル(メタ)アクリレートであり、
(M3)は、ヒドロキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、ヒドロキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレートおよび/またはブタンジオールモノ(メタ)アクリレートであり、
(M4)は(メタ)アクリル酸であり、
(M5)は、スチレン、メチル(メタ)アクリレートおよび/またはn−ブチル(メタ)アクリレートである、
請求項9に記載の方法。 - 塗料としての、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の分散体の使用。
- 架橋剤(X)と組み合わせた、二液型ポリウレタン水性塗料のためのバインダーとしての、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の分散体の使用。
- 請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の分散体およびイソシアネート基含有架橋剤(X)を含んでなる、二液型ポリウレタン水性塗料。
- 架橋剤(X)は、1,6−ヘキサメチレンジイソシアネートおよび/またはジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート、および/またはヘキサメチレンジイソシアネートおよび/またはジフェニルメタンのオリゴマーまたは反応生成物を含んでなる、請求項14に記載の塗料。
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Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
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LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |