JP2013066813A - Fine particle manufacturing apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To suppress fine particle component-containing liquid from oozing from discharge holes, which causes the spread of particle size distribution of toner, etc.SOLUTION: There is provided a toner manufacturing apparatus in which discharge operation is continuously performed for discharging liquid droplets 21 of a toner component liquid 14 from a plurality of discharge holes 19 opened to the discharge surface of a liquid column resonance liquid droplet forming unit 10 to manufacture toner particles by solidifying the discharged liquid droplets, wherein a straightening vane 42 is arranged for regulating the generation of a reverse air current which causes reverse movement of the liquid droplets discharged from the plurality of discharge holes toward the discharge surface.

Description

  The present invention is for producing a large number of fine particles having a narrow particle size distribution, particularly fine particles such as toner for developing an electrostatic image used for developing an electrostatic image in electrophotography, electrostatic recording, electrostatic printing and the like. The present invention relates to a fine particle production apparatus.

  As a method for producing toner for developing electrostatic images used in image forming apparatuses such as copying machines, printers, facsimiles, and composite machines based on the electrophotographic recording method, the pulverization method has been the mainstream in the past. Then, the polymerization method is increasingly employed. The polymerization method is a method of forming toner particles in an aqueous medium, and is referred to as such because it involves a polymerization reaction of the toner raw material at the time of toner particle formation or in the process. Various polymerization methods have been put into practical use, and those utilizing suspension polymerization, emulsion aggregation, polymer suspension (polymer aggregation), ester elongation reaction, and the like are known. The toner manufactured by the polymerization method is called a polymerization toner or a chemical toner.

  The toner obtained by the polymerization method generally has the characteristics that it is easy to obtain a small particle size, the particle size distribution is narrow, and the shape is almost spherical compared to the toner obtained by the pulverization method. These characteristics bring about an effect that it is easy to obtain high image quality as an image formed by an electrophotographic method. However, it takes a long time for the polymerization process, and further, it is necessary to separate the solvent and toner particles after completion of solidification, and then repeat washing and drying, which requires a lot of time, a lot of water and a lot of energy. There are disadvantages.

  Also, a liquid (toner component liquid) in which the raw material components of the toner are dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent is discharged into fine droplets using a sprayer (atomizer), etc., and dried to form a fine particle toner A toner production method called a jet granulation method is known (Patent Documents 1 to 4 etc.). According to this toner manufacturing method, since it is not necessary to use water, the time and energy required for washing and drying can be greatly reduced, and the disadvantages of the polymerization method can be avoided.

  When producing fine particles such as toner by the jet granulation method, a fine particle component-containing liquid such as a toner component liquid (dissolved or dispersed in a raw material component of fine particles in a solvent) from a plurality of discharge holes opened on the discharge surface of the droplet discharge device The discharge operation of discharging liquid droplets is continued, and the discharged droplets are solidified to produce fine particles. In this case, the size of the droplets ejected from the ejection holes of the droplet ejection device can be controlled with high accuracy by utilizing the existing ink jet recording system technology, so the particle size of the fine particles can be controlled with high accuracy. It becomes possible to control to.

However, in the case of producing fine particles by discharging droplets of a liquid containing a fine particle component from a plurality of discharge holes opened on the discharge surface of a droplet discharge device, the droplets discharged from each discharge hole are directed in a target discharge direction. Therefore, if the discharge is not properly performed at the target discharge speed, the following problems occur.
For example, there may be a phenomenon called coalescence where the discharged droplets come into contact with other droplets before solidifying. When such coalescence occurs, the particle diameter of the coalesced fine particles becomes larger than the desired particle diameter. In addition, for example, when the ejected droplets collide with other droplets vigorously before solidifying, a phenomenon may occur in which the droplets break and split into smaller droplets. In this case, the particle size of the fine particles obtained by solidifying the divided microdroplets is smaller than the desired particle size. When these phenomena occur, the particle size distribution of the fine particles to be produced is widened.

  As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that the dirt adhering to the ejection surface where the ejection holes for ejecting droplets are opened is one of the main causes of the above-described coalescence and division. found. In detail, the contamination of the liquid containing the fine particle component generated during the previous droplet discharge accumulates on the discharge surface of the conventional droplet discharge device, and the droplet discharged from the discharge hole comes into contact with the stain and the liquid is discharged. A phenomenon occurs in which the droplet discharge direction deviates from the target discharge direction. As a result, the liquid droplet comes into contact with a liquid droplet ejected from an adjacent or close ejection hole, causing the liquid droplets to coalesce or break up.

  The cause of the contamination of the discharge surface causing the coalescence and splitting of the droplets is due to the liquid containing the fine particle component exuding from the discharge hole onto the discharge surface. Specifically, when the liquid containing the fine particle component occurs, the discharged liquid droplet comes into contact with the dirt on the discharge surface due to the fine particle component containing liquid, and the discharge direction of the liquid droplet is targeted. It will deviate from the direction, and normal ejection will not be possible. In this case, as described above, the coalescence and division of the droplets are caused, and the particle size distribution of the manufactured fine particles is widened.

  In addition, when such a liquid containing the fine particle component is oozed out and the stain of the liquid containing the fine particle component gradually spreads and grows up to involve the peripheral discharge hole, the peripheral discharge hole is blocked and the discharge is stopped. May cause. In this case, since the number of produced fine particles is reduced, the production efficiency of the fine particles is lowered. Further, in this case, since the pressure in the liquid chamber where the closed discharge hole communicates changes, the discharge state of the other discharge holes communicated with this liquid chamber, particularly the discharge speed, is affected. When the discharge speed changes, the discharge operation becomes unstable, and the uniformity of the droplet size and the droplet discharge directionality are lost. As described above, when the uniformity of the droplet size is lost, or when the droplet discharge directionality is lost and coalescence or splitting occurs, the particle size distribution of the produced fine particles is widened and narrow. Fine particles with a particle size distribution cannot be produced.

  As described above, when a phenomenon in which the liquid containing the fine particle component oozes out from the discharge hole, this causes liquid droplet coalescence or breakage, or the peripheral discharge hole is blocked to change the pressure in the liquid chamber. This causes a problem that the uniformity of the size of the droplets and the discharge directionality of the droplets are lost, and the particle size distribution of the manufactured fine particles is widened.

Therefore, the present inventors have intensively investigated the cause of the occurrence of the exudation of the fine particle component-containing liquid, and the occurrence of the exudation of the fine particle component-containing liquid is greatly influenced by the turbulence that can occur around the outlet of the discharge hole. I found out. Hereinafter, this point will be described in detail.
When droplets are continuously ejected from each of the plurality of ejection holes at short time intervals, an air flow is generated along the row of droplets ejected from each ejection hole. On the other hand, when such an air flow is generated, inflow of gas from the lateral direction with respect to the row of droplets occurs around the outlet of the discharge hole. The airflow generated by such gas inflow generates turbulent airflow including a spiral airflow and the like around the row of droplets. When such a turbulent air flow occurs, the liquid droplets that have lost their directionality or the mist that may be generated during droplet discharge move (reversely move) in the direction opposite to the discharge direction. This was confirmed by a drop observation experiment.

  Some of the liquid droplets and mist that move backward in this way reach the discharge surface and adhere to the discharge surface. When the droplet or mist that has moved backward adheres to the discharge hole outlet or the vicinity of the discharge hole outlet on the discharge surface, the liquid droplet or mist comes into contact with the fine particle component-containing liquid filled in the discharge hole, etc. This causes a phenomenon that the liquid containing the fine particle component is oozed out from the discharge hole. This causes a problem that the fine particle component-containing liquid oozes out and the particle size distribution of the produced fine particles is widened.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and the object of the present invention is to provide fine particles capable of suppressing the exudation of the liquid containing the fine particle component from the discharge holes, which causes the particle size distribution of the fine particles to spread. It is to provide a manufacturing apparatus.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention continues the discharge operation of discharging a droplet of a liquid containing a fine particle component that becomes a fine particle when the droplet is solidified from a plurality of discharge holes opened on the discharge surface of the droplet discharge device. In a fine particle manufacturing apparatus that produces fine particles by solidifying the discharged liquid droplets, the reverse flow that regulates the generation of reverse airflow that reversely moves the liquid droplets discharged from the plurality of discharge holes toward the discharge surface. It has an airflow control means.
In the present invention, since the generation of a reverse air flow that reversely moves the discharged liquid droplets toward the discharge surface is regulated, the opportunity for the liquid droplets or the like that move reversely on the reverse air flow to adhere to the discharge surface Can be reduced. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress the seepage of the fine particle component-containing liquid caused by the droplets adhering to the discharge hole outlet or the vicinity of the discharge hole outlet on the discharge surface.

  As described above, according to the present invention, since the exudation of the fine particle component-containing liquid from the discharge hole can be suppressed, it is possible to suppress the spread of the particle size distribution of the fine particles generated due to the exudation of the fine particle component-containing liquid. Effect.

It is the schematic diagram which expanded and showed a part of internal structure of the droplet discharge part of the liquid column resonance type droplet discharge apparatus used by embodiment. It is a bottom view when the droplet discharge part of the droplet discharge apparatus is viewed from the discharge surface side. It is sectional drawing which showed typically a part of liquid column resonance droplet formation unit which is the droplet discharge device. (A)-(d) is sectional drawing which illustrated various cross-sectional shapes employable as a cross-sectional shape of the discharge hole of the same liquid column resonance droplet formation unit. (A) to (d) show the state of the standing wave of the velocity distribution and the pressure distribution generated in the liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber of the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit when N = 1, 2, and 3. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating. (A)-(c) is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the mode of the standing wave of the velocity distribution and pressure distribution which arise in the liquid in the same liquid column resonance liquid chamber in the case of N = 4 and 5. FIG. (A)-(d) is explanatory drawing which represented typically the mode of the liquid column resonance phenomenon which arises in the same liquid column resonance liquid chamber. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a toner manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment. It is explanatory drawing which shows the example which employ | adopted the airflow which goes to a horizontal direction with respect to a droplet discharge direction as a conveyance airflow which conveys the discharged droplet.

Hereinafter, an embodiment in which a fine particle production apparatus according to the present invention is applied to production of toner will be described with reference to the drawings.
The toner manufacturing apparatus according to the present embodiment allows toner component liquid (particulate component-containing liquid), which becomes toner particles (fine particles) when the liquid droplets are solidified, to be discharged from a plurality of discharge holes opened on the discharge surface of the liquid droplet discharge apparatus. The toner particles are obtained by continuously performing the discharging operation of discharging the droplets and solidifying the discharged droplets.

  The droplet discharge device that can be used in the toner manufacturing method of the present embodiment preferably has a narrow particle size distribution of discharged droplets, but is not particularly limited, and a known one can be used. Examples of the droplet discharge device include a one-fluid nozzle, a two-fluid nozzle, a membrane vibration type discharge unit, a Rayleigh split type discharge unit, a liquid vibration type discharge unit, and a liquid column resonance type discharge unit. An example of a membrane vibration type discharge means is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-292976. Further, as a Rayleigh splitting type discharge means, there is one disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4647506. Moreover, as a liquid vibration type discharge means, there is one disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-102195.

  In order to ensure the productivity of the toner with a narrow droplet size distribution, vibration is imparted to the liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber in which a plurality of ejection holes are formed to form a standing wave by liquid column resonance. In addition, a liquid column resonance type liquid droplet ejection device that ejects liquid from the ejection holes formed in the region that becomes the antinode of the standing wave is suitable. In the present embodiment, an example in which toner is manufactured using a liquid column resonance type droplet discharge device will be described.

FIG. 1 is an enlarged schematic view showing a part of a droplet discharge section 11 of a liquid column resonance type droplet discharge apparatus used in the present embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the droplet discharge portion of the droplet discharge apparatus as viewed from the discharge surface side.
The liquid droplet ejection unit 11 of the present embodiment includes a liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18, and this liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 has one side wall portion (opening) among the side wall portions at both ends in the longitudinal direction (left-right direction in the drawing). It communicates with the liquid common supply path 17 via a communication path provided in the side wall portion. Further, the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 has a plurality of discharge holes 19 for discharging the droplets 21 to one wall portion (the bottom wall portion on the lower side in the drawing) of the wall portions connecting the side wall portions at both ends in the longitudinal direction. It has. Further, vibration generating means 20 for generating high-frequency vibration is provided on the upper wall portion side facing the discharge hole 19 in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 in order to generate a liquid column resonance standing wave. The vibration generating means 20 is connected to a high frequency power source (not shown).

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a part of the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 which is the droplet discharge device of the present embodiment. 3 is viewed from above or below in FIG.
In the present embodiment, the liquid discharged from the droplet discharge unit 11 is a fine particle component-containing liquid in a state where the fine particle components to be manufactured are dissolved or dispersed. Since the present embodiment is an example of producing toner, this fine particle component-containing liquid will be described as a toner component liquid. The toner component liquid 14 flows into the liquid common supply path 17 of the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 through a liquid supply pipe by a liquid circulation pump (not shown), and the liquid column resonance liquid chamber of each droplet discharge unit 11. 18 is replenished.

  In the toner component liquid 14 filled in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18, a pressure distribution is formed by the liquid column resonance standing wave generated by the vibration generating means 20. Then, the droplet 21 is discharged from the discharge hole 19 disposed in a region that is an antinode of the liquid column resonance standing wave (a region where the amplitude is large and the pressure fluctuation is large). The region that becomes the antinode of the standing wave due to the liquid column resonance means a region other than the node of the standing wave. Preferably, it is a region where the pressure fluctuation of the standing wave has an amplitude large enough to discharge the liquid, and more preferably ± from the position where the amplitude of the standing wave is maximized to the position where the amplitude is minimized. The range is a quarter wavelength. If the region is an antinode of a standing wave, even if it has a configuration in which a plurality of discharge holes 19 are formed in one liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 as in this embodiment, the size is almost uniform from each. Can be discharged. When the amount of liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 decreases due to the discharge of the liquid droplet 21, a suction force due to the action of the liquid column resonance standing wave in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 acts and the liquid common resonance supply chamber 17 The flow rate of the supplied liquid increases and the liquid is replenished in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18.

  The liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 of the droplet discharge unit 11 is formed by joining frames formed of a material such as a metal, ceramics, or silicon having such a high rigidity that does not affect the liquid resonance frequency at the driving frequency. Is formed. Further, as shown in FIG. 1, the length L between the side wall portions at both ends in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is determined based on the liquid column resonance principle as described later. Further, as shown in FIG. 3, the length (width) W between the side walls at both ends in the short direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is set so as not to give an extra frequency to the liquid column resonance. It is desirable to be less than half of the length L of 18.

  In order to improve productivity, it is preferable that a plurality of liquid column resonance liquid chambers 18 are arranged with respect to one liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10. Therefore, in this embodiment, one liquid column resonance droplet is used. A configuration in which a plurality of liquid column resonance liquid chambers 18 are arranged with respect to the forming unit 10 is adopted. The number of liquid column resonance liquid chambers 18 provided for one liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 is not particularly limited. However, one liquid column resonance liquid chamber having 100 to 2000 liquid column resonance liquid chambers 18 is provided. The droplet forming unit 10 is preferable because both operability and productivity can be realized. In the present embodiment, a plurality of liquid column resonance liquid chambers 18 communicate with one liquid common supply path 17.

The vibration generating means 20 in the droplet discharge section 11 is not particularly limited as long as it can be driven at a predetermined frequency, but has a structure in which an elastic plate 20B is attached to the piezoelectric body 20A as in this embodiment. Is preferred. The elastic plate 20B is provided so as to isolate the piezoelectric body 20A from the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 so that the piezoelectric body 20A does not come into contact with the liquid. Examples of the piezoelectric body 20A include piezoelectric ceramics such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Generally, the piezoelectric body 20A is often used by being laminated because of its small displacement. In addition, piezoelectric polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), single crystals such as quartz, LiNbO ₃ , LiTaO ₃ , KNbO _{3, and the} like can be given. Furthermore, it is desirable that the vibration generating means 20 is arranged so that it can be individually controlled for each liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18. For example, a configuration in which one piezoelectric material is divided into a plurality of piezoelectric bodies in accordance with the arrangement of the liquid column resonance liquid chambers, and each liquid column resonance liquid chamber can be individually controlled by each piezoelectric body is preferable.

The outlet side diameter of the discharge hole 19 is preferably in the range of 1 [μm] to 40 [μm].
If it is smaller than 1 [μm], the formed droplets will be very small, and toner may not be obtained. In particular, when solid fine particles such as a pigment are contained as a constituent component of the toner, the solid fine particles may block the discharge holes 19 and may reduce the productivity of the toner. On the other hand, if it is larger than 40 [μm], the diameter of the droplet is large, so that it is dried and solidified to obtain a toner particle diameter of 3 [μm] or more and 6 [μm] or less. Needs to be diluted to a very dilute solution. In this case, a large amount of drying energy is required to obtain a certain amount of toner, which is inconvenient.

  Further, in the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, the row of discharge holes in which a plurality of discharge holes 19 are arranged (see FIG. 1) is arranged in the width direction in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 (left and right direction in FIG. 3). ) Are arranged in parallel. With such a configuration, more liquid droplets can be ejected by a single ejection operation, which increases production efficiency. Since the liquid column resonance frequency varies depending on the arrangement of the discharge holes 19, it is desirable that the liquid column resonance frequency is appropriately determined while confirming the discharge of the droplet.

4A to 4D are cross-sectional views illustrating various cross-sectional shapes that can be adopted as the cross-sectional shape of the discharge hole 19.
In the present embodiment, the case where the cross-sectional shape of the discharge hole 19 is a tapered shape whose diameter decreases toward the outlet side as shown in FIG. 1 is illustrated, but this cross-sectional shape is appropriately selected. can do.
The cross-sectional shape of the discharge hole 19 shown in FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional shape in which the diameter becomes narrower while having a round shape (curved shape) from the inlet side to the outlet side of the discharge hole 19. This cross-sectional shape maximizes the pressure applied to the liquid near the outlet of the discharge hole 19 when the discharge hole thin film 41 constituting the bottom wall portion of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 in which the discharge hole 19 is formed vibrates. For this reason, it is a preferable shape for the stabilization of discharge.
The cross-sectional shape of the discharge hole 19 shown in FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional shape having a taper shape with a certain angle from the inlet side to the outlet side of the discharge hole 19 so that the diameter becomes narrower. The embodiment is employed. In this cross-sectional shape, since it is a tapered shape, like the cross-sectional shape shown in FIG. 4A, the liquid is applied near the outlet of the discharge hole 19 when the discharge hole thin film 41 vibrates. The pressure can be increased. The taper angle 24 can be appropriately changed, but is preferably in the range of more than 60 ° and not more than 90 °. This is because when the nozzle angle 24 is 60 ° or less, it is difficult for pressure to be applied to the liquid, and the processing of the thin film 41 becomes difficult. On the other hand, when the nozzle angle 24 is 90 °, the cross-sectional shape as shown in FIG. 4C is obtained, but pressure is hardly applied to the vicinity of the outlet of the discharge hole 19, and therefore a suitable angle range of the taper angle 24. As a result, 90 ° is the maximum value. If the taper angle 24 is larger than 90 °, no pressure is applied to the vicinity of the outlet of the discharge hole 19, so that the droplet discharge becomes very unstable.
The cross-sectional shape of the discharge hole 19 shown in FIG. 4D is a combination of the cross-sectional shape shown in FIG. 4A and the cross-sectional shape shown in FIG. In this way, the cross-sectional shape may be changed step by step.

  In this embodiment, the discharged droplets coalesce and break up, and the pressure variation in the liquid chamber occurs due to the blockage of the discharge holes, resulting in loss of uniformity in droplet size and droplet discharge directionality. In order to suppress the bleeding of the toner component liquid from the discharge holes 19, which is a cause of the problem that the particle size distribution of the produced fine particles is widened, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. A plate 42 is provided. The rectifying plate 42 is provided as a reverse air flow restricting means for restricting the generation of a reverse air flow that reversely moves the liquid droplets discharged from the discharge holes 19 toward the discharge surface.

  The rectifying plate 42 includes an opening 43 through which the liquid droplets discharged from the discharge holes 19 pass, and is disposed to face the discharge surface where the outlet of the discharge holes 19 is opened. As shown in FIG. 2, the current plate 42 is provided with a current plate fixing hole 44. A fixing pin (not shown) provided on the bottom surface of the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 is inserted into the current plate fixing hole 44 so that the current plate 42 is fixed to the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10. In the present embodiment, the rectifying plate 42 is disposed so as to be parallel to the ejection surface, but it is not always necessary to be parallel. By providing such a rectifying plate 42, a reverse air flow that raises the droplets discharged from the respective discharge holes 19 and the mist generated at the time of discharge (hereinafter referred to as “droplets”) toward the discharge surface is generated by the rectifying plate. Even if it is generated vertically below 42, the reverse airflow is blocked by the rectifying plate 42. As a result, the momentum of the reverse airflow generated around the outlet of the discharge hole 19 is reduced, and it is possible to reduce the number of droplets and the like that adhere to the discharge surface by riding the reverse airflow.

  In addition, when the rectifying plate 42 is inserted, a flow path through which the airflow along the horizontal direction flows is formed between the rectifying plate 42 and the discharge surface, so that the airflow along the horizontal direction and the airflow toward the discharge direction Are separated, and vortices are less likely to be generated around the discharge holes 19. Therefore, it is difficult to generate a reverse airflow caused by such a vortex, and it is possible to reduce the number of liquid droplets and the like that are attached to the discharge surface due to the reverse airflow.

  Even if the current plate 42 is provided as in the present embodiment, a reverse airflow may occur in a region below the current plate 42. However, even if a reverse airflow is generated in this region, droplets and the like that have risen on the reverse airflow are blocked by the rectifying plate 42 and do not reach the discharge surface. Therefore, even in this case, it is possible to reduce the number of droplets and the like that are attached to the ejection surface due to the reverse airflow.

Next, the mechanism of droplet formation by the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 will be described.
First, the principle of the liquid column resonance phenomenon that occurs in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 in the droplet discharge section 11 shown in FIG. 1 will be described.
When the sound velocity of the toner component liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber is “c” and the drive frequency applied to the toner component liquid as a medium from the vibration generating unit 20 is “f”, the wavelength λ at which the liquid resonance occurs is It can be calculated from the following equation (1).
λ = c / f (1)

In the present embodiment, the side wall portion (opening side wall portion) of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 in which the communication passage for communicating with the liquid common supply passage 17 is formed is the opposite side wall portion (where the communication passage is not formed) ( It can be considered that it is equivalent to the closed side wall. In this case, when the longitudinal length L of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 coincides with an even multiple of a quarter of the wavelength λ, the vibration in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is changed by the vibration of the vibration generating means 20. Resonant vibration occurs most efficiently. The optimum liquid column resonance condition in which such liquid column resonance occurs most efficiently can be expressed by the following equation (2). Note that the optimum condition of the liquid column resonance shown in the above formula (2) holds true even when the both side walls in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 are completely opened.
L = (N / 4) × λ (2)

  On the other hand, when one of the longitudinal side walls of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is open and the other is closed, the length L of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is the wavelength. Liquid column resonance is most efficiently formed when it coincides with an odd multiple of λ. In other words, the optimum condition for liquid column resonance in this case is expressed by an odd number of “N” in the above formula (2).

The driving frequency f with the highest liquid column resonance efficiency is represented by the following equation (3) from the above equations (1) and (2). However, in reality, since the liquid has a viscosity that attenuates resonance, the vibration is not amplified infinitely. It has a Q value and, as shown in equations (4) and (5) described later, the above equation Resonance also occurs at a frequency in the vicinity of the most efficient drive frequency f shown in (3).
f = N × c / (4L) (3)

FIGS. 5A to 5D are diagrams for explaining the standing wave of the velocity distribution and the pressure distribution generated in the liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 when N = 1, 2, and 3. FIG.
However, FIG. 5A is an example in the case of N = 1, in which one of the longitudinal ends of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is open and the other is closed. FIG. 5B shows an example in which N = 2 and both ends in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 are closed, and FIG. = 2 and is an example in which both ends in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 are open, and FIG. 5D is a case where N = 3, This is an example in which one of the longitudinal ends of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is open and the other is closed.

FIGS. 6A to 6C are explanatory views for explaining the standing wave of the velocity distribution and the pressure distribution generated in the liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 when N = 4 and 5. FIG.
However, FIG. 6A is an example in the case where N = 4 and both ends in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 are closed, and FIG. FIG. 6C shows an example in which N = 4 and both ends in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 are open, and FIG. 6C shows a case in which N = 5. This is an example in which one end of both ends in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is open and the other is closed.

  In FIGS. 5 and 6, the solid line represents the velocity standing wave, and the dotted line represents the pressure standing wave. In addition, the wave generated in the liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is actually a sparse wave (longitudinal wave), but in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, this is expressed in the form of a sine wave (cosine wave). . For example, when looking at the velocity distribution of FIG. 5A, it can be intuitively understood that the amplitude of the velocity distribution becomes zero at the closed side wall portion that is closed, and the amplitude becomes maximum at the opened side wall portion, Since it is easy to understand, sine wave notation is used here. Since the standing wave pattern differs depending on the open / closed state of the both side walls in the longitudinal direction (combination pattern of the open end and the fixed end), in FIG. 5 and FIG. The combination pattern of the open end and the fixed end that do not match 18 is also shown.

  As will be described in detail later, the end condition is determined by the state of the opening of the discharge hole 19 and the opening of the communication path that connects the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 and the liquid common supply path 17. In acoustics, at the open end (open end), the moving speed of the medium (liquid) in the longitudinal direction is maximum, and the pressure is zero. On the other hand, at the fixed end (closed end), on the contrary, the moving speed of the medium becomes zero and the pressure becomes maximum. The fixed end (closed end) is considered as an acoustically hard wall, and on the assumption that the wave is completely reflected, if the end is ideally completely closed or open, the wave is overlapped. It is assumed that a standing wave as shown in FIG. 6 is generated. If there are openings such as the discharge holes 19 and the communication passages as in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 of the present embodiment, the number of the discharge holes 19, the positions of the discharge holes 19, the size and position of the communication passages, and the like. However, the standing wave pattern fluctuates. Therefore, the actual resonance frequency appears at a position shifted from the ideal resonance frequency obtained from the above equation (3). However, even if there is such a shift, there is no problem because the drive frequency may be adjusted as appropriate while confirming the actual discharge state.

  1200 [m / s] is used as the sound velocity c of the liquid, the longitudinal length L of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is 1.85 [mm], walls are present at both ends in the longitudinal direction, and both ends are fixed. In the case of N = 2 resonance mode equivalent to the end model, the ideal resonance frequency for causing liquid column resonance most efficiently in the liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is 324 [kHz] from the above equation (2). ]. On the other hand, 1200 [m / s] is used as the sound velocity c of the liquid, the longitudinal length L of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is 1.85 [mm], walls are present at both ends, and both ends are fixed. In the case of N = 4 resonance mode equivalent to the end model, from the above equation (2), the ideal resonance frequency that causes the liquid column resonance in the liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 most efficiently is 648 [kHz. ]. Thus, higher-order resonance can be used also in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 having the same configuration.

  The liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 of the present embodiment has a configuration in which both ends in the longitudinal direction are equivalent to the closed end, or can be described as an acoustically soft wall due to the opening of the discharge hole 19. Although it is preferable for increasing the resonance frequency, the present invention is not limited to this, and for example, a configuration in which both ends in the longitudinal direction are equivalent to the open ends may be employed. The influence of the opening of the discharge hole 19 here means that the acoustic impedance is reduced, and in particular, the compliance component is increased. As shown in FIG. 1, the discharge hole 19 provided in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 of the present embodiment is arranged so as to be close to one end side in the longitudinal direction (the side opposite to the liquid common supply path 17). Therefore, the one end side can be regarded as an open end (open end) due to the influence of the opening of the discharge hole 19. As a result, when both end walls in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 are equivalent to closed ends as shown in FIGS. 5B and 6A, only the resonance mode in which both ends are fixed ends is used. It is also possible to use a resonance mode in which one end is an open end and the other end is a fixed end.

  In addition, the number of ejection holes 19, the arrangement of the ejection holes 19, and the cross-sectional shape of the ejection holes 19 are factors that determine the driving frequency, and the driving frequency can be appropriately determined according to this. For example, the closer the arrangement of the discharge holes 19 is to the one end side in the longitudinal direction, the more restrained the wall portion of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 becomes at the end portion in the longitudinal direction. Therefore, as the arrangement of the discharge holes 19 is moved closer to one end in the longitudinal direction, the end in the longitudinal direction is almost close to the opening end, and the drive frequency is changed. Further, for example, when the number of the discharge holes 19 is increased, the restriction by the wall portion of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 becomes loose at one end in the longitudinal direction where the arrangement of the discharge holes 19 is approached, and the end in the longitudinal direction is almost the open end. It is changed so that the drive frequency becomes high in a state close to. In addition, for example, when the cross-sectional shape of the discharge hole 19 is changed or the dimension of the discharge hole 19 is changed, the drive frequency needs to be changed.

When an AC voltage is applied to the vibration generating means 20 at the drive frequency determined in this way, the piezoelectric body 20A of the vibration generating means 20 is deformed in accordance with the voltage fluctuation, and thereby the elastic plate 20B is displaced. As a result, vibration corresponding to the driving frequency is applied to the liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18, and a liquid column resonance standing wave is generated in the liquid in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18. However, if the liquid column resonance standing wave has a frequency close to the drive frequency at which it is most efficiently generated, the liquid column resonance standing wave is generated. Specifically, when the distance between the longitudinal wall on the liquid common supply path 17 side and the discharge hole arranged closest to the liquid common supply path 17 is Le, the length of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber is defined as Le. The range of the driving frequency f for generating the liquid column resonance standing wave using the length L between the directional walls can be defined by, for example, the following equations (4) and (5). By vibrating the vibration generating means 20 using a drive waveform whose main component is the drive frequency f within the range determined by these formulas (4) and (5), a liquid column resonance is induced to cause a droplet to It is possible to discharge appropriately from the discharge hole 19. However, the ratio of L to Le is preferably Le / L> 0.6.
N × c / (4L) ≦ f ≦ N × c / (4Le) (4)
N × c / (4L) ≦ f ≦ (N + 1) × c / (4Le) (5)

  Using the principle of the liquid column resonance phenomenon described above, in this embodiment, a liquid column resonance pressure standing wave is formed in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 shown in FIG. The continuous droplet discharge is caused from the discharge hole 19. Therefore, it is preferable to dispose the discharge hole 19 at a position where the standing wave of the pressure fluctuates the most, because the discharge efficiency is increased and the driving voltage can be further suppressed.

  Further, although one discharge hole 19 may be provided for one liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18, it is preferable to arrange a plurality of discharge holes 19 for one liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 from the viewpoint of productivity. Specifically, it is preferably between 2 and 100. When the number exceeds 100, if the droplets are to be ejected appropriately from the respective ejection holes 19, the drive voltage applied to the vibration generating means 20 needs to be set high, and the behavior of the piezoelectric body 20A of the vibration generating means 20 is changed. Prone to instability.

  When a plurality of discharge holes 19 are formed for one liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18, the pitch between the discharge holes is preferably 20 [μm] or more. When the pitch between the discharge holes is smaller than 20 [μm], there is a high probability that the liquid droplets discharged from the adjacent discharge holes come into contact with each other to form large liquid droplets, and the toner particle size distribution deteriorates. This is because the possibility increases.

Next, the state of the liquid column resonance phenomenon that occurs in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 in the droplet discharge section 11 in the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 will be described.
FIGS. 7A to 7D are explanatory views schematically showing the state of the liquid column resonance phenomenon that occurs in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18.
7 indicates the velocity distribution obtained by plotting the velocity at an arbitrary measurement position in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18. The direction from the closed side wall portion side to the opening side wall portion on the right side in the figure is positive, and the opposite direction is negative. Also, the dotted line shown in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 in FIG. 7 indicates the pressure distribution obtained by plotting the pressure value at an arbitrary measurement position in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18. Positive pressure is positive with respect to atmospheric pressure, negative pressure is negative.

  In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, the height h <b> 1 (= about) from the bottom surface of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 in the droplet discharge unit 11 to the lower end of the communication path communicating with the liquid common supply path 17. 80 [μm]) is set to about twice the height h2 (= about 40 [μm]) of the communication port. Therefore, the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 of the present embodiment can be approximately considered that both ends in the longitudinal direction are substantially fixed ends. 7A to 7D show temporal changes in the velocity distribution and the pressure distribution under such an idea.

  FIG. 7A shows a pressure waveform and a velocity waveform in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 at the time of droplet discharge. At this time, the liquid portion on the closed side wall portion side in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18, that is, the liquid portion in the liquid chamber region where the discharge hole 19 is provided (liquid in the vicinity of the discharge hole) has a maximum pressure. . As a result, the meniscus pressure increases, and the liquid comes out from each discharge hole 19. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 7B, the pressure of the liquid in the vicinity of the discharge hole 19 decreases, and the liquid droplet 21 is discharged from the discharge hole 19 by shifting in the negative pressure direction.

  Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 7C, the pressure of the liquid in the vicinity of the discharge hole 19 becomes minimum. From this time, replenishment of the toner component liquid 14 from the liquid common supply path 17 to the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 starts. Then, as shown in FIG. 7D, the pressure of the liquid in the vicinity of the discharge hole 19 gradually increases and shifts in the positive pressure direction. At this time, the replenishment of the toner component liquid 14 is completed, and the pressure of the liquid near the discharge hole 19 of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 becomes the maximum again as shown in FIG.

  As described above, in the liquid near the discharge hole 19 in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18, a standing wave due to the liquid column resonance is generated by the high frequency driving of the vibration generating means 20, and the pressure is the position where the pressure fluctuates most greatly. Since the discharge hole 19 is disposed at a position corresponding to the antinode of the standing wave due to liquid column resonance, the droplet 21 is continuously discharged from the discharge hole 19 according to the antinode period.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a toner manufacturing apparatus that performs the toner manufacturing method according to the present embodiment.
This toner manufacturing apparatus mainly includes the above-described liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10, a dry collection unit 60, and a toner component liquid replenishment unit 30.

  The toner component liquid replenishment unit 30 includes a toner component liquid tank 31 in which the toner component liquid 14 is stored. The toner component liquid tank 31 is connected to the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 via the toner component liquid supply channel 32. A liquid circulation pump 33 that pumps the toner component liquid 14 in the toner component liquid supply flow path 32 is connected to the toner component liquid supply flow path 32. The toner component liquid 14 is supplied to the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 through the toner component liquid supply channel 32.

  The toner component liquid tank 31 is connected to the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 via a liquid return pipe 34. Among the toner component liquids 14 supplied from the toner component liquid supply flow path 32 to the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10, those not replenished to the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 of the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 are as follows. The liquid circulation pump 33 is driven to return to the toner component liquid tank 31 through the liquid return pipe 34.

  In the present embodiment, the toner component liquid supply flow path 32 is provided with a pressure measuring device P1, and the dry collection unit 60 is provided with a pressure measuring device P2. The liquid feeding pressure to the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 and the pressure in the dry collection unit 60 are managed based on the measurement results of these pressure measuring devices P1 and P2. At this time, if the pressure of the pressure measuring device P <b> 1 is greater than the pressure of the pressure measuring device P <b> 2, the toner component liquid 14 may ooze out from the discharge hole 19. On the other hand, if the pressure of the pressure measuring device P1 is smaller than the pressure of the pressure measuring device P2, there is a possibility that gas enters the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 and stops discharging. Therefore, it is desirable that the pressure of the pressure measuring device P1 and the pressure of the pressure measuring device P2 have a substantially equal relationship.

  A chamber 61 is provided in the dry collection unit 60, and the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 is installed in the chamber 61. A descending airflow (conveying airflow) 101 is sent into the chamber 61 from the conveying airflow inlet 64, and the droplets 21 ejected from the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 are not only gravity but also generated by the descending airflow 101. Is also transported downward. The droplets transported downward in the chamber 61 are dried and solidified during the transportation, discharged from the collection outlet 65, sent to the solidified particle collecting means 62, and collected. The particles collected by the solidified particle collecting means 62 are then sent to a drying means 63 that performs a secondary drying process as necessary.

  When the ejected droplets come into contact with each other before drying, a phenomenon called coalescence in which the droplets coalesce into one large particle occurs, and the toner particle size distribution spreads. Therefore, in order to obtain toner particles having a narrow particle size distribution, it is necessary to secure the distance between the discharged droplets. However, the ejected droplets have a constant initial velocity, but gradually become stalled due to air resistance. For this reason, the liquid droplets discharged later may catch up with the stalled liquid droplets, which may cause coalescence. Since such a coalescence phenomenon occurs constantly, when the particles are collected, the particle size distribution is greatly deteriorated. In order to prevent such a coalescence phenomenon, in this embodiment, the descending airflow 101 prevents a drop in the speed of the droplets so that the droplets do not come into contact with each other.

  Although the direction of the carrier airflow (downward airflow 101) in this embodiment is directed downward, as shown in FIG. 9, a carrier airflow 101 that runs in the lateral direction with respect to the droplet discharge direction can also be employed. However, in this case, it is desirable to form the transport airflow 101 so that the trajectories of the droplets transported by the transport airflow 101 from the ejection holes 19 do not overlap. The direction of the carrier airflow may not be transverse to the droplet ejection direction, but may be oblique to the droplet ejection direction, but has an angle such that the ejected droplets are separated. It is desirable.

  In the present embodiment, both the prevention of coalescence and the conveyance to the solidified particle collecting means 62 are realized by the descending airflow 101. However, the first airflow and the solidified particle trapping for preventing the coalescence are realized. You may form separately the 2nd airflow for conveying to the collection means 62. FIG. In this case, it is desirable that the flow rate of the first air stream is equal to or higher than the moving speed of the droplets during discharge. If the flow velocity of the first air stream is slower than the droplet moving speed at the time of ejection, there is a possibility that the function of preventing contact between the droplets, which is the original purpose of the first air stream, may not be performed. About the other characteristic of 1st airflow, you may add suitably the conditions that droplets do not contact, and it does not necessarily need to be the same as the characteristic of 2nd airflow. For example, a chemical substance that promotes solidification of the droplets may be mixed in the first air stream, or a physical action may be performed so as to promote solidification of the droplets.

  The descending airflow 101 of this embodiment may be, for example, a laminar flow, a swirl flow, a turbulent flow, or the like. The type of gas constituting the descending airflow 101 is not particularly limited, and may be air or a nonflammable gas such as nitrogen. Further, the temperature of the descending airflow 101 can be adjusted as appropriate, and it is desirable that there is no fluctuation during production. Further, means for changing the airflow state of the descending airflow 101 may be provided in the chamber 61. Further, the descending airflow 101 may be used not only to prevent contact between droplets but also to prevent adhesion to the inner wall of the chamber 61.

  As shown in FIG. 8, in this embodiment, when the amount of residual solvent contained in the toner particles collected by the solidified particle collecting means 62 is large, the drying means is used as necessary to reduce this. Secondary drying is performed by 63. As the secondary drying, general known drying means such as fluidized bed drying or vacuum drying can be used. If the organic solvent remains in the toner, not only the toner characteristics such as heat-resistant storage stability, fixability, and charging characteristics will change over time, but also the organic solvent will volatilize during heat-fixing during image forming operations, so image formation The possibility of adverse effects on various devices in the apparatus increases, and it is desirable to perform sufficient drying.

Hereinafter, the toner manufactured in this embodiment will be described.
The toner produced in this embodiment contains at least a resin, a colorant, and a wax, and optionally contains a charge adjusting agent, an additive, and other components.

First, the toner component liquid used in this embodiment will be described.
The toner component liquid may be in a liquid state in which the above-described toner component is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, or may be free from a solvent as long as it is liquid under the conditions of discharge, and a part or all of the toner component is melted. It is mixed in a state and presents a liquid state. As the toner material, the same materials as known electrophotographic toners can be used as long as the toner component liquid can be adjusted. The toner component liquid is discharged from the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 to form fine droplets, and the fine droplets dried and solidified are collected by the solidified particle collecting means 62. Toner particles are produced.

Examples of the resin include at least a binder resin.
The binder resin is not particularly limited, and a commonly used resin can be appropriately selected and used. For example, a styrene monomer, an acrylic monomer, a methacrylic monomer, etc. Vinyl polymers, copolymers of these monomers or two or more types, polyester polymers, polyol resins, phenol resins, silicone resins, polyurethane resins, polyamide resins, furan resins, epoxy resins, xylene resins, terpene resins , Coumarone indene resin, polycarbonate resin, petroleum resin, and the like.

As the properties of the binder resin, it is desirable to dissolve in a solvent, and it is desirable to have a conventionally known performance except for this feature.
The molecular weight distribution of the binder resin by GPC (gel permeation chromatography) preferably has at least one peak in the region of molecular weight of 3,000 to 50,000 from the viewpoint of toner fixing property and offset resistance. As the THF soluble component, a binder resin in which a component having a molecular weight of 100,000 or less is 60 to 100 [%] is also preferable, and the binder resin has at least one peak in a molecular weight region of 5,000 to 20,000. Is more preferable. What has 60 [mass%] or more of resin whose acid value of binder resin has 0.1-50 [mgKOH / g] is preferable.
In this embodiment, the acid value of the binder resin component of the toner composition is measured according to JIS K-0070.

  As the magnetic material that can be used in the present embodiment, known materials used for electrophotographic toners can be used. For example, (1) iron oxide containing magnetic iron oxide such as magnetite, maghemite and ferrite, and other metal oxides, (2) metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, or these metals and aluminum, cobalt, copper , Lead, magnesium, tin, zinc, antimony, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, manganese, selenium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, and alloys thereof, and (3) mixtures thereof are used. The magnetic material can also be used as a colorant. As the usage-amount of the said magnetic body, 10-200 mass parts of magnetic bodies are preferable with respect to 100 mass parts of binder resin, and 20-150 mass parts is more preferable. The number average particle diameter of these magnetic materials is preferably 0.1 to 2 [μm], more preferably 0.1 to 0.5 [μm]. The number average diameter can be obtained by measuring a photograph taken with a transmission electron microscope with a digitizer or the like.

The colorant is not particularly limited, and a commonly used resin can be appropriately selected and used.
The content of the colorant is preferably 1 to 15 [% by mass] and more preferably 3 to 10 [% by mass] based on the toner. The colorant used in the toner according to the exemplary embodiment can be used as a master batch combined with a resin. The master batch is for dispersing the pigment in advance, and may not be used if sufficient dispersion of the pigment is obtained. In general, a master batch is obtained by dispersing a pigment in hardness in a resin by applying high shear to the pigment and the resin. A conventionally well-known thing can be used as binder resin knead | mixed with manufacture of a masterbatch or a masterbatch. These may be used individually by 1 type, and 2 or more types may be mixed and used for them.

  As the usage-amount of the said masterbatch, 0.1-20 mass parts is preferable with respect to 100 mass parts of binder resin. A dispersant may be used to increase the dispersibility of the pigment during the production of the masterbatch. From the viewpoint of pigment dispersibility, high compatibility with the binder resin is preferable, and known ones can be used. Specific examples of commercially available products include “Azisper PB821”, “Azisper PB822” (Ajinomoto Fine Techno) And “Disperbyk-2001” (by Big Chemie), “EFKA-4010” (by EFKA), and the like.

  The dispersant is preferably blended in the toner at a ratio of 0.1 to 10 [mass%] with respect to the colorant. When the blending ratio is less than 0.1 [% by mass], the pigment dispersibility may be insufficient, and when more than 10 [% by mass], the chargeability under high humidity may be deteriorated. The addition amount of the dispersant is preferably 1 to 200 parts by mass, more preferably 5 to 80 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the colorant. If it is less than 1 part by mass, the dispersibility may be lowered, and if it exceeds 200 parts by mass, the chargeability may be lowered.

The toner component liquid used in this embodiment contains a wax together with a binder resin and a colorant.
The wax is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from commonly used ones such as low molecular weight polyethylene, low molecular weight polypropylene, polyolefin wax, microcrystalline wax, paraffin wax, and sazol wax. Oxides of aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes such as aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes, polyethylene oxide waxes or block copolymers thereof, plant waxes such as candelilla wax, carnauba wax, wood wax, jojoba wax, beeswax, lanolin , Animal waxes such as whale wax, mineral waxes such as ozokerite, ceresin and petrolatum, waxes mainly composed of fatty acid esters such as montanic ester wax and castor wax, and fatty acid esters such as deoxidized carnauba wax. part Those deoxygenated all are and the like.

  The melting point of the wax is preferably 70 to 140 [° C.] and more preferably 70 to 120 [° C.] in order to balance the fixing property and the offset resistance. If it is less than 70 [° C.], the blocking resistance may be lowered, and if it exceeds 140 [° C.], the offset resistance effect may be difficult to be exhibited. The total content of the wax is preferably 0.2 to 20 parts by mass and more preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. In the present embodiment, the temperature of the peak top of the maximum endothermic peak of the wax measured by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) is defined as the melting point of the wax. The wax or toner DSC measuring device is preferably measured with a high-precision internal heat input compensation type differential scanning calorimeter. As a measuring method, it carries out according to ASTM D3418-82. The DSC curve used in the present embodiment is one that is measured when the temperature is raised at a temperature rate of 10 [° C./min] after raising and lowering the temperature once and taking a previous history.

  In the toner according to the exemplary embodiment, as other additives, protection of the latent image carrier and carrier, improvement of cleaning properties, adjustment of thermal characteristics / electrical characteristics / physical characteristics, resistance adjustment, softening point adjustment, improvement of fixing rate For purposes such as various types of metal soaps, fluorosurfactants, dioctyl phthalate, tin oxide, zinc oxide, carbon black, antimony oxide, etc. as conductivity imparting agents, inorganic fine powders such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, alumina, etc. A body etc. can be added as needed. These inorganic fine powders may be hydrophobized as necessary. In addition, lubricants such as polytetrafluoroethylene, zinc stearate, and polyvinylidene fluoride, abrasives such as cesium oxide, silicon carbide, and strontium titanate, anti-caking agents, and white and black fine particles having opposite polarity to the toner particles Can also be used in small amounts as a developability improver.

  These additives have a silicone varnish, various modified silicone varnishes, silicone oil, various modified silicone oils, silane coupling agents, silane coupling agents having a functional group, and other organic materials for the purpose of controlling the amount of charge. It is also preferable to treat with a treating agent such as a silicon compound or various treating agents. As the additive, inorganic fine particles can be preferably used. As said inorganic fine particle, well-known things, such as a silica, an alumina, a titanium oxide, can be used, for example.

  In addition, polymer fine particles such as polystyrene obtained by soap-free emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization and dispersion polymerization, methacrylic acid ester and acrylic acid ester copolymer, polycondensation system such as silicone, benzoguanamine and nylon, thermosetting resin And polymer particles.

  Such an external additive can be made hydrophobic by the surface treatment agent and prevent deterioration of the external additive itself even under high humidity. Examples of the surface treatment agent include silane coupling agents, silylating agents, silane coupling agents having a fluorinated alkyl group, organic titanate coupling agents, aluminum coupling agents, silicone oils, modified silicone oils, Etc. are preferable.

The primary particle diameter of the external additive is preferably 5 [nm] to 2 [[mu] m], and more preferably 5 [nm] to 500 [nm]. Moreover, as a specific surface area by BET method, it is preferable that it is 20-500 [m < ² > / g]. The use ratio of the inorganic fine particles is preferably 0.01 to 5 [% by weight] of the toner, and more preferably 0.01 to 2.0 [% by weight].

  Examples of the cleaning property improver for removing the developer after transfer remaining on the electrostatic latent image carrier or the primary transfer medium include fatty acid metal salts such as zinc stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, and polymethyl methacrylate. There may be mentioned polymer fine particles produced by soap-free emulsion polymerization such as fine particles and polystyrene fine particles. The polymer fine particles preferably have a relatively narrow particle size distribution and a volume average particle size of 0.01 to 1 [μm].

〔Example〕
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described.
The formulation of the toner component liquid used in this example is shown below. Note that the droplet discharge conditions are as described in the above-described embodiment.
First, a carbon black dispersion as a colorant was prepared. 17 parts by mass of carbon black (RegaL400: manufactured by Cabot) and 3 parts by mass of a pigment dispersant were primarily dispersed in 80 parts by mass of ethyl acetate using a mixer having stirring blades. As this pigment dispersant, Ajisper PB821 (manufactured by Ajinomoto Fine Techno Co., Ltd.) was used. The obtained primary dispersion is finely dispersed by a strong shearing force using a bead mill (LMZ type manufactured by Ashizawa Finetech Co., Ltd., zirconia bead diameter 0.3 [mm]), and aggregates of 5 [μm] or more are completely obtained. The secondary dispersion removed in the above was prepared.

  Next, a wax dispersion was prepared. 18 parts by mass of carnauba wax and 2 parts by mass of a wax dispersant were primarily dispersed in 80 parts by mass of ethyl acetate using a mixer having stirring blades. The primary dispersion was heated to 80 [° C.] while stirring to dissolve the carnauba wax, and then the temperature of the liquid was lowered to room temperature to precipitate wax particles so that the maximum diameter was 3 [μm] or less. As the wax dispersant, a polyethylene wax grafted with a styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer was used. The obtained dispersion is further finely dispersed by a strong shearing force using a bead mill (LMZ type manufactured by Ashizawa Finetech Co., Ltd., zirconia bead diameter 0.3 [mm]) so that the maximum diameter is 1 [μm] or less. It was adjusted.

  Next, a toner component liquid having the following composition to which a resin as a binder resin, the colorant dispersion, and the wax dispersion were added was prepared. 100 parts by mass of a polyester resin as a binder resin, 30 parts by mass of the colorant dispersion, 30 parts by mass of the wax dispersion, 840 parts by mass of ethyl acetate, and stirring for 10 minutes using a mixer having stirring blades, Evenly dispersed. Pigments and wax particles did not aggregate due to shock due to solvent dilution.

Next, the conditions of the toner manufacturing apparatus used in this embodiment will be described. The configuration of the toner manufacturing apparatus is as described in the embodiment.
In the liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 of this embodiment, the length L between both ends in the longitudinal direction of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 is 1.85 [mm], N = 2 resonance mode, and the longitudinal direction. Are arranged at the antinodes of the pressure standing wave in the N = 2 mode. As a drive signal generation source, a function generator WF 1973 manufactured by NF was used and connected to the vibration generating means 20 by a lead wire coated with polyethylene. The driving frequency was set to 340 [kHz] according to the liquid resonance frequency. Further, PZT (lead zirconate titanate) was used as the piezoelectric body 20A of the vibration generating means 20.

  The rectifying plate 42 disposed in the vicinity of the discharge surface of the liquid column resonant droplet forming unit 10 in the present embodiment has a plate thickness of 200 [μm], and the rectifying plate extends from the inner edge of the rectifying plate 42 that is the outer peripheral edge of the opening 43. The shortest distance to the outer edge of 42 is 10 mm.

  In the dry collection unit 60 of the present embodiment, the chamber 61 has a cylindrical shape with an inner diameter of φ400 [mm] and a height of 2000 [mm], and is fixed vertically, with the upper end and the lower end being narrowed. In this case, the diameter of the carrier air flow inlet at the upper end is φ50 [mm], and the diameter of the carrier air outlet at the lower end is φ50 [mm]. The liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10 is disposed at the center in the horizontal direction of the chamber 61 at a height of 300 [mm] from the upper end in the chamber 61. The carrier airflow (downstream airflow 101) was 10.0 [m / s] and 40 [° C.] nitrogen. As the solidified particle collecting means 62, a cyclone collector was used.

  Using the above-described toner manufacturing apparatus, the prepared toner component liquid was discharged, and the toner particles dried and solidified in the chamber 61 were collected by a cyclone collector. The number of discharge holes 19 used for discharge was 192 [pieces]. A discharge start signal was given to 48 liquid column resonance liquid chambers 18 each having four discharge holes 19 to perform discharge. The drive signal applied to the vibration generating means 20 was a sine wave signal of 340 [kHz], and the peak-to-peak voltage applied to the piezoelectric body 20A of the vibration generating means 20 was set to 10 [V]. As the toner component liquid 14, a liquid having a concentration of 10% (10% by mass) was used.

The evaluation of the toner produced in this example was performed as follows.
Using the toner manufacturing apparatus of the present embodiment, the toner component liquid 14 thus prepared is discharged, and the toner particles obtained by drying and solidifying the droplets in the chamber 61 are collected by a cyclone collector to store the toner. Housed in a container. After 5 minutes and 60 minutes from the start of the discharge operation, the toner was taken out from the toner storage container, and the toner was collected for each elapsed time. Then, for each toner, the toner particle size distribution was measured using a flow type particle image analyzer (Sysmex Corporation FPIA-3000) under the following measurement conditions. The production and measurement of the toner as described above were repeated three times, and the average value was evaluated.

Measurement with a flow particle image analyzer (Flow Particle Image Analyzer) removes fine dust through a filter, and as a result, a measurement range (for example, an equivalent circle diameter of 0.60 [μm]) in 10 ⁻³ [cm ³ ] water. A few drops of nonionic surfactant (preferably Contaminone N manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) is added to 10 [ml] of water having 20 or less particles of 159.21 [μm] or less, and a measurement sample. 5 [mg] was added, and dispersion treatment was performed for 1 minute under the conditions of 20 [kHz] and 50 [W] / 10 [cm ³ ] using an ultrasonic dispersing device STM UH-50, and dispersion was further performed for a total of 5 minutes. using a sample dispersion particle concentration of the measurement sample subjected to processing 4000-8000 [number ^/ 10 -3 · ^cm 3] (as the target particles measuring circle-equivalent diameter range), 0.60 [mu ] Above 159.21 to measure the particle size distribution of particles having a circle equivalent diameter of less than [[mu] m].

  The sample dispersion is passed through a flat and flat transparent flow cell (thickness: about 200 [μm]) flow path (spread along the flow direction). In order to form an optical path that passes across the thickness of the flow cell, the strobe and the CCD camera are mounted on the flow cell so as to be opposite to each other. While the sample dispersion is flowing, strobe light is irradiated at 1/30 second intervals to obtain an image of the particles flowing through the flow cell, so that each particle has a certain range parallel to the flow cell. Photographed as a two-dimensional image. From the area of the two-dimensional image of each particle, the diameter of a circle having the same area is calculated as the equivalent circle diameter.

  In about 1 minute, the equivalent circle diameter of 1200 or more particles can be measured, and the number based on the equivalent circle diameter distribution and the ratio (number%) of particles having a prescribed equivalent circle diameter can be measured. The results (frequency% and cumulative%) can be obtained by dividing the range of 0.06 to 400 [μm] into 226 channels (divided into 30 channels for one octave). In actual measurement, particles are measured in a range where the equivalent circle diameter is 0.60 [μm] or more and less than 159.21 [μm].

  In this example, as a result of this measurement, the average of the volume average particle diameter (Dv) of the obtained toner particles (average of three measurements; the same applies hereinafter) is 5.3 [μm], and the number average particle diameter is 5.3 μm. The average of (Dn) was 5.1 [μm], and the average of Dv / Dn was 1.04. As a result, according to the toner manufacturing method according to the example, it was confirmed that the toner having a narrow particle size distribution can be stably produced and the production efficiency is high.

  In this embodiment, in addition to the above-described toner manufacturing method, the distance between the discharge surface and the rectifying plate 42 arranged in parallel thereto (rectifying plate vertical distance), the inner edge of the rectifying plate 42 (the outer edge of the opening 43), and The horizontal distance (rectifier plate horizontal distance) from the discharge hole closest to the inner edge, and the peak-to-peak of the drive signal (sine wave) applied to the piezoelectric body 20A of the vibration generating means 20 during discharge ) The voltage value (drive voltage) was changed as appropriate, and the above-described evaluation was performed. Table 1 below shows the conditions and evaluation results. In addition, as Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, the case where the rectifying plate 42 was not installed was also evaluated.

In the evaluation of the present embodiment, the discharge stability is based on the ratio (%) of the number of discharge holes in which the discharge operation continues for 10 minutes under each condition and the number of discharge holes in which discharge continues at that time to the total number of discharge holes. 4 grades (double circle, single circle, triangle, cross) were evaluated. The relationship between the ratio (%) and each evaluation stage is as shown in Table 2 below.
In the evaluation of this example, the particle size distribution is evaluated in four stages (double circle, single circle, triangle, cross) based on the average value of Dv / Dn of the collected toner. The relationship between the average value of Dv / Dn and each evaluation stage is as shown in Table 2 below.

What has been described above is merely an example, and the present invention has a specific effect for each of the following modes.
(Aspect A)
A droplet 21 of a liquid containing a fine particle component such as a toner component liquid 14 that becomes a fine particle when the droplet is solidified is discharged from a plurality of discharge holes 19 opened on a discharge surface of a droplet discharge device such as a liquid column resonance droplet forming unit 10. In a fine particle manufacturing apparatus such as a toner manufacturing apparatus that manufactures fine particles such as toner particles by solidifying the discharged liquid droplets 21 by continuously performing the discharging operation, the droplets 21 discharged from the plurality of discharge holes 19 It has a reverse air flow restricting means such as a rectifying plate 42 for restricting the generation of a reverse air flow that moves the air flow back toward the discharge surface.
According to this, as described above, since the generation of the reverse airflow that raises (reversely moves) the discharged droplet 21 toward the discharge surface is restricted, the liquid droplet that moves backward on such a reverse airflow is controlled. It is possible to reduce the chance that the particles adhere to the discharge surface. Therefore, the exudation of the liquid containing the fine particle component caused by the droplets adhering to the discharge hole outlet or the vicinity of the discharge hole outlet on the discharge surface is suppressed. Or the peripheral discharge holes are blocked, resulting in pressure fluctuations in the liquid chamber, and the uniformity of the size of the droplets and the direction of discharge of the droplets are lost. The problem is reduced.

(Aspect B)
In the above aspect A, the reverse air flow restricting means includes a rectifying plate 42 provided with an opening 43 through which the liquid droplets 21 discharged from the plurality of discharge holes 19 are allowed to pass to face the discharge surface. It is characterized by restricting the generation of turbulent airflow that can occur around the exit of the hole.
According to this, generation | occurrence | production of the reverse airflow which raises the discharged droplet 21 toward a discharge surface (reverse movement) can be effectively controlled with a simple structure.

(Aspect C)
In the above aspect A or B, the droplet discharge device applies vibration to the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 in the droplet discharge device to form a standing wave by liquid column resonance, and the standing wave It is characterized in that the droplet 21 of the liquid containing the fine particle component in the liquid column resonance liquid chamber is discharged from the discharge hole 19 of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber 18 formed in the antinode region.
According to this, continuous liquid droplet ejection at a high frequency can be realized, and extremely high productivity can be expected.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Liquid column resonance droplet formation unit 11 Droplet discharge part 14 Toner component liquid 19 Discharge hole 21 Droplet 30 Toner component liquid replenishment unit 31 Toner component liquid tank 32 Toner component liquid supply flow path 33 Liquid circulation pump 34 Liquid return pipe 41 Thin film 42 Rectifying plate 43 Opening 44 Rectifying plate fixing hole 60 Drying collecting unit 61 Chamber 62 Solidified particle collecting means 63 Drying means 64 Conveying airflow inlet 65 Collecting outlet 101 Downstream airflow

Japanese Patent No. 3786034 Japanese Patent No. 3786035 JP-A-57-201248 JP 2006-293320 A

Claims (3)

By continuously discharging the droplets of the liquid containing the fine particle component that becomes fine particles when the droplets solidify, from a plurality of discharge holes opened on the discharge surface of the droplet discharge device, and solidifying the discharged droplets In a fine particle production apparatus for producing fine particles,
An apparatus for producing fine particles, comprising: a reverse air flow restricting means for restricting generation of a reverse air flow that reversely moves droplets discharged from the plurality of discharge holes toward the discharge surface. In the fine particle manufacturing apparatus according to claim 1,
The reverse air flow regulating means is configured to arrange a rectifying plate having an opening through which droplets discharged from the plurality of discharge holes pass to face the discharge surface, so that turbulent air flow that can be generated around the outlets of the plurality of discharge holes is generated. An apparatus for producing fine particles, characterized by regulating generation. In the fine particle manufacturing apparatus according to claim 1 or 2,
The droplet discharge device is configured to form a standing wave by liquid column resonance by applying vibration in a liquid column resonance liquid chamber in the droplet discharge device, and to be formed in a region that becomes an antinode of the standing wave. An apparatus for producing fine particles, which discharges droplets of a liquid containing a fine particle component in a liquid column resonance liquid chamber from a discharge hole of the liquid column resonance liquid chamber.

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