JP2014098839A - Toner - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a toner that has excellent charge start-up characteristics of quickly starting charging and quickly reaching a sufficient charge amount, and suppresses a change in the charge amount after being left unused in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment for a long period.SOLUTION: A toner has toner particles containing a binder resin, a colorant, and a polar resin or a charge control agent, and the toner contains a polymer having a partial structure represented by the following formula (1) as a side chain. Rrepresents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms; Rrepresents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms; m represents an integer of 0 to 3, where m is 2 or 3, Rcan each independently be selected; and n represents an integer of 1 to 3.

Description

  The present invention relates to a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image in an image forming method such as electrophotography or electrostatic printing, or a toner for forming a toner image in a toner jet type image forming method.

  Studies for improving the triboelectric charging characteristics of toners have been actively conducted. In particular, in recent years, proposals have been made to use a resin having a charge control function (charge control resin) as a toner raw material because of environmental considerations, more stable chargeability requirements, manufacturing costs, and the like. . For example, a toner using a resin containing a neutralized salt of vinyl benzoic acid as a monomer unit as a charge control resin has been proposed (Patent Document 1). According to this method, it is said that a toner having a quick rise in charge, a sharp charge distribution, and excellent environmental stability and stability over time can be obtained. In addition, a toner produced by a suspension polymerization method using a composition liquid containing a vinyl benzoic acid monomer or a polymer having vinyl benzoic acid has been proposed. (Patent Document 2) According to this method, it is said that a toner having a fast charge rising and good chargeability can be obtained. In addition, a toner using a resin containing a sulfonic acid group as a charge control resin has been proposed (Patent Document 3). According to this method, it is said that a change in charge amount due to environmental change is small and a toner having stable charging characteristics can be obtained.

JP-A 63-88565 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-72955 Japanese Patent No. 2807955

However, as a result of intensive studies by the present inventors, it has become apparent that when the process speed is increased with a contact single component development system or the like, the speed at which the charge amount rises to a sufficient charge amount is insufficient. It was. For this reason, fog and image density uniformity are poor at the beginning of printing, or stability of image density deteriorates when used continuously. It was also found that there is room for improvement in the stability of the charge amount before and after long-term storage under high temperature and high humidity. For this reason, the fog and the uniformity of image density are poor during use after being left for a long time under high temperature and high humidity, and further, the stability of the image density is deteriorated before and after being left. For this reason, the toner is required to be quickly charged to a sufficient charge amount in a short time, and it is required that the change in the charge amount is particularly small before and after standing for a long time under high temperature and high humidity. There is a need for a toner that can achieve the above.
The present invention provides a toner that has a fast charge rise and quickly reaches a sufficient charge amount, has an excellent charge rise property, and has a small change in charge amount before and after standing for a long time in a high temperature and high humidity environment. To do.

  Another object of the present invention is to provide a toner in which the charge amount and the rise of charge are not easily affected by changes in the temperature and humidity environment, and the charge amount is stable before and after being left for a long time in a high temperature and high humidity environment.

The present invention relates to a toner having toner particles containing a binder resin and a colorant, and a polar resin or a charge control agent, the toner having a partial structure represented by the following formula (1) as a side chain. The present invention relates to a toner containing a coalescence.

（式中、Ｒ^１は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルコキシル基を表し、Ｒ^２は、水素原子、ヒドロキシル基、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルコキシル基を表し、ｍは、０以上３以下の整数を表し、ｍが２又は３の場合、Ｒ^１はそれぞれ独立して選択でき、ｎは１以上３以下の整数を表す。）

(In the formula, R ¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and R ² represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms. Group represents an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, m represents an integer of 0 to 3, and when m is 2 or 3, each R ¹ can be independently selected, and n is 1 or more Represents an integer of 3 or less.)

  According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a toner in which the charge amount and the rise of the charge amount are not easily affected by changes in the temperature and humidity environment, and the charge amount is stable before and after being left for a long time in a high temperature and high humidity environment. When the toner of the present invention is used for image formation, even after use for a long period of time in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, it prevents fogging and has excellent image density uniformity. It is excellent in stability of image density before and after being left for a long time.

The figure which shows the structure of the apparatus used for the measurement of the triboelectric charge amount of the developer containing a toner.

  The present inventors include a polymer having a structure represented by the benzoic acid structure represented by the following formula (1) in the side chain in the toner particles having frictional charging performance, whereby the saturation charge amount and the friction frequency are reduced. The inventors have found that the rising performance of the charge amount is less dependent on the temperature and humidity environment, and that the charge amount before and after long-term storage under high temperature and high humidity is stable, leading to the present invention.

（式中、Ｒ^１は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルコキシル基を表し、Ｒ^２は、水素原子、ヒドロキシル基、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルコキシル基を表し、ｍは、０以上３以下の整数を表し、ｍが２又は３の場合、Ｒ^１はそれぞれ独立して選択でき、ｎは、１以上３以下の整数を表す。）
尚、式（１）において、アルキル基、アルコキシル基は、トナーの結着樹脂との親和性を阻害するものでなければ、置換基を有していてもよい。

(In the formula, R ¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and R ² represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms. Group represents an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, m represents an integer of 0 to 3, and when m is 2 or 3, each R ¹ can be independently selected; Represents an integer of 3 or less.)
In the formula (1), the alkyl group and alkoxyl group may have a substituent as long as they do not inhibit the affinity of the toner with the binder resin.

Generally, the triboelectric charge generated on the toner surface is easily affected by the absolute water content on the toner surface. Water molecules are greatly involved in charge transfer, and when the frequency of water molecule desorption on the toner surface increases under high humidity, the charge leakage rate increases, leading to a decrease in saturated charge amount and a decrease in charge amount rise rate. It is thought to happen.
However, as in the present invention, a toner having toner particles containing a charge imparting component such as a binder resin and a colorant and a polar resin or a charge control agent, wherein the toner has a component having the above-described structure. By being present in the toner particles, the charge generated by frictional charging on the toner surface can be stably held even in a high temperature and high humidity environment, and is less susceptible to the influence of external temperature and humidity.

  The reason is not clear, but the present inventors consider as follows. The spread of conjugated systems such as oxygen atoms and aryl groups present in the components having the above-described structure is considered to improve the charge transfer speed and increase the charge start-up performance. . On the other hand, when excessive charging (overcharging) occurs, the effect of preventing the local overcharging by releasing the charge promptly is expected.

  The partial structure represented by the formula (1) has a structure in which an aromatic ring and a benzoic acid structure are bonded via an alkyl ether advantageous for electron conduction. The large conjugated structure extending from this benzoic acid derivative plays a role of holding the charge generated by frictional charging inside the molecule while minimizing the influence of external temperature and humidity, and gives the toner a stable chargeability. Conceivable.

  The toner of the present invention contains a charge imparting component such as a binder resin and a colorant, and a polar resin or a charge control agent in addition to the polymer having the partial structure represented by the formula (1) as a side chain. Here, the charge imparting component is not particularly limited as long as it is a component that increases the triboelectric charge amount as a toner, and is known as a polar resin or a known charge control agent having positive chargeability or negative chargeability. Can be used. The charge imparting component includes a case where the binder resin and the polar resin are contained, a case where the binder resin and the charge control agent are contained, and a case where the binder resin itself is a polar resin.

  The toner of the present invention can be manufactured by various manufacturing methods. For example, a polymerizable monomer containing a compound having a vinyl group represented by the following formula (2), a colorant, a polar resin or a charge control agent, and a release agent as necessary, etc. A toner composition is prepared, granulated in an aqueous medium, and toner particles are obtained by polymerizing the polymerizable monomer in the polymerizable monomer composition. .

  When producing toner particles by suspension polymerization, it is possible to efficiently localize the charge imparting component such as polar resin in the vicinity of the toner surface in the granulation step (granulation step) in an aqueous medium. is there. Further, when toner particles are produced by a suspension polymerization method, a radical polymerization reaction is carried out using a compound having a vinyl group represented by the following formula (2) as a part of the polymerizable monomer, whereby the above formula (1) is obtained. ) Can be incorporated into the binder resin. In this case, the polymer having the partial structure represented by the formula (1) does not contain any other toner composition (for example, a polymer having a partial structure represented by the formula (1)). It is expected that it is more hydrophilic than a resin or a release agent, and is localized near the surface of the toner particles. In that case, the charge imparting component such as a polar resin and the polymer having the partial structure represented by the formula (1) in the side chain are present in the vicinity of the toner surface by being efficiently localized in the vicinity of the toner surface. It is considered that the overcharge stored in the charge imparting component such as a polar resin is quickly dissipated in the toner and suppresses the toner from being excessively charged. By this action, it is considered that the charge distribution for each toner particle tends to be uniform, and the charge rise is particularly good.

（式中、Ｒ^９は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルコキシル基を表し、Ｒ^１０は、水素原子、ヒドロキシル基、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルコキシル基を表し、Ｒ^１１は、水素原子、又は、メチル基を表し、ｍは、０以上３以下の整数を表し、ｍが２又は３の場合、Ｒ^９はそれぞれ独立して選択でき、ｎは、１以上３以下の整数を表す。）

(In the formula, R ⁹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and R ¹⁰ represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms. A group or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, m represents an integer of 0 to 3 and when m is 2 or 3, R ⁹ can be independently selected, and n represents an integer of 1 to 3.

  When a toner is produced by a suspension polymerization method, instead of using a compound having a vinyl group represented by the above formula (2), a heavy chain having a partial structure represented by the above formula (1) synthesized in advance in the side chain is used. The polymer can be used by dissolving it in a polymerizable monomer. Even in this case, the same effect can be obtained.

  Further, the toner of the present invention comprises a polymerizable monomer in an aqueous medium in which core particles made of a resin composition containing a binder resin, a colorant, and a polar resin or a charge control agent are dispersed. It can also be produced by a seed polymerization method in which a polymerizable monomer composition is added and impregnated and then polymerized to obtain toner particles. The core particles in the seed polymerization method can be produced by a kneading pulverization method, a suspension polymerization method, a dissolution suspension method, an emulsion aggregation method, or the like. When producing toner particles by the seed polymerization method, the compound having the vinyl group represented by the above formula (2) is used as a part of the polymerizable monomer, and is mixed by radical polymerization by mixing with the core particles. Can be incorporated into resin. Further, by using the seed polymerization method, the polymer having the partial structure represented by the above formula (1) in the side chain can be localized in the vicinity of the toner particle surface. Accordingly, it is considered that the overcharge stored in the charge imparting component such as a polar resin existing in the vicinity of the toner surface is quickly dissipated in the toner and the toner is suppressed from being excessively charged. By this action, it is considered that the charge distribution in each toner particle tends to be uniform, and the charge rise is further improved.

  Specific examples of the compound having a vinyl group represented by the above formula (2) are shown in Table 1. The examples shown here are merely examples, and the present invention is not limited to these examples.

The basic resin structure of the polymer having the partial structure represented by the above formula (1) as a side chain is a structure that can be connected to the partial structure represented by the above formula (1) (hereinafter also simply referred to as the structure A). If there is no particular limitation. For example, the basic resin structure may be a vinyl polymer, a polyester polymer, a polyamide polymer, a polyurethane polymer, or a polyether polymer. Moreover, the hybrid type polymer which combined these 2 or more types is also mentioned. Among these, vinyl polymers or polyester polymers are preferable in consideration of manufacturability, cost merit, and affinity with the binder resin. In the polymer, the partial structure represented by the above formula (1) has only one bonding portion, and therefore is bonded as a side chain. However, it may be a side chain bonded to the main chain, or may be bonded to a side chain having another structure bonded to the main chain to be a side chain of the side chain.

In the case of toner particles produced by a suspension polymerization method or toner particles produced by a seed polymerization method, a polymer having a partial structure represented by the above formula (1) as a side chain is a polymerizable monomer at the time of toner particle production. It can be produced by adding a compound having a vinyl group represented by the above formula (2) as a monomer component. In that case, it can also be set as a copolymer by further adding a vinyl-type monomer with the compound which has a vinyl group represented by the said Formula (2) to a polymerizable monomer component.
The vinyl monomer at that time is not particularly limited. Specifically, styrene and its derivatives such as styrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, α-methylstyrene; ethylene unsaturated monoolefins such as ethylene, propylene, butylene and isobutylene; Vinyl halides such as vinyl, vinylidene chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl fluoride; vinyl ester acids such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate; acrylic acid-n-butyl, acrylic acid-2-ethylhexyl, etc. Acrylic acid esters; Methacrylic acid esters in which the acrylic acid of the acrylic acid esters is changed to methacrylic; Methacrylic acid amino esters such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate; Vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, etc. Vinyl ethers; vinyl ketones such as vinyl methyl ketone; N-vinyl compounds such as N-vinyl pyrrole; vinyl naphthalenes; acrylic acid or methacrylic acid derivatives such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, etc. It is done. In addition, you may use a vinyl monomer in combination of 2 or more type as needed. Moreover, you may add a well-known crosslinking agent.

  Examples of the polymerization initiator that can be used when polymerizing the polymerizable monomer component described above include various substances such as a peroxide polymerization initiator and an azo polymerization initiator. Examples of peroxide polymerization initiators include peroxyesters, peroxydicarbonates, dialkyl peroxides, peroxyketals, ketone peroxides, hydroperoxides, and diacyl peroxides. Examples of the inorganic system include persulfate and hydrogen peroxide. Specifically, t-butyl peroxyacetate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, t-butyl peroxyisobutyrate, t-hexyl peroxyacetate, t-hexyl peroxypivalate, t-hexyl peroxyiso Peroxyesters such as butyrate, t-butylperoxyisopropyl monocarbonate, t-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl monocarbonate; diacyl peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide; peroxydicarbonates such as diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate; 1 , 1-di-t-hexylperoxycyclohexane and other peroxyketals; di-t-butyl peroxide and other dialkyl peroxides; and other examples include t-butyl peroxyallyl monocarbonate and the like. It is. Examples of the azo polymerization initiator include 2,2′-azobis- (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 1,1′-azobis (cyclohexane-1- Carbonitrile), 2,2′-azobis-4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile, azobisisobutyronitrile, dimethyl-2,2′-azobis (2-methylpropionate) and the like. The

  If necessary, two or more of these polymerization initiators can be used simultaneously. Under the present circumstances, it is preferable that the usage-amount of the polymerization initiator used is 0.100 mass part or more and 20.0 mass parts or less with respect to 100 mass parts of polymerizable monomers.

In this invention, it is preferable that the weight average molecular weight computed by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of the polymer which has the partial structure represented by the said Formula (1) as a side chain is 1000 or more and 1 million or less. As a more preferable range, the weight average molecular weight is 2,000 or more and 200,000 or less. When the molecular weight of the polymer having the partial structure represented by the above formula (1) as a side chain is within the above range, contamination to members such as a sleeve and a carrier is satisfactorily suppressed.

  From the viewpoint of charging characteristics and fixability, the polymer having the partial structure represented by the above formula (1) as a side chain preferably has a narrow molecular weight distribution. The ratio (Mw / Mn) between the weight average molecular weight (Mw) and the number average molecular weight (Mn) calculated by gel permeation chromatography is preferably 1.0 or more and 6.0 or less.

  The molecular weight of the polymer having a partial structure represented by the above formula (1) as a side chain is controlled by adjusting the amount of the component and vinyl monomer, the type of polymerization initiator, and the polymerization initiator at the time of toner preparation. It can be adjusted according to the amount of charged, reaction temperature, reaction time, and the like.

On the other hand, in the present invention, the content of the partial structure represented by the following formula (3) is preferably 0.100 μmol or more and 200 μmol or less, and more preferably 1.00 μmol or more and 125 μmol or less, per 1 g of toner. When the content of the partial structure represented by the formula (3) is within the above range, the balance between charge retention and leakage is more suitably maintained, and the charging performance is further improved. The content of the partial structure represented by the formula (3) can be controlled by adjusting the amount of the component at the time of toner production.
The content of the partial structure represented by the formula (3) in the toner described later is calculated from the charged amount of the compound having a vinyl group represented by the formula (2) at the time of toner preparation.

（式中、Ｒ^３は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルコキシル基を表し、Ｒ^４は、水素原子、ヒドロキシル基、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１８以下のアルコキシル基を表し、ｍは、０以上３以下の整数を表し、ｍが２又は３の場合、Ｒ^３はそれぞれ独立して選択でき、ｎは、１以上３以下の整数を表す。）

(In the formula, R ³ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and R ⁴ represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms. Represents an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, m represents an integer of 0 to 3, and when m is 2 or 3, R ³ can be independently selected; Represents an integer of 3 or less.)

  As described above, the toner of the present invention contains the charge imparting component. As described above, the charge imparting component is not particularly limited as long as it is a component that increases the triboelectric charge amount as a toner, and as a known charge control agent having a polar resin or a positive charge property or a negative charge property. Known compounds can be used.

The polar resin is a resin that easily causes triboelectric charging, that is, a resin that is relatively easy to exchange charges, and includes known polar resins used for toner. Examples of the resin include those having an ether bond, an ester bond, an amide bond, and the like, and those having a polar group such as a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, and a hydroxyl group. Specific examples include polyester resins, polyether resins, polyamide resins, styrene-acrylic resins having a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, and a hydroxyl group, and a hybrid resin in which they are bonded. it can. Further, the vinyl polymer unit in the vinyl resin or the hybrid resin may have a crosslinked structure crosslinked with a crosslinking agent having two or more vinyl groups.
In the toner of the present invention, when the binder resin and the polar resin are contained, the content of the polar resin is preferably 0.50 parts by mass or more, more preferably 1 with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. 0.000 part by mass or more. As described above, in the present invention, when the binder resin itself is a polar resin, the polar resin is used as the binder resin constituting the toner.

  Among polar resins, a resin having an acid value, in particular, is easily charged and the amount of charge tends to be high, and is effective as a toner material. Examples of the resin having an acid value include styrene acrylic resins and polyester resins having a carboxyl group and a sulfonic acid group.

  As monomers having high polarity among the monomers constituting the styrene acrylic resin, known ones can be used, and specific examples include the following. Α, β-unsaturated acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid and cinnamic acid; α, β-unsaturated acid anhydrides such as crotonic acid anhydride and cinnamic anhydride, α, β-unsaturated acids and the like An anhydride with a lower fatty acid; a monomer having a carboxyl group such as alkenylmalonic acid, alkenylglutaric acid, alkenyladipic acid, acid anhydrides and monoesters thereof. Acrylic acid esters or methacrylic acid esters such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate; 4- (1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl) styrene, 4- (1-hydroxy-1) A monomer having a hydroxyl group such as methylhexyl) styrene; Unsaturated dibasic acids such as maleic acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, fumaric acid, mesaconic acid; unsaturated such as maleic acid anhydride, citraconic acid anhydride, itaconic acid anhydride, alkenyl succinic acid anhydride Dibasic acid anhydride: maleic acid methyl half ester, maleic acid ethyl half ester, maleic acid butyl half ester, citraconic acid methyl half ester, citraconic acid ethyl half ester, citraconic acid butyl half ester, itaconic acid methyl half ester, alkenyl succinic acid Half esters of unsaturated dibasic acids such as acid methyl half esters, methyl fumarate half esters, and methyl mesaconic acid half esters. Monomers having an unsaturated sulfonic acid such as parastyrene sulfonic acid.

  Specific examples of the monomer that can be copolymerized with the monomer having the polarity include the following. Styrene and derivatives thereof such as styrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, α-methylstyrene; ethylene unsaturated monoolefins such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene; vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, Vinyl halides such as vinyl bromide and vinyl fluoride; vinyl ester acids such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and vinyl benzoate; acrylic acid esters such as acrylic acid-n-butyl and acrylic acid-2-ethylhexyl; Methacrylic acid esters obtained by changing the acrylic acid of the acrylic acid esters to methacrylic acid; methacrylic acid amino esters such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate; vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether and vinyl ethyl ether Le acids; such vinyl ketones of vinyl methyl ketone; N- vinyl pyrrole, such as N- vinyl compounds, vinyl naphthalenes; acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylic acid or methacrylic acid derivatives such as acrylamide. In addition, you may use these monomers in combination of 2 or more type as needed.

  The polymerization initiator that can be used in the production of the styrene acrylic resin is not particularly limited, and a known peroxide polymerization initiator or azo polymerization initiator can be used. The same thing is mentioned.

  The polyester resin having an acid value may be a resin having a carboxyl group at the terminal, or a carboxyl group in the middle of a molecular chain obtained when a trifunctional or higher polyvalent carboxylic acid is used as a monomer. It may be a resin having

  The following are illustrated as an alcohol component and an acid component for obtaining this polyester resin.

  The following are mentioned as a polyhydric alcohol component which comprises the said polyester resin. Specifically, as the dihydric alcohol component, polyoxypropylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, polyoxypropylene (3.3) -2,2-bis (4 -Hydroxyphenyl) propane, polyoxyethylene (2.0) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, polyoxypropylene (2.0) -polyoxyethylene (2.0) -2,2- Alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A such as bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane and polyoxypropylene (6) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2 -Propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, neope Til glycol, 1,4-butenediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, bisphenol A, Hydrogenated bisphenol A is mentioned.

  Examples of trihydric or higher alcohol components include sorbitol, 1,2,3,6-hexanetetrol, 1,4-sorbitan, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1 , 2,5-pentanetriol, glycerol, 2-methylpropanetriol, 2-methyl-1,2,4-butanetriol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, 1,3,5-trihydroxymethylbenzene. .

  Examples of the polyvalent carboxylic acid component include aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid or anhydrides thereof; alkyldicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid and azelaic acid or anhydrides thereof; Examples thereof include succinic acid substituted with an alkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms or an anhydride thereof; unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as fumaric acid, maleic acid and citraconic acid, or anhydrides thereof.

  Among them, in particular, a bisphenol derivative as a diol component, a divalent or higher carboxylic acid (for example, fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, etc.) or acid anhydride thereof Or a polyester resin obtained by condensation polymerization of these compounds or their lower alkyl ester carboxylic acid component as an acid component can be preferably used.

  Further, it may be a hybrid resin having a polyester structure portion and a styrene acrylic structure portion.

  Examples of the hybrid resin include a structure having a polyester structure and modified with a vinyl monomer. For example, a polyester resin is vinyl-modified by using a peroxide-based polymerization initiator or a polyester resin having an unsaturated group. And a method of polymerizing vinyl monomers.

  When the polar resin has an acid value, it is preferably 2.0 mgKOH / g or more and 60.0 mgKOH / g or less, and more preferably 4.0 mgKOH / g or more and 50.0 mgKOH / g or less. If the acid value is within the above range, the charge amount of the toner is less affected by environmental fluctuations and becomes more suitable.

In the case of a styrene acrylic resin, the acid value can be adjusted by controlling the amount of the monomer that gives the acid value. Further, in the case of a polyester resin, it can be adjusted by adjusting the amount ratio of the polyhydric alcohol component and the polyvalent carboxylic acid component to control the amount of acid groups and hydroxyl groups.

  The surface acid value of the toner particles is preferably 0.010 mgKOH / g or more and 1.000 mgKOH / g or less. This is because the chargeability of the toner is considered to depend on the acid value on the toner surface. The surface acid value of the toner particles is an acid value measured when the toner is dispersed in an aqueous medium, and the measurement method will be described later. In order to control the surface acid value of the toner, the acid value of the resin introduced into the toner particles may be controlled. In the case of toner particles produced through granulation in an aqueous medium, the acid value of a relatively highly hydrophilic resin that easily migrates to the particle surface in the aqueous medium may be adjusted.

On the other hand, as the charge control agent used as the charge imparting component, a known charge control agent having positive chargeability and negative chargeability can be used. For example, organometallic complexes, chelate compounds, quaternary ammonium salts, nigrosine dyes, azine dyes, triphenylmethane dyes and pigments. Examples of the organometallic complex or chelate compound include monoazo dye metal compounds, acetylacetone metal compounds, aromatic dicarboxylic acid metal compounds, aromatic oxycarboxylic acid metal compounds, and benzylic acid metal compounds.
In the toner of the present invention, when the binder resin and the charge control agent are contained, the content of the charge control agent is 0.04 parts by mass or more and 10.0 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. It is preferable that

As the charge control agent, a configuration using a polymer type charge control agent is preferable.
A polymer having a partial structure represented by the following formula (4) (hereinafter also simply referred to as structure B) can be suitably exemplified as the polymer type charge control agent. In the present invention, when the polymer having the partial structure represented by the formula (4) is contained, it is effective for increasing the saturation charge amount and further improving the charge rising performance.

（式中、Ｒ^７は、水素原子、又は、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルキル基を表し、Ｂ^１は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数１又は２のアルキレン構造、又は、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族環を表し、該アルキレン構造における置換基としては、水酸基、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルキル基、フェニル基、ナフチル基、又は、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルコキシル基であり、該芳香族環における置換基としては、水酸基、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルコキシル基である。）

(Wherein R ⁷ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and B ¹ represents an alkylene structure having 1 or 2 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a substituted group. Represents an aromatic ring which may have a group, and the substituent in the alkylene structure includes a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, or a group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. (It is an alkoxyl group, and the substituent in the aromatic ring is a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.)

R ⁷ in the above formula (4) is more preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As the toner of the present invention, the reason why the charging characteristics of the toner are improved by the presence of the polymer having the partial structure represented by the above formula (4) in the toner is not clear. Are thinking as follows. Due to the charge generation mechanism due to the sulfonic acid group and the charge accumulation function due to the amide group in the structure B of the formula (4), the charging speed increases as the saturation charge amount increases, and the rising of the charge of the toner becomes good. On the other hand, the benzoic acid structure contained in the structure A is considered to suppress the excessive charge stored in the structure B from being dissipated in the toner and the toner being excessively charged. With this action, even if there is a variation in the electrification opportunities for each toner particle, the charge amount distribution of the entire toner is likely to be uniform, and the charge rising is further improved.

  Examples of the polymer having a partial structure represented by the above formula (4) include vinyl resins having a unit represented by the following formula (5).

（式中、Ｒ^８は、水素原子、又は、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルキル基を表し、Ｒ^９は、水素原子、又は、メチル基を表す、Ｂ^２は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数１又は２のアルキレン構造、又は、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族環を表し、該アルキレン構造における置換基としては、水酸基、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルキル基、フェニル基、ナフチル基、又は、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルコキシル基であり、該芳香族環における置換基としては、水酸基、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルコキシル基である。）

(In the formula, R ⁸ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R ⁹ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and B ² has a substituent. Represents an alkylene structure having 1 or 2 carbon atoms or an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, and examples of the substituent in the alkylene structure include a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, phenyl Group, naphthyl group, or alkoxyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and the substituent in the aromatic ring is a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or a group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. An alkoxyl group.)

  The manufacturing method of vinyl resin which has a unit represented by the said Formula (5) is not specifically limited. A vinyl resin having a unit represented by the formula (5) can be produced by polymerization using a vinyl monomer represented by the following formula (6).

（式中、Ｂ^３は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数１又は２のアルキレン構造、又は、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族環を表し、Ｒ^１３は、水素原子、又は、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルキル基を表し、Ｒ^１４は、水素原子、又は、メチル基を表し、該アルキレン構造における置換基としては、水酸基、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルキル基、フェニル基、ナフチル基、又は、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルコキシル基であり、芳香族環における置
換基としては、水酸基、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルキル基、又は、炭素数１以上１２以下のアルコキシル基である。）

(In the formula, B ³ represents an alkylene structure having 1 or 2 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, and R ¹³ represents a hydrogen atom, Alternatively, it represents an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R ¹⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and the substituent in the alkylene structure includes a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, phenyl, Group, a naphthyl group, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and the substituent in the aromatic ring is a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl having 1 to 12 carbon atoms Group.)

  Specific examples of the vinyl monomer represented by the formula (6) include the following. 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamidobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamideamidobenzenesulfonic acid, 3-acrylamidobenzenesulfonic acid, 3-methacrylamideamidobenzenesulfonic acid, 4-acrylamidobenzenesulfonic acid, 4- Methacrylamidobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamideamido-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-5-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamide-5-methoxybenzenesulfone Examples thereof include acids and alkyl esters having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. A sulfonic acid structure, methyl ester or ethyl ester is preferable, and a sulfonic acid structure or sulfonic acid methyl ester structure is more preferable.

  The vinyl monomer that can be copolymerized with the polymer having the structure B is not particularly limited. Specifically, the same vinyl monomer as described as a vinyl monomer that can be copolymerized by mixing with a compound having a vinyl group represented by the above formula (2) is used. Is possible.

On the other hand, when the polymer having the structure B is a polyester resin, various known production methods can be used. For example,
i) A method of converting to structure B of formula (4) by an organic reaction using a reaction residue of a carboxyl group or a hydroxyl group contained in a polyester structure;
ii) a method for producing a polyester using a polyhydric alcohol or polycarboxylic acid having the structure B of the formula (4) as a substituent;
iii) a method in which a functional group that is easy to introduce the structure B of the formula (4) as a substituent is introduced in advance into a polyhydric alcohol or polycarboxylic acid;
Etc.

In the case of a hybrid resin,
iv) A method of hybridizing a polyester resin containing the structure B of the formula (4) as a substituent with a vinyl monomer;
v) A method of polymerizing a vinyl monomer having a carboxyl group such as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, and then converting the carboxyl group into a structure B of formula (4) by an organic reaction;
vi) A method of hybridizing a polyester resin using a vinyl monomer having the structure B of the formula (4);
Etc.

  As a method for hybridizing the polyester resin with a vinyl monomer, a known method can be used, and it is effective as the method iv). Specific examples include a method of vinyl-modifying polyester with a peroxide-based initiator and a method of preparing a hybrid resin by graft-modifying a polyester resin having an unsaturated group.

  On the other hand, as a specific method of v), in the case of introducing the structure B of the formula (4), a compound in which an amino group is introduced into the bonding portion between the carboxyl group present in the resin and the polymer of the formula (4) is used. Examples thereof include a method of amidation using the compound.

  Further, as a specific method of vi), as the usable vinyl monomer, the vinyl monomer represented by the above formula (6) can be used.

  The weight average molecular weight (Mw) calculated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of the polymer having the structure B of the formula (4) is preferably 1,000 or more and 1,000,000 or less. As a more preferable range, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is 2,000 or more and 200,000 or less. When the molecular weight of the polymer having the structure B of the formula (4) is within the above range, the contamination of the members such as the sleeve and the carrier is satisfactorily suppressed.

  From the viewpoint of charging characteristics and fixability, it is preferable that the molecular weight distribution of the polymer having the structure B of the formula (4) is narrow. The ratio (Mw / Mn) between the weight average molecular weight (Mw) and the number average molecular weight (Mn) calculated by gel permeation chromatography is preferably 1.0 or more and 6.0 or less.

  In the present invention, a known method can be used as a method for adjusting the weight average molecular weight of the polymer having the structure B. When the polymer having the structure B is a vinyl resin, the amount ratio of the vinyl monomer represented by the formula (6) to other vinyl monomers, the amount of polymerization initiator charged, the polymerization temperature, etc. It can be adjusted arbitrarily. When the polymer having the structure B is a polyester resin, it can be arbitrarily adjusted depending on the charging ratio of the acid component and the alcohol component and the polymerization time. In addition, in the hybrid resin, in addition to adjusting the molecular weight of the polyester component, it is possible to adjust the molecular weight of the vinyl-modified unit. Specifically, it can be arbitrarily adjusted by the radical initiator amount, the polymerization temperature, etc. in the vinyl modification reaction step. As a vinyl monomer that can be used for hybridizing a polyester resin in the present invention, a vinyl monomer that can be mixed and copolymerized with a compound having a vinyl group represented by the above formula (2). It can be used in the same manner as described for the body.

  When the toner of the present invention contains a polymer having the structure B, the content a (μmol) per gram of the partial structure (structure A) represented by the formula (1) and the formula (4) The ratio [a / b] of the partial structure (structure B) represented by the formula (b / μmol) per gram of toner is 0.100 ≦ a / b ≦ 50.0, and the content b is 0. It is preferably 100 μmol or more.

  The reason is not clear, but the present inventors consider as follows. When the content “b” in the toner is 0.100 μmol / g or more, there are more portions in the toner where sufficient charges are generated and charges are accumulated. As a result, a desired charge amount can be quickly given to the toner. Further, if the molar ratio [a / b] of the content A of structure A to the content b of structure B in the toner particles is 0.100 or more and 50.0 or less, uniform charging will occur more rapidly. become. Although the mechanism is not clear, it is considered that when the molar ratio [a / b] is 0.100 or more, the toner particles can be more effectively suppressed from being charged up. Further, when the molar ratio [a / b] is 50.0 or less, the influence of the hygroscopic property of the structure A of the formula (1) can be suppressed, so that the desired charge amount can be more effectively applied to the toner. I think that you will be able to give.

  In order to adjust the content a of the structure A and the content b of the structure B in the toner, the addition amount of each component may be adjusted.

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as binder resin in the toner of this invention. In the production of toner particles using the suspension polymerization method, the binder resin can be constituted by polymerization of the polymerizable monomer. In that case, it does not restrict | limit especially as a polymerizable monomer, The above-mentioned vinyl-type monomer is used suitably. In this case, a material constituting the binder resin can be obtained by adding a vinyl resin or a polyester resin to the monomer composition in addition to the polymerizable monomer. Examples of the vinyl resin that can be used as the binder resin in the toner of the present invention include the following. Styrene resin, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, styrene-acrylic resin, styrene-methacrylic resin, polyethylene resin, polyethylene-vinyl acetate resin, vinyl acetate resin, polybutadiene resin.

  As the polyester resin, a polyester resin that is usually produced using a polyhydric alcohol and a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a carboxylic acid ester as raw material monomers can be used. Specifically, the same polyhydric alcohol component and polyvalent carboxylic acid component as the above-described polyester resin can be used. Among these, polyester resins obtained by condensation polymerization of the following components are particularly preferable. The diol component is a bisphenol derivative. As the acid component, a carboxylic acid composed of a divalent or higher carboxylic acid or an acid anhydride thereof; a lower alkyl ester such as fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, trimellitic acid, and pyromellitic acid component.

  In addition to vinyl resins and polyester resins, phenol resins, polyurethane resins, polybutyral resins, and hybrid resins obtained by arbitrarily combining these resins can also be used.

  Among these, the following are preferably used in terms of toner characteristics. Styrenic resin, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, styrene-acrylic resin, styrene-methacrylic resin, polyester resin, styrene-acrylic resin, or hybrid resin in which styrene-methacrylic resin and polyester resin are combined.

  Examples of the colorant that can be used in the toner of the present invention include known colorants such as various conventionally known dyes and pigments.

  Examples of the color pigment for magenta include C.I. I. Pigment red 3, 5, 17, 22, 23, 38, 41, 112, 122, 123, 146, 149, 178, 179, 190, 202, C.I. I. Pigment Violet 19, 23. These pigments may be used alone or in combination with a dye and a pigment.

  Examples of the color pigment for cyan include C.I. I. Pigment Blue 15, 15: 1, 15: 3 or a copper phthalocyanine pigment in which 1 to 5 phthalimidomethyl groups are substituted on the phthalocyanine skeleton.

  Examples of the color pigment for yellow include C.I. I. Pigment yellow 1, 3, 12, 13, 14, 17, 55, 74, 83, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 109, 110, 154, 155, 166, 180, 185.

As the black colorant, carbon black, aniline black, acetylene black, titanium black, and those prepared by adjusting the color to black using the yellow, magenta, and cyan colorants shown above can be used.
The content of these colorants is preferably 1.00 parts by mass or more and 20.0 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

The toner of the present invention can also be used as a magnetic toner. In this case, the following magnetic materials are used. Iron oxide including magnetite, maghemite, ferrite, or other metal oxides; metals such as Fe, Co, Ni, or these metals and Al, Co, Cu, Pb, Mg, Ni, Sn, Alloys with metals such as Zn, Sb, Ca, Mn, Se, Ti, and mixtures thereof. More specifically, iron tetroxide (Fe ₃ O ₄ ), iron sesquioxide (γ-Fe ₂ O ₃ ), zinc iron oxide (ZnFe ₂ O ₄ ), copper oxide iron (CuF)
e ₂ O ₄ ), iron neodymium oxide (NdFe ₂ O ₃ ), iron barium oxide (BaFe ₁₂ O ₁₉ ), iron magnesium oxide (MgFe ₂ O ₄ ), and iron manganese oxide (MnFe ₂ O ₄ ). The magnetic materials described above are used alone or in combination of two or more. A particularly suitable magnetic material is a fine powder of triiron tetroxide or γ-iron sesquioxide.

These magnetic materials preferably have an average particle size of 0.1 μm or more and 1.0 μm or less, and more preferably 0.1 μm or more and 0.3 μm or less. The magnetic characteristics when 795.8 kA / m (10 K Oersted) is applied are preferably such that the coercive force (Hc) is 1.6 kA / m or more and 12 kA / m or less (20 Oersted or more and 150 Oersted or less), and saturation magnetization (σs ) Is preferably ⁵ Am ² / kg or more and 200 Am ² / kg or less, more preferably 50 Am ² / kg or more and 100 Am ² / kg or less. The residual magnetization (σr) is ² Am ²
/ Kg or more and 20 Am ² / kg or less is preferable.

  The magnetic body is preferably used in the range of 10 to 200 parts by mass, more preferably 20 to 150 parts by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

  The toner of the present invention may contain a release agent. The release agent includes aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes such as low molecular weight polyethylene, low molecular weight polypropylene, microcrystalline wax and paraffin wax; oxides of aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes such as oxidized polyethylene wax; aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes Block copolymers of these: waxes based on fatty acid esters such as carnauba wax, sazol wax, and montanic acid ester wax; Examples thereof include partially esterified products of fatty acids such as monoglycerides and polyhydric alcohols; methyl ester compounds having a hydroxyl group obtained by hydrogenating vegetable oils and fats.

  As for the molecular weight distribution of the release agent, the main peak is preferably in a region having a molecular weight of 400 or more and 2400 or less, and more preferably in a region of 430 or more and 2000 or less. Thereby, preferable thermal characteristics can be imparted to the toner. The amount of the release agent added is preferably 2.5 parts by mass or more and 40.0 parts by mass or less, and 3.0 parts by mass or more and 15.0 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. More preferably.

  The means for producing the toner particles is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used. As described above, it is preferable to use the seed polymerization method and the suspension polymerization method.

  In the method for producing toner particles by the suspension polymerization method and the seed polymerization method, usable dispersion media include a binder resin, an organic medium, a polymerizable monomer, and a vinyl group represented by the formula (2). Although it is determined from the solubility in a dispersion medium such as a compound, an aqueous one is preferable. What can be used as an aqueous dispersion medium is, for example, water; alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, modified ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol; Examples include ether alcohols such as methyl cellosolve, cellosolve, isopropyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and water-soluble ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone; esters such as ethyl acetate; Selected from ethers such as ethyl ether and ethylene glycol; acetals such as methylal and diethyl acetal; acids such as formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid; It is particularly preferred the other is an alcohol. Two or more of these solvents can be mixed and used. The concentration of the liquid mixture or the polysynthetic monomer composition with respect to the dispersion medium is preferably 1% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or more and 65% by mass or less with respect to the dispersion medium.

  As a dispersion stabilizer that can be used when an aqueous dispersion medium is used, known ones can be used. Specific examples include inorganic compounds such as calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium metasilicate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate. , Bentonite, silica, alumina and the like. As the organic compound, polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, methyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid and its salt, starch and the like can be dispersed in an aqueous phase. The concentration of the dispersion stabilizer is preferably 0.2 parts by mass or more and 20.0 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the liquid mixture or the polymerizable monomer composition.

The toner of the present invention may be constituted by adding a fluidity improver as an external additive to the toner particles. Examples of the fluidity improver include fluorine resin powders such as vinylidene fluoride fine powder and polytetrafluoroethylene fine powder; silica fine powder obtained by a wet process, silica fine powder such as a silica fine powder obtained by a dry process, and silica fine powders. Treated silica fine powder surface treated with a treatment agent such as silane coupling agent, titanium coupling agent, silicone oil; titanium oxide fine powder; alumina fine powder, treated titanium oxide fine powder, treated alumina oxide fine powder . The fluidity improver preferably has a specific surface area of 30 m ² / g or more, more preferably 50 m ² / g or more, as measured by a BET method using nitrogen adsorption. The addition amount of the fluidity improver is preferably 0.01 parts by mass or more and 8.0 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 4.0 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particles. It is as follows.

  The weight average particle diameter (D4) of the toner of the present invention is preferably 3.0 μm or more and 15.0 μm or less, more preferably 4.0 μm or more and 12.0 μm or less.

  The toner of the present invention can be mixed with a magnetic carrier and used as a two-component developer. As magnetic carriers, surface oxidized or unoxidized iron, lithium, calcium, magnesium, nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese, chromium, rare earth metal particles, their alloy particles, oxide particles and ferrite are atomized. Can be used.

  In the developing method in which an AC bias is applied to the developing sleeve, it is preferable to use a coated carrier in which the surface of the magnetic carrier core is coated with a resin. As a coating method, a method in which a coating solution prepared by dissolving or suspending a coating material such as a resin in a solvent is attached to the surface of the magnetic carrier core, or a method in which the magnetic carrier core and the coating material are mixed with powder is used. It is done.

  Examples of the coating material for the magnetic carrier core include silicone resin, polyester resin, styrene resin, acrylic resin, polyamide, polyvinyl butyral, and aminoacrylate resin. These may be used alone or in plurality. The treatment amount of the coating material is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less with respect to the magnetic carrier core particles. The magnetic carrier preferably has a volume-based 50% particle size (D50) of 10 μm to 100 μm, and more preferably 20 μm to 70 μm. When preparing a two-component developer, the mixing ratio is preferably 2% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, more preferably 4% by mass or more and 13% by mass or less as the toner concentration in the developer.

  The measuring method of each physical property value is described below.

<Molecular weight measurement of resin>
The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the resin used in the present invention are calculated in terms of polystyrene by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). When measuring the molecular weight of a resin having an acid group, the column elution rate also depends on the amount of the acid group, so a sample with an acid group capped in advance is prepared. Methyl esterification is preferable for capping, and a commercially available methyl esterifying agent can be used. Specifically, a method of treating with trimethylsilyldiazomethane can be mentioned.

The molecular weight is measured by GPC as follows. The above resin was added to THF (tetrahydrofuran), and the solution which was allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 hours was filtered through a solvent-resistant membrane filter having a pore size of 0.2 μm “Mysholy Disc” (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) to obtain a sample solution. Measure under the following conditions. In addition, sample solution preparation adjusts the quantity of THF so that the density | concentration of resin may be 0.8 mass%. If the resin is difficult to dissolve in THF, a basic solvent such as DMF can be used.
Apparatus: HLC8120 GPC (detector: RI) (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation)
Column: Seven series of Shodex KF-801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK)
Eluent: Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
Flow rate: 1.0 mL / min
Oven temperature: 40.0 ° C
Sample injection volume: 0.10 mL

In calculating the molecular weight of the sample, a molecular weight calibration curve created using standard polystyrene resins listed below is used. Specifically, trade names “TSK Standard Polystyrene F-850, F-450, F-288, F-128, F-80, F-40, F-20, F-10, F manufactured by Tosoh Corporation -4, F-2, F-1, A-5000, A-2500, A-1000, A-500 ".

<Method for measuring acid value of resin>
The acid value is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide necessary for neutralizing the acid contained in 1 g of the sample. The acid value in the present invention is measured according to JIS K 0070-1992. Specifically, it is measured according to the following procedure.

  Titration is performed using a 0.1 mol / L potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.). The factor of the potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution can be determined using a potentiometric titrator (potential difference titrator AT-510 manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.). 100 mL of 0.100 mol / L hydrochloric acid is placed in a 250 mL tall beaker, titrated with the potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution, and determined from the amount of the potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution required for neutralization. As the 0.100 mol / L hydrochloric acid, one prepared according to JIS K 8001-1998 is used.

The measurement conditions for the acid value measurement are shown below.
Titration device: potentiometric titration device AT-510 (manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.)
Electrode: Composite glass electrode double junction type (manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.)
Titrator control software: AT-WIN (Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.)
Titration analysis software: Tview (manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.)
The titration parameters and control parameters at the time of titration are as follows.
<Titration parameter>
Titration mode: Blank titration Titration style: Total titration Maximum titration: 20 mL
Waiting time before titration: 30 seconds Titration direction: Automatic <Control parameter>
End point determination potential: 30 dE
End point determination differential value: 50 dE / dmL
End point detection range setting: Not set Control speed mode: Standard gain: 1
Data collection potential: 4 mV
Data collection titration: 0.1 mL

main exam;
0.100 g of a measurement sample is precisely weighed in a 250 mL tall beaker, and 150 mL of a mixed solution of toluene / ethanol (3: 1) is added and dissolved over 1 hour. Titrate with the potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution using the potentiometric titrator.

Blank test;
Titration is performed in the same manner as described above, except that no sample is used (that is, only a mixed solution of toluene / ethanol (3: 1) is used).

The acid value is calculated by substituting the obtained result into the following formula.
A = [(C−B) × f × 5.611] / S
(In the formula, A: acid value (mgKOH / g), B: addition amount of potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution in blank test (mL), C: addition amount of potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution in this test (mL), f: Factor of potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution, S: Sample (g))

<Measurement method of hydroxyl value of resin>
The hydroxyl value is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize acetic acid bonded to a hydroxyl group when 1 g of a sample is acetylated. The hydroxyl value in the present invention is measured according to JIS K 0070-1992. Specifically, it is measured according to the following procedure.

  Add 25.0 g of special grade acetic anhydride to a 100 mL volumetric flask, add pyridine to bring the total volume to 100 mL, and shake well to obtain an acetylating reagent. The obtained acetylating reagent is stored in a brown bottle so as not to come into contact with moisture, carbon dioxide gas and the like.

Titration is performed using a 1.0 mol / L potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.). The factor of the potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution can be determined using a potentiometric titrator (potentiometric titrator AT-510 manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Co., Ltd.).
100 mL of 1.00 mol / L hydrochloric acid is placed in a 250 mL tall beaker, titrated with the potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution, and determined from the amount of the potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution required for neutralization. As the 1.00 mol / L hydrochloric acid, one prepared according to JIS K 8001-1998 is used.

The measurement conditions for the hydroxyl value measurement are shown below.
Titration device: potentiometric titration device AT-510 (manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.)
Electrode: Composite glass electrode double junction type (manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.)
Titrator control software: AT-WIN (Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.)
Titration analysis software: Tview (manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.)
The titration parameters and control parameters at the time of titration are as follows.
<Titration parameter>
Titration mode: Blank titration Titration style: Total titration Maximum titration: 80 mL
Waiting time before titration: 30 seconds Titration direction: Automatic <Control parameter>
End point determination potential: 30 dE
End point determination differential value: 50 dE / dmL
End point detection range setting: Not set Control speed mode: Standard gain: 1
Data collection potential: 4 mV
Data collection titration: 0.5 mL

main exam;
2.00 g of the pulverized measurement sample is precisely weighed into a 200 mL round bottom flask, and 5.00 mL of the acetylating reagent is accurately added to this using a whole pipette. At this time, if the sample is difficult to dissolve in the acetylating reagent, a small amount of special grade toluene is added and dissolved.

  Place a small funnel in the mouth of the flask and immerse 1 cm of the bottom of the flask in a 97 ° C. glycerin bath and heat. At this time, in order to prevent the temperature of the neck of the flask from rising due to the heat of the bath, it is preferable to cover the base of the neck of the flask with a cardboard having a round hole.

  After 1 hour, the flask is removed from the glycerin bath and allowed to cool. After standing to cool, 1.00 mL of water is added from the funnel and shaken to hydrolyze acetic anhydride. The flask is again heated in the glycerin bath for 10 minutes for further complete hydrolysis. After cooling, wash the funnel and flask walls with 5.00 mL of ethyl alcohol.

The obtained sample is transferred to a 250 mL tall beaker, and 100 mL of a mixed solution of toluene / ethanol (3: 1) is added and dissolved over 1 hour. Titrate with the potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution using the potentiometric titrator.
Blank test;
Titration similar to the above operation is performed except that no sample is used.

The obtained results are substituted into the following formula to calculate the hydroxyl value.
A = [{(BC) × 28.05 × f} / S] + D

  Here, A: hydroxyl value (mgKOH / g), B: addition amount (mL) of potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution in blank test, C: addition amount (mL) of potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution in final test, f : Factor of potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution, S: Sample (g), D: Acid value of resin (mgKOH / g).

<Method for measuring surface acid value of toner particles>
In a glass 300 mL flat bottom beaker, 120 mL of ion exchange water and 30 mL of methanol are added and mixed. In this, 7.5 mL of 1% aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is added as a dispersant to prepare a dispersant solution.

While stirring the dispersant solution in the beaker with a stirrer, 10.00 g of toner particles are added to the dispersant solution little by little and dispersed. Furthermore, ultrasonic dispersion treatment is performed for 60 seconds with an ultrasonic disperser “Ultrasonic Dispersion System Tetora 150” (manufactured by Nikka Ki Bios). In ultrasonic dispersion, the water temperature of the water tank is 1
It adjusts suitably so that it may become 0 degreeC or more and 40 degrees C or less. If the surface acid value of the toner particles is low and it is difficult to disperse in the dispersion, it is effective to appropriately increase the methanol concentration in the dispersion.

The toner dispersion is subjected to neutralization titration using a 1 mol / L potassium hydroxide ethyl alcohol solution (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.).
The surface acid value of the toner particles is calculated by performing titration in the same manner as the measurement of the resin acid value except that the sample solution used in this test in the method for measuring the resin acid value is changed to the toner particle dispersion. To do.

<Measurement of content of structure B in polymer>
Calculation of the content (μmol) of the partial structure (structure B) represented by the formula (4) in the resin is to measure the sulfur element amount (ppm) contained in the polymer and calculate from the sulfur element amount. Can do. Specifically, an automatic sample combustion device (device name: pretreatment device for ion chromatography AQF-100 type (device specification: autoboat controller ABC type, AQF-100, GA-100 integrated type) The polymer is combusted and gasified, and the gas is absorbed in an absorbing solution (H ₂ O ₂ , 30 ppm aqueous solution), then ion chromatography (device name: ion chromatograph ICS2000, column: The amount of sulfur element (ppm) contained in the polymer is calculated by measuring the amount of SO ₄ contained in the absorbing solution by IONPAC AS17 (manufactured by Nippon Dionex Co., Ltd.). Sulfur element in the obtained polymer From the amount (ppm), the content (μmol) of the partial structure (structure B) represented by the formula (4) in the polymer is calculated. , Structure specific structure B can be performed by analysis using NMR to be described later.

<Measurement of content in toner of structure B>
The content (μmol) per gram of toner of structure B can be calculated from the amount of sulfur element (ppm) measured in the toner. The measurement can be performed in the same manner as the measurement of the amount of sulfur element described above.

<Calculation of molar ratio [a / b] between structure A and structure B in toner>
The molar ratio [a / b] between the structure A and the structure B in the toner is the content (μmol / g) of the structure A calculated from the charged amount at the time of toner preparation and the amount of sulfur element of the polymer contained in the toner. From the molar ratio [a / b] with the content (μmol / g) of structure B calculated from

<Structural analysis of polymer and polymerizable monomer>
The structures of the polymer and the polymerizable monomer having the structure A and the structure B can be determined using a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus ( ¹ H-NMR, ¹³ C-NMR) and an FT-IR spectrum. The apparatus used in the present invention is described below.
(I) ¹ H-NMR, ¹³ C-NMR
FT-NMR JNM-EX400 manufactured by JEOL (solvent: heavy chloroform)
(Ii) FT-IR spectrum AVATAR360FT-IR manufactured by Nicolet

<Measuring method of weight average particle diameter (D4) and number average particle diameter (D1) of toner>
The weight average particle diameter (D4) and number average particle diameter (D1) of the toner are calculated as follows. As a measuring device, a precise particle size distribution measuring device “Coulter Counter Multisizer 3” (registered trademark, manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.) using a pore electrical resistance method equipped with a 100 μm aperture tube is used. For setting the measurement conditions and analyzing the measurement data, the attached dedicated software “Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 Version 3.51” (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.) is used. The measurement is performed with 25,000 effective measurement channels.

  As the electrolytic aqueous solution used for the measurement, a solution obtained by dissolving special grade sodium chloride in ion-exchanged water to a concentration of 1% by mass, for example, “ISOTON II” (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.) can be used.

  Prior to measurement and analysis, the dedicated software is set as follows. On the “Change Standard Measurement Method (SOM)” screen of the dedicated software, set the total count in the control mode to 50,000 particles, set the number of measurements once, and set the Kd value to “standard particles 10.0 μm” (Beckman Coulter Set the value obtained using By pressing the “Threshold / Noise Level Measurement Button”, the threshold and noise level are automatically set. In addition, the current is set to 1600 μA, the gain is set to 2, the electrolytic aqueous solution is set to ISOTON II, and the “aperture tube flush after measurement” is checked. In the “Pulse to particle size conversion setting” screen of the dedicated software, the bin interval is set to logarithmic particle size, the particle size bin is set to 256 particle size bin, and the particle size range is set to 2 μm to 60 μm.

The specific measurement method is as follows.
(1) Put 200 mL of the aqueous electrolytic solution into a 250 mL round bottom beaker made exclusively for Multisizer 3, set it on a sample stand, and stir the stirrer rod counterclockwise at 24 rpm. Then, the dirt and bubbles in the aperture tube are removed by the “aperture flush” function of the dedicated software.
(2) Put 30 mL of the electrolytic aqueous solution into a glass 100 mL flat bottom beaker. In this, "Contaminone N" (nonionic surfactant, anionic surfactant, 10% by weight aqueous solution of neutral detergent for pH7 precision measuring instrument cleaning, made by organic builder, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. 0.3 mL of a diluted solution obtained by diluting 3) with ion-exchanged water.
(3) Two oscillators with an oscillation frequency of 50 kHz are incorporated with the phase shifted by 180 degrees, and an ultrasonic disperser “Ultrasonic Dispersion System Tetora 150” (manufactured by Nikkaki Bios) with an electrical output of 120 W is prepared. Put 3.3 L of ion exchange water in the water tank of the ultrasonic disperser, and add 2 mL of Contaminone N into this water tank. (4) The beaker of (2) is set in the beaker fixing hole of the ultrasonic disperser, and the ultrasonic disperser is operated. And the height position of a beaker is adjusted so that the resonance state of the liquid level of the electrolyte solution in a beaker may become the maximum.
(5) In a state where the electrolytic aqueous solution in the beaker of (4) is irradiated with ultrasonic waves, 10 mg of toner is added to the electrolytic aqueous solution little by little and dispersed. Then, the ultrasonic dispersion process is continued for another 60 seconds. In the ultrasonic dispersion, the temperature of the water tank is appropriately adjusted so as to be 10 ° C. or higher and 40 ° C. or lower.
(6) To the round bottom beaker (1) installed in the sample stand, the electrolytic aqueous solution (5) in which the toner is dispersed is dropped using a pipette, and the measurement concentration is adjusted to 5%. Measurement is performed until the number of measured particles reaches 50,000.
(7) The measurement data is analyzed with the dedicated software attached to the apparatus, and the weight average particle diameter (D4) and the number average particle diameter (D1) are calculated. The “average diameter” on the “analysis / volume statistic (arithmetic average)” screen when the graph / volume% is set in the dedicated software is the weight average particle size (D4). When the number% is set, the “average diameter” on the “analysis / number statistics (arithmetic average)” screen is the number average particle diameter (D1).

  EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. In this embodiment, “part” means “part by mass”.

  The synthesis example of the compound which has a vinyl group represented by Formula (2) below is shown.

<Synthesis Example of Compound A-1>
100.0 g of p-hydroxybenzoic acid was dissolved in 710 mL of methanol. To this solution, 147.8 g of potassium carbonate was added and heated to 67 ° C. 4- (Chloromethyl) styrene (113.8 g) was dropped into a solution containing p-hydroxybenzoic acid and reacted at 67 ° C. for 12 hours. The obtained reaction solution was cooled and then filtered, and methanol in the filtrate was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain a precipitate. The precipitate was dispersed in water at pH = 2 and extracted by adding ethyl acetate. Then, after washing with water, it was dried with magnesium sulfate, and ethyl acetate was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain a precipitate. This precipitate was dissolved in methanol, dropped into water, reprecipitated, and collected by filtration to obtain a precipitate. This reprecipitation operation was performed twice, and the obtained precipitate was dried at 80 ° C. for 48 hours, thereby obtaining 63.5 g of Compound A-1 having the following structure.

<Synthesis Example of Compound A-2>
281.9 g of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid was dissolved in 2 L of methanol, 414.4 g of potassium carbonate was added, and the mixture was heated to 60 ° C. To this solution, 353.4 g of 4- (chloromethyl) styrene was added and reacted under reflux for 3 hours. The obtained reaction solution was cooled, and methanol was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The obtained residue was dispersed in water with pH = 3, and extracted with ethyl acetate. Thereafter, the organic layer was washed with saturated brine, and then ethyl acetate was distilled off under reduced pressure, followed by recrystallization in ethyl acetate. The obtained precipitate was dried at 60 ° C. for 24 hours to obtain 261.1 g of Compound A-2 having the following structure.

<Synthesis Example of Compound A-3>
168.2 g of 3-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid was dissolved in 1000 mL of methanol. To this solution, 207.3 g of potassium carbonate was added and heated to 60 ° C. 176.7 g of 4- (chloromethyl) styrene was added dropwise to the solution containing 3-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid and reacted for 4 hours under reflux. The obtained reaction solution was cooled, and methanol was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The obtained residue was dispersed in water with pH = 3, and extracted with ethyl acetate. Thereafter, the organic layer was washed with saturated brine, and then ethyl acetate was distilled off under reduced pressure, followed by recrystallization in ethyl acetate. The obtained precipitate was dried at 60 ° C. for 24 hours to obtain 115.0 g of Compound A-3 having the following structure.

<Synthesis Example of Compound A-4>
Compound A- having the following structure in the same manner as Compound A-3, except that 3-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid was changed to 152.1 g of 3-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid
4 was obtained.

<Synthesis Example of Compound A-5>
Compound A- except that 4- (chloromethyl) styrene is changed to a mixture of 3- (chloromethyl) methylstyrene and 4- (chloromethyl) styrene (trade name “CMS-P” manufactured by AGC Seikagaku Co., Ltd.) In the same manner as in the synthesis of 1, compound A-5 having the following structure was obtained.

  Examples of synthesis of polar resins are shown below.

<Synthesis Example of Polyester Resin PES-1>
-Bisphenol A propylene oxide 2.2 mol adduct 67.8 parts-Terephthalic acid 22.2 parts-Trimellitic anhydride 10.0 parts-Dibutyltin oxide 0.005 parts in a four-necked flask, a thermometer, A stir bar, a condenser, and a nitrogen introduction tube were attached and reacted at 220 ° C. for 5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a polyester resin PES-1.

<Synthesis example of polyester resin PES-2>
-Bisphenol A propylene oxide 2.2 mol adduct 68.0 parts-Terephthalic acid 28.0 parts-Trimellitic anhydride 4.00 parts-Dibutyltin oxide 0.005 parts are put into a four-necked flask, a thermometer, A stir bar, a condenser, and a nitrogen introduction tube were attached and reacted at 220 ° C. for 5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a polyester resin PES-2.

<Synthesis example of polyester resin PES-3>
・ Bisphenol A propylene oxide 2.2 mol adduct 67.0 parts ・ Terephthalic acid 18.0 parts ・ Trimellitic anhydride 15.0 parts ・ Dibutyltin oxide 0.005 parts are put into a four-necked flask, a thermometer, A stir bar, a condenser, and a nitrogen introduction tube were attached and reacted at 220 ° C. for 5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a polyester resin PES-3.

<Synthesis example of polyester resin PES-4>
-Bisphenol A propylene oxide 2.2 mol adduct 66.0 parts-9.00 parts terephthalic acid-25.0 parts dimethyl terephthalate-0.005 parts dibutyltin oxide in a 4-necked flask, thermometer, stirring A polyester resin PES-4 was obtained by attaching a rod, a condenser, and a nitrogen introducing tube and reacting at 220 ° C. for 5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere.

<Synthesis example of polyester resin PES-5>
-Bisphenol A propylene oxide 2.2 mol adduct 65.0 parts-3.00 parts terephthalic acid-32.0 parts dimethyl terephthalate-0.005 parts dibutyltin oxide in a 4-necked flask, thermometer, stirring A rod, a condenser, and a nitrogen introduction tube were attached, and the mixture was reacted at 220 ° C. for 5 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a polyester resin PES-5.

<Synthesis example of polyester resin PES-6>
-Bisphenol A propylene oxide 2.2 mol adduct 64.5 parts-Terephthalic acid 1.50 parts-Trimellitic anhydride 34.0 parts-Dibutyltin oxide 0.005 parts in a four-necked flask, a thermometer, A stir bar, a condenser, and a nitrogen introduction tube were attached and reacted at 220 ° C. for 5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a polyester resin PES-6.

<Synthesis example of polyester resin PES-7>
-Bisphenol A propylene oxide 2.2 mol adduct 66.0 parts-Terephthalic acid 21.0 parts-Trimellitic anhydride 13.0 parts-Dibutyltin oxide 0.005 parts in a four-necked flask, a thermometer, A stir bar, a condenser, and a nitrogen introduction tube were attached and reacted at 220 ° C. for 5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a polyester resin PES-7.

<Synthesis Example of Styrene Acrylic Resin SA-1>
In a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, a thermometer, and a nitrogen introduction tube, 200 parts of xylene was charged and refluxed under a nitrogen stream.
• 78.0 parts of styrene • 20.0 parts of n-butyl acrylate • 2.00 parts of methacrylic acid • 5.00 parts of dimethyl-2,2′-azobis (2-methylpropionate) The mixture was added dropwise with stirring and held for 10 hours. Thereafter, distillation was performed to distill off the solvent, followed by drying at 40 ° C. under reduced pressure to obtain styrene acrylic resin SA-1.

<Synthesis Example of Styrene Acrylic Resin SA-2>
Except using the following material, operation similar to the synthesis method of resin SA-1 was performed, and styrene acrylic resin SA-2 was obtained.
-Styrene 75.0 parts-N-butyl acrylate 19.0 parts-Acrylic acid 1.40 parts-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 4.60 parts-Dimethyl-2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionate) 5 .00 copies

<Synthesis Example of Hybrid Resin HB-1>
・ Bisphenol A propylene oxide 2.2 mol adduct 69.0 parts ・ Terephthalic acid 28.0 parts ・ Fumaric acid 3.00 parts ・ Dibutyltin oxide 0.005 part is put into a four-necked flask, and a thermometer and a stir bar Then, a condenser and a nitrogen introduction tube were attached and reacted at 220 ° C. for 5 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a polyester resin.

  In a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, a thermometer, and a nitrogen introduction tube, 200 parts of xylene was charged and refluxed under a nitrogen stream. Thereto, 70.0 parts of the polyester resin prepared earlier was charged and dissolved.

next,
-79.0 parts of styrene-20.3 parts of n-butyl acrylate-0.700 parts of acrylic acid-1.50 parts of dimethyl-2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionate) The mixture was added dropwise with stirring and held for 10 hours, and then distilled to distill off the solvent, followed by drying at 40 ° C. under reduced pressure to obtain a hybrid resin HB-1.

  Table 2 shows the physical properties of the polar resin obtained above.

The synthesis example of the polymer having the structure B is shown below.

<Monomer represented by formula (8) having structure B>
As the monomer having the structure B, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid represented by the formula (8) was used.

<Synthesis example of monomer represented by formula (9) having structure B>
Into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, condenser, thermometer, and nitrogen introduction tube, was charged 1500 g of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 2060 g of trimethylorthoformate, and 1.50 g of p-benzoquinone, and at 80 ° C. for 5 hours. Reacted. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The precipitated crystals were filtered, added to 5 L of water, dispersed and washed, filtered, and washed twice with 2.5 L of water. The obtained crystals were air-dried at 30 ° C., then dispersed and washed with 4 L of hexane, and filtered. The obtained crystals were dried at 30 ° C. under reduced pressure to obtain 1063 g of methyl 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate represented by the formula (9).

<Synthesis example of monomer represented by formula (10) having structure B>
Into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and a nitrogen introduction tube, 788 g of 2-amino-5-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid, 642 g of triethylamine and 4 L of tetrahydrofuran are charged, and 352 g of methacrylic acid chloride is dropped at 15 ° C. over 15 minutes. did. The mixture was stirred for 6 hours while maintaining at 5 ° C. or lower. While maintaining the temperature at 5 ° C. or lower, 800 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 12.8 L of water were added to the reaction mixture for liquid separation, and the organic layer was washed with 6.4 L of 2% hydrochloric acid, and then washed with 6.4 L of water three times. did. The obtained solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain crystals. The obtained crystals were charged into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, a thermometer, and a nitrogen introduction tube, and 1680 g of trimethyl orthoformate and 1.50 g of p-benzoquinone were charged and reacted at 80 ° C. for 10 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The precipitated crystals were filtered, added to 5 L of water, dispersed and washed, filtered, and washed twice with 2.5 L of water. The obtained crystals were air-dried at 30 ° C. and then purified by column chromatography (silica gel 5 kg, mobile phase hexane / ethyl acetate = 1/1) to obtain 2-acrylamide-5 represented by the formula (10). 383 g of methyl methoxybenzenesulfonate was obtained.

<Synthesis Example of Polymer B-1>
In a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, a thermometer, and a nitrogen introduction tube, 200 parts of xylene was charged and refluxed under a nitrogen stream.
-6.0 parts of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid-78.0 parts of styrene-16.0 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate-dimethyl-2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionate) 5.00 The parts were mixed and added dropwise to the reaction vessel with stirring for 10 hours. Thereafter, distillation was performed to distill off the solvent, followed by drying at 40 ° C. under reduced pressure to obtain a polymer B-1. The obtained polymer B-1 was confirmed to contain a unit (structure B) derived from 263 μmol / g sulfonic acid by measuring the amount of sulfur element.

<Synthesis example of polymer B-2>
A polymer B-2 was synthesized in the same manner as the polymer B-1, except that the following materials were used, to obtain a polymer B-2.
・ Methyl 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate 12.0 parts ・ Styrene 72.0 parts ・ 2-ethylhexyl acrylate 16.0 parts ・ Dimethyl-2,2′-azobis (2-methylpropionate) 5. 00 parts The obtained polymer B-2 was confirmed to contain a unit derived from 521 μmol / g sulfonic acid (structure B) by measuring the amount of sulfur element.

<Synthesis Example of Polymer B-3>
A polymer B-3 was synthesized in the same manner as the polymer B-1, except that the following materials were used, to obtain a polymer B-3.
・ Methyl 2-acrylamido-5-methoxybenzenesulfonate 16.0 parts ・ Styrene 74.0 parts ・ N-butyl acrylate 10.0 parts ・ Dimethyl-2,2′-azobis (2-methylpropionate) 00 parts The obtained polymer B-3 was confirmed to contain a unit derived from 539 μmol / g sulfonic acid (structure B) by measuring the amount of sulfur element.

  Table 3 shows the physical properties of the polymer having the structure B obtained above.

[Example 1]
Preparation of pigment dispersion paste:
-Styrene 80.0 parts-C.I. I. Pigment Blue 15: 3 14.0 parts The above materials were premixed well in a container, and then dispersed in a bead mill for 5 hours while maintaining the temperature at 20 ° C. or lower to prepare a pigment dispersion paste.

Preparation of toner particles:
Into 1150 parts of ion-exchanged water, 390 parts of 0.1 mol / liter-Na ₃ PO ₄ aqueous solution was added, heated to 60 ° C., and then used with CLEARMIX (M Technique Co., Ltd.).
Stir at 000 rpm. To this, 58 parts of 1.0 mol / liter-CaCl ₂ aqueous solution was added to obtain a dispersion containing Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ .

-38.0 parts of the above pigment dispersion paste-34.0 parts of styrene-15.0 parts of n-butyl acrylate-8.00 parts of paraffin wax (HNP-7: Nippon Seiwa)-Polyester resin PES-1 5.00 Part / Compound A-1 0.400 part / Polymer B-1 0.600 part The above materials were put in a container, heated to 60 ° C., melted and dispersed to obtain a monomer mixture. Further, while maintaining at 60 ° C., 5.00 parts of 2,2-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added and dissolved as a polymerization initiator to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition.

The polymerizable monomer composition was charged into the dispersion medium. A nitrogen atmosphere was set at 60 ° C., and the mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at 10,000 rpm using CLEARMIX to granulate the polymerizable monomer composition. The mixture was then reacted at 60 ° C. for 5 hours while stirring with a paddle stirring blade, and then stirred at 80 ° C. for 5 hours to complete the polymerization. After cooling to room temperature, hydrochloric acid was added to dissolve Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ and filtered, washed with water, and dried to obtain toner particles. Further, particles having a size of 2 μm or more and less than 10 μm were selected by classification to obtain toner particles 1.

Toner 1 was obtained by adding 1.00 part of BET 200 m ² / g hydrophobic silica fine powder to 100 parts of the toner particles by a Henschel mixer. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. The toner was evaluated as follows. The evaluation results are shown in Table 5.

<Evaluation of toner charge amount>
A two-component developer was prepared as follows.

  In order to evaluate the charge amount, a sample was prepared as follows. 276 g of magnetic carrier F813-300 (manufactured by Powder Tech) and 24.0 g of evaluation toner are put into a plastic bottle with a lid, and are reciprocated four times per second with a shaker (YS-LD: manufactured by Yayoi Co., Ltd.). Shake at speed for 1 minute to make a two-component developer.

  The obtained toner and two-component developer were evaluated as follows.

<Evaluation of toner charge rising property>
270 g of the two-component developer was collected and left for 3 days in a high temperature and high humidity environment (30 ° C./80% RH). When this was loaded into a developing device of a color laser copying machine imageRUNNER ADVANCE C7065 (manufactured by Canon Inc.) and rotated for 1 minute with a rotating machine equipped with an external motor (Q1 min), it was further rotated for 1 minute (ie, total 2 minute rotation) (Q2min) and another 3 minutes rotation (that is, a total rotation of 5 minutes) (Q5min), the two-component developer on the developing sleeve was sampled respectively. The charge amount was measured with the apparatus No. 1. In the evaluation, (Q5min / Q1min) and (Q5min / Q2min) were calculated, and the determination was made based on the following criteria.
A rank: less than 1.20 B rank: 1.20 or more and less than 1.40 C rank: 1.40 or more and less than 1.60 D rank: 1.60 or more and less than 1.80 E rank: 1.80 or more

(Measurement method of charge amount)
In a metal measuring container 2 having a screen 3 of 500 mesh (aperture 25 μm) at the bottom shown in FIG. 1, 0.500 g of a two-component developer for measuring the triboelectric charge amount is put and a metal lid 4 is placed. The total mass of the measurement container 2 at this time is weighed and is defined as Wl (g). Next, in the suction device 1 (at least the portion in contact with the measurement container 2) is suctioned from the suction port 7 and the air volume control valve 6 is adjusted to set the pressure of the vacuum gauge 5 to 250 mmAq. In this state, suction is performed for 2 minutes to remove the toner by suction.
The potential of the electrometer 9 at this time is set to V (volt). Here, 8 is a capacitor, and the capacity is C (μF). The mass of the entire measurement container after the suction is weighed and is defined as W2 (g). The triboelectric charge amount (mC / kg) of the toner is calculated as follows.
Frictional charge (mC / kg) = (C × V) / (W1-W2)

<Image output test>
Image evaluation was performed in each environment using a Canon printer LBP7200C. The LBP 7200C is a system that does not have a cleaning member in the intermediate transfer unit portion, and collects primary and secondary transfer residual toner with the cleaning member in the photoreceptor unit portion. An image output test was carried out by attaching 70 g of toner 1 to the cyan station of the printer and attaching a dummy cartridge to the others. As image output paper, A4 size high white paper GF-C081 (manufactured by Canon Marketing Japan Inc.) was used.
The image evaluation was performed in an environment of 32.5 ° C./90% Rh (high temperature and high humidity environment, hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as HH environment). In an HH environment, the operation of outputting an image with a printing rate of 1% was repeated, and each time the output number reached 200, the image was left for 1 week in each environment. Thereafter, the process of outputting 200 sheets as described above was repeated. Finally, 4600 sheets of images were output, and evaluation was performed by the following method.

(1) Fog evaluation In the above image output test, after leaving for one week, an image having a white background portion was output one by one. Thereafter, with respect to the image having all the white background portions, the fogging is determined from the difference between the whiteness (reflectance Ds (%)) of the white background portion of the image having the white background portion and the whiteness (average reflectance Dr (%)) of the transfer paper. The concentration (%) (= Dr (%) − Ds (%)) was calculated. In addition, the whiteness was measured by “REFLECTMETER MODEL TC-6DS” (manufactured by Tokyo Denshoku Co., Ltd.). An amberlite filter was used as the filter. As for the fogging, the following rankings were given for those that were worst in each evaluation. A, B, and C are levels that do not cause a problem in use, while D is a level that causes a problem in use.
A: The fog density is less than 0.3%.
B: The fog density is 0.3% or more and less than 0.8%.
C: The fog density is 0.8% or more and less than 1.3%.
D: The fog density is 1.3% or more.

(2) Image Density Stability Image density was measured with a color reflection densitometer (X-RITE 404 Amanufactured by X-Rite Co.). In the above image output test, a solid image was output one by one before and after being left for one week, and the density of each image was measured. Of the obtained image densities, the difference between the maximum density and the minimum density was determined and shown based on the following evaluation criteria.
A: The image density difference is 0.1 or less.
B: The image density difference is larger than 0.1 and not larger than 0.3.
C: The image density difference is greater than 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.5.
D: Image density difference is larger than 0.5.

(3) Fine line reproducibility (image quality)
The fine line reproducibility was evaluated from the viewpoint of image quality. In the above image output, after outputting 4600 images, an image (print area ratio 4%) in which a grid pattern with a line width of 3 pixels was printed on the entire surface of A4 paper was printed, and the fine line reproducibility was evaluated. The line width of 3 pixels is theoretically 127 μm. The line width of the image is measured with a microscope VK-8500 (manufactured by Keyence). The line width is measured by selecting 5 points at random, and the following L is defined as the fine line reproducibility index when the average value of 3 points excluding the minimum value and the maximum value is d (μm).
L (μm) = | 127−d |
L defines the difference between the theoretical line width of 127 μm and the line width d on the output image. Since d may be larger than 127 or smaller than 127, it is defined as the absolute value of the difference. Smaller L indicates better fine line reproducibility.
(Evaluation criteria)
A: L is 0 μm or more and less than 5 μm. Excellent fine line reproducibility.
B: L is 5 μm or more and less than 15 μm. Although there are slight fluctuations in the width of fine lines, good fine line reproducibility.
C: L is 15 μm or more and less than 30 μm. Fine line reproducibility that is noticeable for thin lines and scattering, but has no practical problem.
D: L is 30 μm or more. The thin line is broken or thickened in some places, and the reproducibility of the thin line is inferior.

[Examples 2 to 27]
In Example 1, a toner was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the formulation shown in Table 4 was used, and toners 2 to 27 were obtained. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. Further, evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 5.

Example 28
Preparation of pigment dispersion paste ・ Styrene 80.0 parts ・ Carbon black 14.0 parts The above materials are well premixed in a container and then dispersed in a bead mill for 4 hours while maintaining the temperature at 20 ° C. or less. Got.

Preparation of toner particles:
350 parts of a 0.1 mol / liter-Na ₃ PO ₄ aqueous solution was added to 1200 parts of ion-exchanged water and heated to 60 ° C. Thereafter, the mixture was stirred at 11,000 rpm using CLEARMIX (M Technique Co., Ltd.). To this, 52 parts of 1.0 mol / liter-CaCl ₂ aqueous solution was added to obtain a dispersion medium containing Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ .
-38.0 parts of the above pigment dispersion paste-30.0 parts of styrene-17.0 parts of n-butyl acrylate-10.0 parts of ester wax (main component C ₁₉ H ₃₉ COOC ₂₀ H ₄₁ , melting point 68.6 ° C)
・ Polyester resin PES-1 5.00 parts ・ Compound A-1 0.400 parts ・ Polymer B-1 0.600 parts The above materials are put in a container, and these are heated to 60 ° C. and dissolved and dispersed. To obtain a monomer mixture. Further, while maintaining the temperature at 60 ° C., 2.00 parts of 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added as a polymerization initiator and dissolved to obtain a polymerizable monomer composition.
A toner was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above dispersion medium and the above polymerizable monomer composition were used, and a toner 28 was obtained. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. In addition, the evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 (however, in the image output test, the evaluation cartridge was changed to the cyan station and mounted on the black station. Also, the fog measurement filter was changed from amber to green. The results are shown in Table 5.

Example 29
In Example 1, the colorant C.I. I. Toner 29 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 14.0 parts of quinacridone (Pigment Violet 19) was used without using Pigment Blue 15: 3. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. In addition, the evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 (however, in the image output test, the evaluation cartridge was mounted on the magenta station. Further, the fog measurement filter was changed from amber to green). Table 5 shows.

Example 30
Preparation of pigment dispersion paste:
-Styrene 80.0 parts-C.I. I. Pigment Blue 15: 3 14.0 parts The above material was well premixed in a container, and then dispersed in a bead mill for 5 hours while keeping it at 20 ° C. or lower to obtain a pigment dispersion paste.

Preparation of toner particles:
390 parts of a 0.1 mol / liter-Na ₃ PO ₄ aqueous solution was added to 1150 parts of ion-exchanged water and heated to 60 ° C. Thereafter, the mixture was stirred at 11000 rpm using CLEARMIX (M Technique Co., Ltd.). To this, 58 parts of 1.0 mol / liter-CaCl ₂ aqueous solution was added to obtain a dispersion containing Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ .

-38.0 parts of the above pigment dispersion paste-34.0 parts of styrene-15.0 parts of n-butyl acrylate-8.00 parts of paraffin wax (HNP-7: Nippon Seiwa)-Polyester resin PES-1 5.00 Part These were heated to 60 ° C., melted and dispersed to obtain a monomer mixture. Further, while maintaining the temperature at 60 ° C., 5.00 parts of 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added and dissolved as a polymerization initiator to obtain a polymerizable monomer composition.

  The polymerizable monomer composition was charged into the dispersion medium. A nitrogen atmosphere was set at 60 ° C., and the mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at 10,000 rpm using CLEARMIX to granulate the polymerizable monomer composition. Then, the core particle was obtained by making it react at 60 degreeC for 1 hour, stirring with a paddle stirring blade.

-Styrene 7.50 parts-n-butyl acrylate 2.50 parts-Compound A-1 0.400 parts The above materials are put in a container, heated to 60 ° C, melted and dispersed to obtain a monomer mixture. . Further, while maintaining the temperature at 60 ° C., 0.500 part of 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added as a polymerization initiator and dissolved to obtain a polymerizable monomer composition for seed polymerization. Prepared.

By seeding this polymerizable monomer composition into the above dispersion medium, seed polymerization was performed. Thereafter, the mixture was reacted at 60 ° C. for 5 hours while stirring with a paddle stirring blade. Next, it stirred at 80 degreeC for 5 hours, and superposition | polymerization was complete | finished. After cooling to room temperature, hydrochloric acid was added to dissolve Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ and filtered, washed with water, and dried to obtain toner particles. Further, by classification, 2 μm or more, 10
Particles having a size of less than μm were selected to obtain toner particles 30. Further, a toner 30 was obtained by externally adding hydrophobic silica fine powder to the toner particles 29 in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

Example 31
Preparation of toner particles:
・ Hybrid resin HB-1 100.0 parts ・ Carbon black 5.00 parts ・ Paraffin wax (HNP-7: manufactured by Nippon Seiwa) 3.00 parts The above toner material is sufficiently premixed with a Henschel mixer (Mitsui Mine). This was melted and kneaded with a twin screw extruder, cooled, and coarsely pulverized to a particle size of about 1 to 2 mm using a hammer mill. Subsequently, it was finely pulverized by an air jet type fine pulverizer. Further, the obtained finely pulverized product was classified with a multi-division classifier to obtain core particles having a weight average particle size of 6.5 μm.

Next, 709 parts of ion-exchanged water and 451 parts of a 0.1 M NaPO ₄ aqueous solution were added to the flask, heated to 60 ° C., and then 67.7 parts of a 1.0 M CaCl ₂ aqueous solution was added to add Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) An aqueous medium containing ₂ was obtained.

Next, 390 parts of a 0.1 mol / liter-Na ₃ PO ₄ aqueous solution was added to 1150 parts of ion-exchanged water and heated to 60 ° C. Thereafter, the mixture was stirred at 11000 rpm using CLEARMIX (M Technique Co., Ltd.). To this, 58 parts of 1.0 mol / liter-CaCl ₂ aqueous solution was added to obtain a dispersion containing Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ .

The core particles were introduced into the aqueous medium so that the solid content was 30%, and stirred with a high-speed stirrer at 60 ° C. in an N ₂ atmosphere to primarily disperse the core particles. A part of the core particle dispersion was sampled, it was confirmed that the weight average particle diameter was 6.5 μm, and the temperature was raised to 80 ° C. while stirring with a paddle stirring blade.

Styrene 7.50 parts n-butyl acrylate 2.50 parts Compound A-1 0.400 parts These were heated to 60 ° C, melted and dispersed to obtain a monomer mixture. Further, while maintaining the temperature at 60 ° C., 0.500 part of 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) was added as a polymerization initiator and dissolved to obtain a polymerizable monomer composition for seed polymerization. Prepared.

By seeding this polymerizable monomer composition into the above dispersion medium, seed polymerization was performed. Thereafter, the mixture was reacted at 60 ° C. for 5 hours while stirring with a paddle stirring blade. Next, the mixture is stirred at 80 ° C. for 5 hours to complete the polymerization. After cooling to room temperature, hydrochloric acid was added to dissolve Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ and filtered, washed with water, and dried to obtain toner particles. Further, the toner particles were classified to select 2 μm or more and less than 10 μm to obtain toner particles 31. Further, a toner 31 was obtained by externally adding a hydrophobic silica fine powder to the toner particles 30 in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

[Comparative Example 1]
In Example 1, a toner was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Compound A-1 and Polymer B-1 were not used, and Comparative Example Toner 32 was obtained. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

[Comparative Example 2]
In Example 1, a toner was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Compound A-1 was not used, and Comparative Example Toner 33 was obtained. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

[Comparative Example 3]
In Example 31, a toner was prepared in the same manner as in Example 31 except that Compound A-1 was not used, and Toner 34 of Comparative Example was obtained. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 (however, in the image output test, the evaluation cartridge was replaced with the cyan station and mounted on the black station. Is changed from amber to green), and the results are shown in Table 5.

[Comparative Example 4]
In Example 1, a toner was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polyester resin PES-1 and the polymer B-1 were not used, and a comparative toner 35 was obtained. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

[Comparative Example 5]
In Example 1, a toner was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.400 part of vinyl benzoic acid was used instead of Compound A-1, and a toner 36 of Comparative Example was obtained. Table 4 shows the physical properties of the toner thus obtained. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a toner in which the charge amount and the rise of the charge amount are hardly affected by changes in temperature and humidity, and the charge amount is stable before and after long-term storage under high temperature and high humidity.

1 suction machine, 2 measuring container, 3 screen, 4 lid, 5 vacuum gauge, 6 air volume control valve, 7 suction port, 8 condenser, 9 electrometer

Claims (6)

A toner having toner particles containing a binder resin and a colorant, and a polar resin or a charge control agent, wherein the toner contains a polymer having a partial structure represented by the following formula (1) as a side chain. Toner characterized by the above.

(In the formula, R ¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms,
R ² represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms,
m represents an integer of 0 or more and 3 or less, and when m is 2 or 3, each R ¹ can be independently selected, and n represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less. )   The toner according to claim 1, wherein an acid value of the polar resin is 2.0 mgKOH / g or more and 60.0 mgKOH / g or less. 3. The toner according to claim 1, wherein a partial structure represented by the following formula (3) is present in the toner at 0.100 μmol or more and 200 μmol or less per 1 g of the toner.

(In the formula, R ³ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms,
R ⁴ represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms,
m represents an integer of 0 or more and 3 or less, and when m is 2 or 3, R ³ can be independently selected, and n represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less. ) The toner according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the toner further contains a polymer having a partial structure represented by the following formula (4).

(In the formula, R ⁷ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms,
B ¹ represents an alkylene structure having 1 or 2 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, and examples of the substituent in the alkylene structure include a hydroxyl group, It is an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and examples of the substituent in the aromatic ring include a hydroxyl group and an alkyl having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Group or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. ) In the polymerizable monomer composition, the toner particles are formed by granulating a polymerizable monomer composition containing a polymerizable monomer and a colorant, and a polar resin or a charge control agent in an aqueous medium. 2. A polymer obtained by polymerizing the polymerizable monomer of claim 1, wherein the polymerizable monomer contains a compound having a vinyl group represented by the following formula (2). The toner according to any one of Items 4 to 4.

(In the formula, R ⁹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms,
R ¹⁰ represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms,
R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
m represents an integer of 0 or more and 3 or less, and when m is 2 or 3, R ⁹ can be independently selected, and n represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less. ) The toner particles contain, in an aqueous medium, a compound represented by the following formula (2) by using as a seed core particles made of a resin composition containing a binder resin, a colorant, and a polar resin or a charge control agent. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner is produced by seed polymerization of a polymerizable monomer.

(In the formula, R ⁹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms,
R ¹⁰ represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms,
R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
m represents an integer of 0 or more and 3 or less, and when m is 2 or 3, R ⁹ can be independently selected, and n represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less. )

Images