JP2013514161A - ナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子を含む金属酸化物支持材料 - Google Patents
ナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子を含む金属酸化物支持材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013514161A JP2013514161A JP2012543646A JP2012543646A JP2013514161A JP 2013514161 A JP2013514161 A JP 2013514161A JP 2012543646 A JP2012543646 A JP 2012543646A JP 2012543646 A JP2012543646 A JP 2012543646A JP 2013514161 A JP2013514161 A JP 2013514161A
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- metal oxide
- support material
- oxide support
- platinum group
- metal
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- -1 iron-platinum group metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 30
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- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XRBCRPZXSCBRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphonous acid Chemical class OPO XRBCRPZXSCBRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical class [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000446 sulfanediyl group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical class [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NONOKGVFTBWRLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioisocyanate group Chemical group S(N=C=O)N=C=O NONOKGVFTBWRLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VPYJNCGUESNPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triallylamine Chemical compound C=CCN(CC=C)CC=C VPYJNCGUESNPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)C=C ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/397—Egg shell like
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
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Abstract
本発明はまた、このようなナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子を含む金属酸化物支持材料の製造方法に関する。本発明はさらに、ナノスケールの金属粒子を含む金属酸化物の触媒としての利用、例えばディーゼルエンジンからの排ガスの処理のためのディーゼル酸化触媒としての利用に関する。
【選択図】なし
Description
適当な金属酸化物支持材料は当業界の熟練者には既知である。この金属酸化物支持材料は、好ましくは、シリカやアルミナ、ジルコニア、チタニアの化合物やこれらの混合物からなる群から選ばれる卑金属酸化物及び/または遷移金属酸化物である。特に好ましい支持体は、アルミナとジルコニア、シリカ、チタニア、シリカ−アルミナ、ジルコニア−アルミナ、チタニア−アルミナ、ランタナ−アルミナ、ランタナ−ジルコニア−アルミナ、バリア−アルミナ、バリア−ランタナ−アルミナ、バリア−ランタナ−ネオジミア−アルミナ、ジルコニア−シリカ、チタニア−シリカ、ジルコニア−チタニアからなる群から選ばれる活性化された高表面積化合物である。
この金属酸化物は、他の金属でドープされていてもよく、好ましくはセリア及び/又はジルコニアでドープされていてもよい。好ましいドーピング条件は用途により変わり、当分野の熟練者には公知である。
DIN66131により求めた金属酸化物支持材料のBET表面積が約30〜約160m2/gであることが好ましい。気孔率は特定用途に応じて調整される。
好ましくは、金属酸化物材料の示す孔径が、約0.3〜約5nmであり、好ましくは約0.5〜約4nm、より好ましくは約0.5〜約2nmである。この金属酸化物材料の平均孔径が約70Å〜約150Åであることが好ましい。
好ましくは、金属酸化物支持材料の粒度が約5〜約200nmであり、より好ましくは約5〜約100nmである。この粒度が約30nm〜約90nmの範囲であることがより好ましい。
必要なら、この金属酸化物支持材料は、凝集物として存在していてもよく、好ましくは平均直径が約100nm〜約20μmの、より好まししくは約500nm〜約15μmの凝集物として存在していてもよい。
適当な鉄〜白金族金属粒子は当業界の熟練者には既知である。必要なら、この鉄〜白金族金属または鉄〜白金族金属の組合せは、他の併用金属でドープされていてもよい。
好ましくは、このナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子の粒度(d50)は、約0.5〜約5nmである。粒度が約0.5〜2nmであることが好ましい。
すべてのナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子のうち好ましくは少なくとも80%が、金属酸化物支持材料またはその凝集物の外表面層の位置していることが好ましい。なお、この外表面層の平均体積は元の支持材料粒子の総体積に対して50%となっている。すべてのナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子のうち少なくとも90%が外表面層に位置していることがより好ましい。すべてのナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子のうち少なくとも95%が外表面層に位置していることがさらに好ましい。
この外表面層が、金属酸化物支持材料またはその凝集物の体積に対して、40%の平均体積を持つことが好ましい。この外表面層の平均体積は、金属酸化物支持材料またはその凝集物の総量に対して、より好ましくは30%であり、さらに好ましくは20%、さらに好ましくは10%である。
すべてのナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子のうち少なくとも80%が金属酸化物支持材料またはその凝集物の外表面層上に位置していることが好ましく、この外表面層の、金属酸化物支持材料またはその凝集物の総量に対する平均体積は30%であることが好ましい。すべてのナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子のうち少なくとも90%が金属酸化物の外表面層支持材料上に位置し、この外表面層の、金属酸化物支持材料またはその凝集物の総量に対する平均体積が20%であることがさらに好ましい。
本発明はまた、ナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属を含む金属酸化物支持材料の製造方法であって、
(i)鉄〜白金族金属の前駆体とポリマーを水及び/又は有機溶媒中に溶解し、
(ii)必要なら還元剤を添加して鉄〜白金族金属の前駆体を還元し、
(iii)(ii)で得られる溶液を金属酸化物支持材料と混合するか
(i)鉄〜白金族金属の前駆体とポリマーを、金属酸化物支持材料を含む水及び/又は有機溶媒に溶解し、
(ii)(i)の溶液を還元する
ことからなる方法に関する。
一般的には、当分野の熟練者に既知の鉄〜白金族金属の前駆体の適当な供給源はすべて使用可能である。例えばこの前駆体は、アセチルアセトネート塩や硝酸塩、酢酸塩などの相当する鉄〜白金族金属の塩であり、あるいは硝酸塩またはヒドロキシル塩中で結合しているアミン錯体である。相当する酸も使用できる。これらの金属は、酸化物、硝酸塩、リン酸塩、硫酸塩、亜硫酸塩、亜ホスホン酸塩、亜硝酸塩、ホウ酸塩、アルミン酸塩、ケイ酸塩、シアン化物、イソシアネート、チオイソシアネート、過塩素酸塩、過ヨウ素酸塩、過臭素酸塩、塩素酸塩、ヨウ素酸塩、臭素酸塩、次亜塩素酸塩、または錯化合物の形で存在していてもよい。白金、パラジウム及び/又はロジウムの硝酸塩とアミノ錯体を使用することが好ましい。
適当なポリマーは一個以上の官能基をもつ。好ましい官能基は、カルボン酸イオン、カルボン酸、グルコン酸、アミン、イミン、アミド、ピロリドン、イミダゾール、カプロラクタム、エステル、ウレタン、尿素誘導体、及び/又はアミンエーテルである。これらのポリマーは金属表面に結合して金属粒子の大きさをコントロールする。また、これらのポリマーは金属酸化物支持材料に結合する能力を持ち、このため、金属粒子の支持材料内部への移動を抑えて金属酸化物支持体表面上で触媒活性種を濃縮させる。
還元は、有機溶媒中で、例えばアルコールやポリオール、エステル、塩素系炭化水素、フェノール、DMSO、DMF、NMP、あるいはTHFやジオキサン、ジオキソランなどのエーテル中で行うことができる。他の反応媒体も、例えば溶融塩またはイオン流体も考えられる。水、水性有機溶媒混合物、グリコール、あるいはジエチレングリコールが好ましい溶媒であり、水と水性有機溶媒混合物が特に好ましい。
工程(ii)では、必要に応じて還元剤が添加される。
本発明のある実施様態においては、アルコールが溶媒として、また還元剤として用いられる。従って、アルコール系媒体中で反応を行うと、他の還元剤を添加する必要がなくなる。
この金属ナノ粒子は、一般的には、−30〜300℃の温度で10mbar〜100barの圧力での還元で、好ましくは0〜100℃の温度、特に好ましくは20〜95℃、さらに好ましい50〜85℃の温度での還元で製造される。特別な真空装置または加圧容器の必要がないため、大気圧を使用することが好ましい。
金属酸化物支持材料の塗布は、当分野の熟練者には公知である。通常、薄膜形成用スラリーを用いて、PGM含有金属酸化物支持材料を支持体上に、例えばコージェライトハニカム(モノリス)上に塗布する。この含浸後のモノリスを焼成するが、この焼成条件は公知である。焼成の間にポリマーが燃えて消失する。
本発明はまた、ナノスケールの金属粒子を含む金属酸化物の触媒としての利用に関する。このナノスケールの金属粒子を含む金属酸化物が、水素化、脱水素反応、酸化、メタセシスまたは脱アルキル化反応を触媒することが好ましい。このナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子を含む金属酸化物を、自動車やトラックの排ガス流の浄化における触媒として使用することがさらに好ましい。なお、この排ガス流は通常、炭化水素と一酸化炭素、窒素酸化物を含んでいる。
また、本発明はまた、ディーゼルエンジンからの排ガス処理のためのディーゼル酸化触媒であって、ナノスケールの金属粒子を含む金属酸化物が支持体基材上に形成されているものに関する。
本発明はまた、未燃焼炭化水素(HC)と一酸化炭素(CO)を含むディーゼルエンジン排ガス流を処理するための方法に関する。ディーゼルエンジンからの排ガス流を、本発明のディーゼル酸化触媒を含む排ガス処理装置中で処理することができる。
(TM100/150上に2.2重量%のPt)、CO→CO2の反応用(LJ No. DT_A_058)
0.21gのPtアセチルアセトネート(98% ACROS、ロット番号:A025558)と、0.050gのポリビニルビロリドンK30(シグマアルドリッチ、ロット番号:85,655−8)を、10gのジエチレングリコール(99%、シグマアルドリッチ、ロット番号:S46287−078)中に溶解した。平行して、ウルトラタラックスを用いて、43gのピュラロックス(SASOL、TM100/150、ロット:B25735)を45gのジエチレングリコール中に分散させ、80℃まで加熱した。次いで、上記のPt含有溶液をすばやく添加する。全体の懸濁液を2時間、激しく攪拌する。その後、真空(10mbar、100℃)でジエチレングリコールを除き、得られた粉末を1時間540℃(加熱速度:0.5℃/分、350℃まで;2℃/分、540℃まで;窒素雰囲気下)で焼成する。
(Pd負荷量:1.4重量%、Pt負荷量:0.16重量%)、CO→CO2の反応用(LJ No. DT_A_060)
0.0341gのPtアセチルアセトネート(98% ACROS、ロット番号:A0255558)と0.2003gのPdアセテート(47% Pd、フルカ、ロット番号:1338573)を、0.0563gのポリビニルピロリドンK30(シグマアルドリッチ、ロット番号:85,655−8)と共に5gのジエチレングリコール中に溶解した。平行して、ウルトラタラックスを用いて、5gのピュラロックス(SASOL、TM100/150、ロット番号:B25735)の懸濁液を50gのジエチレングリコールと混合した。この懸濁液を80℃まで加熱し、この温度で上記貴金属溶液を添加した。全体のスラリーを2時間80℃で加熱した。その後、真空(10mbar、100℃)下でジエチレングリコールを除き、得られた粉末を1時間540℃(加熱速度:0.5℃/分、350℃まで;2℃/分、540℃まで;窒素雰囲気下)で焼成する。
3.1.ポリマーAの製造:
150gの、濃度が24.9%のポリエチレンイミン(Mw=25000、4.55%の平均モル質量が2000のポリエチレングリコールビスグリシジルエーテルで架橋)の水溶液と202.3gの純水とを、まず強力攪拌器と還流冷却器を備えた四つ口フラスコに入れ、撹拌下で内温が95℃となるまで加熱する。この間に空気を連続的に通過させる。温度が95℃にまで達した後、66.5gのアクリル酸を2時間かけて滴下させる。その後、この混合物をさらに6時間95℃で攪拌する。生成物は明るい黄色の粘稠な溶液である。そのK値は21.97であり;収率:100%;SC:39.8%(減圧下120℃で2時間後)であった。
17gのポリマーA(濃度:100g/l)、101.6gの濃度が4,366%の硝酸テトラアミンパラジウム(II)溶液と5.5mlの水を、オーバーヘッド攪拌器と還流冷却器と温度計を備えた500mlの四つ口フラスコ中で攪拌し、77℃まで加熱した。次いで、25.3gのアスコルビン酸溶液(濃度300g/l)を添加し、この反応を77℃で24時間継続して、暗い褐黒色の分散液を得た。
このアルミナを開放ビーカーにとり、次いで上記パラジウムナノ粒子分散液をゆっくりと添加しながら徹底的に攪拌した。この結果、淡褐色懸濁液が得られ、これを90℃で16時間乾燥し、プレート振動装置でさらに30分間、均一化させた。次いでこの塗布後のアルミナを650℃で(25時間、10%スチーム)焼成養生させ、分析した。TEM分析の結果、図5に示すように、パラジウムナノ粒子を多く含む表面をもつ金属酸化物粒子が得られた。
次いで、得られた粉末をプレスしてペレットとし、その触媒活性を評価した(条件:1500ppmのCO、500ppmのプロペン、5%の水、10%の酸素)。標準品(PdとPtの初期塗布量が4重量%で、Pd/Pt比が1/2のもの)より改善された触媒性能が得られた。
各々のセラミック製ペレットのトレイに入る流速がそれぞれ、1.500ppmのCO、500ppmのプロペン、5%の水、10%のO2なるように、この高スループット反応器を設定する。
比較のために用いた標準触媒は、金属負荷量が2.6%Pd、1.4%Pt、3.1%BaO/Al2O3(Pt:Pdモル比:1:1))のDOC−FS7−4であり、その試験番号は640989−2−17−4SCである。比較性能のために、この標準品をいろいろな温度で養生させた(650、750、850、900℃)。
Claims (11)
- 粒度が0.5〜10nmであるナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子を含む金属酸化物支持材料であって、すべてのナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子のうち少なくとも70%が金属酸化物支持材料の外表面層上に位置し、該外表面層の平均体積が該金属酸化物支持材料の総体積の50%である金属酸化物支持材料。
- 必要ならセリア及び/又はジルコニアでドープされたアルミナが上記金属酸化物支持材料として用いられる請求項1に記載の金属酸化物支持材料。
- 白金とパラジウムの組合せまたは白金とパラジウムとロジウムの組合せが上記金属粒子として用いられる請求項1〜2のいずれか一項に記載の金属酸化物支持材料。
- 上記鉄〜白金族金属粒子の粒度が0.5〜4nmである請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の金属酸化物支持材料。
- すべてのナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属粒子のうち少なくとも80%が金属酸化物支持材料の外表面層上に位置し、該外表面層の平均体積が金属酸化物支持材料の全体積の20%である請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の金属酸化物支持材料。
- ナノスケールの鉄〜白金族金属を含む金属酸化物支持材料の製造方法であって、
(i)鉄〜白金族金属の前駆体とポリマーを水及び/又は有機溶媒中に溶解し、
(ii)必要なら還元剤を添加して、該鉄〜白金族金属の前駆体を還元し、
(iii)(ii)で得られる溶液と金属酸化物支持材料とを混合する、あるいは
(i)鉄〜白金族金属の前駆体とポリマーを、金属酸化物支持材料を含む水及び/又は有機溶媒に溶解し、
(ii)(i)の溶液を還元する、
ことを含む方法。 - 硝酸塩、水酸化物、酸化物またはアミン錯体またはアセチルアセトネートまたは酢酸塩からなる群から選ばれる鉄〜白金金属の塩が上記金属粒子の前駆体として用いられる請求項6に記載の方法。
- ポリエチレンイミンまたはポリビニルアミンの誘導体、ビニルラクタム、ビニルイミダゾール、ビニルアセテートまたはビニルホルムアミドの線状または架橋したホモポリマー及び/又はコポリマー、ポリエーテル上にビニルラクタム、ビニルイミダゾール、ビニルアセテートまたはビニルホルムアミドがグラフトした線状または架橋したグラフト−ホモポリマー及び/又はグラフトコポリマー、線状または架橋した、カルボン酸、ホスホン酸またはスルホン酸基などの酸性基を有する水溶性または水分散性ポリマーが、上記ポリマーとして用いられる請求項6〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のナノスケールの金属粒子を含む金属酸化物支持材料の、水素化、脱水素、酸化、メタセシス及び/又は脱アルキル化反応の触媒としての利用。
- ディーゼルエンジンからの排ガスの処理のためのディーゼル酸化触媒であって、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のナノスケールの金属粒子を含む金属酸化物支持材料を支持体基材の上に設けたディーゼル酸化触媒。
- ディーゼルエンジン排ガス流の処理方法であって、請求項10に記載のディーゼル酸化触媒に排気流を接触させることからなる方法。
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JP2009542431A (ja) * | 2006-06-27 | 2009-12-03 | ビーエーエスエフ、カタリスツ、エルエルシー | ディーゼル排ガス処理システム触媒監視 |
US20080193368A1 (en) * | 2007-02-09 | 2008-08-14 | Headwaters Technology Innovation, Llc | Supported Nanocatalyst Particles Manufactured By Heating Complexed Catalyst Atoms |
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JP2016511139A (ja) * | 2013-01-28 | 2016-04-14 | ビーエーエスエフ コーポレーション | 酸化窒素を酸化するための触媒物品、システム及び方法 |
JP2018510053A (ja) * | 2015-01-29 | 2018-04-12 | ビーエーエスエフ コーポレーション | 自動車排ガス処理用白金族金属(pgm)触媒 |
JP2021183333A (ja) * | 2015-01-29 | 2021-12-02 | ビーエーエスエフ コーポレーション | 自動車排ガス処理用白金族金属(pgm)触媒 |
Also Published As
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RU2012129865A (ru) | 2014-01-27 |
CN102892506A (zh) | 2013-01-23 |
BR112012014199A2 (pt) | 2016-05-31 |
KR20120104383A (ko) | 2012-09-20 |
EP2512671A1 (en) | 2012-10-24 |
US20120263633A1 (en) | 2012-10-18 |
TW201136661A (en) | 2011-11-01 |
WO2011073120A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 |
US8574520B2 (en) | 2013-11-05 |
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