JP2009199794A - Planar heating element - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a polymer resistor which achieves a high resistance change magnification and has an excellent self temperature control. <P>SOLUTION: A planar heating element is constructed of at least a pair of electrodes 3A, 3B arranged on an electric insulating substrate 2 and a polymer resistor 4 connected electrically to the pair of electrodes 3A, 3B, the polymer resistor 4 is formed of a thermoplastic resin and fine powder of carbon material, and the carbon material is made a thin film-piece shape. Since the carbon material is made into thin film-piece shape, a high resistance change magnification can be achieved, and thereby, the planar heating element having an excellent self temperature control can be obtained. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a deformable planar heating element having flexibility and high reliability that can be attached to a device having an arbitrary surface shape.

  Conventionally, this type of planar heating element has been manufactured by printing, drying, and firing a resistor ink in which a heating part has a base polymer and a conductive material dispersed in a solvent (for example, patents). Reference 1 and Patent Reference 2).

  For this type of resistor, generally, carbon black, metal powder, or the like is used as a conductive substance, and a crystalline resin is used as a base polymer. With such a material, the heat generating portion exhibits PTC characteristics.

  A specific configuration is shown in FIGS. That is, the planar heating element 30 includes an electrically insulating base 31, a pair of comb-shaped electrodes 32 and 33, a polymer resistor 34, and a covering material 35.

  The base material 31 is made of a resin such as a polyester film.

  The comb-shaped electrodes 32 and 33 are formed on a base material 31 by printing and drying a conductive paste such as a silver paste.

  The polymer resistor 34 is formed by printing a polymer resistor ink at a position where power is supplied by the comb-shaped electrodes 32 and 33 and drying the ink.

  The covering material 35 made of the same material as the base material 31 covers and protects the comb-shaped electrodes 32 and 33 and the polymer resistor 34.

  When a polyester film is used as the base material 31 and the covering material 35, a heat-fusible resin 36 such as modified polyethylene is bonded in advance to the covering material 35. And it pressurizes, giving heat.

  By doing in this way, the base material 31 and the coating | covering material 35 are joined via the heat-fusible resin 36. FIG.

  The covering material 35 and the heat-fusible resin 36 isolate the comb-shaped electrodes 32 and 33 and the polymer resistor 34 from the outside. Therefore, long-term reliability is imparted to the planar heating element 30.

  The PTC characteristic means a resistance temperature characteristic in which the resistance value increases as the temperature rises, and the resistance value increases rapidly when a certain temperature is reached.

  The polymer resistor 34 having PTC characteristics can give the planar heating element 30 a self-temperature adjusting function.

  Further, a PTC composition composed of amorphous polymer, crystalline polymer particles, carbon black, and an inorganic filler is dispersed in an organic solvent to prepare an ink, and then the PTC composition ink is coated on the resin film provided with electrodes. There can also be seen a planar heating element in which a molecular resistor is printed, a heat treatment for crosslinking is performed, and a resin film is laminated as a protective layer of the polymer resistor.

  This planar heating element has a heating function similar to that of the former planar heating element.

In the conventional PTC characteristic, in the region where the resistance value is several hundred Ω / □, the resistance change ratio (50 ° C. resistance value / 20 ° C. resistance value: below) The resistance change magnification) was less than 2 (see, for example, Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2).
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 56-13689 JP-A-8-120182

  The conventional planar heating element 30 uses a rigid material such as a polyester film as the base material 31.

  The substrate 31 has a five-layer structure including a comb-shaped electrode 32, 33 printed thereon, a polymer resistor 34, and a covering 35 having an adhesive layer disposed thereon. . Therefore, depending on the material and the thickness of the base material 31 and the covering material 35, flexibility is lacking.

  That is, when the planar heating element 30 is used as a car seat heater (heater for heating a seat of an automobile), the seating feeling is impaired, and when it is used as a handle heater, the feeling of touch is impaired.

  Moreover, since the shape is planar, when a load due to sitting or the like is applied to a part of the surface, the force is exerted on the entire surface and the planar heating element 30 is deformed.

  Depending on the shape of the deformation, the closer to the end of the sheet heating element 30, the larger the amount of deformation, causing creases or the like in part of the surface.

  There is a possibility that cracks or the like may occur in the comb-shaped electrodes 32 and 33 and the polymer resistor 34 in the folded portion. Therefore, durability may be reduced.

  Further, the conventional PTC characteristics have a problem that the resistance change magnification is low, so that the temperature rise is slow and the performance of the self-temperature control is lacking.

  SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention solves the above-described conventional problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a planar heating element that has sufficient flexibility even when an external force is applied and that has improved resistance change magnification.

  In order to solve the above-described conventional problems, the planar heating element of the present invention includes at least one pair of electrodes disposed on an electrically insulating substrate, and a high electrical connection with the pair of electrodes. The polymer resistor is formed of a thermoplastic resin and a fine powder of a carbon material, and the carbon material is formed into a thin piece.

  By making the carbon material into a flaky shape, a high resistance change magnification can be realized in spite of low resistance, and thereby a polymer resistor having excellent self-temperature control can be obtained. .

  Moreover, since it is comprised by the 3 layer structure of at least 1 pair of electrode and polymer resistor, it can make it easy to exhibit a softness | flexibility.

  The planar heating element of the present invention is composed of a polymer resistor having high PTC characteristics, so that it has excellent self-temperature control performance and high workability, so that productivity can be improved and low A cost-effective polymer resistor can be produced, and the present invention is highly flexible by adopting a three-layer structure compared to the conventional planar heating element having a five- to six-layer structure. It can be a planar heating element that is resistant to deformation due to external force, such as a car seat heater, and can realize excellent durability, reliability, a feeling of sitting, a feeling of touch, and a low-cost surface A heating element can be provided.

  The first invention comprises at least one pair of electrodes disposed on an electrically insulating substrate, and a polymer resistor electrically connected to the pair of electrodes, It is formed of a fine powder of a thermoplastic resin and a carbon material, and the carbon material is formed into a flake shape.

  By making the carbon material into a flaky shape, the fine powders of the carbon material are in contact with each other on the surface of one crystal layer in the relationship between the surface and the line. There are few contacts in the conductive path, and a dispersed structure is formed in which the contacts are separated by a slight thermal expansion. That is, the resistance value increases sensitively due to thermal expansion, and the resistance change magnification of the resistor can be increased.

  Moreover, since it is comprised by the 3 layer structure of at least 1 pair of electrode and polymer resistor, it can make it easy to exhibit a softness | flexibility.

  In the second invention, the flaky fine powder is graphite. Graphite is a hexagonal, hexagonal plate-like crystal, and is a layered material with a turtle shell shape, and the layers are connected by strong covalent bonds, but the layers are bonded by a weak van der Waals force. Therefore, it peels into layers and is easy to form a flake shape. In addition, the conductivity is high in the surface.

  Therefore, by selecting a specific graphite, a polymer resistor in which flaky conductors are easily mixed can be configured.

  In the third invention, in particular, the ratio of the length in the crystal plane direction to the thickness in the crystal layer direction in the flake shape is 20 times or more. If the thickness in the crystal layer direction and the length in the crystal plane direction are the same, there are many contacts between conductors, the resistance value of the entire resistor becomes high, and contact divergence due to thermal expansion becomes worse. On the other hand, according to the test in which the ratio between the thickness and the length was changed, the resistance change magnification was remarkably increased when the ratio was 20 times or more. Therefore, a planar heating element with high PTC characteristics can be realized.

  The fourth invention is characterized in that spherical carbon black is mixed. Conductivity is maintained in graphite, and the continuity of the conductive path is caused by point contact between graphite and spherical carbon black. By the test in which spherical carbon black is mixed with flaky graphite, the resistance resistance change magnification can be increased while suppressing the decrease in conductivity. Therefore, a planar heating element with high PTC characteristics can be realized.

  The fifth invention is particularly characterized in that the polymer resistor is molded by calendering. By calendering, the flaky conductor can be oriented with good mobility, and the resistance-resistance change magnification can be increased. Therefore, a planar heating element with high PTC characteristics can be realized.

  In a sixth aspect of the invention, the planar heating element is provided in a seat device of an automobile and is used for heating.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that the present invention is not limited to the present embodiment. In addition, a configuration unique to each embodiment can be combined as appropriate.

(Embodiment 1)
1 and 2, the planar heating element 1 includes an electrically insulating substrate 2, first and second linear electrodes 3 </ b> A and 3 </ b> B, and a polymer resistor 4.

  The linear electrodes 3A and 3B are arranged on the electrically insulating base material 2 so as to be symmetrical with each other, and are partially sewn with a thread 5.

  The polymer resistor 4 is formed on the electrically insulating base material 2 on which the linear electrodes 3A and 3B are disposed by extrusion in the form of a film by a T-die extrusion method. As a result, the polymer resistor 4 is thermally fused to the linear electrodes 3A and 3B and the electrically insulating substrate 2.

  The central portion of the sheet heating element 1 is punched after the polymer resistor 4 is thermally fused to the linear electrodes 3A and 3B and the electrically insulating substrate 2. Thus, the planar heating element 1 is configured.

  In addition, the lead wire for supplying the electric power from a power supply to the filament electrodes 3A and 3B is not illustrated.

  Further, by changing the wiring pattern of the line electrodes 3A and 3B, the punched portion is not specified at the central portion and is arbitrary.

  3 and 4 are mounted on a seat device of an automobile, and the planar heating element 1 is mounted for heating on a seat portion 6 and a backrest portion 7 raised from the seat portion 6. Specifically, it arrange | positions so that the electrically insulating base material 2 may be located in the surface side.

  The seat portion 6 and the backrest portion 7 use a base material 8 and an outer skin 9. The base material 8 such as a urethane pad is deformed when a load is applied by a human body seated on the seat, and the shape is restored when the load is no longer applied.

  The skin 9 covers the base material 8. That is, the planar heating element 1 is attached by arranging the polymer resistor 4 side on the base material 8 and the electrically insulating base material 2 side on the skin 9.

  In addition, in order to correspond to the hanging part (not shown) of the seat part 6 and the backrest part 7, the extension part (not shown) of the electrically insulating base material 2 for suspending to a center part and a peripheral part is provided. May have been.

  Thus, the thin sheet heating element 1 is disposed along the deformable base material 8 and the skin 9. Therefore, the planar heating element 1 must also undergo similar deformation corresponding to the deformation of the seat 6 and the backrest 7.

  Therefore, it is necessary to design various heat generation patterns and change the arrangement shape of the line electrodes 3A and 3B for that purpose. The details are omitted here.

A pair of wide linear electrodes 3 </ b> A and 3 </ b> B arranged so as to face each other are arranged along the outer side in the longitudinal direction of the planar heating element 1. By feeding power from the line electrodes 3A and 3B to the polymer resistor 4 disposed so as to overlap the line electrodes 3A and 3B, a current flows through the polymer resistor 4 to generate heat.

  The polymer resistor 4 has PTC characteristics, and has a self-temperature adjusting function so that the resistance value increases as the temperature rises to reach a predetermined temperature.

  That is, the polymer resistor 4 gives the planar heating element 1 a function that is highly safe and does not require temperature control.

  Moreover, the planar heating element 1 can satisfy a seating feeling and a flame retardance as a heater incorporated in the vehicle seat apparatus.

  The seating sensation is satisfactory because there is no squeaking like paper and an elongation characteristic equivalent to that of the seat skin material, that is, a load of 7 kgf or less for an elongation of 5%.

  In addition, the planar heating element 1 having the PTC characteristic can exhibit quick heat and energy saving as compared with the heating element having no PTC characteristic.

  A heating element having no PTC characteristic requires a temperature controller, and the temperature controller controls the heat generation temperature by controlling energization by ON-OFF control. In particular, in the case of a heating element having a PTC characteristic using a filament heating wire, the heating element temperature at the time of ON is raised to about 80 ° C. in order to avoid a low temperature portion between the filament heating wires. Need to be placed at some distance.

  On the other hand, in the planar heating element 1, the heating element temperature is self-controlled within a range of 40 ° C to 50 ° C. Therefore, it can be arranged close to the vicinity of the skin 9. Since the sheet heating element 1 has a low heating element temperature and is disposed in the vicinity of the skin 9, it can reduce the rapid heating property and heat radiation loss to the outside. Therefore, energy saving can be realized.

  Whereas the conventional sheet heating element is composed of a 5-6 layer structure of a base material, an electrode, a polymer resistor, a heat-fusible resin, and a coating material, the sheet heating of the present embodiment The body 1 is composed of a three-layer structure of an electrically insulating substrate 2, a pair of filament electrodes 3A and 3B, and a polymer resistor 4. With this simple configuration, even when an external force is applied, the restriction of the external force is reduced, and thus flexibility is easily exhibited.

  Therefore, when used for heating an automobile seat device, it is highly flexible even when subjected to an external force, so it is easily deformed, and cracking and peeling of the polymer resistor caused by creases as in the past are prevented. The

  Further, the planar heating element 1 can be manufactured with a simple configuration of three layers, so that the productivity is excellent and the material cost for configuring the planar heating element 1 is reduced. As a result, it can be produced at low cost.

  Further, since a resin film such as a non-breathable polyester sheet is not used with the polymer resistor 4 interposed therebetween, moisture is likely to be trapped when used for a car seat heater or a handle heater as in a conventional sheet heating element. This solves the problem, and even when used for a long time, a seating feeling and a touch feeling equivalent to those in the initial stage can be obtained, and a comfortable heating effect can be obtained.

  As the electrically insulating base material 2, for example, a needle punch type nonwoven fabric made of polyester fiber is used.

Besides this, a polyester woven fabric may be used. These electrically insulating base materials 2 impart flexibility to the planar heating element 1 and easily deform even when an external force is applied to improve the seating feeling when used as a car seat heater.

  In particular, when the linear electrodes 3A and 3B are attached by sewing, the above nonwoven fabric and woven fabric are optimal in terms of prevention of cracks generated from the needle holes of the electrically insulating base material 2 by sewing and flexibility.

  The filament electrodes 3A and 3B are attached to the electrically insulating substrate 2 by sewing with a sewing machine or the like. According to the structure manufactured by this method, the linear electrodes 3A and 3B can be firmly fixed to the electrically insulating substrate 2 and deformed following the deformation of the electrically insulating substrate 2, and mechanical reliability is improved. improves.

  Moreover, since the sewing to the electrically insulating base material 2 is performed by the thread 5, the selection range of the electrode material and the shape is expanded.

  Furthermore, unlike the conventional complicated comb-shaped electrodes, the line electrodes 3A and 3B can be made to have a simple configuration of at least a straight pair of shapes, so that the material cost is low and the cost can be reduced.

  Moreover, even when an external force is applied when used in a seat device of an automobile, generation of wrinkles of the line electrodes 3A and 3B is suppressed, and damage to the electrodes is prevented.

  The filament electrodes 3A and 3B are composed of at least one of a metal conductor and a metal braided conductor. These materials are easy to sew to the electric base material insulation 2 and have high productivity.

  Further, the selection range of the material and shape of the metal conductor and the metal braided conductor is widened.

  Further, since the metal conductor and the metal braided conductor are excellent in flexibility and have high mechanical strength, they can endure for a long period of time even if the planar heating element is repeatedly stretched, bent, or deformed.

  In addition, since the electrode is composed of a filament, unlike the conventional complicated comb-shaped electrode, it can have a simple structure, and the cost of the electrode material can be reduced.

  It is preferable that the resistance of the line electrodes 3A and 3B is as low as possible, and the voltage drop at the line electrodes 3A and 3B is small.

  The linear electrodes 3A and 3B are suitable to have a resistance value at which the voltage drop of the voltage applied to the planar heating element 1 is 1 V or less, and is preferably 1 Ω / m or less in terms of the resistance value.

  In addition, if the wire diameter of the filament electrodes 3A and 3B is large, unevenness is formed in the planar heating element 1 and the seating feeling is impaired. Therefore, the diameter is preferably 1 mm or less, and an even more comfortable seating feeling is realized. The diameter is preferably 0.5 mm or less.

  Examples of the material that realizes the resistance value include copper, tin-plated copper, copper-silver alloy single wire, stranded wire, and braided wire. Particularly, in terms of mechanical strength, it is preferable to use copper-silver having high tensile strength.

  When the heat generation temperature is relatively low, such as 40-50 ° C. as in a car seat device, a modified olefin resin, such as an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, which is a low-melting resin, is used as a reaction resin that exhibits PTC characteristics. It is preferable to use ester-based ethylene copolymers such as ethylene ethyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene methyl methacrylate copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer, and ethylene butyl acrylate.

As described above, the polymer resistor 4 is optimized by optimizing the composition of the resin constituting the polymer resistor 4.
Although it is possible to achieve film processing with a stable film thickness, excellent durability, and reliability, the PTC characteristics of the polymer resistor 4, that is, the resistance change magnification of 20 ° C. and 50 ° C. cannot be obtained more than twice. Has a problem. If the resistance change magnification is 2 times or more, the rise of heat generation at low temperatures is quick, the heat generation at high temperatures can be instantaneously reduced, and a planar heating element with excellent self-control function can be configured. .

  Therefore, as an embodiment, graphite in the form of flakes is used as the conductor.

  Next, a method for producing the planar heating element 1 will be described.

  First, an electrically insulating base material 2 made of polyester fiber non-woven fabric is formed by twisting 19 copper-silver alloy wires having a diameter of 0.05 .mu.m into a shape shown in FIG. Then, the line electrodes 3A and 3B are formed.

  The distance between the pair of linear electrodes 3A and 3B at this time is 100 mm.

  Next, a conductor is added to a thermoplastic resin that exhibits PTC characteristics, a plasticizer is added, and the mixture is kneaded and mixed to form a film.

  In this way, the polymer resistor 4 is produced. In addition, kneading | mixing mixing is performed with apparatuses, such as a hot roll, a kneader, and a biaxial kneader.

  The thickness of the polymer resistor 4 is not particularly limited, but 20 to 200 μm is appropriate in terms of flexibility, material cost, appropriate resistance value, and strength when a load is applied. 30-100 micrometers is good.

  Here, a calendering method is used for forming the film-like polymer resistor 4.

  As shown in FIG. 5, the calendering method is a film formed by rolling a polymer resistor 4 as it passes between the heat rolls 21 of the calender device 20, and forming the filmed polymer resistor 4 and an electrically insulating group. The material 2 is laminated. The temperature of the hot roll 21 is 170-190 degreeC.

  Moreover, the hot press method was used as a comparison of film production. The hot press method is to sandwich and roll between heated metal plates. The temperature of the hot press was 200 ° C.

  The polymer resistor 4 molded into a film shape is heat-bonded to the surface of the electrically insulating substrate 2 on which the linear electrodes 3A and 3B prepared in advance are present, and is pasted. Combined.

  The planar heating element 1 is completed as described above.

  The linear electrodes 3A and 3B and the polymer resistor 4 and the electrically insulating substrate 2 and the polymer resistor 4 are joined by thermal fusion, whereby the linear electrodes 3A and 3B are electrically insulated substrate. 2 and the polymer resistor 4 are arranged in an electrically connected state.

  The polymer resistor 4 is made of a flexible sheet or film, so that even if an external force is applied to the planar heating element 1, the polymer resistor 4 itself responds to the external force in the same manner as the electrically insulating substrate 2. Since elongation and deformation occur, breakage such as cracks and breaks of the polymer resistor 4 is prevented, and excellent durability is realized.

  Further, by forming the polymer resistor 4 in the form of a sheet or a film, the film thickness can be made thicker than the polymer resistor of the printed film, and electrical connection with the linear electrodes 3A and 3B and the machine The reliability of the joint is increased.

  Further, since the polymer resistor 4 continuously extruded can be bonded while being bonded to the electrically insulating substrate 2 to which the linear electrodes 3A and 3B are attached, it is excellent in productivity and low cost can be realized.

  In addition, it is preferable that the polymer resistor 4 has an elongation equal to or greater than that of the electrically insulating substrate 2. By making the elongation of the polymer resistor 4 equal to or greater than that of the electrically insulating substrate 2, the electrically insulating substrate 2 having a high mechanical strength can regulate elongation and deformation due to external force, and thus is more excellent. Durability and reliability.

  Further, by arranging the polymer resistor 4 on the electrically insulating substrate 2 and the filament electrodes 3A and 3B, the polymer resistor is attached to the electrically insulating substrate 2 to which the filament electrodes 3A and 3B are previously attached. The manufacturing method which affixes 4 is employable.

  According to this manufacturing method, since the polymer resistor 4 immediately after molding is in a high temperature state, it is easily and firmly adhered to the linear electrodes 3A and 3B and the electrically insulating substrate 2.

  As a result, electrical connection and mechanical joining can be obtained stably.

  Furthermore, by thermally fusing the polymer resistor 4 to the line electrodes 3A and 3B, the material of the polymer resistor 4 moves around the line electrodes 3A and 3B, and the line electrodes 3A and 3B are high. The molecular resistor 4 can be a surface bond instead of a point bond.

  As a result, mechanical joining and electrical connection between the line electrodes 3A and 3B and the polymer resistor 4 are strengthened, and an electrically and mechanically stable sheet heating element 1 can be obtained.

  The planar heating element 1 configured as described above is preferably used by being disposed on the seat portion 6 or the backrest portion 7 so that the electrically insulating base material 2 is on the surface side. That is, with the cushioning property of the electrically insulating base material 2, the unevenness due to the thickness and hardness of the line electrode 3 is not felt on the seating surface, and the seating feeling and the backrest feeling are not impaired.

  Next, in Table 1, the ratio of the length in the crystal plane direction to the thickness in the crystal layer direction of the flaky graphite as a conductor is 20 times (thickness 0.5 μm, length 10 μm), more (Nos. 3, 5) are shown for the resistance value and resistance resistance change magnification of a test sample prepared using the above (thickness 0.3 μm, length 15 μm).

  Also, spherical carbon black was added to a flaky graphite as a conductor in which the ratio of the length in the crystal plane direction to the thickness in the crystal layer direction was 20 times (thickness 0.5 μm, length 10 μm). (No. 6), and spherical carbon black and spherical graphite (No. 2, 4) are shown for comparison.

  Here, no. Nos. 1 to 3 are obtained by the hot press method. Samples 4 to 6 were made into films by the calendar method.

  From Table 1, it is found that the flaky graphite has a lower resistance value and a higher resistance change magnification than the spherical graphite, and that the effect by the calendering method is more remarkable.

  The same effect can also be realized by adding spherical carbon black to flaky graphite.

  And, if the ratio of the length in the crystal plane direction to the thickness in the crystal layer direction is about 20 times, the same effect as that in which the ratio of the length in the crystal plane direction to the thickness in the crystal layer direction is higher than that can be obtained. You can see that

  Therefore, a planar heating element having a resistance change magnification of 2 or more can be realized by obtaining these effects.

  The planar heating element according to the present invention has a simple configuration and is particularly excellent in PTC characteristics. Since this planar heating element can be mounted on the surface shape of an appliance having, for example, a continuous curved surface or a combination of flat surfaces, an automobile floor, a handle, and other electric floor heating that requires heating as a heater for heating, etc. Applicable to any apparatus. In addition, since the productivity is excellent and the cost can be reduced, the application range of applied products is expanded.

The top view which shows the planar heating element in Embodiment 1 of this invention XY sectional view of FIG. FIG. 6 is a perspective side view showing the seat device of the automobile to which the planar heating element of the first embodiment is attached. Perspective front view of the seat device Sectional drawing which shows schematic structure of an example of the manufacturing apparatus of a planar heating element Plan view of a conventional planar heating element XY sectional view of FIG.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Planar heating element 2 Electrical insulating base material 3A, 3B Linear electrode 4 Polymer resistor

Claims (6)

It comprises at least one pair of electrodes disposed on an electrically insulating substrate and a polymer resistor electrically connected to the pair of electrodes, the polymer resistor comprising a thermoplastic resin and a carbon material. A planar heating element, characterized in that the carbon material is made into a thin piece. The planar heating element according to claim 1, wherein the carbon material is graphite. The planar heating element according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the length in the crystal plane direction to the thickness in the crystal layer direction of the flaky carbon material is 20 times or more. 4. A planar heating element according to claim 2, wherein spherical carbon black is mixed. 2. A planar heating element according to claim 1, wherein the polymer resistor is molded by calendering. An automobile seat device incorporating the sheet heating element according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

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