JP2013543835A - 混合金属酸化物 - Google Patents
混合金属酸化物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013543835A JP2013543835A JP2013538279A JP2013538279A JP2013543835A JP 2013543835 A JP2013543835 A JP 2013543835A JP 2013538279 A JP2013538279 A JP 2013538279A JP 2013538279 A JP2013538279 A JP 2013538279A JP 2013543835 A JP2013543835 A JP 2013543835A
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- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
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- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
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- ABEXEQSGABRUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 16-methylheptadecyl 16-methylheptadecanoate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)C ABEXEQSGABRUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002747 Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Zn0.2O3-δ Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910002215 La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
- C01F17/20—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element
- C01F17/206—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element oxide or hydroxide being the only anion
- C01F17/241—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element oxide or hydroxide being the only anion containing two or more rare earth metals, e.g. NdPrO3 or LaNdPrO3
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- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/26—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on ferrites
- C04B35/2641—Compositions containing one or more ferrites of the group comprising rare earth metals and one or more ferrites of the group comprising alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or lead
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/42—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on chromites
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- C04B35/45—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on copper oxide or solid solutions thereof with other oxides
- C04B35/4504—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on copper oxide or solid solutions thereof with other oxides containing rare earth oxides
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
- H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
- H01M4/9033—Complex oxides, optionally doped, of the type M1MeO3, M1 being an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth, Me being a metal, e.g. perovskites
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Abstract
Ba、Ca又はSrのカチオンが存在し、希土類金属及びFe、Cr、Cu、Co又はMnが3つの異なる配位サイトに存在する。
Description
Ba;
X(ここでXはCa又はSrを示し);
Z(ここでZは希土類金属を示し);及び
T(ここでTはFe、Cr、Cu、Co又はMnであり、かつ3つの異なる配位サイトに存在する)、が存在し、前記カチオンの1以上が場合により部分的に金属ドーパントと置換されている。
Bは、Tで主に占有されるサイトを示し;δは場合により酸素の非化学量論を示す。
BはTで主に占有されるサイトであり;δは酸素の非化学量論を示す。この実施態様では、前記構造は、12配位(例えば14面体)及び多重の8配位Aサイトを構成し得る。通常は前記Aサイトの占有は実質的に秩序的である。
X、Z及びTはこれまで定められたものであり;
yは、1.0から3.0の範囲であり;
xは、1.0から3.0の範囲であり;
zは、0.5から2.0の範囲であり;
x+y+zは、4.9から5.1の範囲であり;
nは、4.9から5.1の範囲であり;かつ
δは、場合による非化学量論的酸素を示し、ここで1以上のBa、X及びTは場合により金属ドーパントで置換されてよい。
ここで、
pは、1.0から3.0の範囲;
qは、3.0から4.0の範囲;
rは2.0から3.0の範囲;
p+q+rは、7.9から8.1の範囲;
sは7.9から8.1の範囲;及び
δは、場合による非化学量論的酸素を示し、ここでBa、X、Z及びTの1位上が場合位より部分的に金属ドーパントで置換されてよい。
(A)Ba、X、Z及びTのそれぞれの化合物の実質的に化学量論的量の緻密混合物を製造し;及び
(B)前記緻密混合物を反応させて混合金属酸化物又はその組成物を製造する、ことを含む。
aは、1.6から2.2の範囲であり;
bは、1.8から2.8の範囲であり;
cは、0.2から1.2の範囲であり;
a+b+cは、5であり;かつ
dは5である。
a’は、2.1から2.6の範囲であり;
b’は、3.1から3.7の範囲であり;
c’は、2.0から2.5の範囲であり;
a’+b’+c’は、8であり;かつ
d’は8である。
(A)Ba、X、Z、T及び前記場合による金属ドーパントの化合物の実質的に化学量論的量の緻密な混合物を製造し;及び
(B)前記緻密な混合物を反応させて前記混合金属酸化物又はその組成物を製造することを含む。
aは、1.6から2.2の範囲であり;
bは、1.8から2.8の範囲であり;
cは、0.2から1.2の範囲であり;
a+b+cは、5であり;かつ
dは5である。
a’は、2.1から2.6の範囲であり;
b’は、3.1から3.7の範囲であり;
c’は、2.0から2.5の範囲であり;
a’+b’+c’は、8であり;かつ
d’は8である。
好ましくは前記カソードはイオン伝導性である。
Ba:
X又はZの1つ(X及びZは上で定められたものであり);及び
T(Tは上で定めたれたものであり、3つの異なる配位サイトに存在する)を含み、
前記1以上のカチオンが、場合により部分的に金属ドーパントで置換され、
前記ペロブスカイト型構造的特徴が、前記ペロブスカイト単位セルの容積に5倍以上の容積を持つ単位セルで示される層状ペロブスカイト超構造に帰属される。
好ましくはTはFeである。
実験:
多結晶性サンプルを、Y203、BaCO3、CaCO3及びFe2O3を用いて、表SI1に挙げられたカチオン比率を持つ組成物を、大気圧中でアルミナ坩堝中で1200℃で直接反応させて製造した。
加熱及び冷却速度は、それぞれ5℃/分及び3℃/分であり、加熱時間は12時間であった。一般的に粉砕及び加熱を何回か繰り返して、相均一性及び反応プロセスの完了を保証した。以下の「結果」で説明されるように好適な金属比率により、これらの3回の繰り返しが5gの単相サンプルが再現性よく製造された。相識別と純度は、ブラッグ−ブレンタノ幾何形状を用いてCoKα1放射線を用いてPanalyticalシステムで収集した粉末X線回折により試験した。熱重量分析(TGA)はTA instrumentsのQ600熱分析装置を用いて実施した。
前記カソードの面積比抵抗(ASR)は、前記電極面積につき測定された抵抗値を、前記セルの対称性を考慮して2で割り算して標準化することで計算した。
化合物の単離
10層ペロブスカイトを合成する最初の試みは、Ba2Ca2YFe5組成のカチオン比率を調節するBaCO3、CaCO3、Y2O3及びFe2O3の化学量論的量を用いて、Ca2Fe2O5ブラウンミリエライト及びYBa2Fe3O8との間の理想的連晶を目的とした。1200℃での焼成により、前記粉末X線回折で小角ピークdhkl≒9.5オングストロームが観察でき、これは長結晶繰り返しを持つ相に帰属された。既に報告されたBa2Ca2Nd2Fe6O15.6を参照して、大部分の回折ピークは、斜方晶系ペロブスカイト超構造に基づき、Imma空間群の単位セルap√2x10apxap√2で指数づけされ得る。主な不純物はBaFeO3−δであり、数回に再粉砕と焼成後でもなお残留していた。このことは、合成条件の可能な変更の前に、前記主な相組成を決定するためにEDS研究を促した。前記EDS研究は、前記目標相の20結晶で実施され、AサイトでBa1.81Ca2.32Y0.87の平均カチオン含有量が明らかとなり、そこで合成は、このBa、Y不足及びCa過剰の組成範囲が目標とされた。
室温シンクロトロン粉末X線回折を最初、前記新規材料の結晶構造研究のために実施した。前記単位セル指数及び相純度は、最初、χ2=1.81を与える半−Voigtピーク形状を用いてLeBailフィッティングで確認された。次に Ba2Ca2Nd2Fe6O15.6の10層タイプモデルを導入し、セルパラメータ、原子位置及び異方性熱因子を精密化した。最終的信頼性因子は、Rexp=4.54%について、RBragg=4.19%、Rp=5.39%、Rwp=6.99%、χ2=2.37であった。最終的な計算値、実測値及び差曲線を図2に示し、構造パラメータを表SI2にまとまた。
−8配位サイトでCa0.34(1)Y0.66(1)
−9配位サイトでBa0.05(1)Ca0.80(1)Y0.15(1)
−12配位サイトでBa0.90(1)Ca0.08(1)Y0.02(1)
を得るためにBaなしが考慮された。
前記材料の移送性質を温度の関数として研究された。半導体的挙動が、300から900℃の範囲で観察され、導電率は0.53から2.59S.cm−1へ増加した(図7参照)。これらの値は、電気的性質がFe3+の優位性で支配される前記化合物中の電荷キャリアの欠乏を意味する。σ対1/T曲線での傾きの変化が、約480℃で観察され、これは前記磁気転移温度Tと関連付けられる。この効果は、Nd1−xCaxFeO3−y系で報告され、スピン配列の変化後の電気的活性化エネルギーの変化に帰属される。前記活性化エネルギーは、前記材料のTの上下200及び111meVとそれぞれ計算され、これはFe3+のYBa2Fe3O8及びCa2Fe2O5系(それぞれ420meV及び280meV)によく匹敵する。前記サンプルの導電性はまた、冷却加熱サイクルにつき全可逆性を示し、このことはサンプルの、研究された温度範囲にわたる高い安定性と固定された酸素含有量と一致する。
Ba1.6Ca2.3Y1.1Fe5O13は、Ba2Ca2Nd2Fe6O15.6と同構造であり、Ca2Fe2O5とYBa2Fe3O8との規則的連晶として説明でき、古典的な立方ペロブスカイト型(図1)の単位セル容積の20倍を示す複合超構造である。しかし。前記3価Aサイトカチオンの区別された組成と傾向は、前記Aサイト配列に大きな変化を生じる。事実、Ba1.6Ca2.3Y1.1Fe5O13は、前記8配位サイトはY3+(Nd3+)で占有され、前記9配位はCa2+で占有され、12配位サイトはBa2+で専有される理想的な(Y、Nd)Ba2Ca2Fe5O13連晶と比較する場合、Ba2Ca2Nd2Fe6O15.6よりも桁違いに優れている。この完全な配列は、前記2つの化合物のいずれも達成されず、Ba1.6Ca2.3Y1.1Fe5O13では明らかにより強く、これは、理想的連晶でこれらのカチオンのそれぞれにより完全に占有されるべき前記サイトで66%のY3+、80%のCa2+及び90%のBa2+で占有されることからも説明され得る。Y3+とCa2+サイトの非配列を避けることは、これらのイオン半径が近いことから困難であり、前記理想配列からのずれを生じるものである。これらを考慮して、留意するべきことは、前記8又は9配位サイトはほとんど独占的により小さいY3+及びCa2+カチオンでそれぞれ100%と95%占有され、一方より大きいBa2+はなお、12配位サイトの90%を占有する、ということである。Ba2Ca2Nd2Fe6O15.6では、類似の占有数は、75%のNd3+、43%のCa2+、40%のBa2+で予想されるサイトに存在し、このことは明らかに、9及び12配位サイトでの配列は同様に達成されないことを示す(優位な配列はなお観察されるが)。このことはまた、Nd3+がY3+より大きいイオン半径を持ち、Ba/Nd混合層の可能性がより強く優勢となるという事実に加えて、理想的LnBa2Ca2Fe5O13(Ln=ランタニド又はY)からわずかにはずれた化合物の結果としてまた理解され得る。
多結晶性サンプルを、Y2O3(99.999%)、BaCO3(99.95%)、CaCO3(99.95%)、Fe2O3(99.945%)及びCuO(99.95%)(すべてAlfa Aesarから入手)を望ましいカチオン比率で混合して手動で粉砕し、白金箔で内張りしたアルミナルツボ内に通常の大気下で1200℃で焼成することで、直接固体反応させて製造した。加熱及び冷却は、加熱時間18時間とした。再粉砕と焼成を繰り返し、相均一性を保証し、反応プロセスを完了した。相及び純度は、Panalyticalシステムで、CoKα1放射線を用いて、ブラッグ−ブレンタノ形状で粉末X線回折により実施して決定した。
Claims (21)
- ペロブスカイト型構造的特徴を示す混合金属酸化物又はその組成物であり、前記混合金属酸化物には:
Ba;
X(ここでXはCa又はSrを示し);
Z(ここでZは希土類金属を示し);及び
T(ここでTはFe、Cr、Cu、Co又はMnであり、かつ3つの異なる配位サイトに存在する)が存在し、
前記カチオンの1以上が場合により部分的に金属ドーパントと置換されている、混合金属酸化物。 - 請求項1に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、前記3つの異なる配位サイトが、実質的に四角錐配位サイトを含む、混合金属酸化物。
- 請求項1又は2のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、前記3つの異なる配位サイトが実質的に八面体、四角錐及び四面体である、混合金属酸化物。
- 請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、TがFeである、混合金属酸化物。
- 請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、前記ペロブスカイト型構造的特徴が、ペロブスカイト超構造による、混合金属酸化物。
- 請求項5に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、前記層状化ペロブスカイト超構造は、前記ペロブスカイト単位セルの容積の5倍以上、より好ましくは前記ペロブスカイト単位セルの容積の10倍以上、特に好ましくは前記ペロブスカイト単位セルの容積の15倍以上、特により好ましくは前記ペロブスカイト単位セルの容積の20倍以上、さらに特に好ましくは前記ペロブスカイト単位セルの容積の32倍以上、の容積で指数付けされる、混合金属酸化物。
- 請求項1乃至6のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、前記ペロブスカイト型構造的特徴が、5層状、より好ましくは8層以上、特に好ましくは10層以上、さらに好ましくは16層以上の層状ペロブスカイト構造による、混合金属酸化物。
- 請求項1乃至7のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、前記混合金属酸化物の構造が、12配位、9配位子及び8配位サイトを構成する、混合金属酸化物。
- 請求項1乃至8のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、前記希土類金属Zが、La、Sm、Gd、Y又はDyであり、好ましくはGd、Sm、Y又はDyであり、より好ましくはYである、混合金属酸化物。
- 請求項1乃至9のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、前記XがCaである、混合金属酸化物。
- 請求項1乃至10のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、前記ペロブスカイト型構造的特徴が、化学式A5B5O13±δを持つ非対称性結晶学的単位を持つ構造に帰属され、ここで
Aは、Ba、X及びZで主に占有されるサイトを示し;
Bは、Tで主に占有されるサイトを示し;
δは場合により酸素の非化学量論量を示す、混合金属酸化物。 - 請求項1乃至11のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、式BayXxZzTnO13±δを持つ構造単位を持ち、ここで:
X、Z及びTは請求項1で定められたものであり;
yは、1.0から3.0の範囲であり;
xは、1.0から3.0の範囲であり;
zは、0.5から2.0の範囲であり;
x+y+zは、4.9から5.1の範囲であり;
nは、4.9から5.1の範囲であり;かつ
δは、場合による非化学量論的酸素を示し、ここで1以上のBa、X及びTは場合により金属ドーパントで置換されてよい、混合金属酸化物。 - 請求項1乃至11のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、式Ba1.6X2.3Z1.1T5O13の構造単位を持ち、特に好ましくは式Ba1.6X2.3Fe5O13及びBa1.6Ca2.3Z1.1Fe5O13の構造単位を持つ、混合金属酸化物。
- 請求項1乃至10のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、前記ペロブスカイト型構造的特徴が、化学式A8B8O21±δの非対称性結晶学的単位によるものであり、ここで:
Aは、主にBa、X及びZで占有されるサイトを示し;
Bは、Tで占有されるサイトを示し;及び
δは、場合による非化学量論的酸素を示す、混合金属酸化物。 - 請求項1乃至10のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、式BapXqZrTsO21±δの単位構造を持ち:
ここで:
X、Z及びTは請求項1に定められ;
pは、1.0から3.0の範囲;
qは、3.0から4.0の範囲;
rは2.0から3.0の範囲;
p+q+rは、7.9から8.1の範囲;
sは7.9から8.1の範囲;及び
δは、場合による非化学量論的酸素を示し、ここでBa、X、Z及びTの1位上が場合位より部分的に金属ドーパントで置換されてよい、混合金属酸化物。 - 請求項15に記載の混合金属酸化物であり、式Ba2.2X3.5Y2.3Fe8O21、特に好ましくはBa2.2Ca3.5Y2.3T8O21、Ba2.2Ca3.5Y2.3T8O21又はBa2.2Ca3.5Y2.3Fe8O21、特に好ましくはBa2.2Ca3.5Y2.3Fe7.4Cu0.6O21の構造単位を持つ、混合金属酸化物。
- 次のプロセスで製造される請求項1乃至16のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物であって、前記プロセスが:
(A)Ba、X、Z、T及び前記場合による金属ドーパントの化合物の実質的に化学量論的量の緻密な混合物を製造し;及び
(B)前記緻密な混合物を反応させて前記混合金属酸化物又はその組成物を製造することを含む、混合金属酸化物。 - 請求項17に記載の混合金属酸化物。であり、Ba、X、Z及びTのそれぞれの化合物の実質的に化学量論的量が、カチオン比a:b:c:dで与えられ:
aは、1.6から2.2の範囲であり;
bは、1.8から2.8の範囲であり;
cは、0.2から1.2の範囲であり;
a+b+cは、5あり;
dは、5ある、混合金属酸化物。 - 請求項17に記載の混合金属酸化物。であり、Ba、X、Z及びTのそれぞれの化合物の実質的に化学量論的量が、カチオン比a’:b’:c’:d’で与えられ:
a’は、2.1から2.6の範囲であり;
b’は、3.1から3.7の範囲であり;
c’は、2.0から2.5の範囲であり;
a’+b’+c’は、8であり;
d’は、8である、混合金属酸化物。 - 請求項1乃至19のいずれか一項に記載の混合金属酸化物の、カソードとしての使用。
- ペロブスカイト型構造的特徴を示す混合金属酸化物又はその組成物であり、前記混合金属酸化物が次のカチオン:
Ba;
X又はZの1つを含み、ここでX及びZは請求項1に定められ;及び
Tを含み、ここでTは請求項1に定められ、3つの異なる配位サイトに存在し、
前記1以上のカチオンが場合位より部分的に金属ドーパントで置換され、
前記ペロブスカイト型構造的特徴が、前記ペロブスカイト単位セルの容積の少なくとも5倍の容積を持つ単位セルで指数付けら得る層状化ペロブスカイト超構造による、混合金属酸化物。
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