JP2012229667A - Control apparatus of internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a control apparatus of an internal combustion engine that minimizes aggravation of controllability of the internal combustion engine while allowing variation in an estimated value of an alcohol concentration of injection fuel, even if it is difficult to accurately detect a change of the alcohol concentration of the injection fuel due to a change of the alcohol concentration of fuel associated with refueling.SOLUTION: The apparatus includes an ethanol concentration sensor that is arranged in the middle of a fuel supply passage for supplying fuel in a fuel tank to an injector and detects an ethanol concentration, in which ethanol, gasoline, or mixed fuel thereof is supplied to the fuel tank. The apparatus includes a device for estimating the ethanol concentration of fuel injected from the injector in a mode of the concentration with a band of fluctuation, on the basis of an output of the ethanol concentration sensor. A target value of an amount of fuel injection is set to a value appropriate to the highest alcohol concentration value in the band of fluctuation.

Description

  The present invention relates to a control device for an internal combustion engine, and is particularly suitable for controlling an internal combustion engine mounted on a vehicle that receives supply of alcohol fuel, hydrocarbon fuel, or a mixed fuel of alcohol fuel and hydrocarbon fuel. The present invention relates to a control device for an internal combustion engine.

  Conventionally, for example, Patent Document 1 discloses a fuel injection amount control device for an internal combustion engine that can use an alcohol-mixed fuel. In this conventional fuel injection amount control apparatus, the fuel injection amount is corrected based on a fuel injection amount control program at a preset high concentration alcohol content rate until the oxygen sensor is activated immediately after refueling. I am doing so. Further, after the activation of the oxygen sensor, a fuel correction value for setting the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio is calculated based on the output of the oxygen sensor and the engine coolant temperature. Based on the fuel correction value, the alcohol concentration of the fuel replenished in the fuel tank is estimated, and then the fuel injection amount is controlled based on the estimated alcohol concentration.

JP 2007-9903 A Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 1-108365 JP 2009-293584 A

  The air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas always fluctuates due to factors other than changes in alcohol concentration. For this reason, it takes time to update the estimated value of the alcohol concentration of the fuel using the output of the air-fuel ratio sensor when the alcohol concentration of the fuel changes with fueling. In addition, when an alcohol concentration change accompanying refueling occurs, it is desirable to be able to estimate the alcohol concentration of fuel injected from the injector in order to perform appropriate engine control in accordance with the alcohol concentration change. . However, it is difficult to accurately detect the alcohol concentration of the injected fuel in consideration of various variations.

  The present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and it is a case where it is difficult to accurately detect the change in the alcohol concentration of the injected fuel due to the change in the alcohol concentration of the fuel accompanying refueling. However, it is possible to provide a control device for an internal combustion engine capable of minimizing the deterioration of controllability of the internal combustion engine while allowing variation in the estimated value of the alcohol concentration of the injected fuel (without requiring high estimation accuracy). For the purpose.

A first invention is a control device for an internal combustion engine,
A fuel tank that receives supply of alcohol fuel, hydrocarbon fuel, or a mixture of alcohol fuel and hydrocarbon fuel;
An alcohol concentration sensor that is disposed in the middle of a fuel supply passage for supplying fuel in the fuel tank to the injector, and detects the alcohol concentration of the fuel;
Injected fuel concentration estimation means for estimating the alcohol concentration of the fuel injected from the injector in a mode having a fluctuation range based on the output of the alcohol concentration sensor;
The target value of a predetermined control parameter of the internal combustion engine, which is controlled to a value corresponding to the alcohol concentration of the fuel injected from the injector, is the fluctuation of the alcohol concentration estimated by the injected fuel concentration estimating means. A control parameter target value setting means for setting a value corresponding to an alcohol concentration value at which a predetermined performance value of the internal combustion engine is an optimum value within a range;
It is characterized by providing.

The second invention is the first invention, wherein
The injected fuel concentration estimating means is means for estimating the alcohol concentration of fuel injected from the injector so as to change following the change in the output of the alcohol concentration sensor.

The third invention is the first or second invention, wherein
The control parameter is a fuel injection amount by the injector,
The control parameter target value setting means sets the target value of the fuel injection amount to a value suitable for the highest alcohol concentration value in the fluctuation range.

According to a fourth invention, in any one of the first to third inventions,
The internal combustion engine includes a spark plug for igniting an air-fuel mixture,
The control parameter is ignition timing,
The control parameter target value setting means sets the target value of the ignition timing to a value corresponding to an alcohol concentration value in which the ignition timing is set to the most retarded value within the fluctuation range.

  According to the first invention, even if it is difficult to accurately detect the change in the alcohol concentration of the injected fuel due to the change in the alcohol concentration of the fuel accompanying refueling, the estimated value of the alcohol concentration of the injected fuel It is possible to minimize the deterioration of the controllability of the internal combustion engine while allowing the variation in the above (without requiring high estimation accuracy).

  The output of the alcohol concentration sensor when a change in alcohol concentration is recognized also changes depending on the fuel mixture. According to the second aspect of the invention, it is possible to take into account the detection variation of the alcohol concentration in the alcohol concentration sensor. For this reason, the controllability of the internal combustion engine can be improved.

  According to the third aspect of the invention, the target value of the fuel injection amount is set to a value suitable for the highest alcohol concentration value in the estimated fluctuation range of the alcohol concentration, whereby the alcohol of the actual injected fuel is set. Stable combustion of the internal combustion engine can be obtained regardless of the value of the concentration within the fluctuation range. For this reason, deterioration of drivability of the internal combustion engine can be suppressed.

  According to the fourth invention, the target value of the ignition timing is set to a value corresponding to the alcohol concentration value in which the ignition timing is set to the most retarded value within the estimated fluctuation range of the alcohol concentration. As a result, the internal combustion engine can be stably combusted regardless of the actual alcohol concentration of the injected fuel within the fluctuation range, and the occurrence of knocking can be favorably avoided.

It is a figure for demonstrating the structure of the internal combustion engine of Embodiment 1 of this invention centering on the structure regarding a fuel supply apparatus. It is a figure for demonstrating the estimation method of the ethanol density | concentration of the fuel injected from an injector. It is a figure for demonstrating the other engine control using the estimated value of the ethanol concentration of the injection fuel based on the output of an ethanol concentration sensor.

Embodiment 1 FIG.
[Description of System Configuration of Embodiment 1]
FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of the internal combustion engine 10 according to the first embodiment of the present invention, focusing on the configuration related to the fuel supply device 12. The system of this embodiment includes a spark ignition type internal combustion engine 10. More specifically, the internal combustion engine 10 uses alcohol fuel (here, ethanol as an example), hydrocarbon fuel (here, gasoline as an example), and gasoline mixed with ethanol at an arbitrary ratio as fuel. This is an internal combustion engine for FFV (Flexible Fuel Vehicle).

  A fuel supply device 12 provided in the internal combustion engine 10 includes an injector 14 for injecting fuel into an intake port (or in a cylinder) of each cylinder, and a fuel tank 16 for storing the fuel. The fuel tank 16 is supplied with ethanol, gasoline, or a mixed fuel of ethanol and gasoline. One end of a fuel supply passage 18 for supplying the fuel in the fuel tank 16 to the injector 14 of each cylinder is inserted into the fuel tank 16. More specifically, the fuel supply passage 18 includes a delivery pipe 18a for distributing fuel to the injectors 14 of each cylinder, and a main passage 18b for connecting the fuel tank 16 and the delivery pipe 18a.

  A fuel pump 20 and an ethanol concentration sensor 22 are attached to the main passage 18b near the fuel tank 16 in order from the fuel tank 16 side. The fuel pump 20 is a pump for pumping up the fuel in the fuel tank 16 and pumping the fuel toward the injector 14. The ethanol concentration sensor 22 is a sensor for detecting the property (in this case, the ethanol concentration) of the fuel flowing in the main passage 18b at the portion where the sensor 22 is disposed.

  The system shown in FIG. 1 includes an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) 24. The ethanol concentration sensor 22 described above is connected to the input side of the ECU 24, and the injector 14 and the fuel pump 20 described above are connected to the output side of the ECU 24. Further, on the input side of the ECU 24, an air flow meter for detecting the intake air amount, a crank angle sensor for detecting the engine speed, an air-fuel ratio sensor for detecting the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas, and engine cooling water Sensors (not shown) for detecting the operation state of the internal combustion engine 10 such as a water temperature sensor for detecting temperature are connected. Further, on the output side of the ECU 24, an ignition plug 26 for igniting the air-fuel mixture, a throttle valve for adjusting the intake air amount, and a variable valve for adjusting the opening / closing timing of the intake valve and the exhaust valve Actuators (not shown) for controlling the operation of the internal combustion engine 10 such as a timing mechanism are connected. The ECU 24 controls the operating state of the internal combustion engine 10 by operating various actuators according to a predetermined program based on the outputs of the various sensors described above.

[Engine control in the first embodiment]
(Method for estimating the ethanol concentration of injected fuel)
FIG. 2 is a view for explaining a method for estimating the ethanol concentration of fuel injected from the injector 14. More specifically, FIG. 2 (A) shows a case where an ethanol concentration change occurs in which the ethanol concentration of the fuel becomes higher than that before refueling, and FIG. 2 (B) shows the ethanol of fuel than before refueling. This is a case where a change in ethanol concentration that causes a decrease in concentration occurs.

  2 represents the cumulative fuel injection amount Q of the fuel injected (consumed) from the injector 14. More specifically, the fuel injection amount injected from the injector 14 includes a fuel injection amount (known value) per unit valve opening time of the injector 14 and a fuel injection time (various correction injections with respect to the basic fuel injection time). Value obtained by taking into account time and invalid injection time), and the integrated fuel injection amount Q is an integrated value of the fuel injection amount that can be calculated as described above. This is a value calculated by the ECU 24. In the following specification, the fuel injected from the injector is simply referred to as “injected fuel”.

  When fuel having an ethanol concentration different from the fuel in the fuel tank 16 is supplied, the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel is determined from the position where the ethanol concentration sensor 22 is attached after the ethanol concentration sensor 22 detects a change in the ethanol concentration. After the fuel corresponding to the fuel passage volume Vd up to the attachment site of the injector 14 is injected from the injector 14 in an integrated manner, it starts to change. Therefore, in this embodiment, the change in the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel is estimated based on the output of the ethanol concentration sensor 22 and the amount of fuel movement (fuel injection amount) in the fuel supply passage 18.

  More specifically, of the fuel supply passage 18, the influence of the fuel mixing inside the passage can be ignored for the main passage 18 b having a relatively small passage diameter. Accordingly, it is assumed that the fuel flowing through the main passage 18b accompanying the fuel injection by the injector 14 moves at the same ethanol concentration as that detected by the ethanol concentration sensor 22 and the same amount as the fuel injection amount by the injector 14. be able to. On the other hand, the delivery pipe 18a having a relatively large passage diameter is not simply moved by the ethanol concentration fuel detected by the ethanol concentration sensor 22, and it is necessary to consider the influence of fuel mixing inside the passage. is there. That is, the movement of the fuel flowing through the delivery pipe 18a accompanying the fuel injection by the injector 14 is the ethanol concentration with a change with respect to the value detected by the ethanol concentration sensor 22 due to the mixing of the fuel, and the fuel injection amount by the injector 14 It can be regarded as moving with the same amount.

  Therefore, in the present embodiment, the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel is set within the delivery pipe 18a with respect to the detected value of the ethanol concentration sensor 22 before the fuel injection of the fuel injection volume Qd corresponding to the fuel passage volume Vd. As a value obtained by multiplying a predetermined correction coefficient K for correcting the influence of fuel mixing, the ECU 24 calculates it for each predetermined unit integrated fuel injection amount. As the correction coefficient K, for example, a value set in advance by experiments or the like can be used.

  2A and 2B, the waveform of the ethanol concentration estimated value of the injected fuel is indicated by an injector (hereinafter, the fuel injection amount per unit valve opening time is the median value of the component tolerance of the injector 14). For convenience, this value is referred to as “reference injector” 14. Here, due to factors such as variations in the fuel injection amount per unit valve opening time of the injector 14, the change in the actual ethanol concentration of the injected fuel is faster than the change in the estimated ethanol concentration assuming the reference injector 14. (When the amount of fuel movement is greater than the fuel injection amount calculated assuming use of the reference injector 14) When slow (when the amount of fuel movement is calculated assuming use of the reference injector 14) Less). More specifically, when the injector 14 in which the fuel injection amount per unit valve opening time is larger than the median of component tolerances is used, it is smaller than the integrated fuel injection amount Qs when the reference injector 14 is used. At the timing when the integrated fuel consumption amount Q is calculated by the ECU 24, the actual integrated fuel injection amount reaches the fuel amount corresponding to the fuel passage volume Vd, and the ethanol concentration change of the injected fuel starts. On the contrary, when the injector 14 having a fuel injection amount per unit valve opening time smaller than the median part tolerance is used, the accumulated fuel consumption is larger than the accumulated fuel injection amount Qs when the reference injector 14 is used. At the timing when the amount Q is calculated by the ECU 24, the actual integrated fuel injection amount reaches the fuel amount corresponding to the fuel passage volume Vd, and the ethanol concentration change of the injected fuel starts.

  Therefore, in the present embodiment, as indicated by a broken line in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the change in the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel is considered in consideration of the above-described variation in the fuel injection amount of the injector 14 and the like. The estimation is performed in such a manner that the fluctuation range with respect to the estimated value of the solid line at the time of use is given. More specifically, the ethanol concentration value of the injected fuel indicated by a broken line in FIGS. 2A and 2B is obtained by adding a predetermined variation ΔQ to the integrated fuel injection amount Qs when the reference injector 14 is used. A value obtained by multiplying the detected value of the ethanol concentration sensor 22 before the fuel injection by the value obtained by addition or subtraction (Qs + ΔQ or Qs−ΔQ) by the correction coefficient K is a predetermined value. Can be calculated by the ECU 24 for each unit integrated fuel injection amount. The variation ΔQ is a predetermined value for reflecting the influence of the variation of the fuel injection amount of the injector 14 on the estimation of the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel with a predetermined safety factor.

  According to the method for estimating the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel as described above, the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel changes following the change in the detected value of the ethanol concentration by the ethanol concentration sensor 22 after refueling with a change in the ethanol concentration of the fuel. Can be estimated. Further, according to the estimation method, the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel can be estimated in a manner having a fluctuation range that takes into account the influence of the variation and the like of the fuel injection amount of the injector 14.

(Engine control using estimated ethanol concentration of injected fuel)
As described above, in the present embodiment, when a change in the output of the ethanol concentration sensor 22 is recognized, as shown in FIGS. The ethanol concentration is estimated. In addition, the present embodiment is characterized in that the engine control is performed so that the combustion of the internal combustion engine 10 is stable regardless of the actual ethanol concentration of the injected fuel within the fluctuation range of the estimated value. doing.

First, engine control according to the present embodiment targeting the fuel injection amount as a control parameter of the internal combustion engine 10 will be described.
The fuel injection amount during operation of the internal combustion engine 10 is controlled to a value corresponding to the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel. More specifically, ethanol has a smaller stoichiometric air-fuel ratio than gasoline (a richer value). Therefore, the ECU 24 has a basic setting that the fuel injection amount is increased as the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel is higher. In the case where the ECU 24 has such a basic setting, in the present embodiment, when the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel is estimated in a manner having a fluctuation range, the target value of the fuel injection amount is changed. It is set to a value suitable for the highest alcohol concentration value in the width (the value on the left broken line in FIG. 2A and the value on the right broken line in FIG. 2B).

  According to the control of the fuel injection amount of the present embodiment as described above, when the output change of the ethanol concentration sensor 22 is recognized, the target value of the fuel injection amount becomes the estimated fluctuation of the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel. It is set to a value suitable for the highest alcohol concentration value in the range (upper limit value of the fluctuation range). Thereby, when the ethanol concentration of the actual injected fuel is the upper limit value of the fluctuation range or a value close thereto, the fuel injection amount suitable for the actual ethanol concentration can be controlled. On the other hand, when the ethanol concentration of the actual injected fuel is a value on the lower limit side of the above fluctuation range, a larger amount of fuel than the fuel injection amount suitable for the actual ethanol concentration (the air-fuel ratio is made richer than the target). The amount of fuel) to be supplied. However, even in such a case, when the opposite result is obtained while having the opposite setting (that is, the target value of the fuel injection amount is set to a value suitable for the lower limit value of the fluctuation range). In the situation where the actual ethanol concentration is the upper limit value side of the above fluctuation range), the fuel injection amount is smaller than the fuel injection amount suitable for the actual ethanol concentration. It can be said that the internal combustion engine 10 can be stably combusted as compared with the case where a sufficient amount of fuel) is supplied. For this reason, the deterioration of the drivability of the internal combustion engine 10 can be suppressed.

Next, engine control according to the present embodiment targeting ignition timing as a control parameter of the internal combustion engine 10 will be described.
The higher the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel, the higher the combustion rate of the air-fuel mixture. For this reason, from the viewpoint of the combustion speed, the higher the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel, the more the optimal ignition timing (MBT) becomes a retarded value. On the other hand, the higher the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel, the higher the octane number of the fuel, so that knocking is less likely to occur. For this reason, in order to ensure knock resistance from the viewpoint of octane number, it can be said that it is desirable to set the ignition timing to a retarded value as the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel is lower. In consideration of these findings, the ECU 24 stores a setting that determines the ignition timing in relation to the ethanol concentration. The specific setting of the ignition timing with respect to the ethanol concentration differs depending on the specifications of the individual internal combustion engine. In this embodiment, when the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel is estimated in a manner having a variation range, the target value of the ignition timing is set to the most retarded value within the variation range. A value corresponding to the ethanol concentration value was set.

  According to the ignition timing control of the present embodiment as described above, when a change in the output of the ethanol concentration sensor 22 is recognized, the target value of the ignition timing is set to the estimated fluctuation range of the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel. Among them, the ignition timing is set to a value corresponding to the ethanol concentration value set to the most retarded value. As a result, the ignition timing that is the most retarded in the ethanol concentration is selected regardless of the actual ethanol concentration of the injected fuel within the above fluctuation range. The engine 10 can be stably combusted, and knocking can be favorably avoided.

  As described above, according to the engine control of the present embodiment, even when it is difficult to accurately detect the ethanol concentration change of the injected fuel due to the change in the ethanol concentration of the fuel accompanying the refueling, It is possible to minimize the deterioration in controllability of the internal combustion engine 10 while allowing variation in the estimated value of the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel (without requiring high estimation accuracy).

  Moreover, according to the estimation method of the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel according to the present embodiment, as described above, after refueling accompanied by a change in the ethanol concentration of the fuel, the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel is detected by the ethanol concentration sensor 22. It can be estimated as a value that changes following the change of. The output of the ethanol concentration sensor 22 when a change in ethanol concentration is recognized also changes depending on the fuel mixing condition. According to this estimation method, it is possible to take into account the detection variation of the ethanol concentration in the ethanol concentration sensor 22. For this reason, according to the engine control of this embodiment using this estimation method, the controllability of the internal combustion engine 10 can be improved.

  In the above-described first embodiment, the fuel injection amount and the ignition timing have been described as examples of control parameters that are targets of engine control using the estimated value of the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel. However, the control parameter to which the present invention is applied is not limited to these control parameters, and may be, for example, at least one of the opening timing and the closing timing of at least one of the intake valve and the exhaust valve, Alternatively, it may be a compression ratio.

  In the first embodiment described above, the ethanol concentration sensor 22 is the “alcohol concentration sensor” in the first invention, the fuel injection amount and the ignition timing are the “control parameters” in the first invention, and the internal combustion engine. The drivability and knock resistance of 10 correspond to the “predetermined performance values” in the first invention, respectively. Further, the ECU 24 estimates the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel in accordance with the method shown in FIG. 2 so that the “injected fuel concentration estimating means” in the first invention controls the engine control using the fuel injection amount and the ignition timing as control parameters. By executing this, the “control parameter target value setting means” in the first aspect of the present invention is realized.

[Other controls]
As engine control using the estimated value of the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel according to the first embodiment described above, the following control may be performed instead of the control described above. Here, a control example for the hardware configuration shown in FIG. 1 will be described.

  FIG. 3 is a view for explaining another engine control using the estimated value of the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel based on the output of the ethanol concentration sensor 22. More specifically, FIG. 3 (A) shows a case where an ethanol concentration change occurs in which the ethanol concentration of the fuel is higher than that before refueling, and FIG. 3 (B) shows the ethanol of fuel than before refueling. This is a case where a change in ethanol concentration that causes a decrease in concentration occurs.

  The method for calculating the estimated value of the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel indicated by the solid line in FIGS. 3A and 3B is the same as the method of the first embodiment described above. In addition, in this method, as shown in each diagram of FIG. 3, an injector fuel ethanol concentration change section obtained by extending the section from the start to the end of the change in the estimated value of the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel on both sides In consideration of the variation in the fuel injection amount of 14 or the like, it is set as a section in which the ethanol concentration may change.

  In addition, according to the present technique, the injected fuel ethanol concentration change section in which the current injected fuel is expected to change the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel based on the integrated fuel injection amount Q after the output change of the ethanol concentration sensor 22 is detected. If it is determined that the fuel injection amount is within the range, the fuel injection amount increase and ignition timing are compared with the fuel injection amount and ignition timing suitable for the estimated ethanol concentration (value on the solid line) of the current injected fuel. It is to do each retard.

  Even if it is difficult to accurately detect the ethanol concentration change of the injected fuel due to the change in the ethanol concentration of the fuel caused by refueling even by the other engine control methods described above, the ethanol concentration of the injected fuel It is possible to minimize the deterioration of the controllability of the internal combustion engine 10 while allowing variations in the estimated values (without requiring high estimation accuracy).

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Internal combustion engine 12 Fuel supply apparatus 14 Injector 16 Fuel tank 18 Fuel supply passage 18a Delivery pipe 18b of fuel supply passage Main passage 20 of fuel supply passage Fuel pump 22 Ethanol concentration sensor 24 ECU (Electronic Control Unit)
26 Spark plug

Claims (4)

A fuel tank that receives supply of alcohol fuel, hydrocarbon fuel, or a mixture of alcohol fuel and hydrocarbon fuel;
An alcohol concentration sensor that is disposed in the middle of a fuel supply passage for supplying fuel in the fuel tank to the injector, and detects the alcohol concentration of the fuel;
Injected fuel concentration estimation means for estimating the alcohol concentration of the fuel injected from the injector in a mode having a fluctuation range based on the output of the alcohol concentration sensor;
The target value of a predetermined control parameter of the internal combustion engine, which is controlled to a value corresponding to the alcohol concentration of the fuel injected from the injector, is the fluctuation of the alcohol concentration estimated by the injected fuel concentration estimating means. A control parameter target value setting means for setting a value corresponding to an alcohol concentration value at which a predetermined performance value of the internal combustion engine is an optimum value within a range;
A control device for an internal combustion engine, comprising:   2. The injected fuel concentration estimating means is means for estimating an alcohol concentration of fuel injected from the injector so as to change following an output change of the alcohol concentration sensor. Control device for internal combustion engine. The control parameter is a fuel injection amount by the injector,
The internal combustion engine according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the control parameter target value setting means sets the target value of the fuel injection amount to a value suitable for the highest alcohol concentration value in the fluctuation range. Control device. The internal combustion engine includes a spark plug for igniting an air-fuel mixture,
The control parameter is ignition timing,
The control parameter target value setting means sets the target value of the ignition timing to a value corresponding to an alcohol concentration value in which the ignition timing is set to the most retarded value within the fluctuation range. Item 4. The control device for an internal combustion engine according to any one of Items 1 to 3.

Images