JP2013544628A - 酸化セリウム及び酸化ニオブを含む組成物が触媒として使用される、窒素酸化物(NOx)を含む気体を処理する方法 - Google Patents
酸化セリウム及び酸化ニオブを含む組成物が触媒として使用される、窒素酸化物(NOx)を含む気体を処理する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013544628A JP2013544628A JP2013530719A JP2013530719A JP2013544628A JP 2013544628 A JP2013544628 A JP 2013544628A JP 2013530719 A JP2013530719 A JP 2013530719A JP 2013530719 A JP2013530719 A JP 2013530719A JP 2013544628 A JP2013544628 A JP 2013544628A
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- Prior art keywords
- oxide
- composition
- cerium oxide
- catalyst system
- niobium
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 127
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 61
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 60
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 29
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 23
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 23
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 15
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium pentoxide Chemical compound O=[Nb](=O)O[Nb](=O)=O ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 13
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 150000007514 bases Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 12
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 11
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- XNHGKSMNCCTMFO-UHFFFAOYSA-D niobium(5+);oxalate Chemical compound [Nb+5].[Nb+5].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O XNHGKSMNCCTMFO-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrogen dioxide Chemical compound O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical group O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000002821 niobium Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- WPCMRGJTLPITMF-UHFFFAOYSA-I niobium(5+);pentahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Nb+5] WPCMRGJTLPITMF-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 7
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 6
- UJVRJBAUJYZFIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;oxozirconium Chemical compound [Zr]=O.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O UJVRJBAUJYZFIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000005526 G1 to G0 transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000001785 cerium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium nitrate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 alkaline earth metal cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- XFHGGMBZPXFEOU-UHFFFAOYSA-I azanium;niobium(5+);oxalate Chemical compound [NH4+].[Nb+5].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O XFHGGMBZPXFEOU-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012494 Quartz wool Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- XMPZTFVPEKAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-P ceric ammonium nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[Ce+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XMPZTFVPEKAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 2
- LQCIDLXXSFUYSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(4+);tetranitrate Chemical compound [Ce+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O LQCIDLXXSFUYSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002822 niobium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentachloroniobium Chemical compound Cl[Nb](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N serine Chemical compound OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UYLYBEXRJGPQSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;oxido(dioxo)niobium Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O UYLYBEXRJGPQSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003754 zirconium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910000013 Ammonium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000000703 Cerium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003299 Eltex® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001522306 Serinus serinus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910003910 SiCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DDPNPTNFVDEJOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Zr+4].[O-2].[Ce+3] Chemical compound [O-2].[Zr+4].[O-2].[Ce+3] DDPNPTNFVDEJOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical compound O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- GHTGICGKYCGOSY-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminum silicon(4+) phosphate Chemical compound [Al+3].P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[Si+4] GHTGICGKYCGOSY-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000012538 ammonium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium carbamate Chemical compound [NH4+].NC([O-])=O BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium formate Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-]C=O VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid monoamide Natural products NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ce+3].[Ce+3] DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPQBNJRIWONKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[Zr+4].[Ce+3] WPQBNJRIWONKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000788 chromium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe] UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010908 decantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010335 hydrothermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L oxygen(2-);titanium(4+);sulfate Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000036619 pore blockages Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- UKDIAJWKFXFVFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;oxido(dioxo)niobium Chemical compound [K+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O UKDIAJWKFXFVFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002468 redox effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FDNAPBUWERUEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl FDNAPBUWERUEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009283 thermal hydrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000348 titanium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(4+);disulfate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- IPCAPQRVQMIMAN-UHFFFAOYSA-L zirconyl chloride Chemical compound Cl[Zr](Cl)=O IPCAPQRVQMIMAN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
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- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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Abstract
Description
前記触媒系は、酸化ニオブを含んだ組成物を含み、
前記組成物は、質量比率にして、2%〜20%の酸化ニオブと、
残部としての酸化セリウムとを含むことを特徴とする。
−酸化セリウム:少なくとも50%;
−酸化ニオブ:2%〜20%;
−酸化ジルコニウム:48%まで。
−酸化セリウム:少なくとも50%;
−酸化ニオブ:2%〜20%;
−元素Mの酸化物:20%まで;
−残部が酸化ジルコニウム
で含む。
−(a1)水酸化ニオブの懸濁液を、セリウムの塩及び、適切な場合ジルコニウムの塩、及び元素Mの塩を含む溶液と混合する;
−(b1)このように形成された混合物を、塩基性化合物と接触させ、それにより沈殿物を得る:
−(c1)沈殿物を反応媒体から分離し、か焼する。
−(a2)第一の工程において、酸化ジルコニウム及び/又は元素M若しくはM’の酸化物を含む組成物の調製のためには、セリウム化合物並びに、適切な場合、ジルコニウムの化合物及び元素M又はM’の化合物を含む混合物を液体媒体中で調製する;
−(b2)前記混合物を、塩基性化合物と接触させ、それにより沈殿物を含む懸濁液を得る;
−(c2)この懸濁液をニオブ塩の溶液と混合する;
−(d2)固体を液体媒体から分離する;
−(e2)前記固体をか焼する。
−(a3)ジルコニウム化合物及びセリウム化合物並びに、適切な場合、元素Mの化合物を含む混合物を液体媒体中で調製する;
−(b3)前記混合物を、100℃より高い温度に加熱する;
−(c3)加熱の後に得られた反応混合物を、塩基性のpHにする;
−(c’3)反応媒体の熟成を、任意に実施する;
−(d3)この媒体を、ニオブ塩の溶液と混合する;
−(e3)固体を液体媒体から分離する;
−(f3)前記固体をか焼する。
4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O(1)
式(2)に従う、NOx中に存在するNO2のNH3との反応も言及され得る。
3NO2+4NH3→(7/2)N2+6H2O(2)
さらに、NH3と、NOと、NO2との間の反応は式(3)により表すことができる。
NO+NO2+2NH3→2N2+3H2O(3)
本実施例は、酸化セリウム、酸化ジルコニウム、及び酸化ニオブを、下記のそれぞれの質量比率:64%−26%−10%で含む組成物の調製に関する。
これらの実施例の組成物の調製を、実施例1と同様に実施する。溶液D及びEは同じ化合物から調製するが、比率が異なる。
−各実施例の「実施例」欄において、実施例番号の下に与えられる数字は、関連する実施例の組成物の酸化セリウム、酸化ジルコニウム、及び酸化ニオブのそれぞれの質量比率に対応する:
−D1:アンモニア水溶液Dの調製に使用した濃アンモニア水溶液(29.8%NH3)の量;
−D2:アンモニア水溶液Dの調製に使用した脱イオン水の量;
−E1:溶液Eの調製に使用した脱イオン水の量;
−E2:溶液Eの調製に使用した硝酸セリウム(III)溶液(30.32%CeO2)の量;
−E3:溶液Eの調製に使用したオキシ硝酸ジルコニウム溶液(20.04%ZrO2)の量;
−E4:溶液Eの調製に使用した過酸化水素水溶液(50.30%H2O2)の量;
−C:溶液Eの調製に使用した懸濁液C(4.08%Nb2O5)の量。
本実施例は、酸化セリウム、酸化ジルコニウム、及び酸化ニオブを、下記のそれぞれの質量比率:72%−18%−10%で含む組成物の調製に関する。
これらの実施例の組成物の調製を、実施例1と同様に実施する。溶液D及びEは同じ化合物から調製するが、比率が異なる。
本実施例は、酸化セリウム、酸化ジルコニウム、及び酸化ニオブを、下記のそれぞれの質量比率:63%−27%−10%で含む組成物の調製に関する。
本実施例は、実施例11と同一な組成物の調製に関する。
本実施例は、酸化セリウム、酸化ジルコニウム、及び酸化ニオブを、下記のそれぞれの質量比率:64%−27%−9%で含む組成物の調製に関する。
本実施例は、酸化セリウム、酸化ジルコニウム、及び酸化ニオブを、下記のそれぞれの質量比率:19%−78%−3%で含む組成物の調製に関する。
−濃アンモニア水溶液:940g
−脱イオン水:6730g。
溶液Eも、実施例1と同様に同じ化合物により調製するが、下記の比率とする:
−脱イオン水:5710g
−硝酸セリウム(III)溶液:2540g
−過酸化水素水溶液:298g
−懸濁液C:625g。
次いで、プロセスを実施例1と同様に実施する。
以下の表3は、上記実施例の組成物のそれぞれに関して、
−800℃及び900℃で4時間か焼した後のBET比表面積;
−酸性度;
−被還元性
について記載している。
酸性度は、以下に記載されるTPD法により測定する。
試料(100mg)を、20℃/分の昇温でヘリウム(30ml/分)気流下で500℃にし、水蒸気を除き細孔の閉塞を防ぐために、この温度で30分間保つ。最後に、試料を、10℃/分の速度で、ヘリウム気流下で100℃に冷却する。
次いで、試料を、大気圧で、100℃でアンモニア(ヘリウム中5体積%のNH3)の気流(30ml/分)に30分間(飽和点まで)曝す。試料を、最低1時間ヘリウム(30ml/分)の気流に曝す。
TPDを、700℃まで10℃/分の昇温を行うことにより実施する。
被還元性は、Micromeritics Autochem 2マシンで、昇温還元(TPR)を実施することにより測定する。この器械は、組成物の水素消費を、温度の関数として測定する。
−Ar中10体積%のH2下で、20℃/分の上昇勾配で、室温から900℃まで昇温。
本実施例は、SCR触媒反応を利用する、上記実施例の組成物の触媒性を説明する。これらの性質は、以下の条件下で評価する。
本実施例は、本発明による組成物が、パーティクルフィルタ上のウォッシュコートに使用される場合、或いは先に記載された押出形態で使用される場合の、本発明による組成物の触媒性を説明する。
Claims (13)
- 窒素性還元剤による窒素酸化物(NOx)の還元反応が実施される、NOxを含む気体を処理する方法であって、酸化セリウムベースの触媒系が還元反応の触媒として使用され、前記触媒系は、酸化ニオブを含んだ組成物を含み、
前記組成物は、質量比率にして、2%〜20%の酸化ニオブと、
残部としての酸化セリウムとを含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 上述の触媒系の酸化セリウムに基づく組成物が、下記の質量比率:
−少なくとも50%の酸化セリウム;
−2%〜20%の酸化ニオブ;
−48%までの酸化ジルコニウム
で酸化ジルコニウムも含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 上述の触媒系の酸化セリウムに基づく組成物が、タングステン、モリブデン、鉄、銅、ケイ素、アルミニウム、マンガン、チタン、バナジウム、及びセリウム以外の希土類金属を含む群から選択される元素Mの少なくとも1種の酸化物も、下記の質量比率:
−酸化セリウム:少なくとも50%;
−酸化ニオブ:2%〜20%;
−元素Mの酸化物:20%まで;
−残部が酸化ジルコニウム
で含むことを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の方法。 - 上述の触媒系の酸化セリウムに基づく組成物が、酸化ニオブを、3%〜15%、より詳細には5%〜10%の質量比率で含むことを特徴とする、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 上述の触媒系の酸化セリウムに基づく組成物が、酸化セリウムを、少なくとも65%の質量比率で、酸化ニオブを、2%〜12%、より詳細には2%〜10%の質量比率で含むことを特徴とする、請求項2〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 上述の触媒系の酸化セリウムに基づく組成物が、酸化セリウムを、少なくとも70%、より詳細には少なくとも75%の質量比率で含むことを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 上述の触媒系の酸化セリウムに基づく組成物が、酸化ニオブを、10%未満、より詳細には2%から10%未満の範囲の質量比率で含むことを特徴とする、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 上述の触媒系の酸化セリウムに基づく組成物が、酸化セリウムを、少なくとも60%、より詳細には少なくとも65%の質量比率で、酸化ジルコニウムを、25%以下、より詳細には15%〜25%の質量比率で含むことを特徴とする、請求項2〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 上述の触媒系の酸化セリウムに基づく組成物が、バナジウム、銅、マンガン、タングステン、及び鉄を含む群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属M’の酸化物を、1%〜10%、より優先的には1%〜3%の比率で含むことを特徴とする、請求項1又は2のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 上述の触媒系がゼオライトも含むことを特徴とする、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- アンモニア又は尿素が窒素性還元剤として使用されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 自動車エンジンの排ガスが処理されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 上述の触媒系が、パーティクルフィルタ上に配置されるか、又は上述の組成物に基づき、この組成物が押出形態であることを特徴とする、請求項12に記載の方法。
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FR1003861A FR2965189A1 (fr) | 2010-09-29 | 2010-09-29 | Procede de traitement d'un gaz contenant des oxydes d'azote (nox) utilisant comme catalyseur une composition a base d'oxyde de cerium et d'oxyde de niobium |
FR1003861 | 2010-09-29 | ||
PCT/EP2011/066908 WO2012041921A2 (fr) | 2010-09-29 | 2011-09-28 | Procede de traitement d'un gaz contenant des oxydes d'azote (nox) utilisant comme catalyseur une composition a base d'oxyde de cerium et d'oxyde de niobium |
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EP (1) | EP2621611A2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5771276B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101990156B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN103153438B (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2807665C (ja) |
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Cited By (3)
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JP2014176774A (ja) * | 2013-03-13 | 2014-09-25 | Tokyo Roki Co Ltd | 触媒ユニット |
JP2016034885A (ja) * | 2014-08-04 | 2016-03-17 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 複合金属酸化物及びその製造方法、並びに、その複合金属酸化物を用いた窒素酸化物分解触媒及びその窒素酸化物分解触媒を用いた窒素酸化物の分解方法 |
JP2017502839A (ja) * | 2013-12-30 | 2017-01-26 | ジョンソン、マッセイ、パブリック、リミテッド、カンパニーJohnson Matthey Public Limited Company | ドープされたセリアを使用する選択的触媒的還元方法 |
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FR2962431B1 (fr) * | 2010-07-07 | 2018-01-19 | Rhodia Operations | Composition a base d'oxydes de cerium, de niobium et, eventuellement, de zirconium et son utilisation en catlyse. |
US9981256B2 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2018-05-29 | Pq Corporation | Stabilized microporous crystalline material, the method of making the same, and the use for selective catalytic reduction of NOx |
FR3003557B1 (fr) * | 2013-03-19 | 2015-05-01 | Rhodia Operations | Composition a base d'oxyde de zirconium, de cerium, de niobium et d'etain, procede de preparation et utilisation en catalyse |
CN105126827B (zh) * | 2015-09-10 | 2018-01-26 | 西南化工研究设计院有限公司 | 一种涂覆式低温烟气脱硝催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN106111150A (zh) * | 2016-06-16 | 2016-11-16 | 浙江三龙催化剂有限公司 | 船舶用脱硝催化剂 |
JP7187549B2 (ja) * | 2017-10-03 | 2022-12-12 | ビーエーエスエフ コーポレーション | Scr触媒組成物、触媒、およびかかる触媒を組み込んだ触媒システム |
FR3077567A1 (fr) | 2018-02-02 | 2019-08-09 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de preparation d'un oxyde a base de cerium et/ou de zirconium |
FR3077566A1 (fr) | 2018-02-02 | 2019-08-09 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de preparation d'un oxyde a base de cerium et/ou de zirconium |
CN110918084A (zh) * | 2019-12-13 | 2020-03-27 | 中国科学院城市环境研究所 | 一种复合氧化物催化剂及其制备方法和用途 |
CN115845833B (zh) * | 2021-09-23 | 2024-06-21 | 重庆理工大学 | 一种用于SCR降解的Nb-Ce-W脱硝催化剂制备方法及应用 |
CN115739173B (zh) * | 2022-11-15 | 2024-05-17 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种结构稳定的脱硝催化剂及其制备方法和应用、整体式催化剂及其应用 |
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JP2017502839A (ja) * | 2013-12-30 | 2017-01-26 | ジョンソン、マッセイ、パブリック、リミテッド、カンパニーJohnson Matthey Public Limited Company | ドープされたセリアを使用する選択的触媒的還元方法 |
JP2016034885A (ja) * | 2014-08-04 | 2016-03-17 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 複合金属酸化物及びその製造方法、並びに、その複合金属酸化物を用いた窒素酸化物分解触媒及びその窒素酸化物分解触媒を用いた窒素酸化物の分解方法 |
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WO2012041921A2 (fr) | 2012-04-05 |
US8734742B2 (en) | 2014-05-27 |
RU2541070C2 (ru) | 2015-02-10 |
CN103153438A (zh) | 2013-06-12 |
CA2807665C (fr) | 2015-06-02 |
CA2807665A1 (fr) | 2012-04-05 |
US20130195743A1 (en) | 2013-08-01 |
JP5771276B2 (ja) | 2015-08-26 |
CN103153438B (zh) | 2016-02-17 |
KR101990156B1 (ko) | 2019-06-17 |
EP2621611A2 (fr) | 2013-08-07 |
FR2965189A1 (fr) | 2012-03-30 |
RU2013119605A (ru) | 2014-11-10 |
KR20130062349A (ko) | 2013-06-12 |
WO2012041921A3 (fr) | 2012-05-24 |
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