JP2009502245A - 放射線療法を受けている患者の呼吸位相を検出するシステムおよび方法 - Google Patents
放射線療法を受けている患者の呼吸位相を検出するシステムおよび方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
前述のとおり、1つの最適化法は、異なる運動位相(または周期など)をそれぞれが表す4D計画のセットを最適化する方法である。呼吸サイクルは、無限または有限フーリエ展開によって記述し、かつ/または近似することができる。最適化モジュールの95の可能な1つの実施態様では、特定の1つの呼吸サイクルが、時間どおりに変化する、異なる周波数、振幅、位相などを有する正弦型および余弦型関数の線形結合の時間の関数として記述される(例えば図7参照)。この条件下で、最適化モジュール95は、それぞれが特定の時刻の引渡しに対して許容される1つの計画を表す一組の計画を生成する。それらの計画または計画の組合せを使用可能にすることによって、より複雑な「規則正しい」または「不規則な」呼吸パターンに対する引渡しを生成することができる。
計画を選択する方法は、いくつかの可能な基準に基づくことができる。計画選択モジュール142の一実施態様では、計画が、関心領域の位置、周期および/または位相などの先に論じた基準に基づき、これらの基準はそれぞれ、運動検出装置89および取得モジュール94によって取得することができる。同様に、不確実性および/または解剖学的情報も組み込むことができる。測定値は、カメラシステム、レーザシステム、X線または透視システム、CT、MRI、PET、単一光子放射形コンピュータ断層撮影(「SPECT」)、オンラインCT、円錐ビームCT、埋込みマーカ、高周波(「RF」)ローカライザ、超音波、呼吸ベルトまたはカフ、埋込みX線源、音響センサ、歪みゲージ、RFエミッタおよび電極に基づくインピーダンス測定などの適用可能な装置から取得される。ただし、適用可能な装置はこれらに限定されるわけではない。
患者の呼吸位相または運動状態の追跡は、多数ある運動検出装置のうちの多くの装置、および患者の生理を追跡する関連取得ソフトウェアを使用して実行することができる。取得モジュール94は、運動または機械的追跡サブモジュール96を含むことができる。運動検出装置の例には、肺活量計、カメラシステム、立体カメラ、レーザシステム、蛍光透視法、X線システム、CT、埋込みマーカ、RFマーカ、MRI、歪みゲージおよび電極インピーダンス測定が含まれる。ただしこれらに限定されるわけではない。
腫瘍位置のリアルタイム追跡または内臓運動の監視は、放射線療法を3次元(「3D」)から4次元(「4D」)に拡張するのに重要である。ゲーティング、追跡、BSDまたは自由呼吸出産(「FBD」)技法のいずれに基づくにせよ、4D放射線治療技法はすべて、呼吸状態または少なくとも腫瘍位置をリアルタイムで知ることを要求する。使用可能な呼吸監視技法には、マーカ法および空気流法が含まれる。これらの方法はともに、何らかの代用物によって呼吸運動を間接的に監視する。マーカ法は、外部または内部マーカを代用物として使用する。これらのマーカを追跡するためにカメラ(外部マーカ用)または蛍光透視装置(内部マーカ用)が使用される。空気流法は、呼吸している間の空気流を測定するために高温計を使用し、空気流は、呼吸運動の代用物として使用される。これらの代用物法の欠点には以下のものが含まれる:1)代用物が内部呼吸運動にどれくらいよく相関しているのか、およびどのような種類の相関であるのかが疑わしい;2)呼吸運動は複雑な4D変形プロセスであり、したがって、1つまたは少数のパラメータを有する代用物は、大きな身体部分の呼吸運動に対して非常に限定された表現を有する;3)代用物と呼吸運動の間に(潜在的に不安定な)遅延が存在する。
siは、i番目の位相に対応する事前計算された検出信号、
sは、測定された検出信号、
いくつかの構成では、機械的方法を、前述の自由呼吸技法を補正するために使用し、または従来の計画(例えば静的計画、呼吸停止計画など)とともに使用することができる。例えば、1次コリメータ38は、ビームを変調させる変調装置42とともに、関心領域の運動を追跡することができる。他の例として、治療台70を使用して、動的再配置を容易にすることができる。
本明細書に記載された様々な技法は、必要な呼吸パターンの強制から患者を解放するように設計されているが、このことは、誘導システムの補助なしで、または「ターゲット」呼吸トレースなしで患者が呼吸することを要求しない。その代わりに、システム100のいくつかの構成では、たとえ患者が意図された呼吸トラックから外れたとしても、治療はそれに応じて動的に調整される。
システム10のいくつかの構成の他の態様は、品質保証および検証のための様々な技法の準備である。例えば、ファントムでの妥当性検証に適用可能な品質保証モジュール146のこのような1つの技法は、意図的に異なる計画を作成して、引渡し中の計画が、電離箱、シンチレーション流体、フィルム、熱ルミネッセンス線量計(「TLD」)、ダイオード検出器、フラットパネルイメージャ、あるいは他の放射線検出器またはモニタなどの外部測定装置を使用して容易に決定されるようにする方法である。次いで、運動−応答曲線を変更することによって、システムは、計画変更がどのくらい高速かつ適切に応答するのかを検証する。
図9は、移動する関心領域に放射線療法を施す本発明の一実装に基づく方法の流れ図を示す。ソフトウェアプログラム78は、予想される運動(例えば患者の呼吸パターン)を表す複数のトラック102〜130(図5および6)を生成する(ブロック174)。治療計画は、最適化モジュール95によって、トラック102〜130に対応するように最適化される(ブロック178)。例えば、それぞれの治療計画を、トラック102〜130のうちの1つに対応するように最適化することができる。他の例として、複数の治療計画を最適化し、次いで、トラック102〜130のうちの1つに対応するように結合することができる。患者14は、トラック102〜130のうちの1つに従おうとする(ブロック182)。治療が施されている間に、取得モジュール94が、関心領域(例えばターゲット54)の運動に関係した運動データを取得する(ブロック186)。機械的追跡モジュール96が、運動検出装置89から(運動トラック138として示された)運動データを受け取る(ブロック190)。計画選択モジュール142が、その運動データが、患者14が従っている選択されたトラックから外れているかどうかを決定する(ブロック194)。その偏差が指定されたしきい値よりも大きいかどうかを決定するため、計画選択モジュール142は、その偏差をある範囲と比較することができる。計画選択モジュール142は、その運動がその時点で最も密接に対応しているトラック102〜130を決定する(ブロック198)。計画選択モジュール142は、識別されたトラック102〜130に対応する治療計画を選択する(ブロック202)。選択された計画は、患者の実際の運動に対応するために自動的に切り替わるため、患者の治療は、複数の治療計画のいくつかの部分の引渡しを含むことができる。これは、図7の線134として最もよく示されている。線134が別の運動トラック102〜130に移ると、対応する計画が選択される。より整合性があるトラック134を促進するため、患者フィードバックモジュール100から患者に、患者フィードバックを提供することができる。
前述のとおり、本発明を組み込むことができる放射線療法治療システムの例は、TomoTherapy,Inc.社(ウェブサイトはwww.tomotherapy.com)によって提供されているHI−ARTブランドの放射線療法システムである。TOMOTHERAPY HI−ARTブランドのシステムは、多くの態様で従来のIMRTに優るらせん形放射線療法治療システムの一例である。らせん形共面強度変調ビームの放出は利点の一例である。一実装では、このらせん形放出システムが一般に、以下の特徴を有する:1.固定されたジョー幅、2.固定されたジョー位置および向き、3.一定の治療台速度、4.一定のガントリ回転速度、ならびに5)強度変調のための1次元(1D)バイナリMLC。
kは、回転インデックス(kは整数)、
φは、ガントリエンジェル(φ∈[0,2π])、
pは、MLCリーフインデックス p∈[−P/2,P/2]である。
対(k,φ)は投射インデックスからなる。時間tは、投射インデックスと線形比例する(t=t(k,φ))。
[e2] ΔZ(k,φ)=(k+φ/(2π))ΔZ
である。
x=x(k,φ):投射(k,φ)における計画作成ターゲット位置。計画作成自体は、静的患者モデル(3D計画作成)またはBSDモデル(4D計画作成)に基づくことができる。x=(x,y,z)。
u=u(k,φ)=x’(k,φ)−x(k,φ):引渡しと計画作成の間のターゲットの変位。u=(ux,uy,uz)。
[e4]u//(k,φ)=ux(k,φ)sinφ+uy(k,φ)cosφ
ビームに平行な方向の運動成分u//に関しては、逆自乗補正および減衰補正が必要である。補正係数をrとする。
上式で、r1(k,φ)は逆自乗補正である。計画作成源−ターゲット距離をs(k,φ)とすると以下のとおり。
ビームに垂直な方向の平面内運動成分u⊥は、MLCパターンをシフトすることによって補正可能である。すなわち以下のとおりである。
z成分の運動を補正するためには、投射をシフトする必要がある。さらに、RARが計画された最適の間隔を有するよう、計画作成サイノグラムと同じガントリ角度を保たなければならない。したがって、回転インデックスkを変更するだけでよい。
随意運動パターンのため、いくつかの投射が同じ投射にマップし、いくつかの投射がまったくマップされないことも起こりうる。随意に移動するターゲット54に対する放出戦略が、以下の擬似コードによって示されたとおりになるように、それぞれの投射に対する達成可能な最大ビームオン時間を、Imaxとすることを考えなければならない。
図12は、移動するターゲット54用の静的計画を放出すらせん形システムを示す図である。実線は、それぞれの投射に対する計画ターゲット位置である。点線は、放出中の実際のターゲット位置である。正方形は、削られた投射を指示し、三角形は、ガントリおよび治療台がその位置にあるときの実際のターゲットを指示する。円は、その瞬間にどの投射を放出する必要があるかを指示する。円は通常、2つの回転間に位置する。ビーム強度を決定するために、一般に補間法を使用する必要がある。
Claims (26)
- 呼吸サイクルの位相を表す複数の患者画像を取得するステップと、
前記患者に放射線を放出するステップと、
放射線を放出する前記ステップの間に、前記患者の伝送データを収集するステップと、
前記伝送データを前記複数の患者画像と比較するステップと
を含む、放射線療法を受けている患者の呼吸位相を検出する方法。 - 放射線を放出する前記ステップは、前記呼吸サイクルの少なくとも1つの位相の間に実施される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記比較に少なくとも部分的に基づいて前記呼吸サイクルを追跡するステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記比較に少なくとも部分的に基づいて前記患者の解剖学的変化を決定するステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記患者に放射線を放出する前記ステップは、メガボルテージCT、キロボルテージCTまたは円錐ビームCTシステムを使用して、前記患者を貫通する放射線を放出するステップを含み、伝送データを収集する前記ステップは、前記患者を貫通して引渡しされた前記放射線の伝送データを収集するステップを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記患者に放射線を放出する前記ステップは、前記患者を貫通して治療放射線を放出するステップを含み、伝送データを収集する前記ステップは、治療放射線の伝送データを収集するステップを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記患者に放射線を放出する前記ステップは、蛍光透視装置を使用して、前記患者を貫通する放射線を放出するステップを含み、伝送データを収集する前記ステップは、前記患者を貫通して引渡しされた前記放射線の伝送データを収集するステップを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 複数の患者画像を取得する前記ステップは、複数の3次元患者画像を取得するステップを含み、前記比較ステップは、前記伝送データを前記複数の3次元画像と比較するステップを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記複数の3次元画像は、決定された第1の呼吸状態における前記患者の第1の3次元スナップショットと、決定された第2の呼吸状態における前記患者の第2の3次元スナップショットとを含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 3次元画像を取得する前記ステップは、前記患者に療法を提供する前に前記複数の3次元画像を取得するステップを含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記複数の画像に基づいてデータを事前に計算するステップをさらに含み、前記比較ステップは、前記伝送データを事前に計算されたデータと比較するステップを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記放射線療法は、マルチリーフコリメータ(MLC)を含む放射線療法システムによって施され、前記比較ステップは、MLCパターンを考慮するステップを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記放射線療法が治療計画に従って施され、前記比較ステップは、システムパラメータを考慮するステップを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記呼吸サイクルの位相を、前記比較を使用して決定するステップと、決定された位相を使用して前記治療を変更するステップとをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記呼吸サイクルの位相を、前記比較を使用して決定するステップと、決定された位相を線量計算に使用するステップとをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記呼吸サイクルの位相を、前記比較を使用して決定するステップと、決定された位相を使用して運動モジュールを構築するステップとをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記複数の画像がコンピュータ断層撮影システムによる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記複数の画像が磁気共鳴画像化システムによる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- コンピュータプロセッサ、患者に放射線を放出するように動作可能な放射線モジュール、および透過放射線を収集するように動作可能な検出器を含む放射線療法装置と、
前記コンピュータプロセッサがアクセス可能なコンピュータ可読媒体に記憶され、呼吸サイクルの位相を表す複数の患者画像を取得し、前記収集された透過放射線から前記患者の伝送データを取得し、前記伝送データを前記複数の患者画像と比較するように動作可能なソフトウェアプログラムと、
を備える放射線療法を受けている患者の呼吸位相を検出するシステム。 - 前記放射線モジュールは、前記呼吸サイクルの少なくとも1つの位相の間に放射線を放出する、請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 前記ソフトウェアプログラムはさらに、前記比較の少なくとも部分に基づいて前記呼吸サイクルを追跡するように動作可能である、請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 前記ソフトウェアプログラムはさらに、前記比較の少なくとも部分に基づいて前記患者の解剖学的変化を決定するように動作可能である、請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 前記ソフトウェアプログラムは、複数の患者画像を、複数の3次元患者画像を取得することによって取得し、前記比較は、前記伝送データを前記複数の3次元画像と比較するステップを含む、請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 前記放射線モジュールはマルチリーフコリメータ(MLC)を含み、前記比較は、MLCパターンを考慮するステップを含む、請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 前記ソフトウェアプログラムはさらに、前記比較を使用して位相を決定し、決定された位相を使用して放射線の前記引渡しを変更するように動作可能である、請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 伝送データを収集する前記ステップに対してより修正可能であるように前記患者の治療を変更するステップをさらに含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
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- 2006-07-21 WO PCT/US2006/028351 patent/WO2007014026A2/en active Application Filing
- 2006-07-21 CN CNA2006800346658A patent/CN101267768A/zh active Pending
- 2006-07-21 US US11/459,078 patent/US8229068B2/en active Active
- 2006-07-21 EP EP06788096A patent/EP1906826A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-07-21 AT AT08006234T patent/ATE507879T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 2006-07-21 DE DE602006021803T patent/DE602006021803D1/de active Active
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Also Published As
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WO2007014026A3 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
KR20080039916A (ko) | 2008-05-07 |
US8229068B2 (en) | 2012-07-24 |
WO2007014026A2 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
ATE507879T1 (de) | 2011-05-15 |
TW200730211A (en) | 2007-08-16 |
US20070201613A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 |
EP1906826A4 (en) | 2009-10-21 |
KR20080039919A (ko) | 2008-05-07 |
CA2616272A1 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
CN101267768A (zh) | 2008-09-17 |
DE602006021803D1 (de) | 2011-06-16 |
JP5060476B2 (ja) | 2012-10-31 |
TW200722134A (en) | 2007-06-16 |
EP1906826A2 (en) | 2008-04-09 |
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