JP2015181334A - 無線エネルギー伝達システム - Google Patents
無線エネルギー伝達システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP2015181334A JP2015181334A JP2015079726A JP2015079726A JP2015181334A JP 2015181334 A JP2015181334 A JP 2015181334A JP 2015079726 A JP2015079726 A JP 2015079726A JP 2015079726 A JP2015079726 A JP 2015079726A JP 2015181334 A JP2015181334 A JP 2015181334A
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Abstract
【解決手段】エネルギー源に結合され、QファクタQ1>100及び特有サイズx1を有する供給源共振器102Sと、供給源共振器から距離Dに位置するエネルギードレインに結合され、QファクタQ2>100及び特有サイズx2を有する第2の共振器102Dと、を有する。供給源共振器及び第2の共振器が、供給源共振器と第2の共振器との間でワイヤレスでエネルギーを交換するように結合される。
【選択図】図1
Description
本出願は、以下の米国特許出願の優先権を主張しており、それら特許出願のそれぞれは、参照により全体として本明細書に組み込まれる。即ち、2008年9月27日に出願された米国特許出願第61/100721号、2008年10月27日に出願された米国特許出願第61/108743号、2009年1月26日に出願された米国特許出願第61/147386号、2009年2月12日に出願された米国特許出願第61/152086号、2009年5月15日に出願された米国特許出願第61/178508号、2009年6月1日に出願された米国特許出願第61/182768号、2008年12月9日に出願された米国特許出願第61/121159号、2009年1月7日に出願された米国特許出願第61/142977号、2009年1月6日に出願された米国特許出願第61/142885号、2009年1月6日に出願された米国特許出願第61/142796号、2009年1月6日に出願された米国特許出願第61/142889号、2009年1月6日に出願された米国特許出願第61/142880号、2009年1月6日に出願された米国特許出願第61/142818号、2009年1月6日に出願された米国特許出願第61/142887号、2009年3月2日に出願された米国特許出願第61/156764号、2009年1月7日に出願された米国特許出願第61/143058号、2009年2月13日に出願された米国特許出願第61/152390号、2009年3月26日に出願された米国特許出願第61/163695号、2009年4月24日に出願された米国特許出願第61/172633号、2009年4月14日に出願された米国特許出願第61/169240号、及び2009年4月29日に出願された米国特許出願第61/173747号である。
分野
本発明は、無線(ワイヤレス)電力伝送とも呼ばれる無線エネルギー伝達に関する。
エネルギー又は電力は、様々な良く知られた放射技術または遠距離場技術、及び非放射技術または近接場技術を用いてワイヤレスで伝送され得る。例えば、無線および移動体通信システム、及び家庭用コンピュータネットワークで使用されるような低指向性アンテナを用いる放射型無線情報伝送は、無線エネルギー伝送と考えられ得る。しかしながら、このタイプの放射型伝送は非常に非効率的であり、その理由は、受信器が獲得するのは、供給される電力または放射される電力のわずかな部分、即ちその方向の一部であり、それらは部分的に重なっているからである。電力の大部分は、他の全方向に放散されて自由空間で失われる。係る非効率的な電力伝送は、データ送信に受け入れ可能であるが、電気装置の電力供給または充電のような仕事を行うために、有用な量の電気エネルギーを伝送するには実用的ではない。幾つかの放射型エネルギー伝送方法の伝送効率を改善するための1つの方法は、放射されたエネルギーを受信器の方に限定する及び優先的に向けるために指向性アンテナを使用することである。しかしながら、これらの方向を持った(有向)放射方法は、中断されない見通し線を必要とする場合があり、移動できる送信器および/または受信器の場合には潜在的に複雑なトラッキング(追跡)及びステアリング(操向)機構を必要とする場合がある。更に、係る方法は、適度な量から大きな量の電力が伝送されている際に、ビームを横切る又はビームと交差する物体または人々に危害を及ぼす可能性がある。誘導または従来の誘導と呼ばれることが多い、既知の非放射型または近接場無線エネルギー伝送方法は、電力を(意図的に)放射しないが、一次コイルを通過する振動電流を用いて、近接受信または二次コイルで電流を誘導する振動近傍磁界を生成する。従来の誘導方法は、適度な量から大量の電力の伝送を実証したが、非常に短い距離にわたるだけであり、一次電源ユニットと二次受信器ユニットとの間の非常に小さいオフセット量の許容範囲を有する。変圧器および近接充電器は、この既知の短距離の近接場エネルギー伝送方法を利用する装置の例である。
本明細書において、中距離にわたって、及び中程度の位置合わせオフセット量で有用な量の電力を伝送することができる非放射型または近接場無線エネルギー伝送方法が開示される。本発明の技術は、長寿命振動性共振モードで結合された電磁共振器を使用して、電源からの電力を電力ドレインに伝送する。当該技術は一般的であり、本明細書で開示された具体例が電磁共振器に関係する場合でも、広範囲の共振器に適用され得る。共振器が設計される場合、電界によって蓄積されたエネルギーが主として構造体内に閉じ込められ、及び磁界により蓄積されたエネルギーが主として共振器の周囲の領域にあるようにされる。そして、エネルギー交換は共振近傍磁界により主として実現される。これらタイプの共振器は、磁気共振器と呼ばれ得る。共振器が設計される場合、磁界により蓄積されたエネルギーが主として構造体内に閉じ込められ、及び電界により蓄積されたエネルギーが主として共振器の周囲の領域にあるようにされる。そして、エネルギー交換は共振近傍電界により主として実現される。これらタイプの共振器は、電気共振器と呼ばれ得る。また、共振器のどちらかのタイプは、電磁共振器とも呼ばれ得る。共振器の双方のタイプが本明細書で開示される。
上述したように、本開示は、電源からの電力を電力ドレイン(drain:消費元)にワイヤレス(無線)で伝送することができる、長寿命振動性共振モード(long-lived oscillatory resonant mode)で結合された電磁共振器に関する。しかしながら、当該技術は、電磁共振器に限定されず、全般的であり、多種多様の共振器および共振物体に適用され得る。従って、最初に一般的な技術が説明され、次いで無線エネルギー伝送の電磁的例が開示される。
共振器は、少なくとも2つの異なる形態でエネルギーを蓄積することができるシステムとして定義されることができ、この場合、蓄積されたエネルギーは、2つの形態間で振動している。共振は、共振(モード)周波数f、及び共振(モード)場を有する特定の振動モードを有する。共振角周波数ωは、ω=2πfとして定義されることができ、共振波長λは、λ=c/fとして定義されることができ、ここでcは光の速度であり、及び共振周器Tは、T=1/f=2π/ωとして定義され得る。損失機構、結合機構または外部エネルギー供給機構またはドレイン機構がない場合、共振器の蓄積された全エネルギーWは、一定のままであり、且つ2つの形態のエネルギーが振動し、この場合、他方が最小である場合に、一方が最大であり、逆もまた同じである。
da(t)/dt=−i(ω−iΓ)a(t)
ここで、変数a(t)は、共振器内に包含されるエネルギーが|a(t)|2により与えられるように定義された共振場の振幅である。Γは、固有エネルギー減衰または損失率(例えば、吸収損失および放射損失に起因)である。
実質的に同じ共振周波数を有し、近接場の任意の部分を介して結合された共振器は、相互作用してエネルギーを交換することができる。このエネルギー交換を理解する、設計する、最適化する、及び特徴付けるために採用され得る様々な物理的画像およびモデルが存在する。2つの結合された共振器間のエネルギー交換を説明する及びモデル化するための1つの方法は、結合モード理論(CMT)を用いている。
ωs=ωd=ω
更に、電力発生装置に起因した供給源共振器のローディングQ、δQs[g]は、デバイス共振器及び負荷に起因した供給源共振器のローデッドQ、Qs[dl]にマッチング(等しく)される必要があり、逆に負荷に起因したデバイス共振器のローディングQ、δQd[l]は、供給源共振器および電力発生装置に起因したデバイス共振器のローデッドQ、Qd[sg]にマッチング(等しく)される必要があり、即ち、
δQs[g]=Qs[dl]及びδQd[l]=Qd[sg]
これらの方程式は、電力発生装置による供給源共振器の、及び負荷によるデバイス共振器の最適な負荷率を以下のように求める。
有用なエネルギー交換でのいわゆる「有用な」エネルギーは、デバイスに電力を供給する又はデバイスを充電するためにデバイス(単数または複数)に伝えられる必要があるエネルギー又は電力である。有用なエネルギー交換に対応する伝送効率は、システム依存または用途依存とすることができる。例えば、数キロワットの電力を伝送する高い電力の車両充電用途は、伝送システムの様々な構成要素が大幅に加熱せずに、車両のバッテリーを再充電するのに十分なように、有用なエネルギー交換で生じる有用な量の電力を供給するために少なくとも80%の効率である必要がある。幾つかの家庭用電化製品の用途では、有用なエネルギー交換は、10%よりも大きい任意のエネルギー伝送効率、又は再充電可能なバッテリーを「満タン状態」に保つ及び長期間の動作を保つために許容できる他の量を含むことができる。幾つかの無線センサ用途の場合、1%よりも大幅に少ない伝送効率が、センサからかなりの距離に配置された単一の供給源から多数の低電力センサに電力供給するために適切であるかもしれない。更に他の用途について、有線の電力伝送が不可能または実用的でない場合、広範囲の伝送効率が有用なエネルギー交換に受け入れ可能であり、これらの用途において有用な電力がデバイスに供給されると考えられ得る。一般に、動作距離は、有用なエネルギー交換が本明細書で開示された原理に従って維持される又は維持され得る任意の距離である。
エネルギーを交換するために使用される共振器は電磁共振器とすることができる。係る共振器において、固有のエネルギー減衰率Γmは、共振器の吸収(又は抵抗)損失および放射損失により与えられる。
電磁共振器102は、特有の共振周波数、固有の共振周波数、又はその物理的特性により求められる共振周波数を有することができる。この共振周波数は、共振器の電界WE(WE=q2/2C、ここでqはコンデンサCの電荷である)により蓄積されたエネルギーと、磁界WB(WB=Li2/2、ここでiはインダクタLを流れる電流である)により蓄積されたエネルギーとの間で、共振器により蓄積されたエネルギーが振動する周波数である。システム(系)において任意の損失がない場合、エネルギーはコンデンサ104の電界とインダクタ108の磁界との間で継続的に交換される。エネルギーが交換される周波数は、共振器の特有周波数、固有周波数、又は共振周波数と呼ばれることができ、それは、ω、ω=2πf=(1/LC)1/2により与えられる。
図6に示された共振器102のエネルギーは、吸収損失(抵抗損または抵抗損失とも呼ぶ)及び/又は放射損失を含む固有損失により減衰または失われ得る。エネルギー減衰を特徴付ける、共振器のQファクタ又はQは、それらの損失に反比例する。吸収損失は、インダクタを形成するために使用される導体の有限導電率により、並びに共振器の他の素子、構成要素、コネクタなどの損失によりもたらされる可能性がある。低損失材料から形成されたインダクタは、「高Q誘導性素子」と呼ばれることができ、低い損失を有する素子、構成要素、コネクタなどは、「高い抵抗性Q」を有すると呼ばれ得る。一般に、共振器の全吸収損失は、共振器を構成する様々な素子および構成要素の抵抗損失の適切な直列および/または並列の組合せとして計算され得る。即ち、任意の顕著な放射損失または構成要素/接続の損失がない状態において、共振器のQは、Qabs、Qabs=ωL/Rabsにより与えられ得る。ここで、ωは共振周波数であり、Lは共振器の全インダクタンスであり、例えば、インダクタを形成するために使用される導体の抵抗は、Rabs=lρ/Aにより与えられる(lはワイヤの長さであり、ρは導体材料の抵抗率であり、Aは電流がワイヤに流れる断面積である)。交流電流の場合、電流が流れる断面積は、表皮効果に起因して導体の物理的な断面積より小さくすることができる。従って、高Q磁気共振器は、高い導電率、比較的大きな表面積を有する導体、及び/又は近接効果を最小限にする及びAC抵抗を低減するために特別に設計された断面(プロファイル)(例えば、リッツ線)を有する導体から構成され得る。
本明細書で開示された近接場無線エネルギー伝送システムで使用される高Q電磁共振器は、副波長物体とすることができる。即ち、共振器の物理的寸法は、共振周波数に対応する波長よりもはるかに小さくすることができる。副波長磁気共振器は、それらの近傍磁界に蓄積されたエネルギーの大部分を共振器の周囲の領域に有することができ、これらの場は、共振器から離れて放射しないので、変化しないもの又は非伝搬としても記述され得る。共振器を取り囲む領域の近接場の範囲は一般に、波長により設定され、そのため、近接場は、副波長共振器の共振器自体を越えて適切に広がることができる。場の振る舞いが近接場の振る舞いから遠距離場の振る舞いに変化する制限表面は、「放射コーステック(caustic:火面、腐食性)」と呼ばれ得る。
空間的に分離および/またはオフセットした、十分なQの磁気共振器は、たとえ共振器構造のサイズ及び形状が異なっても、従来技術で見られたものよりはるかに長い距離にわたって効率的な無線エネルギー伝送を達成することができる。また、係る共振器は、より短い範囲の距離にわたって、従来技術で達成可能であったものよりも効率的なエネルギー伝送を達成するように動作され得る。係る共振器が中距離エネルギー伝送をできるものとして説明される。
副波長の容量的に装荷されたループ磁気共振器(x≪λ)の近接場の状況において、半径が浸透厚(skin depth : 表皮厚さ)より大きい、Nターンのワイヤから構成された円形導電性ループインダクタに関連した抵抗は、ほぼ以下の通りである。
たとえ構造全体の或る程度のサイズの空隙を有するとしても、開磁路を形成するために組み立てられた磁性材料を用いて、磁気共振器構造を実現することができる。これらの構造において、高い導電性材料が、磁性材料から作成された構造体に巻き付けられて、磁気共振器の誘導性素子を形成する。コンデンサ素子は、高い導電性材料に接続され、次いで共振周波数が上述したように決定され得る。これら磁気共振器は、容量的に装荷されたインダクタループの共振器の場合のように、垂直でななくて二次元共振器構造の平面において双極子モーメントを有する。
上述したタイプの構造体は、約1000以上のQファクタQを有するように作成され得る。この高Qは、たとえ磁性材料の損失が高くても、磁性材料内の磁気エネルギーの割合が、物体に関連した全磁気エネルギーに比べて小さい場合に、可能である。導電材料および磁性材料の層からなる構造体の場合、導電材料の損失は、前述したように、磁性材料の存在により低減され得る。磁性材料の層の厚さがシステムの最も大きな寸法の1/100のオーダーであり(例えば、磁性材料が約1mmの厚さからなることができると同時に、構造体の面積が約10cm×10cmである)、且つ相対透磁率が約1000である構造体において、磁性材料内に含まれる磁気エネルギーの割合を、物体または共振器に関連した全磁気エネルギーの数100分の1だけにすることが可能である。それが如何にして生じるかを見るために、留意すべきは、体積に含まれる磁気エネルギーの式が、以下の通りであり、
電磁共振器の場合、固有Qに摂動を与える外因性損失機構は、近くの外部物体の材料内部の吸収損失、及び近くの外部物体からの共振場の散乱に関連した放射損失を含むことができる。吸収損失は、対象となる周波数範囲にわたって非ゼロであるが、有限の導電率σ(又は同様に、誘電体誘電率の非ゼロで有限の虚数部)を有する材料に関連付けられることができ、そのため電磁界は、その材料に入り込むことができ、その材料内に電流を生じさせることができ、次いで抵抗損失を介してエネルギーが放散される。物体が少なくとも部分的に損失性材料を含む場合、それは損失性として記述され得る。
近接場無線電力送信の対象となる1つの周波数範囲は、10kHz〜100MHzである。この周波数範囲において、例えば幾つかのタイプの木材およびプラスチックのような多種多様の通常の非金属材料は、比較的低い導電率を有することができ、そのため電力の僅かな量しかそれらの内部で消散されない。更に、低い損失正接tanΔを有する材料(ここで、tanΔ=ε”/ε’、ε”及びε’はそれぞれ誘電率の虚数部と実数部である)でも、それらの内部で消散される電力は僅かな量でしかない。銅、銀、金などのような、比較的高い導電率を有する金属材料でも、それらの内部で消散される電力は僅かであり、その理由は、前述したように、電磁界がこれらの材料に大幅に入り込むことができないからである。これら非常に高い及び非常に低い導電率材料、並びに低い損失正接の材料および物体では、磁気共振器の損失に対する影響は無視しても構わない。
・損失性材料および物体を共振器から離して、又は共振器に対する特別な位置および位置関係に配置することにより、
・共振器の近傍の損失性材料および物体を部分的または完全に覆うために高導電率の材料または構造を用いることにより、
・損失性物体を完全に覆うために、及び共振器の場が損失性物体を避けるように共振器の場を形作るために損失性物体の周りに高導電率の材料の閉曲面(例えば、シート又はメッシュなど)を配置することにより、
・物体または材料の上面、底面に沿って、側面に沿ってなどのように、損失性物体の一部のみの周りに高導電率の材料の表面(例えば、シート又はメッシュなど)を配置することにより、
・損失性物体の場所において場の強度を低減するために損失性物体の上または下または一面に高導電率の材料の単一表面(例えば、シート又はメッシュなど)でさえも配置することにより、
低減され得る。
2つの共振器間のエネルギー伝送の効率は、強い結合の性能指数、U=κ/(ΓsΓd)1/2=(2κ/(ωsωd)1/2)(QsQd)1/2により求められ得る。磁気共振器の具現化形態において、2つの共振器間の結合率は、共振器のそれぞれの誘導性素子のインダクタンスL1及びL2、及びそれらの間の相互インダクタンスMに、κ12=ωM/2(L1L2)1/2により関連付けられ得る。留意すべきは、この式は、電気双極子結合を介した無視できる結合が存在すると仮定する。インダクタが円形導電ループによりNターンで形成され、図1の(b)に示されたように距離Dだけ離されて配向されている、容量的に装荷されたインダクタループの共振器の場合、相互インダクタンスは、M=π/4・μ0N1N2(x1x2)2/D3であり、ここでx1、N1及びx2、N2はそれぞれ、第1及び第2の共振器の導体ループの特有サイズ及びターン数である。留意すべきは、これは準静的な結果であり、そのため共振器のサイズが波長よりも非常に小さく、共振器の距離が波長よりも非常に小さいが、それらの距離が少なくともそれらのサイズの数倍であることが仮定される。上述されたように、準静的制限で及び中距離で動作されたこれら円形共振器の場合、k=2κ/(ω1ω2)1/2〜((x1x2)1/2/D)3である。中距離における共振器間の強い結合(大きいU)は、共振器のQファクタが中距離において小さいkを補償するほど十分に大きい場合に確立され得る。
前述されたように、高導電率材料の表面は、共振器の場が共振器の近傍の損失性物体pを避けることにより、共振器の全体的な外因性損失を低減および高いQ無感受性Θ(p+cond.surface)を維持するように、共振器の場を形作るために使用され得る。しかしながら、係る表面は、パーターブド結合率k(p)より小さく、且つサイズ、位置、及び共振器に対する高導電率材料の位置関係に依存する、共振器間のパーターブド結合率k(p+cond.surface)もまねく可能性がある。例えば、高導電率材料が平面内に配置され、且つ無線エネルギー伝送システムにおける少なくとも1つの磁気共振器の誘導性素子により閉じ込められた領域内に配置される場合、結合に介在する共振器の領域を通る磁束の一部が阻止され、kが低減され得る。
低損失誘導性素子のインピーダンスマッチングのアーキテクチャ
本説明のために、誘導性素子は、磁性材料から作成された(ギャップ付き又はギャップ無し)コアを備える又は備えない、任意の導電材料の任意のコイル又はループ構造(「ループ」)とすることができ、それはまた、他のシステムに誘導的に又は任意の他の非接触方法で結合され得る。素子は、ループのインピーダンス及び任意に潜在的に結合されたシステムのいわゆる「反射」インピーダンスを含むそのインピーダンスが、正のリアクタンスX、及び抵抗Rを有するので、誘導性である。
・電力駆動発生装置から供給源の低損失誘導性素子(及び低損失誘導性素子にワイヤレスで結合された任意の他のシステム)に伝えられる電力を最大化する、又は係る低損失誘導性素子間のインピーダンス不整合を最小限にするために、
・デバイスの低損失誘導性素子(及び低損失誘導性素子にワイヤレスで結合された任意の他のシステム)から電力駆動される負荷へ伝えられる電力を最大化する、又は係る低損失誘導性素子間のインピーダンス不整合を最小限にするために、
・電力駆動発生装置から供給源の低損失誘導性素子(及び低損失誘導性素子にワイヤレスで結合された任意の他のシステム)に制御された電力量を伝える、又は係る低損失誘導性素子間の特定のインピーダンス関係を達成するために、
・デバイスの低損失誘導性素子(及び低損失誘導性素子にワイヤレスで結合された任意の他のシステム)から電力駆動される負荷へ制御された電力量を伝える、又は係る低損失誘導性素子間の特定のインピーダンス関係を達成するために。
共振器構造体は、電力発生装置または負荷にワイヤレスで(間接的に)又は有線接続で(直接的に)接続されるように設計され得る。
低い損失の誘導性素子の小さい抵抗Rを外部回路のより大きな特性インピーダンスZ0にマッチングするために使用されるマッチング回路が無損失であると考えられる場合、
及び端子を流れる電流は、誘導性素子を流れる電流よりも非常に小さい。従って、端子と直に直列接続された素子(例えば、直接的に結合されたB、C(図28(c)))は、大きい電流を伝えることができない。従って、たとえマッチング回路が損失性素子を有するとしても、端子に直列接続された素子に存在する抵抗損失は、共振器の高Qにおける著しい減少という結果にならない。即ち、それら直列素子の抵抗損失は、Z0から誘導性素子への(または逆もまた同じ)電力伝送の効率を著しく低減しない。従って、低直列損失および/または高電流定格の厳密な要件は、これら構成要素に必要ないかもしれない。一般に、係る低減された要件は、高Q及び/又は高電力インピーダンスマッチング及び共振器の接続形態へと設計され得る構成要素のより広い選択をもたらすことができる。これら低減された要件は特に、これら高Q及び/又は高電力インピーダンスマッチング回路で使用され得る、可変および/または高電圧および/または低並列損失の構成要素の種類を広げることに有用となることができる。
上記のように、低い損失の誘導性素子の小さい抵抗Rを外部回路のより大きな特性インピーダンスZ0にマッチングするために使用されるマッチング回路が無損失であると考えられる場合、前の分析を用いて、
及び低損失(高いX/R)誘導性素子の場合、端子にわたる電圧は一般に、誘導性素子の両端の電圧より非常に小さい。従って、端子に直に並列接続された素子は、高電圧に耐える必要がない。従って、たとえマッチング回路が損失性素子を有するとしても、端子に並列接続された素子に存在する抵抗損失は、共振器の高Qにおける著しい減少という結果にならない。即ち、それら並列素子の抵抗損失は、Z0から誘導性素子への(または逆もまた同じ)電力伝送の効率を著しく低減しない。従って、低並列損失および/または高電圧定格の厳密な要件は、これら構成要素に必要ないかもしれない。一般に、係る低減された要件は、高Q及び/又は高電力インピーダンスマッチング及び共振器の接続形態へと設計され得る構成要素のより広い選択をもたらすことができる。これら低減された要件は特に、これら高Q及び/又は高電力インピーダンスマッチング及び共振器回路で使用され得る、可変および/または高電流および/または低直列損失の構成要素の種類を広げることに有用となることができる。
回路の接続形態
満足な低損失および高電圧または高電流定格を有する可変回路素子は、入手するのに困難または高価である可能性がある。本明細書において、本発明者は、適切な電圧および電流定格を有する可能性がより高い、回路の固定素子に大きな電圧または電流が割り当てられ、且つ回路の可変素子に対する電圧および電流定格要件を軽減するように、固定素子および可変素子の組合せを組み込むことができるインピーダンスマッチング接続形態を説明する。
単一の可変回路素子(上述した素子の回路網とは対照的に)は、可変構成要素の定格要件の減少およびより微細な調整分解能を達成するために、直列または並列に接続された固定および可変構成要素の組合せを用いた接続形態により実現され得る。これは、以下の事実により数学的に実証され得る。
以下の回路図において、本発明者は、低損失誘導性素子に対するインピーダンスマッチング及び係る誘導性素子の共振器設計の異なる特定の接続形態の具現化形態を示す。更に、本発明者は、各接続形態について、上述されたどの原理が使用されているか、マッチングを達成するために使用され得る可変素子の値を与える式、及びマッチングされ得る複素インピーダンスの範囲(不等式およびスミスチャートの表現を用いて)を示す。これらの例の場合、本発明者は、Z0が実数であるが、非ゼロの虚数部を有する特性インピーダンスまでの拡張が真っ直ぐであると仮定し、その理由は、それがマッチング回路網の構成要素の必要な値における小さな調整だけを意味するからである。本発明者は、量に関する下付き文字nがZ0(除算した)に対する正規化を意味する取り決めを使用する。
Rn>0、Xn>0
それらは、図29の(c)のスミスチャートの実線により包囲された領域によって示される。
Rn≦1、Xn≧(Rn(1−Rn))1/2
それらは、図30の(g)のスミスチャートの実線により包囲された領域によって示される。図30の(h)〜(m)の場合、調整可能な素子の必要な値は、以下により与えられ得る。
Rn≦2、Xn≧(2Rn(2−Rn))1/2
それらは、図32の(d)のスミスチャートの実線により包囲された領域によって示される。図32の(e)〜(g)の場合、調整可能な素子の必要な値は、以下により与えられ得る。
Rn≦1、Xn≧(Rn(1−Rn))1/2
それらは、図33の(g)のスミスチャートの実線により包囲された領域によって示される。図33の(h)〜(m)の場合、調整可能な素子の必要な値は、以下により与えられ得る。
システムブロック図
本発明者は、中距離でワイヤレスでデバイスに電力供給またはデバイスを充電することができる無線電力伝送システム用の高Q共振器の例を開示する。また、高Q共振器の無線電力伝送システムは、システムの任意の供給源共振器とは異なるサイズ、形状、組成、構成などである磁気共振器でもってワイヤレスでデバイスに電力を供給またはデバイスを充電することもできる。
いわゆるポートパラメータ測定回路は、システムの特定の電力、電圧、及び電流信号を測定または監視することができ、プロセッサ又は制御回路は、それら測定値に基づいて特定の設定値または動作パラメータを調整することができる。これらポートパラメータの測定値に加えて、システムの全体にわたる電圧および電流信号の大きさ及び位相、並びに電力信号の大きさは、システム性能を測定または監視するためにアクセスされ得る。本明細書の全体にわたって言及される測定信号は、ポートパラメータの信号、並びに電圧信号、電流信号、電力信号などの任意の組合せとすることができる。これらパラメータは、アナログ又はデジタル信号を用いて測定されることができ、それらはサンプリング及び処理されることができ、それらは多数の既知のアナログ及びデジタル処理技術を用いてデジタル化または変換され得る。測定信号または監視信号は、フィードバック回路またはシステムで使用されて、共振器および/またはシステムの動作が制御され得る。一般に、本発明者は、これら監視信号または測定信号を、基準信号、又はポートパラメータ測定値または信号と呼ぶが、それらは時として、エラー信号、監視信号、フィードバック信号などとも呼ばれる。本発明者は、電圧制御コンデンサを駆動するために使用される電圧のような、回路素子を制御するために使用される信号を、制御信号と呼ぶ。
1) Adjust eachresonator "in isolation" as described above.
2) Adjust sourceC1/C3 until, at ωo , Re{S11} = (Z1 +/- εRe) as follows:
- If Re{S11 @ ωo } > (Z1 + εRe), decrease C1/C3. If Re{S11 @ ωo } < (Z0 - εRe), increase C1/C3.
3) Adjust source C2 until,at ωo, Im{S11} = (+/- εIm) as follows:
- If Im{S11 @ ωo } > εIm, decrease C2. If Im{S11 @ ωo } < -εIm, increase C2.
4) Adjust deviceC1/C3 until, at ω0, Re{S22} = (Z2 +/- εRe) as follows:
- If Re{S22 @ ωo } > (Z2 + εRe), decrease C1/C3. If Re{S22 @ ωo} < (Z0 - εRe), increase C1/C3.
5) Adjust device C2until, at ωo, Im{S22} = 0 as follows:
- If Im{S22 @ ωo } > εIm, decrease C2. If Im{S22 @ ωo } < -εIm, increase C2。
各列挙される応用形態に関して、当業者には理解されるように、無線電力送信を可能にするために使用される共振器構造体が、給電している又は電力供給されている物体と接続または一体化され得る様々な態様が存在する。共振器は、供給源の物体およびデバイスの物体から物理的に分離され得る。共振器は、従来の誘導性技術を用いて、又は例えばワイヤ又はケーブルを用いた直接的な電気接続を介して、物体に給電する又は物体から電力を取り出すことができる。電気接続は、共振器出力から物体のAC又はDC電力入力ポートまでとすることができる。電気接続は、物体の出力電力ポートから共振器ユニットまでとすることができる。
1.電力発生装置に結合され、QファクタQ1及び特有サイズx1を有する供給源共振器と、前記供給源共振器から距離Dに位置する負荷に結合され、QファクタQ2及び特有サイズx2を有する第2の共振器とを含み、前記供給源共振器および前記第2の共振器が、前記供給源共振器と前記第2の共振器との間でワイヤレスでエネルギーを交換するように結合され、(Q1Q2)1/2>100である、システム。
2.Q1<100である、上記1に記載のシステム。
3.Q2<100である、上記1に記載のシステム。
4.前記供給源共振器および前記第2の共振器と非放射的にエネルギーを伝送するように構成された、QファクタQ3を有する第3の共振器を更に含み、(Q1Q3)1/2>100及び(Q2Q3)1/2>100である、上記1に記載のシステム。
5.Q3<100である、上記4に記載のシステム。
6.前記供給源共振器が直接的な電気接続で前記電力発生装置に結合される、上記1に記載のシステム。
7.インピーダンスマッチング回路網を更に含み、前記供給源共振器が、直接的な電気接続で前記電力発生装置に結合され及びインピーダンスマッチングされる、上記1に記載のシステム。
8.調整可能な回路を更に含み、前記供給源共振器が、直接的な電気接続でもって、前記調整可能な回路を介して前記電力発生装置に結合される、上記1に記載のシステム。
9.前記直接的な電気接続の少なくとも1つが、前記供給源共振器の共振モードを実質的に保持するように構成されている、上記6、7、又は8に記載のシステム。
10.前記供給源共振器が、第1の端子、第2の端子、及び中央端子を有し、前記第1の端子と前記中央端子との間のインピーダンス、及び前記第2の端子と前記中央端子との間のインピーダンスが実質的に等しい、上記6に記載のシステム。
11.前記供給源共振器は、第1の端子、第2の端子、及び中央端子を有する、容量的に装荷されたループを含み、前記第1の端子と前記中央端子との間のインピーダンス、及び前記第2の端子と前記中央端子との間のインピーダンスが実質的に等しい、上記6に記載のシステム。
12.前記供給源共振器が、インピーダンスマッチング回路網に結合され、前記インピーダンスマッチング回路網が更に、第1の端子、第2の端子、及び中央端子を含み、前記第1の端子と前記中央端子との間のインピーダンス、及び前記第2の端子と前記中央端子との間のインピーダンスが実質的に等しい、上記6に記載のシステム。
13.前記第1の端子および前記第2の端子が、前記電力発生装置に直接的に結合され、ほぼ180度位相がずれている発振信号で駆動される、上記10、11、又は12に記載のシステム。
14.前記供給源共振器が、共振周波数ω1を有し、前記第1の端子および前記第2の端子が、前記電力発生装置に直接的に結合され、前記共振周波数ω1に実質的に等しい発振信号で駆動される、上記10、11、又は12に記載のシステム。
15.前記中央端子が、電気接地に接続される、上記10、11、又は12に記載のシステム。
16.前記供給源共振器が、共振周波数ω1を有し、前記第1の端子および前記第2の端子が、前記電力発生装置に直接的に結合され、前記共振周波数ω1に実質的に等しい周波数で駆動される、上記15に記載のシステム。
17.前記電力発生装置および前記負荷に結合された複数のコンデンサを含む、上記2に記載のシステム。
18.前記供給源共振器および前記第2の共振器がそれぞれ、低い損失正接の材料内に収容される、上記1に記載のシステム。
19.電力変換回路を更に含み、前記第2の共振器が、前記電力変換回路に結合されて、DC電力を前記負荷に伝える、上記1に記載のシステム。
20.電力変換回路を更に含み、前記第2の共振器が、前記電力変換回路に結合されて、AC電力を前記負荷に伝える、上記1に記載のシステム。
21.電力変換回路を更に含み、前記第2の共振器が、前記電力変換回路に結合されて、AC及びDC電力を前記負荷に伝える、上記1に記載のシステム。
22.電力変換回路および複数の負荷を更に含み、前記第2の共振器が、前記電力変換回路に結合され、前記電力変換回路が前記複数の負荷に結合される、上記1に記載のシステム。
23.前記インピーダンスマッチング回路網がコンデンサを含む、上記7に記載のシステム。
24.前記インピーダンスマッチング回路網がインダクタを含む、上記7に記載のシステム。
25.前記調整可能な回路が、可変コンデンサを含む、上記8に記載のシステム。
26.前記調整可能な回路が、可変インダクタを含む、上記8に記載のシステム。
Claims (34)
- 無線電力システムにおいて使用するためのモジュールであって、
導電材料の少なくとも1つのループにより形成された誘導性素子を含む共振器回路を含み、前記共振器回路が、前記誘導性素子とインピーダンスZ0を有する外部回路との間で電力を結合するために前記誘導素子に直接的に電気接続された追加回路を含み、
前記誘導性素子が、前記追加回路の少なくとも一部と共振器を形成し、前記追加回路が前記外部回路に接続するための2つの端子を有し、前記外部回路が電源または負荷を含み、
前記共振器が、10kHz〜100MHzの間で共振周波数f=ω/2πに関して100より大きい固有Qを有する高Q共振器であり、
前記追加回路を前記外部回路に接続するための前記2つの端子が、前記共振器の電圧ノード点により画定された軸に対して電気的に対称である点に位置する、モジュール。 - 前記2つの端子の点のそれぞれと前記軸上の点との間で見出されたインピーダンスが同じである、請求項1に記載のモジュール。
- 前記モジュールが前記外部回路を含み、前記外部回路が、対向する電圧で前記2つの端子を駆動するように構成されている、請求項1又は2に記載のモジュール。
- 前記外部回路が前記電源を含む、請求項3に記載のモジュール。
- 前記追加回路が、前記誘導性素子と閉回路を形成するために前記誘導素子に直接的に電気接続された第1の回路ブロックを含み、前記追加回路が、それぞれ前記第1の回路ブロック及び前記2つの端子の異なる1つに電気接続された第2及び第3の回路ブロックを更に含み、前記第2及び第3の回路ブロックがそれぞれ、実質的に同じ電気インピーダンスを有する、請求項1に記載のモジュール。
- 前記第2及び第3の回路ブロックが同じ回路素子からなる、請求項5に記載のモジュール。
- 前記モジュールが前記外部回路を含み、前記2つの端子が、等しい大きさで反対の符号の電圧を有する、請求項5又は6に記載のモジュール。
- 前記外部回路が、等しい大きさで反対の符号の電圧を有するように前記2つの端子を駆動するための前記電源を含む、請求項7に記載のモジュール。
- 前記第2及び第3の回路ブロックがそれぞれ、少なくとも1つの容量性素子を含む、請求項5〜8の何れかに記載のモジュール。
- 前記少なくとも1つの容量性素子が、調整可能な容量性素子からなる、請求項9に記載のモジュール。
- 前記第2及び第3の回路ブロックがそれぞれ、少なくとも1つの誘導性素子を含む、請求項5に記載のモジュール。
- 前記少なくとも1つの誘導性素子が、調整可能な誘導性素子からなる、請求項11に記載のモジュール。
- 前記共振器回路が、1つ又は複数の他の共振器回路にワイヤレスで非放射的に電力を共振的に提供するように構成されているか、又は1つ又は複数の他の共振器回路からワイヤレスで非放射的に電力を共振的に受け取るように構成されている、請求項1〜12の何れかに記載のモジュール。
- 請求項13に記載のモジュール、及び前記1つ又は複数の他の共振器回路の少なくとも1つを含む、システム。
- 前記追加回路は、無線電力交換のために前記モジュールの動作中に前記誘導性素子と前記外部回路との間のインピーダンス不整合を最小限にするように構成されている、請求項1〜14の何れかに記載のモジュール。
- 前記誘導性素子が、無線電力動作中に別の共振器回路にワイヤレスで結合される、請求項15に記載のモジュール。
- 前記追加回路は、無線電力交換のために前記モジュールの動作中に前記誘導性素子と前記外部回路との間の特定のインピーダンス関係を達成するように構成されている、請求項1〜14の何れかに記載のモジュール。
- 前記誘導性素子が、無線電力動作中に別の共振器回路にワイヤレスで結合される、請求項17に記載のモジュール。
- 前記外部回路を更に含み、前記外部回路が整流装置を構成する、請求項1に記載のモジュール。
- 家庭用電気製品であって、請求項1〜19の何れかに記載のモジュールを含み、前記外部回路が前記家庭用電気製品のバッテリーを含み、前記共振器が、前記バッテリーを充電するためにワイヤレスで電力を受け取るように構成されている、家庭用電気製品。
- 車両であって、請求項1〜19の何れかに記載のモジュールを含み、前記外部回路が前記車両の負荷を含み、前記共振器が、前記負荷に電力を供給するためにワイヤレスで電力を受け取るように構成されている、車両。
- 無線電力システムにおいて使用するためのモジュールであって、
導電材料の少なくとも1つのループにより形成された誘導性素子を含む共振器回路を含み、前記共振器回路が、前記誘導性素子とインピーダンスZ0を有する外部回路との間で電力を結合するために前記誘導素子に直接的に電気接続された追加回路を含み、
前記誘導性素子が、前記追加回路の少なくとも一部と共振器を形成し、前記追加回路が前記外部回路に接続するための2つの端子を有し、前記外部回路が電源または負荷を含み、
前記共振器が、10kHz〜100MHzの間で共振周波数f=ω/2πに関して100より大きい固有Qを有する高Q共振器であり、
前記追加回路が、前記誘導性素子と閉回路を形成するために前記誘導性素子に直接的に電気接続された第1の回路ブロックを含み、前記第1の回路ブロックが、前記誘導性素子と直列に接続された少なくとも1つの容量性素子および前記誘導性素子と並列に接続された少なくとも1つの容量性素子を含み、前記追加回路が、前記第1の回路ブロック及び前記2つの端子の1つに直接的に電気接続された第2の回路ブロックを更に含み、前記第2の回路ブロックが、リアクタンスを有する少なくとも1つの素子を含む、モジュール。 - 前記追加回路が、調整可能なリアクタンスを有する少なくとも1つの素子を含む、請求項22に記載のモジュール。
- 前記第2の回路ブロックが、調整可能なリアクタンスを有する素子を含む、請求項23に記載のモジュール。
- 前記調整可能なリアクタンスを有する素子が、調整可能な容量性素子である、請求項24に記載のモジュール。
- 前記共振器回路が、1つ又は複数の他の共振器回路にワイヤレスで非放射的に電力を共振的に提供するように構成されているか、又は1つ又は複数の他の共振器回路からワイヤレスで非放射的に電力を共振的に受け取るように構成されている、請求項22〜25の何れかに記載のモジュール。
- 請求項26に記載のモジュール、及び前記1つ又は複数の他の共振器回路の少なくとも1つを含む、システム。
- 前記追加回路は、無線電力交換のために前記モジュールの動作中に前記誘導性素子と前記外部回路との間のインピーダンス不整合を最小限にするように構成されている、請求項22〜27の何れかに記載のモジュール。
- 前記誘導性素子が、無線電力動作中に別の共振器回路にワイヤレスで結合される、請求項28に記載のモジュール。
- 前記追加回路は、無線電力交換のために前記モジュールの動作中に前記誘導性素子と前記外部回路との間の特定のインピーダンス関係を達成するように構成されている、請求項22〜27の何れかに記載のモジュール。
- 前記誘導性素子が、無線電力動作中に別の共振器回路にワイヤレスで結合される、請求項30に記載のモジュール。
- 前記外部回路を更に含み、前記外部回路が整流装置を構成する、請求項22に記載のモジュール。
- 家庭用電気製品であって、請求項22〜32の何れかに記載のモジュールを含み、前記外部回路が前記家庭用電気製品のバッテリーを含み、前記共振器が、前記バッテリーを充電するためにワイヤレスで電力を受け取るように構成されている、家庭用電気製品。
- 車両であって、請求項22〜32の何れかに記載のモジュールを含み、前記外部回路が前記車両の負荷を含み、前記共振器が、前記負荷に電力を供給するためにワイヤレスで電力を受け取るように構成されている、車両。
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