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JP2004075762A - Method for producing polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel - Google Patents

Method for producing polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004075762A
JP2004075762A JP2002235527A JP2002235527A JP2004075762A JP 2004075762 A JP2004075762 A JP 2004075762A JP 2002235527 A JP2002235527 A JP 2002235527A JP 2002235527 A JP2002235527 A JP 2002235527A JP 2004075762 A JP2004075762 A JP 2004075762A
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
specific gravity
pva
water
based hydrogel
polyvinyl alcohol
Prior art date
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JP2002235527A
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Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Hiroaki Fujii
藤井 弘明
Masanobu Abe
阿部 匡信
Tomohiro Kawakami
川上 知洋
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Kuraray Co Ltd
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Kuraray Co Ltd
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Priority to JP2002235527A priority Critical patent/JP2004075762A/en
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/10Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage

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  • Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
  • Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Immobilizing And Processing Of Enzymes And Microorganisms (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing a polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel having an arbitrary specific gravity. <P>SOLUTION: The method for producing the polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel comprising bringing a solution containing a polyvinyl alcohol (a), a water-soluble polysaccharide (b) having ability of gelling by contact with at least one kind of a cation and a specific gravity adjuster (c) into contact with a cation-containing aqueous solution and carrying out insolubilization treatment. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、排水処理などに用いられる微生物固定化担体に適したポリビニルアルコ−ル系含水ゲルの製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
高分子含水ゲルは、生体触媒の担体、保水剤、保冷剤、眼・皮膚・関節などの生体ゲルの代替、薬物の徐放材、アクチュエ−タ−の基材として、その研究が盛んに進められている。これらの含水ゲルの原料となる高分子素材としては、寒天、アルギン酸塩、カラギ−ナン、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリビニルアルコ−ル、光硬化性樹脂などが知られている。これらの高分子素材を原料とする含水ゲルは、これに微生物菌体を固定させ、排水処理などの分野で用いられている。排水処理などに用いられる担体の特性としては、含水率が高いこと、酸素や基質の透過性に優れていること、生体との親和性が高いことなどが必要とされ、これらの要求特性を満たすポリビニルアルコ−ル(以下、PVAと略記することがある)からなる含水ゲルは、排水処理用担体、バイオリアクタ−用担体などとして重用されている。
【0003】
従来、PVA系含水ゲルの製造法として、PVAおよびアルギン酸ナトリウムの水溶液を塩化カルシウム水溶液に接触させて球状化した後、凍結解凍を行う方法(特開昭64−43188号公報)、PVA水溶液を飽和ホウ酸水溶液に接触させてゲル化する方法(「下水道協会誌」、1986年、第23巻、41頁;「用水と廃水」、第30巻、36頁(1986年))、PVA水溶液を鋳型に注入した後、凍結により部分的に脱水を行う方法(特開昭58−36630号公報)などが知られている。しかし、排水処理に用いられる、従来知られているPVA系含水ゲルからなる担体は、担体の強度を保つために、ゲルを製造する際に、水溶液中における主成分のPVAは5〜20重量%の濃度であり、そのため得られる含水ゲルの比重は1.025〜1.05の範囲に限られていた。
【0004】
PVA系含水ゲルの比重が1.025より大きいと、PVA系含水ゲルを微生物固定化担体として曝気槽に入れて排水処理を行う際に、水深が5m以内と浅い標準曝気槽において担体の流動性が問題になることはほとんどなかったが、都市下水処理場などで採用されている水深約10mの深槽曝気方式による排水処理においては、担体が槽の底部に滞留し担体の利用効率が低下するという問題があり、より比重の小さいPVA系含水ゲルが必要とされていた。
【0005】
その一方で、PVA系含水ゲルの比重が1.05より小さいと、PVA系含水ゲルを固定床担体として曝気槽に入れて排水処理を行う際に、担体が水の流れに乗って移動してしまうという問題があり、より比重の高いPVA系含水ゲルもまた必要とされていた。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
そこで本発明は、任意の比重を有するPVA系含水ゲルの製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明によれば、上記課題は、PVA(a)、少なくとも1種のカチオンとの接触によりゲル化する能力のある水溶性多糖類(b)および比重調整剤(c)を含む溶液を、カチオン含有水溶液と接触させた後、不溶化処理を行うことにより解決されることが見出された。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の方法によるPVA系含水ゲルの製造は、PVA(a)、水溶性多糖類(b)および比重調整剤(c)を含む溶液を、カチオン含有水溶液と接触させた後、不溶化処理することによって行われる。
【0009】
PVA(a)の平均重合度は、製造した含水ゲルの強度および製造工程におけるPVA水溶液の取扱性の点から、1000以上が好ましく、特に1500以上が好ましい。また、平均重合度について厳密な意味での上限は存在しないが、平均重合度が大き過ぎると、PVAの製造時に、PVAを含有する水溶液の流動性が低下し、生産性が悪くなる傾向があるので、平均重合度は8000以下が好ましい。ケン化度について特に制限はないが、PVAを含有する水溶液の粘度や製造した含水ゲルの機械的強度の点から、通常75モル%以上であり、95モル%以上が好ましく、特に98%以上が好ましい。
【0010】
カチオンとの接触によりゲル化する能力のある水溶性多糖類(b)とは、水溶性であり、少なくとも1種のカチオンを含有する水溶液に接触させることにより水に不溶性又は難溶性のゲルに変化する能力のある物質である。このような水溶性多糖類(b)の例としては、アルギン酸のアルカリ金属塩、カラギ−ナン、マンナン、キトサン等が挙げられるが、とりわけアルギン酸ナトリウムが好ましい。
【0011】
比重調整剤(c)としては、PVA(a)および少なくとも1種のカチオンとの接触によりゲル化する能力のある水溶性多糖類(b)を含有する水溶液中に混合しても、分離・ゲル化等の不具合を発生することがなく、PVA(a)、水溶性多糖類(b)および比重調整剤(c)を含む溶液をカチオン含有水溶液と接触させることにより球状ゲルの形成が可能であり、得られるPVA系含水ゲルの比重を調整できるものであれば公知の化合物が使用できる。
【0012】
PVA系含水ゲルの比重を低くする目的で用いられる比重調整剤(c)としては、比重0.2〜0.8、好ましくは0.3〜0.6の完全閉鎖型無機質系微小中空ビーズが適している。このような比重調整剤の例としては中空ガラスビーズや中空セライトが挙げられ、市販品の代表例には日本フェライト社製Filite200/7、同300/7、三機工業社製「サンチェライト」YO2、同YO4、同YOC、富士シリシア化学社製「フジバルーン」S−35、同S−40、同S−45、同H−30、同H−35同、H−40X、イヂチ化成工業社製「ウィンライト」MSB−5021、同5011および東芝バロティーニ社製Q−Ce1570などがある。ただし、中空ガラスビ−ズの中にはホウ酸を含むものがあり、その場合はPVAと混合した際にPVAがゲル化してしまうため注意が必要である。比重調整剤の粒径は、分散安定性の面から80μm以下が好ましい。
【0013】
PVA系含水ゲルの比重を高くする目的で用いられる比重調整剤(c)としては、高比重化効果の点から比重1.9以上、好ましくは2.0〜4.5の範囲にある水に不溶ないし難溶性の無機質粉粒体が好適であり、例としてはクレー(粘土)系、タルク(ケイ酸マグネシウム)系、バリタ(硫酸バリウム)系、マイカ(雲母)系、アルミナ系、シリカ系の各種顔料やコロイダルシリカ、微小ガラスビーズなどが挙げられ、市販品の代表例には竹原化学工業社製「ハイミクロン」HE−5、コープケミカル社製「ミクロマイカ」MK−100、ユニオン社製「ユニビーズ」UB−03L、東芝バロティーニ社製MB−20などがある。
【0014】
PVA(a)、水溶性多糖類(b)および比重調整剤(c)を含む溶液の調製方法は、水中に上記PVA(a)および水溶性多糖類(b)が溶解され、比重調整剤(c)が水中に安定に分散される方法であればよく、その代表的な製造方法としては、PVA(a)を水に溶解し、次いで水溶性多糖類(b)の水溶液を添加した後、製造しようとするPVA系含水ゲルの比重に応じて比重調整剤(c)を添加し、取り扱いやすい粘度になるまで必要に応じて蒸留水を加えながら攪拌、混合する方法を挙げることができる。PVA(a)の水に対する濃度は1〜40重量%が好ましく、3〜20重量%がより好ましい。水溶性多糖類(b)の水に対する濃度は0.5〜5重量%、好ましくは1〜3重量%である。比重調整剤(c)の量は、PVA系含水ゲルの比重を高くする目的で用いられる比重調整剤の場合、水に対して0.3〜250重量部、PVA系含水ゲルの比重を低くする目的で用いられる比重調整剤の場合、水に対して0.1〜70重量部の範囲にあるのがよい。
【0015】
また、本発明においては、PVA(a)、水溶性多糖類(b)および比重調整剤(c)を含む溶液に、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲であれば、上記(a)、(b)および(c)以外の成分が含まれていてもよく、その含まれていてもよい成分としては、例えば含水ゲル成形物の強度を上げるための補強材等が挙げられる。
【0016】
本発明の方法においては、PVA(a)、水溶性多糖類(b)および比重調整剤(c)を含む溶液をカチオン含有水溶液と接触させることにより、水溶性多糖類(b)がゲル化する。カチオンの例としては、水溶性多糖類(b)がアルギン酸ナトリウムの場合、カルシウムイオン、マグネシウムイオン、ストロンチウムイオン、バリウムイオンなどのアルカリ土類金属イオン、アルミニウムイオン、ニッケルイオン、セリウムイオンなどの多価金属イオンから選択するのが好ましく、水溶性多糖類(b)がカラギーナン、マンナンまたはキトサンの場合、上記したカチオン以外にナトリウムイオン、カリウムイオンなどのアルカリ金属イオン、アンモニウムイオンなども使用することができる。
【0017】
上記したカチオン含有水溶液のカチオン濃度は水溶性多糖類(b)の種類等によっても異なるが、一般には0.01〜5モル/Lの範囲内である。また、水溶性多糖類がマンナンまたはキトサンの場合には、水溶液のpHが8以上、好ましくは10以上に調整されているのがよく、その目的のために、例えば水酸化カルシウム、炭酸ナトリウム等が水に溶解して使用される。
【0018】
PVA(a)、水溶性多糖類(b)および比重調整剤(c)を含む溶液をカチオン含有水溶液と接触させることにより形成されるゲルの形状は、ゲル担体の流動性の点から、球状であることが好ましい。球状のゲルを得る方法としては、PVA(a)、水溶性多糖類(b)および比重調整剤(c)を含む溶液を注射針のような細い管の先端からカチオン含有水溶液中に滴下する、同溶液を遠心力を利用して球状に飛散させて形成した液滴をカチオン含有水溶液中に滴下する、同溶液をスプレーノズルの先端から霧化して形成した球状の液滴をカチオン含有水溶液中に滴下する、などの種々の方法を採用することができる。カチオン含有水溶液中に滴下させる液滴の大きさは、目的とする担体の粒径に応じて自由に変えることができるが、通常は直径約0.1mm〜約5mm、好ましくは約0.5mm〜約3mmである。
【0019】
カチオン含有水溶液中で形成されたゲルは、不溶化処理が施こされ、これによりゲルの強度を向上させることができる。不溶化処理の方法としては、ほう酸等による処理を行うこともできるが、PVA系含水ゲルからのPVAの溶出や該ゲルの劣化を回避するため、アセタ−ル化等による化学架橋が好ましい。
【0020】
PVAのアセタール化により不溶化処理を行う場合、カチオン含有水溶液中で形成された含水ゲルを一旦取り出し、アセタ−ル化液に浸漬させる。アセタ−ル化液としては、アルデヒド化合物および酸を含む水溶液が用いられる。使用しうるアルデヒド化合物としては、グリオキザ−ル、ホルムアルデヒド、ベンズアルデヒド、スクシンアルデヒド、マロンジアルデヒド、グルタルアルデヒド、アジピンアルデヒド、テレフタルアルデヒド、ノナンジア−ルなどが挙げられる。また、使用しうる酸としては、硫酸、塩酸、リン酸、硝酸、酢酸、シュウ酸などの酸や、硫酸水素ナトリウム、硫酸水素アンモニウムなどの酸性塩が挙げられる。アルデヒド化合物および酸の存在下において含水ゲルが過膨潤したり、溶解する可能性があることから、アセタ−ル化液にはその抑制剤として、PVAの離液作用のある硫酸ナトリウムなどを添加してもよい。PVAのアセタ−ル化度は、10〜60モル%が好ましく、20〜55モル%がより好ましい。アセタ−ル化度が10モル%より低いと、十分な耐水性が得られなくなることがあり、一方、アセタ−ル化度が60モル%より高いとPVAが過剰に疎水化される結果、微生物の棲息性が低下する傾向が見られる。アセタ−ル化により不溶化処理を行った後の含水ゲルをアセタ−ル化液と分離し、水による洗浄および中和などの処理を施し、含水状態のゲルを得る。含水状態のゲルは一旦乾燥させてもよく、この場合、再び水に浸漬させると含水状態のゲルに復元する。
【0021】
本発明のPVA系含水ゲルは、生物反応槽中において微生物および酵素などの生体触媒を担持する微生物固定化担体として好適に使用される。微生物を担持する方法については特に限定はなく、不溶化処理を施した後の含水ゲルに微生物を後付着させてもよいし、PVA(a)、水溶性多糖類(b)および比重調整剤(c)を含む溶液に微生物を混合して包括固定させてもよい。ただし、微生物の包括固定を行う場合、不溶化処理で用いるアセタール化液等によって微生物が死滅することがないように微生物の種類を選択し、不溶化条件を調整する必要がある。
【0022】
PVA系含水ゲルからなる担体に固定化させることのできる微生物の種類に特に限定はなく、細菌、放線菌、カビ、酵母などのいずれでもよく、純粋培養で得られたものでも混合培養で得られたものでも、活性汚泥のようなものでもよい。微生物としては、たとえば、ムコ−ル(Muccor)属、フザリウム(Fusarium)属、クラドツリックス(Cladothrix)属、スフェロチルス(Sphaerotilus)属、ズ−グレア(Zooglea)属、レプトミツス(Leptomitus)属、アスペルギルス(Aspergillus)属、リゾプス(Rhizopus)属、シュ−ドモナス(Pseudomonas)属、アセトバクタ−(Acetobacter)属、ストレプトマイセス(Streptomyces)属、エシエリシア(Escherichia)属、サッカロマイセス(Saccharomyces)属、キャンディダ(Candida)属に属する微生物が挙げられ、イオウ細菌、メタン菌、酪酸菌、乳酸菌、枯草菌、変形菌、不全菌、硝酸菌、亜硝酸菌、脱窒菌なども例示される。
【0023】
上記した本発明の製造方法により、任意の比重のPVA系含水ゲルを製造することが可能になった。具体的には、従来1.025〜1.05であったPVA系含水ゲルの比重を1.05〜1.4程度にまで大きくすること、あるいは1.025〜0.9程度まで小さくすることができるなど、PVA系含水ゲルの比重を任意に調整できる。このようなPVA系含水ゲルからなる担体は、その比重が低い場合には、反応槽中において流動性に優れており、深度が深い反応槽中にあっても、槽の底部に滞留することがなくて、取扱性に優れており、また、比重が高い場合には、固定床担体として水の流れに乗って移動することがなく、使用目的に応じて任意の比重を有する担体を製造することができる。
【0024】
【実施例】
以下、実施例により本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例により限定されるものではない。PVA系含水ゲルの比重およびアセタール化度を以下の方法にしたがって求めた。
【0025】
(比重)
温度25℃の環境中で容量50mLの試験管中に硫酸ナトリウムと水により特定の比重に調製した比重調製液50mLを作製した。PVA系含水ゲル10個を表面付着水を除去した後、試験管内の比重調製液中に投入した。PVA系含水ゲルの投入より10秒後に、浮いているゲル、沈んでいるゲル、中間に留まっているゲルの個数を数え、中間に留まっているPVA系含水ゲルの個数が全体の過半数を超えた場合、そのときの比重調製液の比重を含水ゲルの比重とした。
【0026】
(アセタ−ル化度)
PVA系含水ゲルを105℃で2時間乾燥させた試料0.2gを精秤し、25%硫酸溶液を装填した蒸留装置に投入した。次いで蒸気を送りながら加熱し、遊離するアルデヒドを水と共に留出させ、2%亜硫酸水素ナトリウム(NaHSOと略記することがある)水溶液に吸収させた。余剰のNaHSO水溶液をヨウ素により逆滴定して遊離アルデヒド量を求め、ゲル中の水酸基量の割合(モル比)からアセタール化度を算出した。
【0027】
実施例1
PVA((株)クラレ製 平均重合度1700、ケン化度99.8モル%)5重量%、アルギン酸ナトリウム(紀文フードケミファ社製「ダックアルギン」NSPL)0.8重量%の水溶液を調製した後、タルク(比重3:但しカタログ値)20重量%を混合した。この溶液を先端に内径3mmのノズルを取り付けた内径4mmのシリコンチュ−ブを装着したロ−ラ−ポンプにより5mL/分の速度で送液し、スタ−ラ−で撹拌した濃度0.1モル/Lの塩化カルシウム水溶液中に滴下した。滴下した液滴は塩化カルシウム水溶液中で球状化して沈降した。この球状成形物を塩化カルシウム水溶液と分離して水洗した後、ホルムアルデヒド18g/L、硫酸200g/L、硫酸ナトリウム100g/Lの40℃の水溶液に75分浸漬した後水洗した。その結果、直径約4.5mmの球状の含水ゲルが得られ、比重は1.3、アセタ−ル化度は42モル%であった。
【0028】
実施例2
PVA((株)クラレ製 平均重合度2400、ケン化度99.8モル%)5重量%、およびアルギン酸ナトリウム(紀文フードケミファ社製「ダックアルギン」NSPL)0.8重量%の水溶液を調製した後、中空アルミナシリカ(日本フェライト社製Q−Ce1579、比重0.7:但しカタログ値)15重量%を混合した。この溶液を先端に内径3mmのノズルを取り付けた内径4mmのシリコンチュ−ブを装着したロ−ラ−ポンプにより5mL/分の速度で送液し、スタ−ラ−で撹拌した濃度0.1mol/Lの塩化カルシウム水溶液に滴下した。滴下した液滴は塩化カルシウム水溶液中で球状化して沈降した。この成形物を塩化カルシウム水溶液と分離して水洗した後、ホルムアルデヒド30g/L、硫酸200g/L、硫酸ナトリウム100g/Lの40℃の水溶液に60分浸漬した後水洗した。その結果、直径約4mmの球状の含水ゲルが得られ、比重は1.005、アセタール化度は43モル%であった。
【0029】
比較例
PVA((株)クラレ製 平均重合度1700、ケン化度99.8モル%)5重量%、アルギン酸ナトリウム(紀文フードケミファ社製「ダックアルギン」NSPL)1重量%の水溶液を先端に内径3mmのノズルを取り付けた内径4mmのシリコンチュ−ブを装着したロ−ラ−ポンプにより5mL/分の速度で送液し、スタ−ラ−で撹拌した濃度0.1モル/Lの塩化カルシウム水溶液に滴下した。滴下した液滴は塩化カルシウム水溶液中で球状化して沈降した。この球状成形物を塩化カルシウム水溶液と分離して水洗した後、ホルムアルデヒド30g/L、硫酸200g/L、硫酸ナトリウム100g/Lの40℃の水溶液に60分浸漬した後水洗した。その結果、直径約4mmの球状の含水ゲルが得られ、比重は1.035、アセタール化度は48モル%であった。
【0030】
【発明の効果】
本発明の製造方法によれば、任意の比重を有するPVA系含水ゲルを製造することができ、このようなPVA系含水ゲルからは、流動性に優れた比重の小さいPVA系含水ゲル担体から固定化床として好適な比重の大きいPVA系含水ゲル担体までの任意の比重のPVA系含水ゲル担体を製造することができる。
[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for producing a polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel that is suitable for a microorganism-immobilized carrier used for wastewater treatment and the like.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Polymer hydrogel has been actively studied as a carrier for biocatalyst, water-retaining agent, cold-retaining agent, substitute for biogels for eyes, skin, joints, etc., as a sustained-release material for drugs, and as a base material for actuators. Have been. Agar, alginate, carrageenan, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, photocurable resin, and the like are known as a polymer material serving as a raw material of these hydrogels. Hydrous gels using these polymer materials as raw materials are used in fields such as wastewater treatment, in which microbial cells are fixed. Carriers used for wastewater treatment, etc., must have high water content, have excellent oxygen and substrate permeability, and have high affinity with living organisms. BACKGROUND ART A hydrogel made of polyvinyl alcohol (hereinafter may be abbreviated as PVA) is frequently used as a carrier for wastewater treatment, a carrier for a bioreactor, and the like.
[0003]
Conventionally, as a method for producing a PVA-based hydrogel, an aqueous solution of PVA and sodium alginate is brought into contact with an aqueous calcium chloride solution to form a spheroid, followed by freezing and thawing (JP-A-64-43188). A method of gelling by contacting with an aqueous boric acid solution ("Sewer Association of Japan", 1986, Vol. 23, p. 41; "Water and wastewater", Vol. 30, p. 36 (1986)). And then partially dehydrating by freezing (JP-A-58-36630). However, in order to maintain the strength of the carrier, the carrier composed of a conventionally known PVA-based hydrogel used for wastewater treatment is required to contain 5-20% by weight of PVA as a main component in an aqueous solution when producing the gel. And the specific gravity of the resulting hydrogel was limited to the range of 1.025 to 1.05.
[0004]
When the specific gravity of the PVA-based hydrogel is larger than 1.025, when the PVA-based hydrogel is placed in an aeration tank as a microorganism-immobilized carrier and subjected to drainage treatment, the fluidity of the carrier in a standard aeration tank having a shallow water depth of 5 m or less is used. However, in wastewater treatment by a deep tank aeration method with a depth of about 10 m, which is employed in an urban sewage treatment plant, the carrier stays at the bottom of the tank and the use efficiency of the carrier is reduced. Thus, a PVA-based hydrogel having a smaller specific gravity has been required.
[0005]
On the other hand, when the specific gravity of the PVA-based hydrogel is smaller than 1.05, when the PVA-based hydrogel is placed in an aeration tank as a fixed bed carrier and drainage treatment is performed, the carrier moves along with the flow of water. Therefore, a PVA-based hydrogel having a higher specific gravity has also been required.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a PVA-based hydrogel having an arbitrary specific gravity.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention, the object is to provide a solution comprising PVA (a), a water-soluble polysaccharide (b) capable of gelling by contact with at least one cation, and a specific gravity adjusting agent (c). It has been found that the problem can be solved by performing an insolubilization treatment after contact with the aqueous solution.
[0008]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
In the production of a PVA-based hydrogel according to the method of the present invention, a solution containing PVA (a), a water-soluble polysaccharide (b) and a specific gravity adjuster (c) is brought into contact with a cation-containing aqueous solution and then subjected to insolubilization treatment. Done by
[0009]
The average degree of polymerization of PVA (a) is preferably at least 1,000, particularly preferably at least 1500, from the viewpoint of the strength of the produced hydrogel and the handleability of the PVA aqueous solution in the production process. In addition, there is no upper limit in a strict sense for the average degree of polymerization, but if the average degree of polymerization is too large, the flowability of the aqueous solution containing PVA decreases during the production of PVA, and the productivity tends to deteriorate. Therefore, the average degree of polymerization is preferably 8000 or less. The degree of saponification is not particularly limited, but is usually at least 75 mol%, preferably at least 95 mol%, particularly preferably at least 98%, from the viewpoint of the viscosity of the aqueous solution containing PVA and the mechanical strength of the produced hydrogel. preferable.
[0010]
The water-soluble polysaccharide (b) capable of gelling upon contact with a cation is a water-soluble gel that is converted into a water-insoluble or hardly-soluble gel by contact with an aqueous solution containing at least one cation. Is a substance capable of Examples of such water-soluble polysaccharides (b) include alkali metal salts of alginic acid, carrageenan, mannan, chitosan and the like, with sodium alginate being particularly preferred.
[0011]
The specific gravity adjusting agent (c) may be mixed with an aqueous solution containing PVA (a) and a water-soluble polysaccharide (b) capable of gelling by contact with at least one kind of cation, A spherical gel can be formed by bringing a solution containing PVA (a), a water-soluble polysaccharide (b) and a specific gravity adjusting agent (c) into contact with a cation-containing aqueous solution without causing troubles such as conversion. Known compounds can be used as long as the specific gravity of the obtained PVA-based hydrogel can be adjusted.
[0012]
As the specific gravity adjusting agent (c) used for the purpose of lowering the specific gravity of the PVA-based hydrogel, completely closed inorganic fine hollow beads having a specific gravity of 0.2 to 0.8, preferably 0.3 to 0.6 are used. Are suitable. Examples of such a specific gravity adjuster include hollow glass beads and hollow celite, and typical examples of commercially available products include Filite 200/7 and 300/7 manufactured by Nippon Ferrite, and "Sancherite" YO2 manufactured by Sanki Kogyo. , YO4, YOC, "Fuji Balloon" manufactured by Fuji Silysia Chemical Ltd. S-35, S-40, S-45, H-30, H-35, H-40X, manufactured by Ichi Kasei Kogyo "Winlight" MSB-5021, 5011 and Q-Ce1570 manufactured by Toshiba Barotini. However, some hollow glass beads contain boric acid. In such a case, care must be taken because PVA gels when mixed with PVA. The particle size of the specific gravity adjusting agent is preferably 80 μm or less from the viewpoint of dispersion stability.
[0013]
As the specific gravity adjusting agent (c) used for the purpose of increasing the specific gravity of the PVA-based hydrogel, water having a specific gravity of 1.9 or more, preferably in the range of 2.0 to 4.5 is preferred in view of the effect of increasing the specific gravity. Insoluble or hardly soluble inorganic powders are preferable, and examples thereof include clay (clay) -based, talc (magnesium silicate) -based, barita (barium sulfate) -based, mica (mica) -based, alumina-based, and silica-based. Examples include various pigments, colloidal silica, and fine glass beads. Representative examples of commercially available products include "Hymicron" HE-5 manufactured by Takehara Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., "Micro Mica" MK-100 manufactured by Corp Chemical Co., Ltd. and "Union Co., Ltd." Unibeads "UB-03L, MB-20 manufactured by Toshiba Barotini, and the like.
[0014]
A method for preparing a solution containing PVA (a), a water-soluble polysaccharide (b) and a specific gravity adjusting agent (c) is such that the PVA (a) and the water-soluble polysaccharide (b) are dissolved in water, and a specific gravity adjusting agent ( Any method can be used as long as c) is stably dispersed in water. A typical production method is to dissolve PVA (a) in water, and then add an aqueous solution of water-soluble polysaccharide (b), A specific gravity adjusting agent (c) may be added according to the specific gravity of the PVA-based hydrogel to be produced, and stirring and mixing may be performed while adding distilled water as needed until the viscosity becomes easy to handle. The concentration of PVA (a) in water is preferably 1 to 40% by weight, more preferably 3 to 20% by weight. The concentration of the water-soluble polysaccharide (b) in water is 0.5 to 5% by weight, preferably 1 to 3% by weight. In the case of a specific gravity adjusting agent used for the purpose of increasing the specific gravity of the PVA-based hydrogel, the amount of the specific gravity adjusting agent (c) is 0.3 to 250 parts by weight with respect to water, and the specific gravity of the PVA-based hydrogel is reduced. In the case of the specific gravity adjusting agent used for the purpose, the amount is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 70 parts by weight with respect to water.
[0015]
In the present invention, a solution containing PVA (a), a water-soluble polysaccharide (b), and a specific gravity adjusting agent (c) may be added to a solution containing the above-mentioned (a), (b) as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. ) And components other than (c) may be contained. Examples of the components that may be contained include a reinforcing material for increasing the strength of the hydrogel molded article.
[0016]
In the method of the present invention, the solution containing the PVA (a), the water-soluble polysaccharide (b) and the specific gravity adjusting agent (c) is brought into contact with the cation-containing aqueous solution to gel the water-soluble polysaccharide (b). . Examples of the cation include, when the water-soluble polysaccharide (b) is sodium alginate, alkaline earth metal ions such as calcium ion, magnesium ion, strontium ion, and barium ion; aluminum ions, nickel ions, and cerium ions; It is preferable to select from metal ions. When the water-soluble polysaccharide (b) is carrageenan, mannan or chitosan, an alkali metal ion such as sodium ion and potassium ion, an ammonium ion and the like can be used in addition to the above cations. .
[0017]
The cation concentration of the above-mentioned cation-containing aqueous solution varies depending on the type of the water-soluble polysaccharide (b) and the like, but is generally in the range of 0.01 to 5 mol / L. When the water-soluble polysaccharide is mannan or chitosan, the pH of the aqueous solution is preferably adjusted to 8 or more, preferably to 10 or more. For that purpose, for example, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, etc. Used by dissolving in water.
[0018]
The gel formed by contacting the solution containing the PVA (a), the water-soluble polysaccharide (b) and the specific gravity adjusting agent (c) with the cation-containing aqueous solution has a spherical shape from the viewpoint of fluidity of the gel carrier. Preferably, there is. As a method for obtaining a spherical gel, a solution containing PVA (a), a water-soluble polysaccharide (b) and a specific gravity adjusting agent (c) is dropped into a cation-containing aqueous solution from the tip of a thin tube such as an injection needle. Drop the droplets formed by scattering the solution into a sphere using centrifugal force into the aqueous solution containing cations. Spray the solution into the aqueous solution containing cations by atomizing the solution from the tip of the spray nozzle. Various methods such as dropping can be adopted. The size of the droplet to be dropped into the cation-containing aqueous solution can be freely changed according to the particle size of the target carrier, but usually the diameter is about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm, preferably about 0.5 mm to It is about 3 mm.
[0019]
The gel formed in the cation-containing aqueous solution is subjected to an insolubilization treatment, whereby the strength of the gel can be improved. As a method of the insolubilization treatment, treatment with boric acid or the like may be performed, but in order to avoid elution of PVA from the PVA-based hydrous gel and deterioration of the gel, chemical cross-linking by acetalization or the like is preferable.
[0020]
When the insolubilization treatment is performed by acetalization of PVA, the hydrogel formed in the cation-containing aqueous solution is once taken out and immersed in an acetalization solution. As the acetalization liquid, an aqueous solution containing an aldehyde compound and an acid is used. Examples of aldehyde compounds that can be used include glyoxal, formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, succinaldehyde, malondialdehyde, glutaraldehyde, adipine aldehyde, terephthalaldehyde, nonandial, and the like. Examples of the acid that can be used include acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and oxalic acid, and acid salts such as sodium hydrogen sulfate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate. Since the hydrogel may be excessively swollen or dissolved in the presence of the aldehyde compound and the acid, sodium acetate having a syneresis effect of PVA or the like is added to the acetalized solution as an inhibitor thereof. You may. The degree of acetalization of PVA is preferably from 10 to 60 mol%, more preferably from 20 to 55 mol%. If the degree of acetalization is lower than 10 mol%, sufficient water resistance may not be obtained. On the other hand, if the degree of acetalization is higher than 60 mol%, PVA is excessively hydrophobized. There is a tendency for the habitability of the to decline. The hydrogel after the insolubilization treatment by acetalization is separated from the acetalization solution and subjected to treatment such as washing with water and neutralization to obtain a hydrous gel. The hydrous gel may be dried once, and in this case, it is restored to a hydrous gel when immersed again in water.
[0021]
The PVA-based hydrogel of the present invention is suitably used as a microorganism-immobilized carrier that carries a biocatalyst such as microorganisms and enzymes in a biological reaction tank. The method for supporting the microorganism is not particularly limited, and the microorganism may be post-adhered to the hydrogel after the insolubilization treatment, or the PVA (a), the water-soluble polysaccharide (b), and the specific gravity adjusting agent (c ) May be mixed and immobilized by mixing microorganisms with the solution containing However, when the microorganisms are comprehensively fixed, it is necessary to select the type of microorganisms and adjust the insolubilization conditions so that the microorganisms are not killed by the acetalization solution used in the insolubilization treatment.
[0022]
There is no particular limitation on the type of microorganisms that can be immobilized on the carrier composed of the PVA-based hydrogel, and may be any of bacteria, actinomycetes, molds, yeasts, etc., and those obtained by pure culture or those obtained by mixed culture. Or activated sludge. Examples of the microorganisms include the genus Mucor, the genus Fusarium, the genus Cladothrix, the genus Sphaerotilus, the genus Zooglaa, the genus Leptomitus, and Aspergillus. Aspergillus genus, Rhizopus genus, Pseudomonas genus, Acetobacter genus, Streptomyces genus, Escherichia genus, Saccharidica, Saccharomyces saccharodis Microorganisms belonging to the genus include sulfur bacteria, methane bacteria, butyric bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, deformed bacteria Failure bacteria, nitrate bacteria, nitrite bacteria and denitrifying bacteria are also exemplified.
[0023]
According to the above-described production method of the present invention, a PVA-based hydrogel having an arbitrary specific gravity can be produced. Specifically, the specific gravity of the PVA-based hydrogel, which was conventionally 1.025 to 1.05, is increased to about 1.05 to 1.4, or reduced to about 1.025 to 0.9. The specific gravity of the PVA-based hydrogel can be arbitrarily adjusted. Such a PVA-based hydrated gel carrier, when its specific gravity is low, has excellent fluidity in the reaction vessel, and may remain at the bottom of the vessel even in a deep reaction vessel. When the specific gravity is high, it is possible to produce a carrier having an arbitrary specific gravity according to the purpose of use without moving along a flow of water as a fixed bed carrier. Can be.
[0024]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. The specific gravity and the degree of acetalization of the PVA-based hydrogel were determined according to the following methods.
[0025]
(specific gravity)
In a test tube having a capacity of 50 mL in an environment at a temperature of 25 ° C., 50 mL of a specific gravity prepared solution prepared with sodium sulfate and water to a specific gravity was prepared. After removing the water adhering to the surface, 10 PVA-based hydrogels were charged into a specific gravity adjusting solution in a test tube. Ten seconds after the introduction of the PVA-based hydrogel, the number of floating gels, sinking gels, and gels remaining in the middle were counted, and the number of PVA-based hydrogels remaining in the middle exceeded the majority of the total. In this case, the specific gravity of the specific gravity solution at that time was defined as the specific gravity of the hydrogel.
[0026]
(Degree of acetalization)
0.2 g of a sample obtained by drying the PVA-based hydrogel at 105 ° C. for 2 hours was precisely weighed and placed in a distillation apparatus charged with a 25% sulfuric acid solution. Then, the mixture was heated while sending steam, and the liberated aldehyde was distilled off together with water and absorbed into a 2% aqueous sodium bisulfite (sometimes abbreviated as NaHSO 3 ) aqueous solution. The excess NaHSO 3 aqueous solution was back titrated with iodine to determine the amount of free aldehyde, and the degree of acetalization was calculated from the ratio (molar ratio) of the amount of hydroxyl groups in the gel.
[0027]
Example 1
After preparing an aqueous solution of PVA (Kuraray Co., Ltd., average polymerization degree 1700, saponification degree 99.8 mol%) 5% by weight, and sodium alginate (Kibun Food Chemifa “Duck Algin” NSPL) 0.8% by weight. And 20% by weight of talc (specific gravity 3: catalog value). The solution was fed at a rate of 5 mL / min by a roller pump equipped with a silicon tube having an inner diameter of 4 mm and a nozzle having an inner diameter of 3 mm attached to the tip, and stirred with a stirrer at a concentration of 0.1 mol. / L calcium chloride aqueous solution. The dropped droplets became spherical and settled in the aqueous calcium chloride solution. The spherical molded product was separated from an aqueous calcium chloride solution, washed with water, immersed in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde 18 g / L, sulfuric acid 200 g / L, and sodium sulfate 100 g / L at 40 ° C. for 75 minutes, and then washed with water. As a result, a spherical hydrogel having a diameter of about 4.5 mm was obtained, the specific gravity was 1.3, and the degree of acetalization was 42 mol%.
[0028]
Example 2
An aqueous solution of 5% by weight of PVA (Kuraray Co., Ltd., average degree of polymerization 2400, degree of saponification 99.8 mol%) and 0.8% by weight of sodium alginate ("Duck Algin" NSPL manufactured by Kibun Food Chemifa) was prepared. Thereafter, 15% by weight of hollow alumina silica (Q-Ce1579 manufactured by Nippon Ferrite, specific gravity 0.7: catalog value) was mixed. The solution was fed at a rate of 5 mL / min by a roller pump equipped with a silicon tube having an inner diameter of 4 mm and a nozzle having an inner diameter of 3 mm and agitated with a stirrer. L was added dropwise to the aqueous calcium chloride solution. The dropped droplets became spherical and settled in the aqueous calcium chloride solution. The molded product was separated from an aqueous calcium chloride solution, washed with water, immersed in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde 30 g / L, sulfuric acid 200 g / L, and sodium sulfate 100 g / L at 40 ° C. for 60 minutes, and then washed with water. As a result, a spherical hydrogel having a diameter of about 4 mm was obtained, the specific gravity was 1.005, and the degree of acetalization was 43 mol%.
[0029]
Comparative Example 5% by weight of PVA (Kuraray Co., Ltd., average polymerization degree: 1700, saponification degree: 99.8 mol%) and an aqueous solution of 1% by weight of sodium alginate ("Duck Algin" NSPL, manufactured by Kibun Food Chemifa Co., Ltd.) were used. The solution was fed at a rate of 5 mL / min by a roller pump equipped with a silicon tube having an inner diameter of 4 mm equipped with a nozzle of 3 mm and stirred with a stirrer, and a 0.1 mol / L aqueous solution of calcium chloride was stirred. Was dropped. The dropped droplets became spherical and settled in the aqueous calcium chloride solution. This spherical molded product was separated from an aqueous calcium chloride solution, washed with water, immersed in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde 30 g / L, sulfuric acid 200 g / L, and sodium sulfate 100 g / L at 40 ° C. for 60 minutes, and then washed with water. As a result, a spherical hydrogel having a diameter of about 4 mm was obtained, the specific gravity was 1.035, and the degree of acetalization was 48 mol%.
[0030]
【The invention's effect】
According to the production method of the present invention, a PVA-based hydrogel having an arbitrary specific gravity can be produced, and from such a PVA-based hydrogel, a PVA-based hydrogel carrier having excellent fluidity and a small specific gravity is fixed. It is possible to produce a PVA-based hydrogel carrier having any specific gravity up to a PVA-based hydrogel carrier having a large specific gravity suitable as a chemical bed.

Claims (4)

ポリビニルアルコール(a)、少なくとも1種のカチオンとの接触によりゲル化する能力のある水溶性多糖類(b)および比重調整剤(c)を含む溶液を、カチオン含有水溶液と接触させた後、不溶化処理を行うことを特徴とするポリビニルアルコール系含水ゲルの製造方法。A solution containing a polyvinyl alcohol (a), a water-soluble polysaccharide (b) capable of gelling by contact with at least one kind of cation, and a specific gravity adjusting agent (c) is brought into contact with an aqueous solution containing cations and then insolubilized. A method for producing a polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel, comprising performing a treatment. 比重調整剤が水に難溶性の無機化合物である請求項1に記載のポリビニルアルコール系含水ゲルの製造方法。The method for producing a polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel according to claim 1, wherein the specific gravity adjuster is an inorganic compound that is hardly soluble in water. 化学架橋によって不溶化処理を行う請求項1または2に記載のポリビニルアルコール系含水ゲルの製造方法。The method for producing a polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the insolubilization treatment is performed by chemical crosslinking. 化学架橋がアセタール化による化学架橋である請求項3に記載のポリビニルアルコール系含水ゲルの製造方法。The method for producing a polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel according to claim 3, wherein the chemical crosslinking is chemical crosslinking by acetalization.
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