JP2008535500A - 変異型尿酸オキシダーゼおよびその利用 - Google Patents
変異型尿酸オキシダーゼおよびその利用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2008535500A JP2008535500A JP2008505664A JP2008505664A JP2008535500A JP 2008535500 A JP2008535500 A JP 2008535500A JP 2008505664 A JP2008505664 A JP 2008505664A JP 2008505664 A JP2008505664 A JP 2008505664A JP 2008535500 A JP2008535500 A JP 2008535500A
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、参照によりここに援用されるところの、2005年4月11日出願の米国特許仮出願番号第60/670,573号の優先権並びに利益を請求するものである。
本発明は、尿酸分解活性を有する遺伝的に改変されたタンパク質に関する。より具体的には切断型尿酸オキシダーゼを含むタンパク質および、その製造法に関する。
以下、「尿酸オキシダーゼ」と「ウリカーゼ」を同義語として用いる。尿酸オキシダーゼ(ウリカーゼ、E.C.1.7.3.3)は、酸化を触媒する事によって尿酸を、より可溶性が高く、より容易に排泄されるプリン代謝物質、アラントインへ転換する酵素である。ヒトは、高等霊長類の進化の過程で蓄積したウリカーゼ遺伝子へのいくつかの変異により、酵素活性を有するウリカーゼを生産しない。Wu,X,et al.,(1992)J Mol Evol 34:78−84を参照することにより、その全文を本明細書に含む。この結果、感受性個体では、血中での過剰濃度の尿酸(高尿酸血症)が疼痛性関節炎(痛風)、関節破壊を伴う尿酸塩沈着(痛風結節)および腎不全を引き起こすことがある。アロプリノール(尿酸合成阻害剤)などの薬剤が利用可能であるが、一部の罹患個体では、治療を限定する有害作用を生じるか、またはこれらの症状を適切に軽減できない場合がある。Hande,KR,et al.,(1984)Am J Med 76:47−56、Fam,AG,(1990) Bailliere’s Clin Rheumatol 4:177−192を、それぞれ参照することによってその全文を本明細書に含む。ウリカーゼの注入は、高尿酸血症および高尿酸尿症を少なくとも一次的に低減し得る。しかしながら、ウリカーゼはヒトにおいては外来タンパク質であるため、Aspergillus flavus由来の非修飾タンパク質の一次注射でさえ、処置患者の数パーセントにおいてアナフィラキシー反応を誘導し(Pui,C−H,et al.,(1997)Leukemia 11:1813−1816を、参照することによってその全文を本明細書に含む)、免疫応答は慢性的または間欠的治療における有用性を限定する(Donadio,D,et al.,(1981) Nouv Presse Med 10:711−712、Leaustic,M,et al.,(1983) Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 50:553−554をそれぞれ参照することによって全文を本明細書に含む)。
本発明は新規の組み換えウリカーゼタンパク質を提供する。一実施形態にあっては、考慮される本発明のタンパク質はトランケートされており、天然のウリカーゼタンパク質に対して、変異したアミノ酸を有する。特定の実施形態にあっては、変異は第7、46、291、301番目のアミノ酸またはこの周辺領域に生じたものである。ペプチドの任意の位置に存在する保存的変異も、本発明の一部として考慮される。
図1はプラスミドpOUR−P−ΔN−ks−1の構造を示している。制限酵素サイトの横に示された番号は、1で示したHaeIIサイトから数えた、ヌクレオチドの位置を示している。クローニングの過程で失われた制限酵素サイトは、括弧付きで示している。
これまでの研究は、PEG化によってウリカーゼの免疫原性および/または抗原性の大幅な低減が達成された場合は、必ず尿酸分解活性も大幅に失われてしまうことを示している。生物薬剤の安全性、利便性および対費用効果は、効力が失われ、また従って投与量を上げなければならないことによって悪影響を受ける。従って、血液を含む体液において、上昇した尿酸レベルを下げる安全で効果的な代替的な方法が必要とされている。本発明はアミノ末端またはカルボキシ末端、あるいはこの両方で、1から20アミノ酸がトランケートされており、かつ天然ウリカーゼの尿酸分解活性を実質的に保持している変異型組み換えウリカーゼを提供する。
実施例 1. 遺伝子の作成ならびにウリカーゼ発現のための発現プラスミド
組み換えブタウリカーゼ(尿酸酸化酵素)、Pig−KS−ΔN(アミノ末端がトランケーションされたブタウリカーゼタンパク質で、第291番目と第301番目のアミノ酸が、それぞれリシンとセリンに置換されている)をE.coli K−12株W3110F−で発現させた。pOUR−P−ΔN−ks−1に到る、一連のプラスミドを作成したが、pOUR−P−ΔN−ks−1でE.coli宿主細胞を形質転換したところ、ウリカーゼを効率的に発現する能力を獲得した。
ウリカーゼcDNAは、当該RNAのサブクローニングおよび単離によって、ブタおよびヒヒ肝臓より調製した。全細胞RNAをブタおよびヒヒ肝臓より抽出し(Erlich,H.A.(1989).PCR Technology,Principles and Application for DNA Amplification、Sambrook,J.,et al.(1989).Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,2nd edition、Ausubel,F.M. et al.(1998).Current protocols in molecular Biology)、ファースト−ストランドcDNA合成キット(Pharmacia Biotech)を用いて逆転写した。PCR増幅反応は、Taq DNAポリメラーゼ(Gibco BRL,Life Technologies)を用いて行った。
ヒヒウリカーゼのサブクローニング
ウリカーゼコード配列の全長を含むD3HヒヒcDNAをpET−3d発現ベクター(Novagen,Madison,WI)に導入した。pCR(登録商標)II−D3HヒヒウリカーゼをNcoIおよびBamHIで処理し、得られた960bpの断片を単離した。発現プラスミドpET−3dはNcoIおよびBamHIで処理し、得られた4600bpの断片を単離した。この2つの断片をライゲーションしてpET−3d−D3H−Baboonを得た。
ブタ−ヒヒキメラ(PBC)ウリカーゼは、発現量、安定性および活性がより大きい組み換え遺伝子を得るために作成された。PBCの作成にはまず、pET−3d−D3H−ヒヒクローンから4936bp長のNcoI−ApaI断片を単離し、これをpUC18−ブタウリカーゼから単離した624bp長のNcoI−ApaI断片とライゲーションしてpET−3d−PBCを得た。PBCウリカーゼcDNAは、ブタウリカーゼのコドン1−225と、ヒヒウリカーゼのコドン226−304をインフレームで結合したものからなる。
Pig−KSウリカーゼは、PEG化できる部位を1つ増やすことが期待されるリシン残基を、1つ加える目的で作成した。KSとはブタウリカーゼの291番目の位置にあるアルギニンの代わりにリシンを挿入したアミノ酸置換(R291K)を指す。加えて、301番目の位置にあるトレオニンをセリンで置換した(T301S)。Pig−KSウリカーゼプラスミドは、pET−3d−D3H−Baboonから4696bp長のNcoI−NdeI断片を単離し、pUC18−ブタウリカーゼから単離した得た864bp長のNcoI−NdeI断片をライゲーションして作成し、pET−3d−Pig−KSとした。得られたPigKSウリカーゼ配列は、ブタウリカーゼコドン1−288がインフレームにヒヒウリカーゼコドン289−304と結合されたものとなっている。
ウリカーゼ遺伝子を、osmBプロモータを含む発現ベクターにサブクローニングした(参照することによってその全文を本明細書に含む、米国特許番号5,795,776号に従った)。このベクターは、高浸透圧または長時間の培養によってタンパク質発現を誘導することを可能にした。発現プラスミドpMFOA−18はosmBプロモータ、リボソーム結合部位配列(rbs)および転写ターミネーター配列(ter)を含んでいる。また、アンピシリン耐性(AmpR)を付与し、組み換えヒトアセチルコリンエステラーゼ(AChE)を発現する。
プラスミドpMFOA−18をNcoIおよびBamHIで処理し、大きな断片を単離した。pET−3d−D3H−BaboonをNcoIおよびBamHIで処理し、D3Hヒヒウリカーゼを含む960bp長の断片を単離した。この2つの断片をライゲーションしてpMFOU18を得た。
プラスミドpURBA16をApaIおよびAlwNIで処理し、2320bp長の断片を単離した。プラスミドpMFXT133をNdeIで処理し、平滑化し、次にAlwNIで処理し、620bp長の断片を単離した。プラスミドpET−3d−PBCをXbaIで処理し、平滑化し、次にApaIで処理し、得た710bp長の断片を単離した。この3つの断片をライゲーションし、pET−3dベクター由来の、osmBプロモータならびにrbsならびにT7rbsの制御下でPBCウリカーゼを発現するプラスミドpUR−PBを得た。
ウリカーゼcDNAを何カ所か改変したところ、安定性が大幅に高まった組み換え体酵素を得ることができた。プラスミドpOUR−PBC−ΔNCは、invivoでペルオキシソームターゲティングシグナルとして機能する、C末端のトリペプチドとマチュレーションペプチドであるN末端の6残基とを取り除いて作成した。これは、プラスミドpDUR−PBのPBC配列と、表2に示した特異的なオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを用いたPCR増幅反応によって行った。
表2.PBC−ΔNCウリカーゼのPCR増幅に用いたプライマー
このプラスミドは、組み換え型酵素の活性ならびに安定性を向上させるために作成した。Pig−KS−ΔNウリカーゼは、N末端のマチュレーションペプチド6残基が除去される形でN末端のみをトランケーションし(ΔN)、S46TならびにR291KならびにT301S変異を有するように作成した。46番目の位置には、PCR増幅反応ならびにクローニングの過程で発生した保存的変異によって、セリン残基の代わりにトレオニン残基が存在していた。291番目の位置ではアルギニンがリシンに、また301番目の位置では、トレオニンがセリンに置換されていた。この両方が、ヒヒウリカーゼ配列由来である。R291KならびにT301Sの両改変は先にKSと命名し、説明したとおりである。リシン残基を追加することで、潜在的なPEG化サイトが1つ追加されている。
1. osmBプロモータおよびリボソーム結合サイト(rbs)を含む、1番目のヌクレオチドから、NdeIサイト(113番目の位置)に到る、113bp長のDNA断片。
2. Pig−KS−ΔN(アミノ末端がトランケーションされており、291番目および301番目のアミノ酸がそれぞれリシンおよびセリンで置換されているブタウリカーゼタンパク質の核酸配列)コーディング領域から900bp、ならびにpCR(登録商標)II由来の、TAクローニング部位から上流方向にSpeI/XbaI制限酵素サイトまでの同フランキング配列32bpを含む、NdeI(113番目の位置)からSpeI/XbaIジャンクション(第1045番目の位置)に到る932bp長のDNA断片。
3. SpeI/XbaIジャンクション(1045番目の位置)からHindIII(1070番目の位置)にわたる、25bpのマルチクローニングサイト(MCS)配列。
4. HindIII(1070番目の位置)およびAatII(1110番目の位置)を末端に有し、TrpA転写ターミネーター(ter)を含む40bpの合成オリゴヌクレオチド。
5. pBR322上の、AatII(1110番目の位置)からMscI/ScaI(2629番目の位置)にわたる、テトラサイクリン耐性遺伝子(TetR)を含む1519bp長のDNA断片。
6. DNA複製起点を含み、pBR322上のScaI(2629番目の位置)からHaeII(4143番目の位置)にわたる、1514bp長のDNA断片。
発現プラスミドpOUR−P−ΔN−ks−1を、E.coliK−12株W3110F−に導入した。ルリア培地(LB)で対数増殖期中期にまで培養した形質転換用のバクテリア細胞を、遠心処理によって集菌し、冷水で洗浄後10%グリセロールに懸濁、さらに水に懸濁し、1mlあたり約3x1010細胞の最終濃度とした。細胞はアリコットとして−70℃で保存した。プラスミドDNAはエタノールで沈殿させ水に溶解した。
形質転換したものなど(上記参照)のバクテリアは、グルコースを含有する培地で培養した。約37℃で、pHは7.2±0.2に保った。
SDS−PAGE
高度に精製された変異型ウリカーゼのSDS−PAGE分析(図4)では、かなり特徴的なパターンが現れた。サンプルはpH10.3の炭酸バッファーに、4℃で最高数ヶ月保存した。ブタ、ブタ−KSならびにPBCの、全長変異型タンパク質では、分子量が20および15kDの顕著な分解産物の蓄積が見られた。これは、少なくとも1つのニックがウリカーゼサブユニット分子を開裂していることを示唆している。アミノ末端を短くしたクローンならびにウサギウリカーゼでは、これと異なった分解パターンが検出されたが、割合は小さかった。ウサギウリカーゼのアミノ末端は、短くしたクローンに類似している。精製並びに保管の過程で生じたウリカーゼ断片のアミノ末端配列を決定した。
ペプチドシーケンシング
1)下記の配列を有する、168番目の位置の、メジャーサイト:
−−QSG ↓ FEGFI−−
2) 下記の配列を有する、142番目の位置の、マイナーサイト:
−−IRN ↓ GPPVI−−
ウリカーゼ活性の測定はUV法によって行った。酵素反応速度は、尿酸のアラントインへの酸化による、292nm吸光度の減少を測定することによって求めた。1活性単位は、25℃、1分間で、示した特定の条件下で1μモルの尿酸を酸化するのに必要なウリカーゼの量と定義される。ウリカーゼの効力は、タンパク質1mgあたりの活性単位として表される(U/mg)。
表4. 組み換え型およびネィティブ型のウリカーゼの、速度パラメータのまとめ
(1) タンパク質濃度は、278nmにおける吸光度から、10mg/mlウリカーゼ溶液に対して消衰係数として11.3を用いて求めた(Mahler,1963)。
(2)1単位のウリカーゼ活性は、25℃、1分間で1μモルの尿酸をアラントインに酸化するのに必要な酵素の量と定義される。
(3)比活性度は、60μMに等しい基質濃度の下で行ったラインウィーバーバークプロットによって求めた。
(4)反応混合物は、以下のストック溶液を様々な組み合わせで混合して作成した。
pH9.2の100mMホウ酸ナトリウムバッファー
pH9.2の50mMホウ酸ナトリウムに溶解した300μM尿酸
pH9.2の50mMホウ酸ナトリウムに溶解した1mg/mlBSA
(5)Kcatは、Vmax(対応するラインウィーバーバークプロットから算出)を反応溶液のウリカーゼ濃度(リカーゼの四量体の分子量に基づいてモル量として表現したもの)で割ることで求めた。
Pig−KS−ΔNウリカーゼは、m−PEG−NPC(モノメトキシ−ポリ(エチレングリコール)−ニトロフェニルカーボネート)と結合体を形成させた。1ウリカーゼサブユニットあたり5、10または20kDのPEG鎖2から12本が結合する条件を確立した。m−PEG−NPCは、徐々にタンパク質溶液に加えた。PEGの添加が終わった後、ウリカーゼ/m−PEG−NPC反応溶液を2から8℃で16から18時間、未結合のm−PEG鎖が最大限ウリカーゼに結合するようインキュベーションした。
表5.PEG化Pig−KS−ΔNウリカーゼ結合体の酵素活性
Pig−KS−ΔNウリカーゼを、実施例5に記載の通りの方法で、1000Dならびに100,000Dのm−PEG−NPCを用いてPEG化した。1ウリカーゼサブユニットあたりPEG鎖2〜11本が結合する条件を用いた。PEGの添加が終わった後、ウリカーゼ/m−PEG−NPC反応溶液を2から8℃で16から18時間、未結合のm−PEG鎖が最大限ウリカーゼに結合するようインキュベーションした。
治療上の利益を提供するために、PEG化の最適な程度ならびにサイズを決定するために、生物学的な実験を行った。
表6.PEG化Pig−KS−ΔNウリカーゼ調製物の、ラットにおける半減期
表7.9x10kDPEG−Pig−KS−ΔNウリカーゼを用いた薬物
従来の治療法に不応答性または不耐性の、ヒト高尿酸血症または重篤な痛風に罹患している患者における、PEG−ウリカーゼ(Puricase(登録商標),Savient Pharmaceuticals)の尿酸応答ならびに、薬物動態的および安全性プロフィールを評価するために無作為化非盲検多施設並行群間試を実施した。平均罹患期間は14年で、被験者集団の70%が1つまたはそれ以上の痛風結節を有していた。
Claims (37)
- アミノ酸配列がアミノ末端またはカルボキシ末端、またはアミノ末端およびカルボキシ末端の両方で、1から13アミノ酸がトランケートされた哺乳類ウリカーゼアミノ酸配列を含み、約46番目の位置に、さらに置換されたアミノ酸を有する、単離されトラントされた哺乳類ウリカーゼ。
- アミノ末端アミノ酸を有し、該アミノ末端アミノ酸がアラニン、グリシン、プロリン、セリン、またはトレオニンである請求項1に記載のウリカーゼ。
- アミノ末端アミノ酸がトレオニンである請求項2に記載のウリカーゼ。
- 置換がトレオニンまたはアラニンによる、請求項1に記載のウリカーゼ。
- 置換がトレオニンによる、請求項3に記載のウリカーゼ。
- SEQ ID NO.8のアミノ酸配列を含む請求項5に記載のウリカーゼ。
- ポリマーを結合させた、請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載のウリカーゼ。
- 請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載のウリカーゼを含む、ポリエチレングリコール−ウリカーゼ結合体。
- それぞれのウリカーゼサブユニットに2から12個のポリエチレングリコール分子を含む、請求項8に記載の結合体。
- ウリカーゼサブユニット1つあたり、3から10ポリエチレングリコール分子を有する、請求項9に記載の結合体。
- それぞれのポリエチレングリコール分子の分子量が約1kDから100kDの間である、請求項8に記載の結合体。
- それぞれのポリエチレングリコール分子の分子量が約1kDから50kDの間である、請求項11に記載の結合体。
- それぞれのポリエチレングリコール分子の分子量が約5kDから20kDの間である、請求項12に記載の結合体。
- それぞれのポリエチレングリコール分子の分子量が約10kDである、請求項13に記載の結合体。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載のウリカーゼを含む、医薬組成物。
- 請求項8に記載の結合体を含む、医薬組成物。
- 反復投与に適している、請求項15に記載の組成物。
- 反復投与に適している、請求項16に記載の組成物。
- その必要がある対象者において体液中の尿酸レベルを低減させるための方法であって、請求項15に記載の組成物の対象者への投与を含む、尿酸レベルを低減させるための方法。
- その必要がある対象者において体液中の尿酸レベルを低減させるための方法であって、請求項16に記載の組成物の対象者への投与を含む、尿酸レベルを低減させるための方法。
- 体液が血液である、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 体液が血液である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- SEQ ID NO.14のアミノ酸配列を含む、単離ウリカーゼ。
- N末端のアミノ酸がメチオニンである、請求項1に記載の単離されたトランケートされた哺乳類ウリカーゼタンパク質。
- SEQ ID NO.7のアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項24に記載のウリカーゼ。
- 請求項1、請求項3、請求項6、請求項24または請求項25に記載のタンパク質をコードする核酸配列を含む、単離核酸。
- 核酸配列が動作可能な形で異種性プロモータに結合されている、請求項26に記載の単離核酸。
- プロモータがosmBプロモータである、請求項27に記載の核酸。
- 請求項27に記載の核酸を含む、核酸ベクター。
- 請求項29に記載のベクターを含む、宿主細胞。
- SEQ ID NO.7またはSEQ ID NO.8のアミノ酸配列を含むウリカーゼをコードする核酸配列を含む、単離核酸。
- 核酸配列がSEQ ID NO.9またはSEQ ID NO.10を含む、請求項31に記載の単離核酸。
- 核酸配列が動作可能な形で異種性プロモータに結合されている、請求項31に記載の単離核酸。
- プロモータがosmBプロモータである、請求項33に記載の核酸。
- 請求項33に記載の核酸を含む、核酸ベクター。
- 請求項35に記載のベクターを含む、宿主細胞。
- 請求項30または請求項36に記載の宿主細胞を、宿主細胞により当該核酸配列が発現される条件下で培養し、発現されたウリカーゼを単離する工程を含む、ウリカーゼを生成するための方法。
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