JP2012147931A - Game machine - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a game machine including a video apparatus capable of giving rendering with impact and reducing the visual fatigue of a player.SOLUTION: The game machine includes the video apparatus capable of displaying a predetermined image by giving luminous flux from a plurality of image projecting means (41) from the back face side of a screen (23) provided facing front glass. Each of the image projecting means (41) is provided movably within a plane parallel with a main plane of a screen (23) to give the luminous flux with an angle from a direction perpendicular to the main plane of the screen (23).

Description

  The present invention relates to a gaming machine including an image device capable of displaying a predetermined image on a screen, and in particular, a predetermined image obtained by applying light beams from a plurality of image projection means from the back side of a screen provided to face glass. The present invention relates to a gaming machine including a video device that can display a video.

  A variable display device installed in the vicinity of the center of the gaming board surface of the gaming machine has a great influence on the impression of the gaming machine by displaying symbols and the like linked to the gaming state. Therefore, it has been desired to increase the size of the symbols so that the displayed symbols are easier to see and have an impact on the player. In recent years, large liquid crystal panel display devices have become widespread, and large variable display devices can be easily provided to gaming machines. However, a projector-type display device that can display a predetermined image on a screen has been studied due to diversification of display preferences.

  In projector-type display devices, the optical distance from the light source to the screen provided in parallel with the game board surface is obtained in a limited space of the game machine, particularly in the direction perpendicular to the main surface of the screen, that is, the thickness direction of the game machine. There was a problem that was difficult. Even if a lens is provided between the light source and the screen, the enlargement ratio of the lens has to be very large, and it is not practical to provide a clear large area display that can withstand games on the screen. . In view of this, a display device has been proposed in which a plurality of projectors are provided and an image is divided and displayed on a screen to obtain a large area display.

  For example, in Patent Document 1, a light source having a plurality of light emission sources, a plurality of projection original images arranged corresponding to the plurality of light emission sources in the light source, and a lens arranged corresponding to the plurality of light emission sources in the light source. Display means for displaying a projection original image corresponding to the light emission source that is turned on when the light source is turned on through a lens, and display image control for controlling a projection image projected on the display means based on a gaming state in the gaming machine And a display device comprising the means. According to this, it is stated that a display of a large area can be obtained on the display means, and the effect of the game can be enhanced.

  Furthermore, for example, Patent Document 2 discloses a rear projection type display device in which rear projection type first and second screens that display on the front side by projection from the back side are arranged next to each other on a predetermined arrangement surface. ing. The first and second projection means project images toward the first and second screens, respectively, and a shared portion is provided between the first and second screens, and the first and second portions are provided in the shared portion. Images from both of the projection means are projected. This makes it possible to share the components of the first and second projection means, and to obtain a large area display without increasing the size of the projection means in the thickness direction of the gaming machine. .

JP-A-7-132168 JP 2004-133282 A

  As described above, the projector-type display device that gives the screen the light flux from the image projection means can give a display with an impression different from that of a large liquid crystal panel display device or the like. In such a display device, by providing the screen with light beams from a plurality of video projection means, a large-area display can be given, and an impactful game can be produced. On the other hand, there is also a problem that the production having visual impact increases the visual fatigue of the player.

  The present invention has been made in view of the situation as described above, and the object of the present invention is to provide light beams from a plurality of image projection means from the back side of a screen provided to face the glass. It is an object of the present invention to provide a gaming machine including a video device that can give a more impactful effect and reduce visual fatigue of a player in a gaming machine including a video device that can display a predetermined video.

  A gaming machine according to the present invention is a gaming machine including a video device capable of displaying a predetermined video by applying light beams from a plurality of video projection means from the back side of a screen provided so as to face the front glass. Each of the image projection means is provided so as to be movable in a plane parallel to the main surface of the screen, and provides the light flux with an angle from a direction perpendicular to the main surface of the screen.

  According to this invention, while giving a display of a large area by a plurality of video projection means, it gives a more impactful effect with a moving image by the movement of each video projection means, and by moving the light flux from each video projection means The visual fatigue of the player can be reduced by giving the luminous flux at an angle from the direction perpendicular to the main surface of the screen.

  In the above-described invention, the image projection means is in a light path between the light source that gives the light flux, the imaging means that guides the light flux from the light source to the screen, and the light source to the imaging means. The image processing apparatus may further include an image signal correction unit that includes a modulation unit that performs light modulation on the light beam and an image signal forming unit that transmits an image signal to the modulation unit, and that applies trapezoidal correction to the image signal. According to this invention, the predetermined image on the screen can be made clearer, and the visual fatigue of the player can be reduced.

  In the above-described invention, the screen may be a liquid crystal panel capable of changing the transmittance of the light beam. The screen may include a plurality of liquid crystal panels, and the video projection unit may be provided for each of the liquid crystal panels. According to this invention, it is possible to provide a more impactful presentation without increasing the visual fatigue of the player.

  In the above-described invention, the screen may be provided on the front glass. According to this invention, it is possible to increase the optical path length of the image projection means, to obtain a large area display while making the image apparatus more compact, and to give a more impactful effect.

  In the above-described invention, an accessory may be given to the back side of the screen. According to this invention, it is possible to provide a more impactful effect without increasing the visual fatigue of the player due to the video projection means.

  In the above-described invention, the accessory may be provided with a mechanism that moves in conjunction with a change in transmittance of the light flux of the screen. According to this invention, it is possible to provide a more impactful production.

It is a perspective view of the gaming machine according to the present invention. It is sectional drawing of the principal part of the game machine by this invention. It is (a) front view, (b) side sectional view, (c) rear view of the main part of the gaming machine according to the present invention. It is a block diagram of the principal part of the gaming machine according to the present invention. It is a block diagram of the principal part of the gaming machine according to the present invention.

  The details of the gaming machine according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the gaming machine 1 can be opened and closed with respect to the outer frame 2 installed on the island facility of the amusement hall, the front frame 3 attached to the outer frame 2 so as to be opened and closed, and the front frame 3. A front panel 8 having an attached opening 8 'and a glass door 10 attached to the front panel 8 so as to be openable and closable to close the opening 8' from the back surface are provided. The glass door 10 includes a front glass 11 on the front (front) side and a rear glass 12 on the back (rear) side as viewed from the player side (see also FIG. 2). The gaming machine 1 further includes a lower door 7 attached to the outer frame 2 so as to be openable and closable. The lower door 7 has a handle 4 that is operated to launch game balls, an upper plate 5 that stores game balls, and a lower plate that stores game balls that are not stored in the upper plate 5 among the paid out game balls. 6 are respectively attached. Here, as shown, the right side toward the gaming machine 1 is defined as the + X direction, the upper side is defined as the + Y direction, and the near side is defined as the + Z direction.

  A game board 30 that forms a game area with the rear glass 12 is fixed to the front frame 3 of the gaming machine 1. The game board 30 has a center object 20, a start port 31, an attacker 32, and other nails (not shown). And an accessory. The main surface of the game board 30 is substantially parallel to the main surfaces of the front glass 11 and the rear glass 12 (parallel to the XY plane) when the front panel 8 and the glass door 10 are closed to allow a game. Become.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the center accessory 20 is fixed to the game board 30 and closes an accessory housing 21 having an opening in the front (+ Z direction) and an opening in front of the accessory housing 21. And a transparent plate 22 attached with its main surface parallel to the XY plane. A plurality of liquid crystal shutters 23 are attached to the back side (−Z side) of the transparent plate 22. The liquid crystal shutter 23 is semi-transparent at the normal time when no voltage is applied, and becomes a screen of a so-called rear projection projector in which an image is formed on the surface by diffusing projection light from the rear. Further, the liquid crystal shutter 23 becomes transparent when a voltage is applied, and can be viewed through the rear of the player. In other words, the liquid crystal shutter 23 is a liquid crystal panel that can change the transmittance of visible light. In this embodiment, the liquid crystal shutter 23 is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) panel. The liquid crystal shutters 23 are arranged in four locations on the transparent plate 22 in two rows each in the X direction and the Y direction. The four liquid crystal shutters 23 form a rectangular screen as a whole, that is, the screen is divided into small sections composed of four rectangles (see FIG. 1). The four liquid crystal shutters 23 can individually change the transmittance. The liquid crystal shutter 23 may not only form a rectangular screen as a whole but also be arranged randomly.

  A plurality of projector units 40 are mounted side by side on the back side (−Z side) of the accessory case 21. In the present embodiment, four projector units 40 are arranged in two rows each in the X direction and the Y direction, and a total of four projector units 40 are attached, and each corresponds to a divided small section of the liquid crystal shutter 23. Thereby, it is possible to give an individual video to each of the small sections, or to give an image in which the whole of the four small sections is regarded as one screen. The projector unit 40 can be replaced with each unit.

  The projector unit 40 includes a box-shaped unit case 45 having a front (+ Z side) opening, an optical set 41, and a moving device 50 that moves the optical set 41 biaxially in a plane parallel to the liquid crystal shutter 23. Details of the moving device 50 will be described later. The optical set 41 includes a micro projector 42 whose projection direction is directed upward (+ Y direction), a prism 43 that reflects the light beam projected upward obliquely downward toward the liquid crystal shutter 23, and the light beam reflected by the prism 43. And a magnifying lens 44 for magnifying. In this way, by bending the path of the light beam in the projector unit 40 to increase the optical path length, the image displayed on the liquid crystal shutter 23 is made larger without increasing the depth (Z-axis direction width) of the projector unit 40. It can be done. Further, since the projection light projected on the liquid crystal shutter 23 is directed obliquely downward, the projector unit 40 is mounted at a position higher (+ Y direction) than the liquid crystal shutter 23. Thus, the light beam of the projection light from the projector unit 40 has an angle from the vertical direction with respect to the main surface of the liquid crystal shutter 23.

  The center accessory 20 further includes a shield 25 that opens and covers the front side of the projector unit 40. The shield 25 can be moved in the vertical direction by an actuator (not shown), and is normally positioned above the center accessory 20 and opens the front of the projector unit 40 so that the projection light passes through the liquid crystal shutter 23. On the other hand, when performing a specific performance, it can be lowered into the center accessory 20. Thereby, the shield 25 visually shields the projector unit 40 from the player's field of view by covering the front side of the projector unit when the liquid crystal shutter 23 is made transparent, and instead the front side of the shield 25 is It can be made visible to the player. For example, it is possible to attach a movable accessory to the front surface of the shield 25 and make it visible to the player according to a specific performance. Further, by using the shield 25 as a liquid crystal panel and displaying a predetermined image, the video displayed on the liquid crystal panel together with the movable accessory may be visible to the player simultaneously or individually.

  As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the moving device 50 of the projector unit 40 includes a fixed plate 51 fixed to the unit case 45 and a horizontal plate attached to the fixed plate 51 so as to be movable in the horizontal direction (X direction). A moving plate 52 and a vertical moving plate 53 that is attached to the horizontal moving plate 52 so as to be movable in the vertical direction (Y direction) and support the optical set 41 are provided. A groove 54 extending in the horizontal direction is provided on the surface of the fixed plate 51 on the + Z side, and a protrusion 55 of the horizontal moving plate 52 is engaged with the groove so as to be slidable in the horizontal direction. Further, a groove 56 extending in the vertical direction is provided on the surface on the + Z side of the horizontal moving plate 52, and a protrusion 57 of the vertical moving plate 53 is engaged with the slidable portion in the vertical direction. A motor 61 such as a stepping motor that can control the rotation angle is fixed to the fixed plate 51, and a pinion gear 62 fixed to the rotation shaft of the motor 61 is provided on the −Y side surface of the horizontal moving plate 52. 63 is engaged. Further, a motor 65 capable of controlling the rotation angle is fixed to the horizontal movement plate 52, and a pinion gear 66 fixed to the rotation shaft of the motor 65 is associated with a rack gear 67 provided on the surface of the vertical movement plate 53 on the −X side. Match. The fixed plate 51 is provided with a window 58 so as not to hinder the movement of the motor 65 that is fixed to the horizontal moving plate 52 and protrudes.

  The moving device 50 allows the optical set 41 to move on the XY plane within the unit case 45 of the projector unit 40, and the moving distance can be adjusted by controlling the rotation angles of the motor 61 and the motor 65. Along with the movement of the optical set 41, the projection light from the projector unit 40 moves in parallel along the XY plane. Thereby, the image projected on the liquid crystal shutter 23 can be moved up and down and left and right on the liquid crystal shutter 23.

  As shown in FIG. 4, the microprojector 42 includes a light source 71, a polarization unit 72, a light modulation unit 73, and a projection lens 74, and forms an optical path that sequentially passes through these components. The projection lens 74 is combined with a lens adjustment mechanism 75 that adjusts its position. A lens adjustment circuit 143 is connected to the lens adjustment mechanism 75 so that the focal length of the microprojector 42 can be adjusted. Further, an image signal forming circuit 141 that generates an image signal input to the light modulation unit 73 via the trapezoidal correction circuit 142 is attached. In the adjustment of the focal length, the adjustment including the magnifying lens 44 described above is performed. However, if the magnifying ratio by the projection lens 74 is equal to or greater than a predetermined value, the magnifying lens 44 is omitted or the micro projector 42 is tilted downward. Both the prism 43 and the magnifying lens 44 can be omitted.

  Next, the details of the control unit of the gaming machine 1 will be described with reference to FIG.

  Referring to FIG. 5, the main control unit 100 includes a main CPU, a ROM, and a RAM (not shown) and operates based on a signal from a switch that detects a winning ball according to a program stored in the ROM, and determines a big hit. It governs the basic progression of games. The main control unit 100 includes a start port winning detection switch 121 that detects a winning of a game ball to the start port 31, a normal symbol operating port passage detection switch 122 that detects passage of a game ball in a normal symbol operating port (not shown), It is connected to various winning ball detection switches 123 for detecting the winning of game balls to other winning holes such as the attacker 32, and functions as a determining means for determining each winning. The special symbol control board 111, the normal symbol control board 112, and the solenoid board 113 connected to the main control unit 100 are respectively a special symbol display device 131 and a normal symbol based on a signal corresponding to the result of the big hit determination of the main control unit 100, etc. The operations of the display device 132 and various solenoids 133 can be controlled.

  The sub-control unit 101 has a CPU, a ROM, and a RAM (not shown), and operates based on a signal given from the main control unit 100 according to a result of jackpot determination or the like. Controls the production corresponding to the gaming state performed by a speaker or the like. That is, the audio board 114 and the decorative design control board 115 connected to the sub-control unit 101 can control the operations of the speaker 134 and the decorative design display device 135, respectively.

  2 and 4 together, the decorative symbol display device 135 includes the liquid crystal shutter 23, the shield 25, and the projector unit 40. The decorative symbol display device variably displays the decorative symbol on the liquid crystal shutter 23 or operates the moving device 50. Thus, the optical set 41 can be moved in the projector unit 40 and the shield 25 can be moved. That is, the decorative design control board 115 includes an image signal forming circuit 141, a trapezoidal correction circuit 142, and a lens adjustment circuit 143 of the microprojector 42, generates a video signal to be projected on the microprojector 42, and sends it to the light modulation unit 73. In addition, the focal length of the projection lens 74 can be adjusted by the lens adjustment mechanism 75. The decorative design control board 115 includes a circuit that changes the transmittance of the liquid crystal shutter 23, and can change the transmittance of the liquid crystal shutter 23. Further, the decorative design control board 115 includes a circuit for controlling the position of the optical set 41 and a circuit for controlling the position of the shield 25, and operates the signal and the shield 25 for operating the moving device 50. Each of the signals can be sent out. The decorative design control board 115 can individually control the operations of the plurality of projector units 40 and the liquid crystal shutter 23.

  Referring to FIG. 5 again, the effect control unit 102 has a CPU, a ROM, and a RAM (not shown), operates based on signals given from the sub-control unit 101 according to various effect states, and controls the effect of the lamp light. . The lamp substrate 116 connected to the effect control unit 102 can control the operation of various lamps 136. The effect control unit 102 can perform two-way communication with the sub-control unit 101, and can synchronize the operations associated with various effects controlled by the sub-control unit 101 and the operations of the various lamps 136.

  The payout control unit 103 operates based on a signal given from the main control unit 100 according to the winning ball detection result, and controls the operation of the prize ball payout device 137. In addition, the launching device control unit 104 controls the operation of the launching device 138 for firing a game ball. In addition, the payout control unit 103 and the launching device control unit 104 are connected to the payout terminal board 117 and detect that the supply ball is out of play, and that the lower plate is filled with the game ball. Detection signals from various switches 124 such as a switch and a touch switch provided on the handle 4 and a firing stop switch are distributed and inputted as necessary. Thereby, for example, based on a detection signal of a switch that detects that the lower plate is filled, it is possible to perform control such as temporarily stopping the operations of the prize ball payout device 137 and the firing device 138.

  Next, the operation of the above gaming machine 1 will be described.

  Since the game ball launching, ball game winning, jackpot determination, payout, and the like are the same as those of known gaming machines, description thereof will be omitted. Here, the liquid crystal shutter 23 and the shield 25 mainly included in the decorative symbol display device 135 are omitted. The operation of the projector unit 40 will be described.

  When the game ball wins the winning opening 31, the main control unit 100 makes a jackpot determination, transmits a signal for displaying the result to the special symbol control board 111, and via this to the special symbol display device 131. The jackpot pattern or the off-line pattern defined as the special pattern is displayed in a variable manner. The main control unit 100 also transmits a signal for displaying the result of the jackpot determination to the sub-control unit 101. The sub-control unit 101 causes the decorative symbol display device 135 to variably display the jackpot or off-line design determined as the decorative symbol via the decorative symbol control board 115.

  The decorative design control board 115 makes the liquid crystal shutter 23 translucent when displaying the decorative design on the decorative design display device 135 variably, so that the liquid crystal shutter 23 can display an image by the projection light from the projector unit 40. Control is performed so that no voltage is applied to the. At the same time, the micro-projector 42 of the projector unit 40 variably displays an image of a decorative design based on the jackpot determination. More specifically, the image signal forming circuit 141 and the trapezoidal correction circuit 142 of the decorative design control board 115 send out a video signal that has been subjected to the trapezoidal correction process to the light modulator 73 of the microprojector 42. As a result, a predetermined image including a decorative design is projected onto the liquid crystal shutter 23 by the light beam projected from the micro projector 42.

  Further, depending on the effect state, the moving device 50 is operated with the decorative symbols displayed, and the image displayed on the liquid crystal shutter 23 is moved up, down, left, and right. At this time, since the moving devices 50 of the four projector units 40 are individually controlled, for example, the video is divided into four and then connected to one, or the video divided into four is divided into one. You can also vibrate left and right while connected. An effect with an impact can be given to the player by moving the image including such a decorative pattern up, down, left and right.

  In yet another effect state, the shield 25 is lowered to cover the front side of the projector unit 40, and a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal shutter 23 to increase the transmittance, thereby making it transparent. Thus, the projector unit 40 is hidden by allowing the player to see the shield 25. For example, the lower end of the shield 25 is lowered to about half of the height of the accessory so as to cover only the two projector units 40 arranged on the upper side, and only the images by the two projector units 40 arranged on the lower side are covered. Can also be projected onto the liquid crystal shutter 23. In this case, two of the four divided sections of the liquid crystal shutter 23 arranged on the upper side are made transparent, and two arranged on the lower side are made translucent. Thereby, the player can see the shield 25 through the two small sections arranged on the upper side and can see the projected image displayed on the two small sections arranged on the lower side. That is, the shield 25 is operated in conjunction with the change in the transmittance of the liquid crystal shutter 23. These effect states can be used as a chance display as part of a so-called reach effect, for example. As described above, a combination of the change in the transmittance of the liquid crystal shutter 23 and the operation of the shield 25 can provide a player with a more impactful effect. Note that when the transmittance of the liquid crystal shutter 23 is increased, the projector unit 40 is shielded by the shield 25, so that the visual fatigue of the player is not increased.

  According to the present embodiment, since the image is displayed by the combination of the four sections of the optical set 41 and the liquid crystal shutter 23, a large area display can be provided even if the optical path length is short. In addition, an image having movement due to movement of each optical set 41 can be provided. These can give a more impactful production. On the other hand, the movement of the optical set 41 causes the liquid crystal shutter 23 to project a plurality of light beams that move up, down, left, and right. The light beams are given with an angle from the vertical direction with respect to the main surface of the liquid crystal shutter 23. Thus, flicker due to movement of a plurality of light beams can be reduced. This can reduce the player's visual fatigue.

  Further, since the lens adjustment mechanism 75 is provided to the micro projector 42 of the optical set 41 and the trapezoidal correction circuit 142 is further provided, the predetermined image projected on the liquid crystal shutter 23 can be made clearer. This can also reduce the visual fatigue of the player.

  The liquid crystal shutter 23 can be attached to the back side of the front glass 11 and an image can be displayed by projection light from the projector unit 40. As a result, the optical path of the projection light can be made longer and an image of a larger area can be displayed while the projector unit 40 is installed compactly in the center accessory 20. This can give a more impactful production. In this case, a sensor for measuring the distance from the center accessory 20 to the liquid crystal shutter 23, such as an infrared sensor, is provided. The sub-control unit 101 calculates the optimum focal length based on the distance measured by the sensor via the decorative design control board 115, and adjusts the focus of the projection light of the microprojector 42 according to this. As a result, even if the distance to the liquid crystal shutter 23 fluctuates due to opening and closing of the front panel 8 and the glass door 10, a clear image can be projected on the liquid crystal shutter 23.

  Further, a liquid crystal shutter or a rear projection screen may be used as the shield 25, and an image may be projected onto the screen. Further, a second transparent plate may be provided on the back side (front side from the projector unit 40) of the center accessory 20 so as to face the transparent plate 22, and a liquid crystal shutter may be attached thereto. Further, a liquid crystal shutter may be additionally attached to the back side of the front glass 11. A variety of expressions can be obtained by installing a display unit that can display images in the front-rear direction in addition to the liquid crystal shutter. In such a case, the sub-control unit 101 selects a display unit including the liquid crystal shutter 23 that projects an image in accordance with the effect state so that an image can be displayed on the selected display unit. For example, if the display unit is a rear projection screen, the focus, magnification rate, and projection direction of the projection light of the microprojector 42 are adjusted.

  Furthermore, a movable accessory may be provided on the front side of the screen, and an image may be projected on the background. For example, the transparent plate 22 to which the liquid crystal shutter 23 is attached can be installed on the back side of the center accessory 20 to secure a space on the near side, and a movable accessory can be provided in this space. Further, as described above, a plurality of screens can be arranged side by side in the Z-axis direction by providing a second transparent plate, and a movable accessory can be arranged in front of the back screen. In these cases, it is preferable that the movable accessory can be moved to the outside of the accessory casing 21 so as to preferentially show the player the image projected on the back screen.

  In the above-described embodiment, a so-called bullet ball type gaming machine has been described, but a video for production can be displayed in the same manner also in a spinning type gaming machine.

  Up to this point, representative embodiments and modifications based thereon have been described. However, the present invention is not necessarily limited thereto, and those skilled in the art will understand the gist of the present invention or the scope of the appended claims. Various alternative embodiments and modifications may be found without departing from the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Game machine 11 Front glass 20 Center object 22 Transparent board 23 Liquid crystal shutter 40 Projector unit 41 Optical set 115 Decoration design control board 135 Decoration design display apparatus

Claims (7)

A gaming machine including a video device capable of displaying a predetermined video by giving light beams from a plurality of video projection means from the back side of a screen provided to face the front glass,
Each of the image projection means is provided so as to be movable in a plane parallel to the main surface of the screen, and provides the light flux with an angle from a direction perpendicular to the main surface of the screen. Gaming machine.   The image projection means includes: a light source that provides the light flux; an imaging means that guides the light flux from the light source to the screen; and an optical modulation between the light source and the imaging means that modulates the light flux. The gaming machine according to claim 1, further comprising: an image signal correcting unit that includes a modulating unit that provides the image signal to the modulating unit, and an image signal correcting unit that applies keystone correction to the image signal. .   3. A gaming machine according to claim 2, wherein the screen comprises a liquid crystal panel capable of changing the transmittance of the luminous flux.   4. The gaming machine according to claim 3, wherein the screen is composed of a plurality of liquid crystal panels, and the image projection means is provided corresponding to each of the liquid crystal panels.   The gaming machine according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the screen is provided on the front glass.   The gaming machine according to claim 3 or 4, wherein an accessory is given to the back side of the screen.   The gaming machine according to claim 6, wherein the accessory is provided with a mechanism that moves in conjunction with a change in transmittance of the luminous flux of the screen.

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