JP2002148905A - Electrophotographic apparatus, process cartridge for electrophotographic apparatus, electrophotographic photoreceptor and method for manufacturing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an inexpensive and simple method for forming the gap between an electrostatic charting member and a photoreceptor, to provide, specifically, an electrophotographic method by which the toner filming of the electrostatic charging member is not generated even by repeed use, the wear of the photoreceptor and electrostatic charging member is lowered, electrification unevenness and a banding phenomenon that are drawbacks peculiar to a non-contact electrostatic charging device are reduced, and to provide an electrophotographic apparatus having high durability, a process cartridge for electrophotography, an electrophotographic photoreceptor and a method for manufacturing the same. SOLUTION: The electrophotographic apparatus has a gap holding mechanism in a portion abutting on the electrostatic charging member of the non-image forming area of both ends on a photoreceptor surface in order to dispose the image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photoreceptor and the surface of the electrostatic charging member in an electrostatic charge means corresponding to the above surface area in a state of non-contact through a prescribed gap. The inside end of the gap holding mechanism exits in the outside speared two times of the gap from the outside end of the image forming are of the photoreceptor.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an electrophotographic method, an electrophotographic apparatus, an electrophotographic process cartridge, an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor for achieving uniform charging and reducing image defects. More specifically, the present invention relates to an electrophotographic method, an electrophotographic apparatus, an electrophotographic process cartridge, an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and a method of manufacturing the same, in which toner filming on a charging member is small. The present invention also relates to an electrophotographic method, an electrophotographic apparatus, an electrophotographic process cartridge, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and a method of manufacturing the same, in which abrasion of the photoreceptor and the charging member caused by contact between the two is reduced.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, the development of information processing systems using electrophotography has been remarkable. In particular, optical printers that convert information into digital signals and record information with light have significantly improved print quality and reliability. This digital recording technology is applied not only to printers but also to ordinary copying machines, and so-called digital copying machines have been developed. In addition, a copier equipped with the digital recording technology in a conventional analog copier is expected to be increasingly demanded in the future because various information processing functions are added.

A charging roller system has been proposed from the viewpoint of reducing the amount of ozone / NOx generated during the electrophotographic process and saving energy during charging. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-3
Japanese Patent Publication No. 36556 discloses a contact charging device in which a charging roller is used as a charging member and the charging roller is brought into contact with a photosensitive member. The surface of the charging roller is a dielectric, and the rotation direction of the charging roller is the same as the rotation direction of the photoconductor (the direction of movement of the charging roller and the photoconductor at the closest portion is opposite). Since the surface of the charging roller is a dielectric, even if there is a pinhole or the like on the photoreceptor, there is no charge on the surface around the pinhole of the opposite charging member, and the uncharged portion on the photoreceptor due to this Does not occur. Further, by rotating the charging roller in the above direction, even if each of the photoconductor and the dielectric is charged, the photoconductor sequentially comes into contact with the dielectric having a lower charging potential. The body can be charged to a desired potential. As described above, the charging roller is used in a state of being in contact with the photoconductor. Certainly, compared to a non-contact charging device represented by a scorotron, a voltage applied to the charging device can be reduced, and the amount of the reactive gas generated can be reduced.

However, in the contact charging device, (i) charging roller marks, (ii) charging noise, (iii) deterioration of charging performance due to toner or the like on the photosensitive member adhering to the charging member, (i)
v) Adhesion of the substance constituting the charging member to the photoconductor,
(V) There is a problem such as permanent deformation of the charging member that occurs when the photosensitive member is stopped for a long time.

[0005] The trace of the charging roller occurs because a substance constituting the charging member oozes out of the charging member and adheres to and transfers to the surface of the charging member during the stop period of the charging member. Further, the charging noise occurs because the charging member in contact with the member to be charged vibrates when an AC voltage is applied to the charging member. As a method for solving such a problem, a proximity charging device for bringing a charging member close to a photoconductor in a non-contact manner has been devised. The proximity charging device is a charging device that charges a photoconductor by applying a voltage to a charging member by facing the charging device so that a distance between the photoconductor and the photoconductor is 0.005 to 0.3 mm. Device. In the proximity charging device, since the charging device and the photoreceptor are not in contact with each other, there is a problem in the contact charging device, that is, "adhesion of a substance constituting the charging member to the photoreceptor",
"Permanent deformation that occurs when the photosensitive member is stopped for a long period of time" is not a problem. In addition, regarding “the deterioration of the charging performance due to the toner or the like on the photoconductor adhering to the charging member”,
The proximity charging device is superior because the amount of toner adhering to the charging member is reduced.

Examples of such proximity charging are described in JP-A-2-14859, JP-A-5-127496, JP-A-5-273837, and JP-A-5-307.
279, JP-A-6-308807, JP-A-8-202126, JP-A-9-171282, and JP-A-10-288888. These are described as proximity charging methods, and there is described an example in which a charging member and a photoreceptor are experimentally brought close to each other via a gap to check the charging state. Therefore, no specific example of how the charging member and the photoconductor are arranged close to each other is described, but only the concept of the configuration is described. Actually, it is not easy to secure a gap of about several hundred μm at most and maintain a stable state. For this reason, how to secure the predetermined gap has been a major issue for proximity charging.

On the other hand, JP-A-5-107871, JP-A-5-273837, and JP-A-7-168.
No. 417 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 11-95523 describe specific examples of how a charging member and a photoconductor are arranged close to each other when charging is performed in proximity charging.

JP-A-5-107871 and JP-A-5-273837 propose that an insulating tape as a gap holding member having both ends fixed by a spring or the like is sandwiched between a charging member and a photosensitive member to secure a gap. Has been made. This method is an effective means to secure a gap, but when mounted in an electrophotographic apparatus, the photoconductor always rotates in the same direction, so that the spring fixing the gap holding member always applies tension in the same direction. ,
It is in a state that is easily fatigued. Also, although it is mechanically simple,
In the case of mounting on an actual electrophotographic apparatus, there are disadvantages such that the arrangement becomes complicated, maintenance becomes very difficult, and replacement of the photoconductor has to be almost simultaneously with the gap holding mechanism. .

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 7-168417 proposes that a suitable spacer is provided on a bearing portion of a charging roller, and the spacer comes into contact with the surface of a photoreceptor to secure a gap. In this case, different materials and different sizes are required for the charging portion and the spacer portion of the charging roller, which complicates the configuration of the charging roller.
In addition, in this configuration, since the charging roller is formed of an insulating member, a separate member serving as a power supply roller is separately required, which complicates the mechanism and increases the cost.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H11-95523 proposes to secure a gap by providing a gap holding member on at least one surface of a charging member or a photoreceptor. Certainly, this method has a relatively simple configuration. However, the specific method of the configuration and installation method of the gap holding member is not specified, and depending on the installation method of the gap holding member, there may be cases where the gap cannot be secured stably or the charging is not stable depending on the configuration. There were cases, and these points were major issues.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 4-360167 discloses a proximity charging device using a charging member having projections formed at both ends for holding a gap. By using this, the protruding portion is brought into contact with the photoreceptor, so that proximity charging having a gap between the charging member surface and the photoreceptor surface is formed. However, the publication does not describe how to hold the photosensitive member and the charging member and how to arrange the charging member with respect to the image forming area of the photosensitive member. Cannot be maintained. In addition, it does not describe measures against uneven charging near the inner end of the convex portion and measures against the phenomenon that toner tends to accumulate near the inner end portion of the convex portion during repeated use. No mention was made. For this reason, the reliability was insufficient for practical use.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 7-112002 discloses an image forming apparatus of a system in which annular spacer rollers are provided at both ends in the axial direction of a photoreceptor, and a gap between a charging member and a photoreceptor is secured by using the rollers. I have. Although this is one method for ensuring the gap, members for development, transfer, cleaning, and the like, in addition to the charging member, are brought into contact with or close to the photosensitive member. When a member such as a spacer roller is present at both ends of the photoconductor in the circumferential direction,
Members such as development, transfer, and cleaning cannot be arranged in this portion. For this reason, in order to secure a minimum required image forming area, the length of the photoconductor is inevitably increased, and the image forming apparatus becomes large. Further, in such a charging method, charging around the gap portion is likely to be unstable, and the charging property is likely to be reduced. The amount of writing can be reduced, and in negative-positive development suitable for digital writing, in such an area, background smear is easily generated. Further, the gap itself or the charging member is easily contaminated. For this reason, it is necessary to clean the residual toner around the charging gap without fail.
In this method, since the gap holding mechanism is formed on the photoconductor, cleaning cannot be performed. For this reason, the reliability was insufficient for practical use.

[0013]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a specific mechanism of a non-contact charging device which has improved the problems of the contact charging device. More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive and simple method for forming a gap between a charging member and a photoconductor. Another object of the present invention is to provide a specific device capable of maintaining a stable gap even in repeated use in an electrophotographic apparatus. Specifically, the present invention provides an electrophotographic method, an electrophotographic apparatus, an electrophotographic process cartridge, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and a method of manufacturing the same, which form a stable image without causing toner filming of a charging member even when used repeatedly. Is to do. It is another object of the present invention to reduce charging unevenness and banding phenomena which are disadvantages peculiar to a non-contact charging device, and to provide a stable and good image even in repeated use. Further, by reducing wear of the photoconductor and the charging member and improving the durability of both, a highly durable electrophotographic method, an electrophotographic apparatus, an electrophotographic process cartridge, and an electrophotographic photoconductor and a method of manufacturing the same Is to provide.

[0014]

As described above, in the electrophotographic apparatus using the contact charging method, problems such as defective charging due to toner filming on the charging member and deformation of the charging member occur. In order to improve these, a non-contact charging system in which a charging member is disposed close to the surface of a photoreceptor has been proposed. However, both are cheaply and simply arranged close to each other,
In addition, no method has been proposed for stably maintaining the gap between the two even when the electrophotographic apparatus is repeatedly used. The present inventors have studied in view of the above points, and as a result, provided a gap holding mechanism in contact with the charging member in the non-image forming area at both ends of the photoreceptor, and set the mounting position of the gap holding mechanism to the gap with the image forming area. It has been found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved by arranging them in a specific relationship related to the present invention, and the present invention has been completed.

The image forming area referred to in the present invention is an area on the surface of the photoreceptor where charging, image exposure, development and transfer are all performed, and an area where the charging member used in the present invention is arranged in a non-contact manner. Point. At this time, as shown in FIGS. 5, 40, and 52, the length of the charged portion of the charging member, that is, the portion not in contact with the photoconductor in the longitudinal direction is longer than the length of the image forming region in the photoconductor in the longitudinal direction. is necessary. Here, the positional relationship between the outer end of the image forming area as viewed from the center of the photoreceptor and the inner end of the gap holding mechanism formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor is shown in FIGS. 52
The relationship is as follows. That is, when viewed from the center of the photoconductor, the inner end of the gap holding mechanism is separated from the gap formed from the outer end of the image forming area by more than twice the gap (the distance of the gap between the surface of the photoconductor and the surface of the charging member). Set to position.

Also, in the present invention, the charging member has a thick portion of the photosensitive member non-image forming region in contact with the photosensitive member non-image forming region. This is a region where the charging member used in the present invention is arranged in a non-contact manner. At this time, as shown in FIGS. 24 and 33, the charging portion of the charging member,
That is, the length in the longitudinal direction of the portion not in contact with the photoreceptor is
It is necessary that the length be longer than the length of the image forming area in the photosensitive member in the longitudinal direction. Here, the photosensitive member non-image forming layer is formed on the surface of the charging member so as to contact only the non-image forming region of the photosensitive member, and has a thickness greater than that of the portion of the charging member corresponding to the image forming region at the center of the photosensitive member. The positional relationship between the area contact portion and the inner end is as shown in FIGS. That is, when viewed from the center of the photoconductor, the inner end of the thicker photoconductor abutting portion of the charging member has a difference in film thickness formed from the outer end of the image forming area (between the photoconductor surface and the charging member surface). Is set at a position that is at least twice as large as the distance of the gap.

There are two reasons for this. One is related to charging. In the charging mechanism of the photoconductor in the non-contact charging member as in the present application, the surface of the photoconductor is charged by discharging in a minute gap between the charging member and the photoconductor. At this time, if the charge is poured in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the photoreceptor from the surface of the charging member, the image forming area can be extended to the last edge of the gap holding mechanism. However, in reality, not all the charges fall down in the vertical direction, but rather diffuse at a certain rate. For this reason,
At the inner end of the gap holding mechanism, charging may be unstable (mainly, the charging potential may be lower) than at the center of the photoconductor. In this case, when performing negative / positive development, which is a development method for digital writing, which is currently the mainstream of electrophotographic apparatuses, fatal image defects such as black spots and background stains are developed. Further, in a system that uses an intermediate potential for development for performing multi-value writing, an abnormal image is remarkably generated in the case of a halftone image output. According to the study of the present inventors, it has become clear that the unstable charging region depends on the distance (ie, gap) between the charging member and the photoconductor. When the gap is kept constant and the image output is performed while changing the distance between the outer end of the image forming area and the inner end of the gap holding mechanism, the occurrence of an abnormal image is not recognized from a certain distance. In addition, we performed a similar experiment by changing the gap and confirmed the correlation with the gap.
By setting the distance between the outer edge of the image forming area and the inner edge of the gap holding mechanism at least twice the gap between the photoconductor and the charging member, stable charging over the entire image forming area on the photoconductor is achieved. It was found that the image could be formed and the formed image was also good.

Another reason is the cleaning property of the photosensitive member and the charging member near the gap holding mechanism. The non-contact charging member as in the present invention has an advantage that the surface of the charging member is less contaminated as compared with the case of contact charging. However, there is a fact that a very small amount of toner remaining after developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the photoreceptor and further undergoing processes such as transfer and cleaning easily accumulates at the inner end of the gap holding mechanism. . Therefore, the instability of charging in this region described above appears more remarkably by repeated use.
Regarding this point, it is understood that there is no problem in practical use by setting the distance between the outer end of the image forming area and the inner end of the gap holding mechanism to be at least twice the gap between the photosensitive member and the charging member. The invention has been completed.

The upper limit of the outer end of the image forming area and the inner end of the gap holding mechanism formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor is related to generation of abnormal noise during charging. In the charging system of the present invention, charging is also performed between the edge of the image forming area and the edge of the gap. When AC is superimposed for stabilization of charging, the shorter the length, the more the occurrence of abnormal noise can be suppressed. The upper limit is also determined by this restriction, and the upper limit is desirably 100 times the gap or 10 mm or less.

The present invention may be conveniently grouped into five groups, which are useful for understanding the present invention. That is, according to the first group of the invention,
(1) An electrophotographic apparatus including at least a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit, a transferring unit, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the corresponding In order to dispose the charging member surface in the charging means in a non-contact manner with a predetermined gap therebetween, a gap holding mechanism is provided at a portion of the non-image forming area at both ends of the photoreceptor surface which comes into contact with the charging member. An electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the inner end of the gap holding mechanism is located outside the outer end of the image forming area of the photoreceptor at least twice the gap, and (2) as a charging member. In order to control the distance between the charging member and the photoreceptor using a charging roller, one of the charging member and the photoreceptor is pressed by a mechanical force such as a spring and pressed against the other member. (3) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (1), wherein the rotating shaft of the charging roller and the rotating shaft of the photoconductor are fixed by a ring-shaped member. (1) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (1) or (2) ", (4)" the rotating shaft of the charging member and the rotating shaft of the photoconductor are provided with drive applying means such as a gear, a coupling and a belt for rotational driving. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (1) to (3), wherein each of the electrophotographic devices is provided with a rotational driving force synchronously or asynchronously. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (1) to (4), wherein the moving speed of the surface of the charging member and the moving speed of the surface of the photosensitive member are constant.
(6) The method according to any one of the above items (1) to (5), wherein the gap holding mechanism is an insulating gap layer formed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. (7) The above (1), wherein the gap holding mechanism is a gap material formed of an insulating member disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor. (8) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (5) to (8), wherein the flange contacting the charging member is made of an insulating material. And (9) that at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller that contacts the charging member and is in contact with the charging member is formed of an insulating material. (5) characterized in that (1) to (6), wherein the film thickness of the gap layer formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm. Item 11), wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm. Electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of items (5) and (7) ", (12)
"Electrophotography according to any one of the above items (2) to (5), wherein a difference in film thickness between the non-image forming region and the image forming region of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 [mu] m. (13) The difference in thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the support in the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm.
The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (2) to (5), "(14)" the surface of the charging member and the image forming area arranged in proximity to the photoconductor. " The gap with the outermost layer surface of the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm
(2) to (5).
Item, the electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (8) ",
(15) The item (5) or (9), wherein the gap between the surface of the charging member disposed in proximity to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. (1) Electrophotographic apparatus according to (1), (1)
6) The above-mentioned (5), (9), or (1), wherein the support of the photoreceptor is a seamless belt.
(3) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items), (17)
"The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (1) to (16), wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer." ,
(18) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (17), wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (19) "Electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of (1) to (18), wherein a protective layer is provided on a photosensitive layer of the photoconductor", 20) “The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above item (19), wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a filler”, and (21) “The protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a charge transport material. (22) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (19) or (20), "
"The charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material,
(23) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (1), wherein the polymer charge transporting substance contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (22) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (22), which is a molecular charge transport material, (24) "by applying a voltage obtained by superimposing an AC component on a DC component to the charging member, (1) to (2), wherein the photosensitive member is charged.
(3) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (3) is provided;
5) A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus including at least a charging unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a corresponding charging member surface in the charging unit are provided. A gap holding mechanism in a non-image forming area at both ends of the surface of the photoreceptor in contact with the charging member, and an inner end of the gap holding mechanism. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the portion exists outside the image forming area outside end of the photoconductor at least twice the gap. ", (26)
`` Using a charging roller as a charging member, in order to control the distance between the charging member and the photoconductor, pressure is applied to any member of the charging member and the photoconductor by a mechanical force such as a spring,
(2) characterized by being pressed against the other member.
Process cartridge for electrophotographic apparatus according to item 5) "
(27) The process for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above item (25) or (26), wherein the rotation axis of the charging roller and the rotation axis of the photoconductor are fixed by a ring-shaped member. (28) "The rotating shaft of the charging member and the rotating shaft of the photoreceptor are provided with drive applying means such as gears, couplings, and belts for rotational driving, and the rotational driving forces are independently synchronized with each other. Or the process cartridge for electrophotography according to any one of the above (25) to (27), wherein the cartridge is provided asynchronously.
9) The process for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (25) to (28), wherein the moving speed of the surface of the charging member and the moving speed of the surface of the photosensitive member are constant. (30) “The gap holding mechanism is
The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (25) to (29), wherein the process cartridge is an insulating gap layer formed in a non-image forming region on the surface of the photoreceptor. (31) "The gap holding mechanism is
(25) to (2), wherein the insulating gap material is disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor.
(9) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (9) to (32), wherein the flange contacting the charging member is made of an insulating material. (33) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (29) and (33), wherein at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller that contacts the charging member and that contacts the charging member is formed of an insulating material. (34) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (30), "
The electron according to any one of the above items (25) to (30), wherein the thickness of the gap layer formed in the non-image forming region on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. (35) The process cartridges (25) to (29), wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. Item, the process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the item (31) ”,
(36) The item (26) to (29), wherein a difference in film thickness between the non-image forming region and the image forming region of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. Item (26), wherein the difference in thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the support in the photosensitive member is 10 to 200 μm. To (29), a process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (29) to (38).
"The gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the surface of the outermost layer of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 10.
(39) A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (26) to (29) and (32), which is characterized in that: The gap between the arranged charging member surface and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm.
m or (3).
(3) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (3), (40), wherein the support of the photoreceptor is a seamless belt.
(3) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (37) ", (41), wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. (25) to (40), characterized in that:
Item 42, "The charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain." (43) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (41), wherein (43)
(44) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (25) to (42), wherein a protective layer is provided. (4) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (43),
5) “The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above item (43) or (44), wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a charge transport material”, (46)
(45) wherein the charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material.
The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item
(47) "The polymer charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material containing a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (4)
(6) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (6), (48) wherein the photosensitive member is charged by applying a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component to the charging member. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (25) to (47) "is provided.

According to the second group of the present invention, (4)
9) “At least a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit,
An electrophotographic apparatus including a transfer unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a corresponding charging member surface in the charging unit corresponding to the image forming surface region are separated by a predetermined gap. For the non-contact arrangement, the thickness of the entire photoconductor layer in the non-image forming surface area at both ends of the photoconductor is larger than the thickness of the entire photoconductor layer in the image forming area on the center of the photoconductor. The charging member is brought into contact with only the non-image forming area of the photoreceptor by using the method described above, and the inner edge of the charging member contact portion of the photoreceptor is twice the thickness difference than the outer edge of the image forming area of the photoreceptor. (50) An electrophotographic apparatus characterized in that the charging roller is used as a charging member and the distance between the charging member and the photoconductor is controlled. That member by mechanical force such as a spring (51) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (49), wherein the rotating shaft of the charging roller and the rotating shaft of the photosensitive member are fixed by a ring-shaped member. The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above mode (49) or (50), "(52)" a gear for rotationally driving the rotating shaft of the charging member and the rotating shaft of the photosensitive member. , Couplings, belts, etc., and each of which is provided with a rotational driving force independently or synchronously or asynchronously, in any one of the above items (49) to (51). Any one of the above items (49) to (52), wherein the moving speed of the charging member surface and the moving speed of the photosensitive member surface are constant. Or (54) "Maintaining the gap". Structure is, the first (49), characterized in that an insulating gap layer formed on the non-image forming area of the photoreceptor surface section to the (53)
(55), wherein the gap holding mechanism is a gap material formed of an insulating member disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor. (56) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (49) to (53), wherein the flange contacting the charging member is made of an insulating material. (50) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (50) to (53), (57), wherein at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller in contact with the charging member that is in contact with the charging member is an insulating material. (53), wherein the gap layer formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor has a thickness of 10 to 200.
μm, the electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (49) to (54) ”, (5
9) The method according to any one of Items (49) to (53) and (55), wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. (60) The difference in film thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the photoconductor is 10
The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (50) to (53), wherein
(61) "Any one of the above items (50) to (53), wherein the difference in thickness between the non-image forming region and the image forming region of the support in the photoconductor is 10 to 200 [mu] m. (62), wherein the gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm;
(50) to (5).
(3) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (56) ", (63)," Gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the surface of the outermost layer of the photoconductor in the image forming area. The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (53) or (57), wherein the support for the photoreceptor is a seamless belt. (53), (5)
(7) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (61), (65), wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (49) to (64) ", (66)" the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least a triarylamine structure in the main chain and / or (67) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (65), wherein the protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photoconductor. Items (49) to (66)
(69) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of (67) to (68), wherein the protective layer of the photoconductor contains a filler.
“The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (67) or (68), wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a charge transporting substance”, (70) “the protective layer of the photoreceptor is The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (69), wherein the contained charge transport material is a polymer charge transport material. "
(71) The polymer charge transporting substance contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transporting substance containing a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (7)
(0) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (0), (72) wherein the photosensitive member is charged by applying a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component to the charging member. (49) An electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of (71) to (71); and (73) a process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus comprising at least a charging unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, In order to dispose the image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the corresponding charging member surface in the charging means in a non-contact manner through a predetermined gap, the photosensitive member in the non-image forming surface area at both ends of the photosensitive member The thickness of all the layers is larger than the thickness of all the photoconductor layers in the image forming area on the center side of the photoconductor. Contact part of body charging member (74) A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the side end portion is located outside the image forming region outside end portion of the photoconductor at least twice the film thickness difference. Using a charging roller,
In order to control the distance between the charging member and the photoconductor, pressure is applied to one of the charging member and the photoconductor by a mechanical force such as a spring and pressed against the other member (73). Item (73) or Item (73), wherein the rotation axis of the charging roller and the rotation axis of the photosensitive member are fixed by a ring-shaped member. (74) A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (74), (76) A drive applying means such as a gear for driving a rotation, a coupling, or a belt is provided on the rotation axis of the charging member and the rotation axis of the photosensitive member. (73) to (7), wherein the rotational driving force is applied independently or synchronously or asynchronously.
(5) The process cartridge for electrophotography according to any one of the above (7), (77), wherein the moving speed of the surface of the charging member and the moving speed of the surface of the photosensitive member are constant.
(3) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (76), (78), wherein the gap holding mechanism is formed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. (7)
(3) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (77), (79), wherein the gap holding mechanism is disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. (80) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (73) to (77), (80) wherein the flange contacting the charging member is made of an insulating material. Any one of the above items (74) to (77),
A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus described in
1) The above-mentioned (7), wherein at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller which contacts the charging member and which contacts the charging member is formed of an insulating material.
(8) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to (8), (82), wherein the film thickness of the gap layer formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm. 73) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (78) to (78), (83) wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (73) to (77) and (79), "(84)" Non-image formation of the photoconductor " The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (74) to (77), wherein the film thickness difference between the region and the image forming region is 10 to 200 μm. ) "On the photoconductor Difference in thickness of the non-image forming region and image forming region of the kick support, 10 to 200 [mu] m
(74) to (7).
7) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items 7) and (86), wherein the gap between the surface of the charging member arranged close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 10. (87) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (74) to (77) and (80), which is characterized by having a thickness of 200 μm. The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (77) or (81), wherein a gap between the surface of the arranged charging member and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. (88) The process cartridge according to any one of the above items (77), (81), and (85), wherein the support for the photoconductor is a seamless belt. For electrophotographic equipment Process cartridge ”, (8
9) The above-mentioned (7), wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer.
(3) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (88) to (88), and (90), wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least a triarylamine structure as a main chain and / or a side chain. (89) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (89), wherein the protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photoconductor. (73) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (73) to (90), (92) wherein the protective layer of the photoconductor contains a filler. (93) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (91), wherein the protective layer of the photoconductor contains a charge transport material. Record (94), wherein the charge transporting substance contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transporting substance. Process Cartridge for Device ", (95)" Polymer charge transport material in which the polymer charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (96) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (94), wherein the voltage is obtained by applying a voltage obtained by superimposing an AC component on a DC component to the charging member.
(73) the photoconductor is charged.
(97) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (95) to (95) is provided;
"A photoreceptor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, wherein the thickness of the entire layer of the photoreceptor in the non-image forming regions at both ends of the photoreceptor is the thickness of the photosensitive layer in the image forming region on the photoreceptor center side (98) An electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized in that the thickness difference between the non-image forming area and the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. Electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the item), (9)
9) “The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the above item (97) or (98), wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer”;
(100) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the above (99), wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. Body ", (101)
"The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of the above items (97) to (100), wherein a protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photosensitive member", (102) "The photosensitive member The above-mentioned (1), wherein the protective layer of the body contains a filler.
(01) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the above (101) or (102), wherein the protective layer of the photosensitive member contains a charge transport material. (104) “Electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the above item (103), wherein the charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material”, (104) 105) "The polymer charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material containing a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (104) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the above (104), which further comprises: (106) a non-image formation at both ends of the photoreceptor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support. Exposure in the area A method for manufacturing a photoconductor in which the thickness of all layers is larger than the thickness of all layers of the photoconductor in an image forming area on the center side of the photoconductor, wherein after forming the outermost layer of the photoconductor, the image forming area is mechanically And (107) "a coating film formed on a support of the photoreceptor, wherein a film thickness difference between the non-image forming region and the non-image forming region is formed by shaving the photoreceptor. Is formed by a spray method. "

According to the third group of the present invention, (10
8) “At least a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit,
An electrophotographic apparatus including a transfer unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a corresponding charging member surface in the charging unit corresponding to the image forming surface region are separated by a predetermined gap. For the non-contact arrangement, the thickness of the support in the non-image forming area at both ends of the photoreceptor in the charging member is larger than the thickness of the support in the image forming area in the center of the photoreceptor, and the thickness of the image forming area and the non-image forming area Utilizing the thickness difference, the charging member is brought into contact with only the non-image forming area of the photoconductor, and the inner end of the charging member contact portion of the photoconductor has a greater thickness than the outer end of the image forming area of the photoconductor. (109) "Electrophotographic apparatus characterized by being present outside at least two times the difference, using a charging roller as a charging member and controlling the distance between the charging member and the photoreceptor. Any part of the photoconductor The pressured by mechanical force such as a spring, an electrophotographic apparatus according to the first (108) section for, characterized in that the pressing against the other member ",
(110) The “electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (108) or (109), wherein the rotation axis of the charging roller and the rotation axis of the photoconductor are fixed by a ring-shaped member”, (111) "Rotation driving gears, couplings, belts, and other driving means are provided on the rotation axis of the charging member and the rotation axis of the photoconductor, and the rotation driving force is independently synchronized or asynchronous. (112) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above (108) to (110), wherein the moving speed of the surface of the charging member and the moving speed of the surface of the photosensitive member are equal. (108) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of (108) to (111), wherein the gap holding mechanism is a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. Be an insulating gap layer formed on The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (108) to (112), "(114) wherein the gap holding mechanism is disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. (10) characterized in that it is a gap material formed of a conductive member.
(8) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (112), (115), and (115), wherein the flange contacting the charging member is made of an insulating material. ) To (112), and (116) wherein at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller that contacts the charging member and is in contact with the charging member is formed of an insulating material. (117) that the gap layer formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor has a thickness of 10 to 200 μm. Features (108) to (113)
(118), wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm. (112) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of items (112) and (114), (119) wherein the difference in film thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the photoconductor is 10
(109).
(120) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (112) to (112), wherein the difference in thickness between the non-image forming region and the image forming region of the support in the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm.
m, the electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (109) to (112) ", (1
21) The above-mentioned (10), wherein the gap between the surface of the charging member arranged close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm.
Any one of the items 9) to (112) and (115)
(122), wherein the gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. Section (112) or Section (116)
Item 123, Item 123, Item 123, Item 116 or Item 120, wherein the support for the photoreceptor is a seamless belt. Or (124), wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items),
(125) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (124), wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. ”, (126)
"The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (108) to (125), wherein a protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photoconductor", (127) "The photosensitive (128) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (126), wherein the protective layer of the body contains a filler, wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a charge transport material. (129) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (126) or (127), wherein the charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material. (128) The electrophotographic device according to the above (128), (130) "the polymer charge transporting substance contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. Polymer charge transport containing polycarbonate Wherein characterized in that it is a quality first (129) The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim ', (131)
The electrophotography according to any one of the above items (108) to (130), wherein the photosensitive member is charged by applying a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component to the charging member. (132)
"A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus including at least a charging unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a corresponding charging member surface in the charging unit are predetermined. The thickness of the support in the non-image forming area at both ends of the photoconductor in the charging member is larger than the thickness of the support in the image forming area at the center of the photoconductor,
Utilizing the thickness difference between the image forming area and the non-image forming area, the charging member is brought into contact with only the non-image forming area of the photoconductor, and the inner end of the charging member contact portion of the photoconductor is used for image formation of the photoconductor. (133) A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus characterized in that the process cartridge is located at least two times the film thickness difference from the outer edge of the region, Item (132) is characterized in that in order to control the distance between the members, one of the charging member and the photosensitive member is pressed by a mechanical force such as a spring and pressed against the other member. (134) or (134), wherein the rotating shaft of the charging roller and the rotating shaft of the photoconductor are fixed by a ring-shaped member.
(135) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus described in the item (3), (135) "A drive shaft such as a gear, a coupling, or a belt for rotational drive is provided on the rotation axis of the charging member and the rotation axis of the photosensitive member. (136) The electrophotographic process cartridge according to any one of (132) to (134), wherein the rotational driving force is independently or synchronously or asynchronously applied. "(132) to (135), wherein the moving speed of the surface of the charging member and the moving speed of the surface of the photoreceptor are constant.
(137) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of (1) to (137), wherein the gap holding mechanism is an insulating gap layer formed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. (132) to (13)
(138) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above (6) and (138), wherein the gap holding mechanism is an insulating gap material disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. (132) to (13)
(6) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above (1) to (139), wherein the flange contacting the charging member is made of an insulating material. (136) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (136) to (14).
0) The first aspect of the present invention, wherein at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller that comes into contact with the charging member in contact with the charging member is formed of an insulating material.
(37) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (37), (141), wherein the thickness of the gap layer formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. 132) to (137)
(142) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items, (142), wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. (132) to (13)
(6) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of (138) to (138), wherein the difference in film thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the photoconductor is 10 to 2;
(133) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (133) to (136), "(144)" a non-image forming area of a support in the photosensitive member. (145) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (133) to (136), wherein the difference between the thickness of the image forming area and the thickness of the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. "The gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the surface of the outermost layer of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10-20.
(133) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (133) to (136) and (139), (146) "proximity to the photoconductor". The gap between the arranged charging member surface and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 20.
(136) or (140), the process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (136) or (140), wherein the support for the photoreceptor is a seamless belt. (136)
Item, Item (140), Process Cartridge for Electrophotographic Apparatus According to Item (144) ", (148)
“The photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer,
(2) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic device according to any one of the items (1) to (147), (149), wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least a triarylamine structure as a main chain and / or a side chain. (15) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (148), characterized by containing a polycarbonate contained in a chain.
0) “A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (132) to (149), wherein a protective layer is provided on a photosensitive layer of the photoconductor”; 151) “A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above item (150), wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a filler”; and (152) “A charge transport material in the protective layer of the photoreceptor. (153) or (153), wherein the charge transporting substance contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer. (1) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (152), wherein
54) "The polymer charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material containing a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (15)
(3) A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (1), (155) "Charging is performed on the photosensitive member by applying a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component to the charging member. (132) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic device according to any one of the above items (132) to (154) is provided; and (156) a photoconductor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support. Wherein the thickness of the support in the non-image forming areas at both ends of the photoconductor is greater than the thickness of the support in the image forming area on the center side of the photoconductor.
57) “Electrophotographic photoreceptor according to item (156), wherein the difference in thickness between the non-image forming region and the image forming region of the support in the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm”; (Electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the above (156) or (157), wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer), ( 159) The electrophotographic photoconductor according to the above item (158), wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photoconductor contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (160) "(156) to (15), wherein a protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photosensitive member.
(9) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of the above items), (16)
1) “Electrophotographic photoreceptor according to item (160), wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a filler”, (162) “Charge transport material is contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor. (163) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the above (160) or (161), "
"The charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material.
(164) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the item (2), (164) wherein the polymer charge transporting substance contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor comprises polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (163) The electrophotographic photoreceptor as described in the above item (163), which is a polymer charge transport material containing; and (165)
"A photoconductor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, wherein the thickness of the support in the non-image forming areas at both ends of the photoconductor in the photoconductor is larger than the thickness of the support in the image forming area on the center side of the photoconductor. A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein a difference in thickness from a non-image forming region is formed by shaving an image forming region of the photosensitive member by mechanical means. 166) The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the above item (165), wherein the coating film formed on the support of the photosensitive member is formed by a spray method.

According to the fourth group of the present invention, (16)
7) “At least a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit,
An electrophotographic apparatus including a transfer unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a corresponding charging member surface in the charging unit corresponding to the image forming surface region are separated by a predetermined gap. For non-contact arrangement, the photoreceptor has flanges at both ends, the flange has a shape covering a non-image forming area of the photoreceptor surface, and is disposed in the non-image forming area of the photoreceptor. Utilizing the gap between the outer periphery of the flange and the outer periphery of the photoreceptor in the image forming area, the charging member is brought into contact only with the outer peripheral surface of the flange, and the inner end face of the flange is smaller than the outer end of the image forming area of the photoreceptor by 2 degrees. (168) An electrophotographic apparatus characterized in that the charging roller and the photosensitive member are located outside the photosensitive member at least twice as long.
(169) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (167), wherein any one of the charging member and the photosensitive member is pressed by a mechanical force such as a spring and pressed against the other member. "The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above mode (167) or (168), wherein the rotation axis of the charging roller and the rotation axis of the photoconductor are fixed by a ring-shaped member", (170) "The rotating shaft of the charging member and the rotating shaft of the photoreceptor are provided with drive applying means such as gears, couplings, and belts for rotational drive, and the rotational drive force is applied independently or synchronously or asynchronously to each other. (171) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (167) to (169), wherein the moving speed of the surface of the charging member and the moving speed of the surface of the photosensitive member are constant. (167) (174) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of (170) to (170), wherein the gap holding mechanism is an insulating gap layer formed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. (116)
(7) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (171) to (171), (173), wherein the gap holding mechanism is formed of an insulating member disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. (1) a gap material;
(67) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of (171) to (171), (174) wherein the flange contacting the charging member is made of an insulating material. ) To (171), and (175) wherein at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller that contacts the charging member and that is in contact with the charging member is formed of an insulating material. (176) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (171), wherein (176) that the thickness of the gap layer formed in the non-image forming region on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. Features (167) to (172)
(177), wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm. (178) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (171) and (173), (178) wherein the film thickness difference between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the photoconductor is 10
(168).
(179) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (171) to (171), (179) wherein the difference in thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the support in the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm.
m, the electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (168) to (171), "(1
80) "The gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 µm.
Any one of the items 8) to (171) and (174)
181), wherein the gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. Item (171) or Item (175)
(182) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of (171), (175), and (179), wherein the support for the photoreceptor is a seamless belt. (183) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (1), wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items),
(184) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (183), wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. ”, (185)
"The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (167) to (184), wherein a protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photoconductor", (186) "The photosensitive (185) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (185), wherein the protective layer of the body contains a filler, wherein the protective layer of the photoconductor contains a charge transport material. (185) or (188), wherein the charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoconductor is a polymer charge transport material. (189) The electrophotographic device according to (187), (189), wherein the polymer charge transporting substance contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. Polymer charge transport containing polycarbonate Wherein characterized in that it is a quality first (188) The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim ', (190)
The electrophotography according to any one of Items (167) to (189), wherein the photosensitive member is charged by applying a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component to the charging member. (191)
"A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus including at least a charging unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a corresponding charging member surface in the charging unit are predetermined. The photosensitive member has flanges at both ends for non-contact arrangement through a gap of the photosensitive member, and the flange has a shape covering a non-image forming area on the surface of the photosensitive member. Utilizing the gap between the outer periphery of the flange disposed in the area and the outer periphery of the photoconductor in the image forming area, the charging member is brought into contact with only the outer peripheral surface of the flange, and the inner end face of the flange is located closer to the outer end of the image forming area of the photoconductor. And (192) "using a charging roller as a charging member, In order to control the distance between the charging member and the photosensitive member, any one of the charging member and the photosensitive member is pressed by a mechanical force such as a spring and pressed against the other member (191). Item 191), wherein the rotation axis of the charging roller and the rotation axis of the photosensitive member are fixed by a ring-shaped member. (192) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (192), (194) "A drive shaft such as a gear for driving rotation, a coupling, or a belt is provided on the rotation shaft of the charging member and the rotation shaft of the photosensitive member. The process cartridge for electrophotography according to any one of the above items (191) to (193), wherein rotational driving forces are independently or synchronously or asynchronously applied. , (195) said first (191), wherein the moving speed of the moving speed and the surface of the photosensitive body of the "surface of the charging member is constant speed section to the (19
(4) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above (4) and (196), wherein the gap holding mechanism is an insulating gap layer formed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. (197) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (191) to (195), (197) wherein the gap holding mechanism is disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (191) to (195), wherein the process cartridge is an insulating gap material, and (198) "the flange contacting the charging member is insulated. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (192) to (195), wherein the process cartridge is made of a conductive material.
(199) For the electrophotographic apparatus according to the above item (196), wherein at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller which contacts the charging member and which is in contact with the charging member is formed of an insulating material. (200) The process cartridges (191) to (19), wherein the thickness of the gap layer formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm.
(6) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items), (201), wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm.
(191) to (1).
95) and the process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (197), (202), wherein the film thickness difference between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the photoconductor is 10 to 10;
(203) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (192) to (195), wherein the non-image forming area of the support in the photosensitive member is 200 μm. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (192) to (195), wherein the difference between the thickness of the electrophotographic device and the image forming region is 10 to 200 μm; "The gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the surface of the outermost layer of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10-20.
The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (192) to (195) and (198), "(205)" close to the photoconductor. The gap between the surface of the arranged charging member and the surface of the outermost layer of the photosensitive member in the image forming area is 10 to 20.
(206) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above item (195) or (199), wherein the support for the photosensitive member is a seamless belt. (195)
207, the process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (199) and (203) ", (207)
"The photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer,
(1) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic device according to any one of the items (1) to (206) ", (208)" A charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least a triarylamine structure as a main chain and / or a side chain. (20) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (207), comprising a polycarbonate contained in a chain.
9) “A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (191) to (208), wherein a protective layer is provided on a photosensitive layer of the photoconductor”; (210) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (209), wherein the protective layer of the photoconductor contains a filler. (211) The charge transport material in the protective layer of the photoconductor. Wherein the charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer. (2) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic device according to the above item (209) or (210), wherein (211) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (211),
13) The polymer charge transporting substance contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transporting substance containing a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (21)
(2) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (2), wherein the photosensitive member is charged by applying a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component to the charging member. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (191) to (213) is provided; and (215) a photoconductor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support. (216) the photoconductor, wherein the photoconductor has flanges at both ends thereof, and the flange has a shape covering a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. Wherein the gap between the outer peripheral portion of the surface of the photoreceptor image forming area and the outer peripheral portion of the flange is 10 to 200 μm in (2). The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the above item (215) or (216), wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to item (217), wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. 219) "The protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photoconductor, wherein the protective layer is provided.
8) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of the above items), (22)
0) “Electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the above item (219), wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a filler”, (221) “Charge transport material is contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor” (222). The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the above (219) or (220), wherein
"The charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material.
(2) Electrophotographic photoreceptor according to item (1), (223) wherein the polymer charge transporting substance contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor includes a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (2) An electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the above (222), which is a polymer charge transport material.

According to the fifth group of the present invention, (22)
4) “At least a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit,
A transfer means and an electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor supports and drives or follows the belt-shaped electrophotographic photoreceptor formed in a belt shape and protrudes from both ends of the photoreceptor. An electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the driving or the following is performed so that a surface of an image forming area of the belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member and a surface of a charging member in the charging unit corresponding to the image forming area are contactlessly arranged via a predetermined gap. Using the gap between the outer periphery of the roller and the outer periphery of the photoreceptor in the image forming area, the charging member is brought into contact with only the outer peripheral surface of the driven or driven roller, and the inner end face of the driven or driven roller is the outer end of the image forming area of the photosensitive body (225) An electrophotographic apparatus characterized in that a charging roller is used as a charging member, To control the distance of the photosensitive member and,
The charging member and one of a roller for driving or following the belt-shaped photoreceptor are pressured by a mechanical force such as a spring and pressed against the other member. Electrophotographic apparatus ", (22
6) The above item (224) or (24), wherein the rotating shaft of the charging roller and the rotating shaft of a roller that supports and drives or follow the belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member are fixed by a ring-shaped member. (225) The electrophotographic apparatus described in the item (225)), (227) "Rotating drive gear and coupling on a rotating shaft of the charging member and a rotating shaft of a roller which supports or drives the belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member and which is driven or driven. 224, a drive applying means such as a belt or the like is provided, and each of them is independently and synchronously or asynchronously applied with a rotational driving force. (228) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (224) to (227), wherein the moving speed of the surface of the charging member and the moving speed of the surface of the photosensitive member are constant. Electrophotographic apparatus ", (2 9) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (228), wherein the gap holding mechanism is an insulating gap layer formed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor. (23) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (228), wherein the gap holding mechanism is a gap material formed of an insulating member disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor.
1) “The electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (228), wherein the flange that contacts the charging member is made of an insulating material”, (232) “The driving roller that contacts the charging member. Alternatively, at least a portion of the driven roller that is in contact with the charging member is formed of an insulating material.
8) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items), (233)
"The electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (228) or (229), wherein the thickness of the gap layer formed in the non-image forming region on the surface of the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm", (234) The item (228) or (23), wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm.
(235) "Electrophotographic apparatus according to item (2)", wherein the difference in film thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the photoconductor is 10
(228) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (228), wherein the difference in thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the support in the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. (237) The gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area. Is 10-20
(238) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (228) or (231), wherein the thickness is 0 μm.
"The gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the surface of the outermost layer of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 10.
(239) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of (224) to (228) and (232), wherein the support for the photosensitive member is a seamless belt. (22)
Items 4) to (228), (232), and (23)
(6) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items), (240)
"The photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer,
(4) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (239), (241) "Polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in the main chain and / or side chain in the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor." Wherein the electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (240), wherein (2)
42) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (224) to (241), wherein a protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photoreceptor, (243) (244) The electrophotographic apparatus according to (242), wherein the protective layer of the photoconductor contains a filler.
"The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above item (242) or (243), wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a charge transporting substance", (245) "Contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor. The electrophotographic apparatus according to item (244), wherein the charge transport material to be used is a polymer charge transport material. "
(246) "The polymer charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material containing a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (247) The electrophotographic apparatus according to the above (245), wherein (247) "charges the photosensitive member by applying a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component to the charging member. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (224) to (246) "is provided;
8) "A roller which comprises at least a charging means and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and which supports the belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member having a belt shape and which is driven or driven, is provided at both ends of the photosensitive member. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, which is more protruding, wherein a surface of an image forming area of the belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member and a corresponding charging member surface in the charging unit corresponding thereto are arranged in a non-contact manner via a predetermined gap. The charging member is brought into contact with only the outer peripheral surface of the driving or driven roller by utilizing the gap between the outer periphery of the driving or driven roller and the outer peripheral surface of the photoreceptor in the image forming area. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, which is located outside the outer end portion of the image forming area of at least two times the gap. (249) “To use a charging roller as a charging member and control the distance between the charging member and the photoreceptor, a charging member and any one of rollers that drive or follow the belt-shaped photoreceptor are spring-loaded. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (248), wherein pressure is applied by a mechanical force such as the above and pressed against the other member. ”, (250)“ Rotating shaft and belt of the charging roller ” (248) or (249) for an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein a rotating shaft of a roller which supports and drives or drives the electrophotographic photosensitive member is fixed by a ring-shaped member. (251) “Process cartridge”, “251” “Rotating drive gears, couplings, and belts attached to the rotating shaft of the charging member and the rotating shaft of the roller that supports or drives the belt-shaped photoconductor. Drive imparting means is provided such bets, each rotational driving force independent, characterized in that the given synchronous or asynchronous said first (24
(8) The process cartridge for electrophotography according to any one of the above items (250) to (252), wherein the moving speed of the charging member surface and the moving speed of the photosensitive member surface are constant. (248) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (248) to (251) ", (253)" the insulating member formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor by the gap holding mechanism " (254) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (252), wherein the gap holding mechanism is disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor. (255) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (252), wherein the flange contacting the charging member is made of an insulating material. (256) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above item (252), (256) wherein at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller that contacts the charging member and in contact with the charging member is insulated. (248) to (251), characterized in that they are formed from a conductive material.
(3) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items), (257), wherein the thickness of the gap layer formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm.
(252) or (25).
(3) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (3), (258), wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. ) Or (254), the process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus ”, (2)
59) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (252), wherein the film thickness difference between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. "The difference in thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the support in the photoreceptor is 10 to 2
(26) the process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (252), wherein
1) "The gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 1
0-200 μm.
(2) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (255), (262) "the gap between the surface of the charging member disposed in close proximity to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming region is 10". (248) to (252), wherein the distance is from 200 to 200 μm.
(256) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (256), (263), wherein the support of the photoreceptor is a seamless belt. Item, (256), and (260). The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (256) and (260). ”(264)“ The photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is a laminate of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (248) to (263), wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least a charge transport layer. (2) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (264), which comprises a polycarbonate containing a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. 6) "on the photosensitive member of the photosensitive layer, the second is characterized in that a protective layer (248)
The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items (a) to (265), (267), wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a filler. (268) The process for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above item (266) or (267), wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a charge transport material. (269) A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the item (268), wherein the charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material. (270) "The polymer charge transporting substance contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. (271) The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above item (269), which is a polymer charge transporting material, (271) "Applying a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component to the charging member." Accordingly, the process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above items (248) to (270) is provided, wherein the photoconductor is charged.

[0025]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [First Group of the Invention]
Of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. First,
The first group of electrophotographic photosensitive members used in the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. As described above, a device provided with a gap holding mechanism in the non-image forming regions at both ends of the photoreceptor on the surface of the charging member can be used, but roughly divided into two methods. One is a method in which a gap layer made of an insulating member is provided in a non-image forming area at both ends of a photoconductor having a general configuration. Examples of the structure are shown below, but the invention is not limited thereto. Any known structure and material may be used as long as the gap layer of the first group of the present invention is provided on a photosensitive member having a known structure. It is possible.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the structure of a first group of electrophotographic photosensitive members used in the present invention. A charge generating material and a charge transport material are mainly provided on a conductive support (31). A single-layer photosensitive layer (33) as a component is provided. Further, a gap layer (41) is provided on the photoreceptor non-image forming area thereon.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the first group of the present invention. And a charge transport layer (37) containing a charge transport material as a main component. The stacking order of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer may be reverse to that of FIG. A gap layer (41) is laminated on the laminated photosensitive layer.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing still another example of the structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the first group of the present invention. Provided,
A protective layer (39) is provided thereon, and a gap layer (41) is further provided thereon. In this case, the photosensitive layer (3
3) may have a single-layer structure or a laminated structure.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the first group of the present invention. As shown in the figure, a gap layer is provided in the non-image forming area on the photoreceptor surface, and the charging member contacts only this portion,
The image forming area has a spatial gap, and charges the photoconductor image forming area in a non-contact state.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing in detail the positional relationship between the image forming area of the photoreceptor and the gap holding mechanism formed in the non-image forming area of the photoreceptor. In the present invention, the positional relationship between the two is important. That is, as shown in FIG. 5, the position of the inner end of the gap holding mechanism is at least twice the distance of the gap formed by the gap holding mechanism with respect to the outer end of the image forming area of the photoconductor. However, it is arranged outside as viewed from the center of the photoconductor. If the distance is short, the above-mentioned disadvantages may occur. In order to avoid this, the minimum gap must be twice or more the minimum gap. On the other hand, increasing this distance is effective from the viewpoint of avoiding problems. Would. Therefore, it is preferable to set the gap to about 100 times or less or about 10 mm or less.

Next, as a first group of the gap holding mechanisms of the present invention, a case will be described in which gap members are provided in the non-image forming areas at both ends of the photosensitive member. Examples of the structure are shown below, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Any known structure and material can be used as long as the gap member of the present invention is provided on a photosensitive member having a known structure. .

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the structure of a first group of electrophotographic photosensitive members used in the present invention. A single-layer photosensitive layer (33) as a component is provided. Further thereon, a gap material (43) is provided in the photoreceptor non-image forming area.

FIG. 7 is a sectional view showing another example of the structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the first group of the present invention. And a charge transport layer (37) containing a charge transport material as a main component. The stacking order of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer may be reverse to that of FIG. A gap material (43) is laminated on the laminated photosensitive layer.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing still another example of the structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the first group of the present invention. The photosensitive layer (33) is formed on the conductive support (31). Provided,
A protective layer (39) is provided thereon, and a gap material (43) is further provided thereon. In this case, the photosensitive layer (3
3) may have a single-layer structure or a laminated structure.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between the first group of photosensitive members and the charging member. As shown in the figure, a gap material is arranged in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor, and the charging member comes into contact only with this portion, thereby having a spatial gap (gap) from the image forming area. The image forming area is charged in a non-contact state.

As the conductive support (31), one having conductivity of not more than 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm, for example, aluminum, nickel, chromium, nichrome, copper, gold, silver,
Metals such as platinum, tin oxide, metal oxides such as indium oxide, coated on film or cylindrical plastic or paper by evaporation or sputtering,
Alternatively, a plate made of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, nickel, stainless steel, or the like, or a tube formed by extruding, drawing, or the like, and then surface-treated such as cutting, superfinishing, or polishing can be used. Further, an endless nickel belt and an endless stainless belt disclosed in JP-A-52-36016 can also be used as the conductive support (31).

In addition to the above, a support obtained by dispersing a conductive powder on a suitable binder resin on the above support and applying the same can also be used as the conductive support (31). Examples of the conductive powder include carbon black, acetylene black, metal powder such as aluminum, nickel, iron, nichrome, copper, zinc, and silver, and metal oxide powder such as conductive tin oxide and ITO. Can be The binder resins used simultaneously include polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer. , Polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyarylate resin,
Phenoxy resin, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate resin, ethyl cellulose resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl toluene, poly-N-
Vinyl carbazole, acrylic resin, silicone resin,
Thermoplastic, thermosetting resin or photocurable resin such as epoxy resin, melamine resin, urethane resin, phenol resin, and alkyd resin. Such a conductive layer can be provided by dispersing the conductive powder and the binder resin in an appropriate solvent, for example, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, or the like, and applying the dispersion.

Further, the heat-shrinkable tube containing the above-mentioned conductive powder in a material such as polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyester, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene, chlorinated rubber, Teflon, etc. on a suitable cylindrical substrate is used for the conductive material. Those provided with a layer can also be favorably used as the conductive support (31).

Next, the photosensitive layer will be described. The photosensitive layer may be a single layer or a laminated layer. The charge generation layer (35) is a layer containing a charge generation substance as a main component. The charge generation layer (35) is a layer containing a charge generation substance as a main component, and may use a binder resin as needed. As the charge generation substance, an inorganic material and an organic material can be used.

Examples of the inorganic material include crystalline selenium, amorphous selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-tellurium-halogen, selenium-arsenic compound, and amorphous silicon. As amorphous silicon, a material obtained by terminating a dangling bond with a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, or a material doped with a boron atom, a phosphorus atom, or the like is preferably used.

On the other hand, known materials can be used as the organic material. For example, metal phthalocyanine, phthalocyanine pigments such as metal-free phthalocyanine, azulhenium salt pigment, methine squaric acid pigment, azo pigment having a carbazole skeleton, azo pigment having a triphenylamine skeleton, azo pigment having a diphenylamine skeleton, dibenzothiophene skeleton Azo pigment having a fluorenone skeleton, azo pigment having an oxadiazole skeleton, azo pigment having a bisstillene skeleton, azo pigment having a distyryl oxadiazole skeleton, azo pigment having a distyryl carbazole skeleton, perylene Pigments, anthraquinone or polycyclic quinone pigments, quinone imine pigments, diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane pigments, benzoquinone and naphthoquinone pigments, cyanine and azomethine pigments, i Jigoido based pigments, and bisbenzimidazole pigments. These charge generating substances can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.

If necessary, the binder resin used for the charge generation layer (35) may be polyamide, polyurethane, epoxy resin, polyketone, polycarbonate, silicon resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl ketone, Polystyrene, polysulfone, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl benzal, polyester, phenoxy resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, polyphenylene oxide, polyamide, polyvinyl pyridine, cellulose resin, casein, Examples include polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The amount of the binder resin is suitably from 0 to 500 parts by weight, preferably from 10 to 300 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the charge generating substance.

The method of forming the charge generation layer (35) includes:
A vacuum thin film production method and a casting method from a solution dispersion system are mainly mentioned. For the former method, a vacuum evaporation method, a glow discharge decomposition method, an ion plating method, a sputtering method, a reactive sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like is used. As the charge generation layer (35), the above-mentioned inorganic material,
An organic material can be favorably formed. Further, in order to provide a charge generation layer by a casting method described below, if necessary, the above-mentioned inorganic or organic charge generation material is used together with a binder resin together with tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone,
It can be formed by dispersing with a ball mill, an attritor, a sand mill or the like using a solvent such as dioxane, dichloroethane, butanone, etc., diluting the dispersion appropriately, and applying. The application can be performed by a dip coating method, a spray coating, a bead coating, a nozzle coating, a spinner coating, a ring coating, or the like. The thickness of the charge generation layer (35) is suitably about 0.01 to 5 μm, and preferably 0.1 to 2 μm.

The charge transporting layer (37) can be formed by dissolving or dispersing the charge transporting substance and the binder resin in a suitable solvent, applying the solution on the charge generating layer, and drying. If necessary, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, an antioxidant and the like can be added.

The charge transport material includes a hole transport material and an electron transport material. Examples of the electron transporting substance include chloranil, bromanil, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4 , 5,7-tetranitroxanthone,
2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone, 2,6,8-
Examples thereof include electron accepting substances such as trinitro-4H-indeno [1,2-b] thiophen-4-one, 1,3,7-trinitrodibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, and benzoquinone derivatives.

Examples of the hole transport material include poly-N-vinylcarbazole and its derivatives, poly-γ-carbazolylethylglutamate and its derivatives, pyrene-formaldehyde condensate and its derivatives, polyvinylpyrene, polyvinylphenanthrene, polysilane, Oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, monoarylamine derivatives, diarylamine derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, stilbene derivatives,
α-phenylstilbene derivative, benzidine derivative, diarylmethane derivative, triarylmethane derivative, 9
-Known materials such as styryl anthracene derivative, pyrazoline derivative, divinylbenzene derivative, hydrazone derivative, indene derivative, butadiene derivative, pyrene derivative, bisstilbene derivative, enamine derivative and the like. These charge transport materials are used alone or in combination of two or more.

Examples of the binder resin include polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, and polystyrene. Vinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyalate, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate resin, ethyl cellulose resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl toluene, poly-N-vinyl carbazole, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, urethane Thermoplastic or thermosetting resins such as resin, phenolic resin, and alkyd resin are exemplified.

The amount of the charge transporting substance is 20 to 300 parts by weight, preferably 40 to 150 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
Parts by weight are appropriate. The thickness of the charge transport layer is 5 to 1
It is preferable that the thickness be about 00 μm. As the solvent used here, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, toluene, dichloromethane, monochlorobenzene, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone and the like are used.

For the charge transporting layer, a polymer charge transporting material having both a function as a charge transporting material and a function as a binder resin is preferably used. The charge transport layer composed of these polymeric charge transport materials has excellent abrasion resistance. As the polymer charge transport material, known materials can be used. In particular, a triarylamine structure having a main chain and / or
Alternatively, a polycarbonate contained in a side chain is preferably used. Among them, polymer charge transport materials represented by the following general formulas (I) to (X) are preferably used, and these are exemplified below and specific examples are shown.

[0050]

Embedded imageWhere R₁, R_Two, R_ThreeAre each independently substituted or
Unsubstituted alkyl group or halogen atom, R_FourIs a hydrogen atom
Or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, R_Five, R ₆Is replaced
Or an unsubstituted aryl group, o, p, and q are each independently
An integer of 0 to 4; k and j represent compositions;
k ≦ 1, 0 ≦ j ≦ 0.9, n represents the number of repeating units
It is an integer of 5-5000. X is an aliphatic divalent group, cyclic
Aliphatic divalent group or divalent group represented by the following general formula
Represents

[0051]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₁₀₁ and R ₁₀₂ each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, aryl group or halogen atom. l and m are integers of 0 to 4; Y is a single bond;
~ 12 linear, branched or cyclic alkylene groups,
-O -, - S -, - SO -, - SO 2 -, - CO -, -
CO—O—Z—O—CO— (wherein Z represents an aliphatic divalent group) or

[0052]

Embedded image (In the formula, a represents an integer of 1 to 20, b represents an integer of 1 to 2000, and R ₁₀₃ and R ₁₀₄ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group or aryl group.) Where R ₁₀₁ and R
₁₀₂ , _R103 and _R104 may be the same or different.

[0053]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₇ and R ₈ represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group;
r ₁ , Ar ₂ and Ar ₃ represent the same or different arylene groups. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0054]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₉ and R ₁₀ are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group,
Ar ₄ , Ar ₅ and Ar ₆ represent the same or different arylene groups. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0055]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₁₁ and R ₁₂ are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group,
Ar ₇ , Ar ₈ and Ar ₉ are the same or different arylene groups, p
Represents an integer of 1 to 5. X, k, j and n are
This is the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0056]

Embedded imageWhere R₁₃, R₁₄Is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group,
Ar_Ten, Ar₁₁, Ar ₁₂Are the same or different arylene groups,
X₁, X_TwoIs a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene group, or
Alternatively, it represents an unsubstituted vinylene group. X, k, j and
And n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0057]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₁₅ , R ₁₆ , R ₁₇ and R ₁₈ are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Ar ₁₃ , Ar ₁₄ , Ar ₁₅ and Ar ₁₆ are the same or different arylene groups, and Y ₁ , Y ₂ and Y ₃ are A single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene ether group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, and a vinylene group may be the same or different. X, k, j and n are
This is the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0058]

Embedded imageWhere R₁₉, R₂₀Is a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted
Represents a reel group, R ₁₉And R₂₀May form a ring
No. Ar₁₇, Ar₁₈, Ar₁₉Are the same or different allylenes
Represents a group. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).
Is the same.

[0059]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₂₁ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, A
r ₂₀ , Ar ₂₁ , Ar ₂₂ and Ar ₂₃ represent the same or different arylene groups. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0060]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₂₂ , R ₂₃ , R ₂₄ , and R ₂₅ are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Ar ₂₄ , Ar ₂₅ , Ar ₂₆ , Ar ₂₇ , Ar ₂₈
Represents the same or different arylene groups. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0061]

Embedded imageWhere R₂₆, R₂₇Is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group,
Ar₂₉, Ar₃₀, Ar ₃₁Represents the same or different arylene groups
Express. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).
It is.

In the first group of the photoreceptors of the present invention, a plasticizer or a leveling agent may be added to the charge transport layer (37). As the plasticizer, those used as plasticizers for general resins such as dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate can be used as they are, and the amount of the plasticizer is suitably about 0 to 30% by weight based on the binder resin. As the leveling agent, silicone oils such as dimethyl silicone oil and methylphenyl silicone oil, and polymers or oligomers having a perfluoroalkyl group in a side chain are used.
0 to 1% by weight is suitable.

Next, the case where the photosensitive layer (33) has a single-layer structure will be described. A photoconductor in which the above-described charge generating substance is dispersed in a binder resin can be used. The single-layer photosensitive layer can be formed by dissolving or dispersing a charge generating substance, a charge transporting substance, and a binder resin in a suitable solvent, and applying and drying the same. Further, the photosensitive layer may be of a function-separated type to which the above-mentioned charge transport material is added, and can be used favorably. If necessary, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, an antioxidant and the like can be added.

As the binder resin, the charge transport layer (3
In addition to using the binder resin described in 7) as it is, a mixture of the binder resin described in the charge generation layer (35) may be used. Of course, the above-mentioned polymer charge transport materials can also be used favorably. The amount of the charge generating substance is preferably 5 to 40 parts by weight, and the amount of the charge transporting substance is preferably 0 to 190 parts by weight, more preferably 50 to 100 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
１５０150 parts by weight. The single-layer photosensitive layer contains a charge generating substance,
If necessary, apply a binder resin together with a charge transport material and a coating liquid dispersed by a dispersing machine or the like using a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dichloroethane, or cyclohexane, using a dip coating method, spray coating, bead coating, or the like. Can be formed. The thickness of the single-layer photosensitive layer is suitably about 5 to 100 μm.

In the first group of photoreceptors of the present invention, an undercoat layer can be provided between the conductive support (31) and the photosensitive layer. The undercoat layer generally contains a resin as a main component. However, considering that the photosensitive layer is coated thereon with a solvent, these resins are resins having high solvent resistance to general organic solvents. desirable. As such a resin,
Water-soluble resins such as polyvinyl alcohol, casein and sodium polyacrylate, alcohol-soluble resins such as copolymerized nylon and methoxymethylated nylon, polyurethane, melamine resin, phenol resin, alkyd-melamine resin, epoxy resin, etc., three-dimensional network structure And the like. In addition, in the undercoat layer, for preventing moiré, reducing residual potential, etc., titanium oxide, silica,
Metal oxide fine powder pigments such as alumina, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, and indium oxide may be added.

These undercoat layers can be formed by using an appropriate solvent and a coating method as in the above-mentioned photosensitive layer. Further, a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, a chromium coupling agent and the like can be used as the undercoat layer of the first group of the present invention. In addition, the undercoat layer of the present invention may be provided with Al ₂ O ₃ by anodic oxidation, or an organic substance such as polyparaxylylene (parylene), SiO ₂ , SnO ₂ ,
Those provided with an inorganic substance such as TiO ₂ , ITO, CeO ₂ by a vacuum thin film forming method can also be used favorably. In addition, known materials can be used. The thickness of the undercoat layer is 0 to 5
μm is appropriate.

In the first group of photoreceptors of the present invention, a protective layer (39) may be provided on the photosensitive layer for the purpose of protecting the photosensitive layer. The material used for the protective layer is A
BS resin, ACS resin, olefin-vinyl monomer copolymer, chlorinated polyether, allyl resin, phenol resin, polyacetal, polyamide, polyamide imide, polyacrylate, polyallyl sulfone, polybutylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyether sulfone Resins such as polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, acrylic resin, polymethylbenthene, polypropylene, polyphenylene oxide, polysulfone, polystyrene, AS resin, butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, and epoxy resin. No. In addition to the protective layer, a fluorine resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene, a silicone resin, and an inorganic filler such as titanium oxide, tin oxide, potassium titanate, silica, etc. A filler or the like dispersed therein can be added. In addition, a charge transporting substance can be used for the protective layer, which is an effective means in suppressing an increase in residual potential due to the lamination of the protective layer. As the charge transport substance, the materials described in the description of the charge transport layer can be used. Regarding the proper use of the hole transporting material and the electron transporting material, it is preferable to make an appropriate selection according to the polarity of the charging and the layer structure. For the protective layer, a polymer charge transporting material having both a function as a charge transporting material and a function as a binder resin is preferably used. The protective layer composed of these polymeric charge transport materials has excellent wear resistance and hole transport characteristics. As the polymer charge transport material, known materials can be used, but polymer charge transport materials represented by the same general formulas (I) to (X) as those used in the charge transport layer are particularly effective. Used for As a method for forming the protective layer, a normal coating method is employed. The thickness of the protective layer is suitably about 0.1 to 10 μm. Further, in addition to the above, a-C, a-SiC formed by a vacuum thin film forming method
A known material such as a protective layer can be used. Further, the above-mentioned various additives can also be used for the protective layer.

Advantages when photoreceptor has high abrasion resistance (charge transport layer using polymer charge transport substance, protective layer) (i) Mechanical durability of photoreceptor is improved and stable gap can be secured In the charging mechanism of the present invention, the gap is formed by the contact of the surface of the charging member with the gap holding mechanism provided in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photosensitive member.
At this time, it is effective to clean the surface of the photoconductor to cover the outside of the outer edge of the image forming area when viewed from the center of the photoconductor. This is because the residual toner generated by repeated use tends to accumulate at the inner end of the gap holding member as described above. Further, if only the image forming area is cleaned, the surface of the photoconductor is worn due to repeated use, and as a result, a phenomenon that the gap between the photoconductor and the charging member is widened may occur. Here, a structure having abrasion resistance on the photoreceptor surface as in the present invention, for example, in a configuration in which a charge transport layer is disposed on the surface, a polymer charge transport material is used for the charge transport layer, By using a protective layer having higher mechanical durability than the charge transport layer, the protective layer is more resistant to stress caused by the cleaning member and can maintain the stability of the gap. In this case, it is advantageous to use a polymer charge transporting substance using a filler for the protective layer, because further improvement in mechanical durability is expected. When a filler or the like is used for the protective layer, the charge transport ability of the protective layer may be reduced,
This problem can be solved by adding a charge transport material. In particular, in a charging mechanism arranged in a non-contact proximity manner as in the present invention, superposition of an AC component is very advantageous for stabilizing the charging property. However, when the electric charge in which the AC component is superimposed on the photoreceptor surface flows down, the hazard to the photoreceptor increases, and the abrasion amount of the photoreceptor increases remarkably as compared with the case where no AC is superposed. As a result, even if the charging is stabilized,
As a result, the mechanical life of the photoconductor may be shortened, which may result in a trade-off design. The trade-off relationship can be resolved by improving the mechanical strength of the photoconductor by adopting the above-described photoconductor configuration.

(Ii) It is possible to improve the durability of the charging member. As described above, in the above-described techniques, the life (mainly mechanical durability) of the photosensitive member is rate-limiting, and the diameter of the photosensitive member is reduced. Was creating limits. As a result, not only is there a limit to the compactness of the machine, but also the ratio of the diameter of the charging member itself is large. Although the charging member has been studied to have higher durability than various materials and configurations, it is basically formed of a material such as elastic rubber. By non-contact with the photoreceptor surface as in the present invention, compared to the contact charging system, mechanical wear of the surface in repeated use, regarding contamination by residual toner on the photoreceptor,
This is a dramatic improvement, and is no longer a factor that can at least extend the life of the charging member. However, the deterioration phenomenon of the material itself has not been greatly improved by the discharge in repeated use. One of the causes is that the diameter of the photosensitive member is larger than the diameter of the charging member. For example, a charging member having a diameter of about 10 mm is used for a photoconductor having a diameter of about 30 mm, which is currently the mainstream of small-diameter photoconductors, in order to make a machine or a cartridge compact.
If both of them are replaced at the same time in order to improve the maintenance efficiency, the durability of the charging member is simply 3 times that of the photosensitive member.
It will take twice as long. However, if the durability of the photoconductor can be improved as described above, when the same charging member is used, the diameter of the photoconductor can be reduced accordingly. As a result, the ratio between the charging member and the diameter of the photoreceptor is reduced, the stress on the charging member can be reduced, and in relation to the durability of the photoreceptor, the ratio of the durability of the charging member can be substantially improved. As a result, the reliability of the charging member is increased. In addition, more compact machines and cartridges can be designed. Further, in proximity charging as in the present invention, the photoreceptor is charged by a discharging phenomenon that follows Paschen's law. At this time, regarding the discharge occurring between the photosensitive member and the charging member,
Discharge is performed with the photoconductor and the charging member approaching a certain distance or away from each other. The range in which the discharge is performed can be replaced with the area of the surface of the photoconductor or the charging member. This area depends on the curvatures of the photoconductor and the charging member, and the smaller the diameter, the smaller the area becomes. As a result of the experiment, when any one of the diameters is reduced, the charge potential of the photoconductor with respect to the applied voltage is not affected, and at the same time, the amount of reactive gas (ozone, NOx, etc.) generated as a side effect is reduced. I was able to. That is, by reducing the area where the discharge is performed, the generation of the reactive gas is reduced without lowering the charging efficiency of the photoconductor. From this result, by improving the wear resistance of the photoconductor as described above, the diameter of the photoconductor can be reduced,
As a result, a scheme is established in which the reactive gas generated from the charging member can be reduced. At this time, the deterioration of the surface of the photoconductor or the surface of the charging member, which is damaged by the reactive gas, can be reduced, and the durability of both can be further improved. In addition, regarding the reduction of the diameter of the photoconductor,
The relationship with other members arranged around the photoconductor is also considered. For example, when used in a very high-speed electrophotographic system, it is necessary to consider the followability of processes such as development and transfer. That is, in development and transfer, a minimum effective area (nip width) in contact with the photoconductor is required. If the diameter of the photoreceptor becomes very small, the curvature becomes large and the nip width cannot be obtained. From this point, the lower limit of the photoconductor diameter is set to about 10 mm in diameter, which is almost the same as the lower limit of the charging member diameter. In addition, when the composition of the photoconductor is the same, according to Paschen's law, the thinner the thickness of the photoconductive layer, the easier the charging becomes. As described above, when a photoreceptor having improved wear resistance is used, the thickness of the photosensitive layer can be reduced, so that the voltage applied to the charging member can be reduced. Therefore, in repeated use, the stress on the charging member is reduced, and the chemical deterioration of the charging member is reduced, so that the durability of the charging member is improved. Further, by reducing the voltage applied to the charging member in this manner, the amount of reactive gas (ozone, NOx, etc.) generated from the charging member is reduced, and the deterioration of the material forming the photoconductor and the charging member is reduced. It is suppressed, and the durability is further improved in a chain manner.

(Iii) Higher image quality can be achieved. Since the abrasion resistance of the photoreceptor is improved, the thickness of the photosensitive layer can be reduced. For this reason, since the distance that the optical carrier generated in the photosensitive layer traverses to the surface of the photoreceptor is reduced, the probability of carrier diffusion is reduced, and a dot that is more faithful to writing light in electrostatic image formation is reproduced. become. That is, the resolution can be increased. In addition, as described above, since the amount of the reactive gas generated from the charging member is reduced, generation of a low-resistance substance generally called a blurred substance, and adsorption to the photoreceptor surface are suppressed,
Image blur can be significantly reduced. For this reason, the restrictions in the use environment are extremely reduced, and a drum heater or the like is not required, which contributes to low cost, space saving, and resource saving, and enables the design of a device that is friendly to the office environment.

In the first group of the photoreceptors of the present invention, an intermediate layer may be provided between the photosensitive layer and the protective layer.
For the intermediate layer, a binder resin is generally used as a main component. Examples of these resins include polyamide, alcohol-soluble nylon, water-soluble polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl butyral, and polyvinyl alcohol.
As a method for forming the intermediate layer, a normal coating method is employed as described above. The thickness of the intermediate layer is suitably about 0.05 to 2 μm.

In the first group of the present invention, an antioxidant, a plasticizer, a lubricant, and an ultraviolet ray are added to each layer for the purpose of improving environmental resistance, particularly, for the purpose of preventing a decrease in sensitivity and an increase in residual potential. Absorbers, small molecule charge transport materials and leveling agents can be added. Representative materials of these compounds are described below.

Examples of the antioxidant that can be added to each layer include, but are not limited to, the following. (A) Phenol compound 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol, butylated hydroxyanisole, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-ethylphenol, n-octadecyl-3- (4′- Hydroxy-3 ′, 5′-di-t-butylphenol),
2,2'-methylene-bis- (4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis- (4-
Ethyl-6-t-butylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis- (3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol),
4,4′-butylidenebis- (3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 1,1,3-tris- (2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl) butane,
1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5
-Di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene, tetrakis- [methylene-3- (3 ', 5'-di-
[t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] methane, bis [3,3'-bis (4'-hydroxy-3'-t-butylphenyl) butyric acid] glycol ester, tocopherols and the like.

(B) Paraphenylenediamines N-phenyl-N'-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N, N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-phenyl-N-sec-butyl- p-
Phenylenediamine, N, N'-di-isopropyl-p
-Phenylenediamine, N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-
Di-t-butyl-p-phenylenediamine and the like.

(C) Hydroquinones 2,5-di-t-octylhydroquinone, 2,6-didodecylhydroquinone, 2-dodecylhydroquinone, 2-dodecyl-5-chlorohydroquinone, 2-t
-Octyl-5-methylhydroquinone, 2- (2-octadecenyl) -5-methylhydroquinone and the like.

(D) Organic sulfur compounds Dilauryl-3,3'-thiodipropionate, distearyl-3,3'-thiodipropionate, ditetradecyl-3,3'-thiodipropionate and the like.

(E) Organophosphorus compounds Triphenylphosphine, tri (nonylphenyl) phosphine, tri (dinonylphenyl) phosphine, tricresylphosphine, tri (2,4-dibutylphenoxy) phosphine and the like.

Examples of the plasticizer that can be added to each layer include the following, but are not limited thereto. (A) Phosphate ester plasticizer triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, octyl diphenyl phosphate, trichloroethyl phosphate, cresyl diphenyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate, Triphenyl phosphate and the like.

(B) Phthalate ester plasticizer Dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diheptyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, di-n-phthalate Octyl, dinonyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, diundecyl phthalate, ditridecyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, butyl benzyl butyl, butyl lauryl phthalate, methyl oleyl phthalate, octyl decyl phthalate, dibutyl fumarate, Dioctyl fumarate and the like.

(C) Aromatic carboxylic ester plasticizers Trioctyl trimellitate, Tri-n trimellitate
-Octyl, octyl oxybenzoate and the like.

(D) Aliphatic dibasic ester plasticizers Dibutyl adipate, di-n-hexyl adipate, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, di-n-adipate
Octyl, n-octyl-n-octyl-n-decyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, dicapryl adipate, di-2-ethylhexyl azelate, dimethyl sebacate,
Diethyl sebacate, dibutyl sebacate, di-n-octyl sebacate, di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, di-2-ethoxyethyl sebacate, dioctyl succinate, diisodecyl succinate, dioctyl tetrahydrophthalate, dihydrotetrahydrophthalate -N-octyl and the like.

(E) Fatty acid ester derivatives butyl oleate, glycerin monooleate, methyl acetyl ricinoleate, pentaerythritol ester, dipentaerythritol hexaester,
Triacetin, tributyrin and the like.

(F) Oxyacid ester plasticizers Methyl acetyl ricinoleate, butyl acetyl ricinoleate, butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate, tributyl acetyl citrate and the like.

(G) Epoxy plasticizer Epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized linseed oil, butyl epoxy stearate, decyl epoxy stearate, octyl epoxy stearate, benzyl epoxy stearate, dioctyl epoxy hexahydrophthalate, epoxy hexahydrophthalate Didecyl acid and the like.

(H) Dihydric alcohol ester plasticizers Diethylene glycol dibenzoate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethyl butyrate and the like.

(I) Chlorinated plasticizers Chlorinated paraffin, chlorinated diphenyl, chlorinated fatty acid methyl, methoxy chlorinated fatty acid methyl and the like.

(J) Polyester plasticizer Polypropylene adipate, polypropylene sebacate, polyester, acetylated polyester and the like.

(K) Sulfonic acid derivatives p-toluenesulfonamide, o-toluenesulfonamide, p-toluenesulfonethylamide, o-toluenesulfonethylamide, toluenesulfone-N-ethylamide, p-toluenesulfon-N-cyclohexyl Amides and the like.

(1) Citric acid derivatives Triethyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, tributyl acetyl citrate, tri-2-ethylhexyl acetyl citrate, n-octyldecyl acetyl citrate and the like.

(M) Others terphenyl, partially hydrogenated terphenyl, camphor, 2
-Nitrodiphenyl, dinonylnaphthalene, methyl abietate and the like.

Examples of the lubricant that can be added to each layer include, but are not limited to, the following. (A) Hydrocarbon compounds Liquid paraffin, paraffin wax, microwax, low-polymerized polyethylene and the like.

(B) Fatty acid compounds Lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid and the like.

(C) Fatty acid amide compounds Stearyl amide, palmityl amide, olein amide, methylene bis stearoamide, ethylene bis stearoamide and the like.

(D) Ester compounds Lower alcohol esters of fatty acids, polyhydric alcohol esters of fatty acids, polyglycol esters of fatty acids and the like.

(E) Alcohol Compounds Cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyglycerol and the like.

(F) Metal soaps Lead stearate, cadmium stearate, barium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium stearate and the like.

(G) Natural waxes Carnauba wax, candelilla wax, beeswax, whale wax, Ibota wax, montan wax and the like.

(H) Others Silicone compounds, fluorine compounds and the like.

Examples of the ultraviolet absorber which can be added to each layer include the following, but are not limited thereto. (A) Benzophenone 2-hydroxybenzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2 ′, 4-trihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2 ′, 4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4 -Methoxybenzophenone and the like.

(B) Salicylate type Phenyl salicylate, 2,4-di-t-butylphenyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and the like.

(C) Benzotriazole type (2'-hydroxyphenyl) benzotriazole,
(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl) benzotriazole, (2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl) benzotriazole, (2′-hydroxy-3′-
(Tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl) -5-chlorobenzotriazole.

(D) Cyanoacrylates Ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate, methyl-2-carbomethoxy-3- (paramethoxy) acrylate and the like.

(E) Quencher (metal complex salt) Nickel (2,2'-thiobis (4-t-octyl) phenolate) normal butylamine, nickel dibutyl dithiocarbamate, nickel dibutyl dithiocarbamate, cobalt dicyclohexyl dithiophosphate, and the like.

(F) HALS (hindered amine) bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, bis (1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, 1 -[2- [3-
(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)
Propionyloxy] ethyl] -4- [3- (3,5-
Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionyloxy] -2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyridine,
8-benzyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-3-octyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro [4,5] undecane-2,4-dione, 4-benzoyloxy-2,
2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine and the like.

Next, the gap layer (41) in the first group of the present invention is formed of an insulating member because it is necessary to eliminate abnormal discharge or the like from the charging member. Here, the insulating member refers to a material having a resistance higher than at least the surface of the photoreceptor image forming area, and is a material having a resistance of about 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm or more. Further, when used in an electrophotographic apparatus, a material having high abrasion resistance is effectively used because the material is rubbed with the photoreceptor. Specifically, a material such as engineering plastic having a good film-forming property is used. For example, polyamide, polyurethane, epoxy resin, polyketone, polycarbonate, silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl ketone, polystyrene, polysulfone, poly-
N-vinyl carbazole, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl benzal, polyester, phenoxy resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, polyphenylene oxide, polyamide, polyvinyl pyridine,
Cellulosic resin, casein, polyvinyl alcohol,
Polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like. In order to reduce the surface friction coefficient of the gap layer, those obtained by modifying these resins with fluorine, silicon atoms, or the like, or those obtained by dispersing a fluororesin, a silicon resin, or the like can also be used favorably. Further, it is also an effective means to use various fillers dispersedly in order to improve abrasion resistance.

Various methods can be used as the method for forming the gap layer in the first group of the present invention, but the production by the wet method is simple and useful. The forming method can be roughly divided into two methods. One is a method in which a photoreceptor image forming area is masked and a gap layer is formed only in a non-image forming area using a spray method or a nozzle coating method. Further, a method of providing a gap layer on each side of the photoreceptor by using a dip coating method is also an effective means. As another means, there is a method in which the gap layer is coated on the entire surface of the photoreceptor, and thereafter, the photoreceptor image forming area is removed by a method such as cutting. Which method is selected is arbitrary, but it can be said that the former method is more advantageous in terms of ecology and the like.

The thickness of the gap layer is 10 to 200 μm.
m is preferred. More preferably, it is 20 to 100 μm. If the thickness is 10 μm or less, the charging member may come into contact with the photoconductor, and uncleaned toner on the photoconductor may adhere to the charging member, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the thickness is 200 μm or more, the voltage applied to the charging member is increased, so that extra power consumption is required.

The first group of gap members (43) in the present invention is formed of an insulating member because it is necessary to eliminate abnormal discharge from the charging member. Here, the insulating member refers to a material having a resistance higher than at least the surface of the photoreceptor image forming area, and is a material having a resistance of about 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm or more. Further, when used in an electrophotographic apparatus, a material having high abrasion resistance is effectively used because the material is rubbed with the photoreceptor. Specifically, a material such as engineering plastic having a good film-forming property is used. For example, polyamide, polyurethane, epoxy resin, polyketone, polycarbonate, silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl ketone, polystyrene, polysulfone, poly-
N-vinyl carbazole, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl benzal, polyester, phenoxy resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, polyphenylene oxide, polyamide, polyvinyl pyridine,
Cellulosic resin, casein, polyvinyl alcohol,
Polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like. In order to reduce the surface friction coefficient of the gap layer, those obtained by modifying these resins with fluorine, silicon atoms, or the like, or those obtained by dispersing a fluororesin, a silicon resin, or the like can also be used favorably. Further, it is also an effective means to use various fillers dispersedly in order to improve abrasion resistance. Those in the form of a tape, a seal, a tube or the like can be used effectively.

As the form of the gap material in the first group of the present invention, any form can be used as long as it has a gap holding function, but it is roughly classified into two types. One is a seamless form. This can be said to be an effective means for securing a stable gap, considering that the charging member and the photoconductor are brought into contact only at the gap material portion. In order to form a seamless form, for example, using a heat-shrinkable tube or the like, a method of forming a gap material at both ends of the photoconductor, a tube having a thickness equivalent to the gap material thickness in a direction perpendicular to the photoconductor longitudinal direction For example, a method of winding in the direction may be used. One form is a form having a seam. In this case, it is necessary to devise a method for maintaining a stable gap during operation of the electrophotographic apparatus. A tape-like or seal-like gap material is wound with a seam in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the photoreceptor. There is a method of stacking those formed obliquely to the direction. Also,
As shown in FIG. 10, the ratio of the width of the seam to the width of the gap material in the rotational direction is configured to be infinitely small, and the device that is devised so that it can be used substantially seamlessly can be easily manufactured and used. It is easy to use and can be used particularly effectively.

The thickness of the gap material is 10 to 200 μm.
m is preferred. More preferably, it is 20 to 100 μm. If the thickness is 10 μm or less, the charging member may come into contact with the photoconductor, and uncleaned toner on the photoconductor may adhere to the charging member, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the thickness is 200 μm or more, the voltage applied to the charging member is increased, so that extra power consumption is required.

In the present invention, it is extremely important to control the gap between the charging member and the surface of the photosensitive member. With the above-described gap layer or gap material, it is possible to control the charging member and the photoconductor so that they are not too close to each other than a predetermined distance. is there. Although various forms are conceivable as this mechanism, the following two methods are preferably used in the present invention. One method is to regulate the distance between the charging member and the photoconductor. Specifically, it is a method in which the charging member and the photosensitive member are fixed in a state where they are in contact with each other via a gap. More specifically, this is a method of fixing the rotation axis of the charging member and the rotation axis of the photoconductor with a ring-shaped member. One example of this method is shown in FIGS. As shown in the figure, the rotation axis of the charging member and the rotation axis of the photoconductor are fixed by a ring-shaped member, and a control is performed so that the interval between the two does not exceed a predetermined gap. Such a ring-shaped member includes a flexible ring or a belt-shaped ring. In particular, a metal or plastic film in a seamless belt shape can be effectively used.

Advantages of using a ring-shaped member (i) The degree of freedom in the positional relationship between the charging member and the photosensitive member is increased. Are arranged so as to be in contact with the photoconductor by gravity or the like. For this reason, the position of the charging member in the machine body is always arranged above the photoconductor.
As described above, the positional relationship between the charging member and the photosensitive member is determined as a restriction on machine design, but the distance between the photosensitive member and the charging member is restricted by the ring-shaped member as in the present invention. As a result, the degree of freedom in layout becomes very large. This is advantageous for a compact design that efficiently uses the internal space.

(Ii) An abnormal image can be prevented. When the diameter of the photosensitive member and the charging member is reduced, if they are used in a high-speed system to some extent, the rotation speeds of both become extremely high. In such a case, the distance between the charging member and the photoconductor may be wider than a predetermined gap. As a result, charging unevenness occurs, and an abnormal image typified by density unevenness called banding may occur. By restricting the distance between the photosensitive member and the charging member by the ring-shaped member as in the present invention, the gap can be regulated accurately, and this can be prevented. The effect of preventing the occurrence of abnormal images by this method is more effective than that of the pressing mechanism such as the spring, and can be used in combination with the pressing mechanism.

(Iii) Able to Prevent Unusual Noise When the photosensitive member is charged by non-contact charging or contact charging as in the present invention, the charging is performed by a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component. Many. In such a case, the photoreceptor or the like may resonate at the frequency of the AC component and generate abnormal noise. Usually, as a countermeasure, a countermeasure is taken by putting a padding or the like inside the photoconductor, changing the weight of the photoconductor, and changing the resonance frequency. Such a method is very effective, but has the disadvantage that the weight of the photoconductor itself becomes heavy, the torque of the motor that drives the photoconductor must be increased, and the cost increases by the price of the padding. Occurs. On the other hand, by limiting the distance between the photosensitive member and the charging member by the ring-shaped member as in the present invention, a design that avoids the resonance point (prevents abnormal noise) becomes possible. The effect of preventing the generation of abnormal noise by this method is more effective than that of the pressing mechanism such as the spring, and can be used together with the pressing mechanism.

(Iv) In a full-color electrophotographic apparatus capable of reducing the influence of vibration due to driving, a tandem type system using a plurality of photosensitive members is used for high-speed operation.
In such a case, various output modes are adopted.
For example, the linear speed of the photoconductor is changed depending on the priority of image quality or speed, the linear speed of the photoconductor is changed between full-color output and monochrome output, or only the black station is operated. In such a case, the operation of each station of the four colors (at least the configuration in which the photosensitive member and the charging member are paired) is not always constant, and the operation speed is sequentially changed. In such a case, the photosensitive member receives the vibration of the drive motor, the vibration of the member transmitting the drive, and the like, and an abnormal image or the like is easily generated. In particular, when gear driving intended for precise driving is performed, the effect is large. Even in such a case, by restricting the distance between the photosensitive member and the charging member by the ring-shaped member as in the present invention,
The gap can be regulated accurately, and this effect can be reduced.

Another method is to apply pressure to the charging member in the direction of the photoreceptor with a mechanical action such as a spring so that the charging member contacts the photoreceptor via a gap, and the charging member is exposed to light. It is a method of pressing against the body. One example of this method is shown in FIG. In the figure, a spring for applying pressure to the charging member is in contact with the rotating shaft, but a configuration in which the roller surface is directly pressed may be used. Contrary to FIG. 13, a method of applying pressure to the photoconductor and pressing it against the charging roller is also possible, but considering the influence on other members that contact the photoconductor, a method of pressing the charging member against the photoconductor is desirable. . In this method, it is also effective to attach gears, couplings, belts, and the like to both the rotating shaft of the charging member and the rotating shaft of the photoreceptor, and to apply a rotational driving force to each of them independently. (FIG. 14). It is also possible to attach a driving gear to one side of the charging member or the photoconductor, and to rotate the other by the force of contact, but in that case, it is necessary to increase the contact pressure of the charging member to the photoconductor, It is disadvantageous in consideration of mechanical durability. The moving speed between the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photoreceptor can be arbitrarily set, but it is advantageous that both move at a constant speed in consideration of the rubbing at the gap.

Advantages of using a pressing member such as a spring (i) The degree of freedom in the positional relationship between the charging member and the photosensitive member is increased. In order to regulate the distance between the charging member and the photosensitive member (to prevent the distance from being too large), The charging member is disposed so as to be in contact with the photoconductor by gravity or the like. For this reason, the position of the charging member in the machine body is always arranged above the photoconductor.
As described above, the positional relationship between the charging member and the photoconductor is determined as a constraint on the machine design. However, as described in the present application, pressure is applied to one of the charging member and the photoconductor by a mechanical force such as a spring. , And the structure is pressed against the other member, thereby greatly increasing the degree of freedom in layout. This is advantageous for a compact design that efficiently uses the internal space.

(Ii) An abnormal image can be prevented. When the diameter of the photosensitive member and the charging member is reduced, if they are used in a high-speed system to some extent, the rotational speeds of both become extremely high. In such a case, the distance between the charging member and the photoconductor may be wider than a predetermined gap. As a result, charging unevenness occurs, and an abnormal image typified by density unevenness called banding may occur. As in the present application, by applying a pressure to one of the charging member and the photoreceptor by a mechanical force such as a spring and pressing the other member, the gap can be accurately regulated, and this is prevented. be able to. Further, by appropriately adjusting the weight and elastic constant of the contacting spring, it is possible to avoid a resonance point at which jitter or the like is likely to occur, thereby preventing the above phenomenon.

(Iii) Unusual noise can be prevented When the photosensitive member is charged by non-contact charging or contact charging as in the present invention, the charging is performed by a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component. Many. In such a case, the photoreceptor or the like may resonate at the frequency of the AC component and generate abnormal noise. Usually, as a countermeasure, a countermeasure is taken by putting a padding or the like inside the photoconductor, changing the weight of the photoconductor, and changing the resonance frequency. Such a method is very effective, but has the disadvantage that the weight of the photoconductor itself becomes heavy, the torque of the motor that drives the photoconductor must be increased, and the cost increases by the price of the padding. Occurs. On the other hand, as in the present invention, a structure is used in which one of the charging member and the photoreceptor is pressed by a mechanical force such as a spring and pressed against the other member, and the weight and elastic constant of the contacting spring are appropriately adjusted. By doing so, a design that avoids the resonance point (prevents abnormal noise) can be realized.

Advantages of Independently Synchronizing and Driving the Charging Member and the Photoconductor (i) It is possible to reduce the influence of the load fluctuation of other members. By transmitting the gear, a gear or the like is provided on at least one side of the member, and a gear or the like is provided on the other member, the motor receives the driving force of the motor and rotates with one of the members. However, there is a disadvantage that when a load is varied with respect to the driving of the photosensitive member or the charging member due to repeated use, the other member is also affected by this. On the other hand, by independently driving each member, even if a load fluctuation of one member occurs, the driving is performed accurately without being affected by the fluctuation. Further, by setting the diameter ratio of the photosensitive member and the charging member to an integral multiple (one of the diameters is the integral multiple of the other), it is possible to drive both in a synchronized manner. In this case, the same portion of the photosensitive member and the charging member always comes into contact in repeated use, and a stable gap can be maintained. Further, by providing a mark or the like on one circumference, it is possible to accurately control the contact timing.

Advantages of driving the charging member and the surface of the photoconductor at a constant speed (i) The load on the gap holding member can be reduced. For example, the electrostatic capacity of the photoconductor is large, In order to increase the amount, when the linear speed of the charging member surface is rotated faster than the linear speed of the photoconductor surface,
The load on the gap holding member increases, the wear amount of the gap holding member increases, and the stability of the gap decreases.
For this reason, when the photosensitive member and the charging member are driven independently, the durability of the gap holding member is increased and the stability of the gap is improved by making the moving speed of the surfaces of both the members constant.

(Ii) The atmosphere in the charging gap is stable When the rotation speed of the surface of the charging member is different from the rotation speed of the surface of the photoreceptor, in the non-contact proximity charging as in the present invention, the airflow in the gap is disturbed. There are cases. In such a case, charging becomes unstable and an abnormal image may be generated. By driving both of the gap holding mechanism in contact with each other at a constant speed, the atmosphere of the charging gap is stabilized,
It is possible to stabilize charging.

The rotary drive system shown in FIGS. 11 to 14 is described as being provided between the rotating shaft of the cylindrical photosensitive member and a charging roller as a charging member. Of course, it may be provided between the rotating shaft of the belt-shaped photoconductor and the charging roller as the charging member.

Hereinafter, the first group of charging members used in the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Known charging members can be used, and examples thereof are shown below, but the charging members are not limited thereto. FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing a first group of charging members used in the present invention, in which a conductive elastic body (53) is provided on a rotating shaft (for example, a metal shaft) (51). FIG. 16 is a sectional view showing another configuration example of the charging member used in the first group of the present invention, in which a conductive elastic body (53) is provided on a rotating shaft (51), and a resistance adjusting layer (55) is provided.

As the rotating shaft (51), iron, copper, brass,
A metal member such as stainless steel is used. The conductive elastic body (53) is generally formed of a composition in which conductive powder or conductive fibers (carbon black, metal powder, carbon fibers, etc.) are mixed in synthetic rubber. When a resistance adjusting layer is used on the surface, the resistance of this layer is 10 ³ to 10 ⁸
When a semiconductive region of about Ω · cm is used favorably and used alone, it is slightly higher (10 ⁴ to 10
¹⁰ Ω · cm).

It is preferable that the layer forming the charging member configured as described above is uniformly formed up to the non-image forming area. That is, it is desirable that a conductive elastic body and a resistance adjusting layer are formed on the surface of the charging member in contact with the gap holding mechanism. This is because electric leakage may occur between the rotating shaft (core bar) of the charging member and the photoreceptor, and when electric leakage occurs, a large amount of toner is developed in that portion, and abnormalities in the end portion are caused. Dirty soil will occur. By providing a photosensitive layer, the above-mentioned disadvantages can be solved.

For the resistance adjusting layer (55), ordinary synthetic resins (polyethylene, polyester, epoxy resin) and synthetic rubbers (ethylene-propylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene rubber, etc.) are used.
In addition, various materials such as epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide copolymer rubber and a mixture of epichlorohydrin rubber and fluororesin can be used.

In the case where the photosensitive member is charged by using the above-described charging member, charging is preferably performed by using an alternating electric field in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component because charging unevenness can be reduced. .

Next, the first group of the electrophotographic method and the electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG.
FIG. 7 is a schematic view for explaining a first group of the electrophotographic process and the electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention. In the electrophotographic apparatus of this example, as a charging device, as shown in FIGS. A charging member is used, and a charging member (8) is arranged in non-contact proximity to the photoconductor by a gap holding mechanism. A static elimination lamp (7), an eraser (9), an image exposure unit (10), and a developing unit (11) are placed in contact with or close to the photoconductor, and a cleaning unit having a fur brush (18) and a cleaning blade (19) is exposed to light. The toner image formed on the photoreceptor by the developing unit (11) is brought into contact with or close to the body, and is transferred onto the transfer paper (14) supplied by the registration roller (13) at the location of the transfer belt (15). The transfer paper (14) having the transferred and transferred image is separated from the photoconductor (1) by the separation claw (16). If necessary, the pre-transfer charger (1
2), transfer charger (15a), separation charger (1
5b), a pre-cleaning charger (17) is provided, and a known means such as a corotron, a scorotron, a solid state charger (solid state charger), and a charging roller is used. When charging the photoreceptor by the charging member, charging the photoreceptor by an electric field in which an AC component is superposed on a DC component on the charging member is effective in reducing charging unevenness.

In FIG. 17, the photosensitive member (1) has a drum shape, but may have a sheet shape or an endless belt shape. The non-image forming areas at both ends of the photoreceptor have a gap holding mechanism as described above. The charging member (8), the pre-transfer charger (12), the transfer charger (15a), the separation charger (15b), and the pre-cleaning charger (17) include a corotron, a scorotron, a solid-state charger (solid state charger), and a charging device. A known means such as a roller is used. As the transfer means, generally, the above-mentioned charger can be used, but as shown in the figure, a combination of a transfer charger and a separation charger is effective.

Light sources such as an image exposure section (10) and a neutralizing lamp (7) include a fluorescent lamp, a tungsten lamp, a halogen lamp, a mercury lamp, a sodium lamp, a light emitting diode (LED), a semiconductor laser (LD), A general light-emitting material such as luminescence (EL) can be used. To irradiate only light in a desired wavelength range, various filters such as a sharp cut filter, a band pass filter, a near infrared cut filter, a dichroic filter, an interference filter, and a color temperature conversion filter can be used. Such a light source or the like is used to irradiate the photoreceptor with light by using the light source or the like in a transfer step, a charge removal step, a cleaning step, or a pre-exposure step in addition to the apparatus and steps shown in FIG. Can be.

The toner developed on the photoreceptor (1) by the developing unit (11) is transferred to the transfer paper (14). However, not all of the toner is transferred. Some toner remains on the top. Such toner is removed from the photoreceptor by the fur brush (18) and the cleaning blade (19). Cleaning may be performed only with a cleaning brush,
As the cleaning brush, a known brush such as a fur brush or a mag fur brush is used. When a positive (negative) charge is applied to the electrophotographic photosensitive member and image exposure is performed, a positive (negative) electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the photosensitive member. If this is developed with toner of negative (positive) polarity (electrostatic detection fine particles), a positive image can be obtained, and if it is developed with toner of positive (negative) polarity, a negative image can be obtained. A known method can be applied to such a developing unit, and a known method is also used for the charge removing unit.

FIG. 18 shows still another example of the first group of electrophotographic apparatuses and processes according to the present invention. Photoconductor (2
1) is provided with at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support,
A gap holding mechanism is provided in the non-image forming area. The photoreceptor (21) is driven by driving rollers (22a) and (22b), and is charged by a charging roller (23), image exposure by an image exposure source (24), development (not shown), and a transfer charger (25). Transfer used, exposure before cleaning by a light source (26), cleaning by a cleaning brush (27), and static elimination by a static elimination light source (28) are repeatedly performed. In the apparatus shown in FIG. 18, the photosensitive member (21) (in this case, the support is transparent) is irradiated with light for pre-cleaning exposure from the support side.

The above-described electrophotographic apparatus and process are only examples of the first group of the embodiments of the present invention, and other embodiments are of course possible. For example, in FIG. 18, the pre-cleaning exposure is performed from the support side, but this may be performed from the photosensitive layer side, or the image exposure and the erasing light irradiation may be performed from the support side.

On the other hand, the light irradiation step includes image exposure, pre-cleaning exposure, and charge removal exposure. However, in addition to this, a pre-transfer exposure, a pre-exposure of image exposure, and other known light irradiation steps are provided to provide a light Light irradiation can also be performed on the body.

The image forming means of the present invention as described above may be fixedly incorporated in a copying machine, a facsimile or a printer, or may be incorporated in such a device in the form of a process cartridge. The process cartridge is one device (part) that includes a photoconductor and further includes a charging unit, an exposure unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, a cleaning unit, and a charge removing unit. There are many shapes and the like of the process cartridge, but as a general example,
One shown in FIG. In the process cartridge of this example, a charging member (70) for contact charging, an image exposure section (71), a developing roller (75), a transfer roller (74), and a cleaning brush (72) are provided around the photosensitive member (73). ) Are arranged, and the photoconductor (73) is
It has at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support and has a gap holding mechanism in a non-image forming area.

[Second Group of the Invention] Next, the second group of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. To manufacture the second group of electrophotographic photosensitive members of the present invention, those used in manufacturing the first group of electrophotographic photosensitive members of the present invention can be used in the same manner.

That is, the electrophotographic photoreceptor used in the second group of the present invention can be manufactured using the same material as in the first group of the present invention. A structure in which a charge generation layer mainly containing a charge generation material and a charge transport layer mainly containing a charge transport material are stacked, and a charge generation layer mainly containing a charge generation material and a charge transport material are mainly used. It is possible to adopt a configuration in which a charge transport layer is laminated and a protective layer is further provided thereon, and furthermore, the thickness of the protective layer is adjusted in advance in consideration of a later cutting step of a central portion and the like. I can put it.

In the electrophotographic photosensitive member thus produced, the outermost layer in the central part of the image forming region except for the non-image forming regions at both ends of the photosensitive member is removed by mechanical means. By this means, a film thickness difference between the image forming area and the non-image forming area is provided. As the mechanical means,
For example, cutting with a cutting tool or the like, polishing with a grinder, emery paper, or the like, surface polishing with an abrasive or the like, and the like, and other known methods can be used.

FIG. 20 is a sectional view showing a configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the second group according to the present invention.
1) A single-layer photosensitive layer (233) mainly composed of a charge generation material and a charge transport material is provided thereon. The film thickness of the non-image forming regions at both ends is larger than that of the central image forming region.

FIG. 21 is a sectional view showing another example of the structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the second group according to the present invention, in which a charge mainly composed of a charge generating material is placed on a conductive support (231). It has a configuration in which a generation layer (235) and a charge transport layer (237) containing a charge transport material as a main component are laminated. The stacking order of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer may be reverse to that of FIG. The film thickness of the non-image forming regions at both ends of the upper layer is larger than that of the central image forming region.

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view showing still another example of the structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the second group of the present invention. The photosensitive layer (233) is provided on the conductive support (231). , A protective layer (239) is provided thereon. In this case, the photosensitive layer (233) may have a single-layer structure or a laminated structure.
The film thickness of the non-image forming regions at both ends of the protective layer is larger than that of the central image forming region.

FIG. 23 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between the photosensitive member of the second group of the present invention and the charging member. As shown in the figure, the film thickness of the non-image forming area on the photoreceptor surface is thicker than that of the central image forming area, and the charging member contacts only this part, and the image forming area has a spatial gap. ) To charge the photoreceptor image forming area in a non-contact state.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing in detail the positional relationship between the film thickness steps formed in the image forming area of the photoconductor and the non-image forming area of the photoconductor. In the present invention, the positional relationship between the two is important. That is, as shown in FIG. 24, the film thickness step for forming a gap, that is, the position of the inner end of the charging member contact portion, is different from the position of the outer end of the image forming area of the photoconductor in the thickness of the film. It is located outside the center of the photoconductor by a distance that is at least twice the gap formed by the difference. If the distance is short, the above-mentioned disadvantages may occur. In order to avoid this, the minimum gap must be twice or more the minimum gap. On the other hand, increasing this distance is effective from the viewpoint of avoiding problems, but increasing the distance excessively increases the length of the charging member, and eventually increases the size of the entire machine. Therefore, 100 times or less of the gap or 10 mm
It is preferable to set to about the following.

In order to prevent the photosensitive member and the charging member from being unnecessarily separated from each other, as in the case of the first group of the present invention, the photosensitive member and the charging member are in contact with each other via a gap. Can be fixed, specifically, FIG. 25,
As shown in FIG. 26, the rotation axis of the charging member and the rotation axis of the photosensitive member can be fixed by a ring-shaped member, and the photosensitive member and the charging member are brought into contact with each other via a gap. By applying a pressure toward the photoconductor by a mechanical action of a spring or the like, the charging member can be pressed against the photoconductor (FIG. 27). Further, as shown in FIG. It is also effective to attach gears, couplings, belts and the like to both shafts and to apply rotational driving force to each of them independently.

Further, as the charging member used in the second group of the present invention, the same charging member as in the first group of the present invention can be used.

Further, as the electrophotographic method and the electrophotographic apparatus of the second group of the present invention, the same electrophotographic method and electrophotographic apparatus as described for the first group of the present invention can be used. Such an image forming means may be fixedly incorporated in a copying machine, a facsimile, or a printer, or may be incorporated in these apparatuses in the form of a process cartridge.

[Third Group of the Invention] Next, a third group of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. To manufacture the third group of electrophotographic photoreceptors in the present invention, the same ones used in manufacturing the second group of electrophotographic photoreceptors of the present invention can be used. Can be manufactured using the same method as in the case of manufacturing the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.

That is, the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the third group of the present invention is manufactured by using the same material as in the second group of the present invention. A structure in which a charge generation layer mainly composed of a charge transport material and a charge transport layer mainly composed of a charge transport material are laminated, a charge generation layer mainly composed of a charge generation material, and a charge transport layer mainly composed of a charge transport material Are laminated, and a protective layer is further provided thereon. As in the case of the second group of the present invention,
The thickness of the protective layer can be adjusted in advance in consideration of a later step of cutting off the central portion.

FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the constitution of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the third group according to the present invention.
1) A single-layer photosensitive layer (333) containing a charge generation material and a charge transport material as main components is provided thereon. The film thickness of the non-image forming regions at both ends is larger than that of the central image forming region.

FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view showing another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the third group of the present invention, in which a charge mainly composed of a charge generating material is placed on a conductive support (331). It has a configuration in which a generation layer (335) and a charge transport layer (337) containing a charge transport material as a main component are laminated. The stacking order of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer may be the reverse configuration of FIG. The film thickness of the non-image forming regions at both ends of the upper layer is larger than that of the central image forming region.

FIG. 31 is a sectional view showing still another example of the constitution of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the third group according to the present invention. The photosensitive layer (333) is provided on the conductive support (331). , A protective layer (339) is provided thereon. In this case, the photosensitive layer (333) may have a single-layer structure or a laminated structure.
The film thickness of the non-image forming regions at both ends of the protective layer is larger than that of the central image forming region.

FIG. 32 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between the third group of the photosensitive members of the present invention and the charging member. As shown in the figure, the film thickness of the non-image forming area on the photoreceptor surface is thicker than that of the central image forming area, and the charging member contacts only this part, and the image forming area has a spatial gap. ) To charge the photoreceptor image forming area in a non-contact state. The thickness of the support may be such that the image forming area forms a recess at least with respect to the non-image forming area and does not directly contact the charging member. In consideration of manufacturing margin, the recess is formed in the image forming area. It may be slightly wider. In this case, the effect can be further enhanced by using a contrivance such as that the developing unit does not contact the non-image forming area in the electrophotographic process.

FIG. 33 is a diagram showing in detail the positional relationship between the gaps formed in the image forming area of the photoconductor and the non-image forming area of the photoconductor. In the present invention, the positional relationship between the two is important. That is, as shown in FIG. 33, the difference in the thickness of the support for forming the gap with respect to the outer end position of the image forming area of the photoconductor, that is, the position of the inner end of the photoconductor contact portion Are located outside the photosensitive member center by a distance of at least twice the gap formed by the difference in the thickness of the support. If the distance is short, the above-mentioned disadvantages may occur. In order to avoid this, the minimum gap must be twice or more the minimum gap. On the other hand, increasing this distance is effective from the viewpoint of avoiding problems, but increasing the distance excessively increases the length of the charging member, and eventually increases the size of the entire machine. Therefore, it is preferable to set the gap to about 100 times or less or about 10 mm or less.

In order to prevent the photosensitive member and the charging member from being separated from each other more than necessary, as in the case of the first group of the present invention, the photosensitive member and the charging member are in contact with each other via the gap. It can be fixed, specifically, FIG. 34,
As shown in 35, the rotation axis of the charging member and the rotation axis of the photoconductor can be fixed by a ring-shaped member, and the photoconductor and the charging member are brought into contact with each other via a gap. A pressure is applied in the direction of the photoreceptor by a mechanical action of a spring or the like to press the charging member against the photoreceptor (FIG. 36). Further, as shown in FIG. It is also effective to attach gears, couplings, belts and the like to both shafts and to apply rotational driving force to each of them independently.

That is, as a method for forming the charge generation layer (335), a vacuum thin film preparation method and a casting method from a solution dispersion system are mainly mentioned. The former methods include vacuum deposition, glow discharge decomposition, ion plating,
A sputtering method, a reactive sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like is used, and the above-mentioned inorganic material and organic material can be favorably formed as the charge generation layer (335). Further, in order to provide a charge generation layer by a casting method described later, if the inorganic or organic charge generation material described above is necessary, a ball mill and an atomizer using a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, dioxane, dichloroethane, butanone together with a binder resin if necessary. It can be formed by dispersing with a lighter, a sand mill or the like, diluting the dispersion liquid appropriately and applying. The application can be performed by a dip coating method, a spray coating, a bead coating, a nozzle coating, a spinner coating, a ring coating, or the like. The thickness of the charge generation layer (335) is suitably about 0.01 to 5 μm, and preferably 0.1 to 2 μm.

From the original electrophotographic photosensitive member manufactured as described above, as a method of manufacturing a shape as shown in FIGS. 29 to 31, as described above, for example, a pipe is formed by a method such as extrusion or drawing. Thereafter, only the image forming area from the center of the photoreceptor is subjected to processing such as cutting, superfinishing, polishing, etc., so as to make the thickness smaller than the non-image forming area, thereby securing a gap.

Further, as the charging member used in the third group of the present invention, the same charging members as those in the first and second groups of the present invention can be used.

Further, as the electrophotographic method and the electrophotographic apparatus of the third group of the present invention, the same electrophotographic method and electrophotographic apparatus as described in the first group of the present invention can be used. Such an image forming means may be fixedly incorporated in a copying machine, a facsimile, or a printer, or may be incorporated in these apparatuses in the form of a process cartridge.

[Fourth Group of the Invention] Next, a fourth group of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The fourth group of electrophotographic photosensitive members according to the present invention includes first, second, and third electrophotographic photosensitive members.
And those used in producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention can be used in the same manner. FIG. 38 is a side view showing a fourth group of the electrophotographic photosensitive members of the present invention. Flanges are provided at both ends of the photoreceptor, and the flanges have a shape covering a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor. Regarding the shape of the flange, any shape may be used as long as the charging member surface and the photosensitive member surface are in a non-contact state as shown in FIG. 39 and have a positional relationship with an appropriate gap. For example, the flange member may or may not be inserted inside the photoconductor.

FIG. 39 is a view showing the positional relationship between the photosensitive member of the fourth group of the present invention and the charging member. As shown in the figure, the charging member is provided so as to cover the surface of the non-image forming area of the photoreceptor, is in contact with the charging member, and maintains a desired distance (gap: 10 to 200 μm) between the photoreceptor and the charging member. It has become. Although any material can be used for the flange, it is preferable to use a material having high abrasion resistance and / or a material having a small coefficient of friction since the flange rotates in contact with the charging member. Regarding the method of contact between the flange and the charging member, any method and shape that can maintain a desired distance between the photosensitive member and the charging member can be used. In FIG. 39, the flat portion on the outer periphery of the flange and the surface of the charging member are in contact with each other. In addition, gear portions are provided at both ends of the charging member, and the gap with the photosensitive member is maintained by meshing with the flange gear portion. In addition, a method for ensuring the driving of the charging member can also be favorably used.

FIG. 40 is a diagram showing in detail the positional relationship between the image forming area of the photoconductor and the gap formed by the flanges provided at both ends of the photoconductor. In the present invention, the positional relationship between the two is important. That is, as shown in FIG. 40, the position of the inner end of the flange for forming the gap is at least twice the distance of the gap to be formed with respect to the outer end of the image forming area of the photoconductor. Only the photoconductor is disposed outside as viewed from the center. If the distance is short, the above-mentioned disadvantages may occur. In order to avoid this, the minimum gap must be twice or more the minimum gap. On the other hand, increasing this distance is effective from the point of avoiding problems, but increasing the distance too much increases the length of the charging member,
Eventually, the whole machine becomes bigger. Therefore, it is preferable to set the gap to about 100 times or less or about 10 mm or less.

In order to prevent the photosensitive member and the charging member from being separated from each other more than necessary, the photosensitive member and the charging member are in contact with each other via the gap as in the case of the first group of the present invention. It can be fixed, specifically, FIG.
As shown in 42, the rotation axis of the charging member and the rotation axis of the photoconductor can be fixed by a ring-shaped member, and the photoconductor and the charging member are brought into contact with each other via a gap. A pressure is applied to the photoconductor by a mechanical action of a spring or the like to press the charging member against the photoconductor (FIG. 43). Further, as shown in FIG. It is also effective to attach gears, couplings, belts and the like to both shafts and to apply rotational driving force to each of them independently.

The structure of the coating film formed on the support of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the fourth group of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. Here, the coating portion includes a photosensitive layer and an undercoat layer, an intermediate layer, a protective layer, and the like, which support the function thereof, which will be described later.

FIG. 45 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the constitution of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the fourth group according to the present invention.
1) A single-layer photosensitive layer (433) mainly composed of a charge generation material and a charge transport material is provided thereon.

FIGS. 46 and 47 are cross-sectional views showing another example of the structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the fourth group according to the present invention, in which a charge generating material is formed on a conductive support (431). And a charge transport layer (437) containing a charge transport material as a main component.

FIG. 48 is a cross-sectional view showing still another example of the structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the fourth group of the present invention, in which a charge generating material as a main component is provided on a conductive support (431). A charge generation layer (435) and a charge transport layer (437) containing a charge transport material as a main component are laminated, and a protective layer (4
39) is provided.

The fourth group of electrophotographic photosensitive members used in the present invention can be manufactured using the same materials as in the first, second and third groups of the present invention. A single-layer photosensitive layer, a structure in which a charge generation layer mainly composed of a charge generation material and a charge transport layer mainly composed of a charge transport material are laminated, a charge generation layer mainly composed of a charge generation material, and a charge transport material And a charge transporting layer having a main component as a main component, and a protective layer provided thereon can be adopted. From the original electrophotographic photoreceptor thus manufactured, a method as described above is used. Alternatively, flanges may be provided at both ends of the photoconductor.

Further, as the charging member used in the fourth group of the present invention, the same charging members as those in the first, second and third groups of the present invention can be used.

Further, as the electrophotographic method and the electrophotographic apparatus of the fourth group of the present invention, the same electrophotographic method and electrophotographic apparatus as described in the first group of the present invention can be used. Such an image forming means may be fixedly incorporated in a copying machine, a facsimile, or a printer, or may be incorporated in these apparatuses in the form of a process cartridge.

[Fifth Group of the Present Invention] Hereinafter, a fifth group of charging members used in the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Known charging members can be used, and examples thereof are shown below, but the charging members are not limited thereto. FIG.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a charging member used in the present invention, the conductive elastic body (553) being provided on a rotating shaft (for example, a metal shaft) (551). FIG. 50 is a sectional view showing another configuration example of the charging member used in the fifth group of the present invention, in which a conductive elastic body (553) is provided on a rotating shaft (551), and a resistance adjusting layer is provided thereon. (555) is provided.

As the rotating shaft (551), a metal member such as iron, copper, brass, and stainless steel is used. The conductive elastic body (553) is generally formed of a composition in which conductive powder or conductive fiber (carbon black, metal powder, carbon fiber, or the like) is mixed in synthetic rubber. When a resistance adjusting layer is used on the surface, the resistance of this layer is 10 ³
When a semiconductive region of about 10 to 10 ⁸ Ω · cm is used satisfactorily and used alone, it is slightly higher (1
It is used in 0 ⁴ -10 about ^{10 Ω} · cm).

For the resistance adjusting layer (555), ordinary synthetic resins (polyethylene, polyester, epoxy resin) and synthetic rubbers (ethylene-propylene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene rubber, etc.) are used.
In addition, various materials such as epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide copolymer rubber and a mixture of epichlorohydrin rubber and fluororesin can be used.

In the case where the photosensitive member is charged by using the charging member as described above, it is preferable to charge the photosensitive member with an alternating electric field in which an alternating current component is superimposed on a direct current component since the charging unevenness can be reduced. .

FIG. 51 is a view showing the positional relationship between the belt-type photoreceptor, the driving roller (driven roller) and the charging member of the fifth group of the present invention, as viewed from the longitudinal direction of the charging member. As shown in the figure, the length of the drive roller (follower roller) is longer than the width of the photoreceptor and protrudes from the end of the photoreceptor. (The part that contacts the photoconductor). The outer periphery of this protruding portion comes into contact with the charging member, so that the belt-shaped photosensitive member has a spatial gap as shown in the figure, and the charging member charges the photosensitive member in a non-contact state. It is.

FIG. 52 is a diagram showing in detail the positional relationship between the image forming area of the belt-shaped photosensitive member and the gap formed by the roller protrusion. In the present invention, the positional relationship between the two is important. That is, as shown in the figure, the position of the inner end of the roller protrusion is more than twice the gap from the outer end of the image forming area of the photoconductor when viewed from the center of the photoconductor. It is arranged in.
If the distance is short, the above-mentioned disadvantages may occur. In order to avoid this, the minimum gap must be twice or more the minimum gap. On the other hand, increasing this distance is effective from the viewpoint of avoiding problems, but increasing the distance excessively increases the length of the charging member, and eventually increases the size of the entire machine. Therefore, it is preferable to set the gap to about 100 times or less or about 10 mm or less.

FIG. 53 is a side view showing the positional relationship between the belt-shaped photosensitive member of the present invention, a driving roller (driven roller) and a charging member. Any material can be used for the driving (following) roller projecting portion, but it is preferable to use a material having high wear resistance and / or a material having a small coefficient of friction since the material is rotated in contact with the charging member. . Regarding the method of contact between the driving (driven) roller protrusion and the charging member, any method and shape that can maintain a desired distance between the photosensitive member and the charging member can be used. In FIGS. 51, 52 and 53, the flat portion on the outer periphery of the driving (driven) roller protruding portion is in contact with the surface of the charging member. In addition, gear portions are provided at both ends of the charging member, and the driving (driven) roller protruding portion is provided. A method of maintaining the gap with the photoreceptor and ensuring the driving of the charging member by engaging with the gear portion can also be favorably used. In this case, it is inevitable that the length of the charging member is longer than the length of the image forming area of the photoconductor.

The gap between the photosensitive member image forming area formed by the contact of the gap layer or the gap material formed on the charging member with the driving (driven) roller and the surface of the charging member is preferably in the range of 10 to 200 μm. . More preferably, it is 20 to 100 μm. When the thickness is 10 μm or less, there is a possibility that the charging member and the photoconductor come into contact with each other,
Unclean toner on the photoconductor may adhere to the charging member, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the thickness is 200 μm or more, the voltage applied to the charging member is increased, and extra power consumption is required.

In the fifth group of the present invention, it is extremely important to control the gap between the charging member and the surface of the belt-shaped photosensitive member. Control is possible to provide a gap so that the charging member and the belt-shaped photoconductor are not too close to each other than a predetermined distance. However, further measures are required to prevent the charging member and the belt-shaped photoconductor from being too far apart. Although various forms are conceivable as this mechanism, the following two methods are preferably used in the present invention. One method is to limit the distance between the charging member and the belt-shaped photoconductor. In particular,
This is a method in which the charging member and the belt-shaped photoconductor are fixed in contact with each other via a gap. More specifically, there is a method in which a rotating shaft of a charging member and a rotating shaft of a driving roller (driven roller) that supports the endless belt-shaped photoconductor are fixed by a ring-shaped member. One example of this method is shown in FIGS.
Shown in As shown in the figure, the rotation axis of the charging member and the rotation axis of the drive roller (driven roller) that supports the endless belt-shaped photoconductor are fixed by a ring-shaped member, and the distance between them does not increase beyond a predetermined gap. Such control is performed. Such a ring-shaped member includes a flexible ring or a belt-shaped ring. In particular, a metal or plastic film in a seamless belt shape can be effectively used. Another method is to use a drive roller (mechanical action such as a spring) with respect to the charging member so that the charging member and a driving roller (driven roller) supporting the belt-shaped photoreceptor abut via a gap. This is a method in which pressure is applied in the direction of a driven roller and the charging member is pressed against a driving roller (driven roller). One example of this method is shown in FIG. In the figure, the spring that applies pressure to the charging member,
Although it is in contact with the rotating shaft, a configuration in which the roller surface is directly pressed may be used. Contrary to FIG. 56, a method in which pressure is applied to a driving roller (driven roller) and pressed against the charging roller is also possible, but considering the influence on other members abutting on the belt-shaped photoconductor, the charging member is driven. A method of pressing against a roller (driven roller) is desirable. Also,
In this method, gears, couplings, belts, and the like are attached to both the rotating shaft of the charging member and the rotating shaft of a driving roller (driven roller) on which the endless belt-shaped photoconductor is supported, and each is independently driven by a rotating drive force. Is also an effective means (FIG. 57). A drive gear is attached to one side of the rotating shaft of the charging member or the rotating shaft of the driving roller (driven roller),
It is also possible to rotate the other by the contact force, but in this case, the contact pressure of the drive roller (driven roller) on which the endless belt-shaped photoconductor of the charging member is supported with the rotation shaft is controlled. It is necessary to increase the size, which is disadvantageous in consideration of mechanical durability. Further, the moving speed between the surface of the charging member and the surface of the driving roller (driven roller) can be set arbitrarily.
Considering the rubbing at the gap portion, it is advantageous that both move at a constant speed.

As the driving or driven roller used in the fifth group of the present invention, known materials can be used as long as they satisfy the structure of the present invention, and there is no particular limitation on the material and the like. As a material, a metal roller, a plastic roller, or the like is used. When it is necessary to provide the driving or driven roller side insulation in the contact with the charging member, a metal roller surface coated with an insulating material, a contact roller made of a plastic material only at the contact part, etc. Used effectively.

Hereinafter, a fifth group of electrophotographic photosensitive members used in the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 58 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of a fifth group of electrophotographic photosensitive members used in the present invention, in which a belt-shaped conductive support (531) is provided.
A single-layer photosensitive layer (533) containing a charge generation material and a charge transport material as main components is provided.

FIGS. 59 and 60 are cross-sectional views showing another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the fifth group of the present invention, in which a charge generating material is provided on a belt-shaped conductive support (531). And a charge transport layer (537) containing a charge transport material as a main component.

FIG. 61 is a sectional view showing still another example of the structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the fifth group according to the present invention, in which a charge generating material is mainly composed on a belt-shaped conductive support (531). And a charge transport layer (537) containing a charge transport material as a main component, and a protective layer (539) is further provided thereon.

As the conductive support (531), those having conductivity of not more than 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm, for example, aluminum, nickel, chromium, nichrome, copper, gold,
A film or cylindrical plastic or paper coated with a metal such as silver or platinum, or a metal oxide such as tin oxide or indium oxide by evaporation or sputtering can be used. Also, JP-A-52-360
The endless nickel belt and the endless stainless belt disclosed in JP-A-16 can also be used as the fifth group of the conductive support (531) of the present invention. .

In addition, a support obtained by dispersing a conductive powder on a suitable binder resin on the above support and applying the same may also be used as the conductive support (531) of the fifth group of the present invention. it can. Examples of the conductive powder include carbon black, acetylene black, metal powder such as aluminum, nickel, iron, nichrome, copper, zinc, and silver, and metal oxide powder such as conductive tin oxide and ITO. Can be The binder resin used simultaneously includes polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-
Butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyarylate resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate resin, Ethyl cellulose resin,
Thermoplastic, thermosetting or photo-setting resins such as polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl toluene, poly-N-vinyl carbazole, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, urethane resin, phenol resin and alkyd resin Is mentioned. Such a conductive layer, these conductive powder and binder resin suitable solvent, for example, tetrahydrofuran,
It can be provided by dispersing and applying in dichloromethane, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene or the like.

Further, on a suitable belt-shaped substrate, a material such as polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyester, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene, chlorinated rubber, Teflon (registered trademark), and the like, containing the above-mentioned conductive powder, was used. A structure provided with a conductive layer by a shrinkable tube can also be favorably used as the conductive support (531) of the fifth group of the present invention.

Next, the fifth group of the photosensitive layer used in the present invention will be described. The photosensitive layer may be a single layer or a laminate, but for convenience of explanation, the case where the photosensitive layer is composed of the charge generation layer (535) and the charge transport layer (537) will be described first. The charge generation layer (535) is a layer containing a charge generation substance as a main component. The charge generation layer (535) is a layer containing a charge generation substance as a main component, and may use a binder resin as needed. As the charge generation substance, an inorganic material and an organic material can be used.

Examples of the inorganic material include crystalline selenium, amorphous selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-tellurium-halogen, selenium-arsenic compound, amorphous silicon, and the like. As amorphous silicon, a material obtained by terminating a dangling bond with a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, or a material doped with a boron atom, a phosphorus atom, or the like is preferably used.

On the other hand, as the organic material, a known material can be used. For example, metal phthalocyanine, phthalocyanine pigments such as metal-free phthalocyanine, azulhenium salt pigment, methine squaric acid pigment, azo pigment having a carbazole skeleton, azo pigment having a triphenylamine skeleton, azo pigment having a diphenylamine skeleton, dibenzothiophene skeleton Azo pigment having a fluorenone skeleton, azo pigment having an oxadiazole skeleton, azo pigment having a bisstillene skeleton, azo pigment having a distyryl oxadiazole skeleton, azo pigment having a distyryl carbazole skeleton, perylene Pigments, anthraquinone or polycyclic quinone pigments, quinone imine pigments, diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane pigments, benzoquinone and naphthoquinone pigments, cyanine and azomethine pigments, i Jigoido based pigments, and bisbenzimidazole pigments. These charge generating substances can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.

If necessary, the charge generation layer (535)
As the binder resin used for, polyamide, polyurethane, epoxy resin, polyketone, polycarbonate,
Silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl butyral,
Polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl ketone, polystyrene, polysulfone, poly-N-vinyl carbazole, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl benzal, polyester, phenoxy resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, polyphenylene oxide, polyamide, polyvinyl pyridine, Cellulose-based resins, casein, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like can be mentioned. The amount of the binder resin is suitably from 0 to 500 parts by weight, preferably from 10 to 300 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the charge generating substance.

As a method for forming the charge generation layer (535), a vacuum thin film preparation method and a casting method from a solution dispersion system can be used. The former method includes a vacuum deposition method,
A glow discharge decomposition method, an ion plating method, a sputtering method, a reactive sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like is used, and the above-mentioned inorganic material and organic material can be favorably formed as the charge generation layer (535). Further, in order to provide a charge generation layer by a casting method described later, if the inorganic or organic charge generation material described above is necessary, a ball mill and an atomizer using a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, dioxane, dichloroethane, butanone together with a binder resin if necessary. By dispersing with a lighter, sand mill, etc., diluting the dispersion appropriately and applying
Can be formed. The application can be performed by a dip coating method, a spray coating, a bead coating, a nozzle coating, a spinner coating, a ring coating, or the like. Charge generation layer (53
The film thickness of 5) is suitably about 0.01 to 5 μm, and preferably 0.1 to 2 μm.

The charge transporting layer (537) can be formed by dissolving or dispersing the charge transporting substance and the binder resin in a suitable solvent, applying the solution on the charge generating layer, and drying.
If necessary, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, an antioxidant and the like can be added.

The charge transport material includes a hole transport material and an electron transport material. Examples of the electron transporting substance include chloranil, bromanil, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4 , 5,7-tetranitroxanthone,
2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone, 2,6,8-
Examples thereof include electron accepting substances such as trinitro-4H-indeno [1,2-b] thiophen-4-one, 1,3,7-trinitrodibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, and benzoquinone derivatives.

Examples of the hole transport material include poly-N-vinylcarbazole and its derivatives, poly-γ-carbazolylethylglutamate and its derivatives, pyrene-formaldehyde condensate and its derivatives, polyvinylpyrene, polyvinylphenanthrene, polysilane, Oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, monoarylamine derivatives, diarylamine derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, stilbene derivatives,
α-phenylstilbene derivative, benzidine derivative, diarylmethane derivative, triarylmethane derivative, 9
-Known materials such as styryl anthracene derivative, pyrazoline derivative, divinylbenzene derivative, hydrazone derivative, indene derivative, butadiene derivative, pyrene derivative, bisstilbene derivative, enamine derivative and the like. These charge transport materials are used alone or in combination of two or more.

Examples of the binder resin include polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, and polystyrene. Vinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyalate, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate resin, ethyl cellulose resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl toluene, poly-N-vinyl carbazole, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, urethane Thermoplastic or thermosetting resins such as resin, phenolic resin, and alkyd resin are exemplified.

The amount of the charge transporting substance is 20 to 300 parts by weight, preferably 40 to 150 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
Parts by weight are appropriate. The thickness of the charge transport layer is 5 to 1
It is preferable that the thickness be about 00 μm. As the solvent used here, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, toluene, dichloromethane, monochlorobenzene, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone and the like are used.

In the charge transport layer, a high molecular charge transport material having both a function as a charge transport material and a function as a binder resin is preferably used. The charge transport layer composed of these polymeric charge transport materials has excellent abrasion resistance. As the polymer charge transport material, known materials can be used. In particular, a triarylamine structure having a main chain and / or
Alternatively, a polycarbonate contained in a side chain is preferably used. Among them, polymer charge transport materials represented by the following general formulas (I) to (X) are preferably used, and these are exemplified below and specific examples are shown.

[0198]

Embedded imageWhere R₁, R_Two, R_ThreeAre each independently substituted or
Unsubstituted alkyl group or halogen atom, R_FourIs a hydrogen atom
Or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, R_Five, R ₆Is replaced
Or an unsubstituted aryl group, o, p, and q are each independently
An integer of 0 to 4; k and j represent compositions;
k ≦ 1, 0 ≦ j ≦ 0.9, n represents the number of repeating units
It is an integer of 5-5000. X is an aliphatic divalent group, cyclic
Aliphatic divalent group or divalent group represented by the following general formula
Represents

[0199]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₁₀₁ and R ₁₀₂ each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, aryl group or halogen atom. l and m are integers of 0 to 4; Y is a single bond;
~ 12 linear, branched or cyclic alkylene groups,
-O -, - S -, - SO -, - SO 2 -, - CO -, -
CO—O—Z—O—CO— (wherein Z represents an aliphatic divalent group) or

[0200]

Embedded image (In the formula, a represents an integer of 1 to 20, b represents an integer of 1 to 2000, and R ₁₀₃ and R ₁₀₄ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group or aryl group.) Where R ₁₀₁ and R
₁₀₂ , _R103 and _R104 may be the same or different.

[0201]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₇ and R ₈ represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group;
r ₁ , Ar ₂ and Ar ₃ represent the same or different arylene groups. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0202]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₉ and R ₁₀ are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group,
Ar ₄ , Ar ₅ and Ar ₆ represent the same or different arylene groups. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0203]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₁₁ and R ₁₂ are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group,
Ar ₇ , Ar ₈ and Ar ₉ are the same or different arylene groups, p
Represents an integer of 1 to 5. X, k, j and n are
This is the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0204]

Embedded imageWhere R₁₃, R₁₄Is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group,
Ar_Ten, Ar₁₁, Ar ₁₂Are the same or different arylene groups,
X₁, X_TwoIs a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene group, or
Alternatively, it represents an unsubstituted vinylene group. X, k, j and
And n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0205]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₁₅ , R ₁₆ , R ₁₇ and R ₁₈ are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Ar ₁₃ , Ar ₁₄ , Ar ₁₅ and Ar ₁₆ are the same or different arylene groups, and Y ₁ , Y ₂ and Y ₃ are A single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene ether group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, and a vinylene group may be the same or different. X, k, j and n are
This is the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0206]

Embedded imageWhere R₁₉, R₂₀Is a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted
Represents a reel group, R ₁₉And R₂₀May form a ring
No. Ar₁₇, Ar₁₈, Ar₁₉Are the same or different allylenes
Represents a group. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).
Is the same.

[0207]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₂₁ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, A
r ₂₀ , Ar ₂₁ , Ar ₂₂ and Ar ₂₃ represent the same or different arylene groups. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0208]

Embedded image In the formula, R ₂₂ , R ₂₃ , R ₂₄ , and R ₂₅ are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Ar ₂₄ , Ar ₂₅ , Ar ₂₆ , Ar ₂₇ , Ar ₂₈
Represents the same or different arylene groups. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).

[0209]

Embedded imageWhere R₂₆, R₂₇Is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group,
Ar₂₉, Ar₃₀, Ar ₃₁Represents the same or different arylene groups
Express. X, k, j and n are the same as in the case of the formula (I).
It is.

In the fifth group of the photoreceptors of the present invention, a plasticizer or a leveling agent may be added to the charge transport layer (537). As the plasticizer, those used as plasticizers for general resins such as dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate can be used as they are, and the amount of the plasticizer is suitably about 0 to 30% by weight based on the binder resin. As a leveling agent, dimethyl silicone oil, silicone oils such as methylphenyl silicone oil, or a polymer having a perfluoroalkyl group in a side chain, or
An oligomer is used, and its amount is suitably from 0 to 1% by weight based on the binder resin.

Next, the case where the photosensitive layer (533) has a single-layer structure will be described. A photoconductor in which the above-described charge generating substance is dispersed in a binder resin can be used. The single-layer photosensitive layer can be formed by dissolving or dispersing a charge generating substance, a charge transporting substance, and a binder resin in a suitable solvent, and applying and drying the same. Further, the photosensitive layer may be of a function-separated type to which the above-mentioned charge transport material is added, and can be used favorably. If necessary, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, an antioxidant and the like can be added.

As the binder resin, the charge transport layer (53
In addition to using the binder resin described in 7) as it is, the binder resin described in the charge generation layer (535) may be mixed and used. Of course, the above-mentioned polymer charge transport materials can also be used favorably. The amount of the charge generating substance is preferably 5 to 40 parts by weight, and the amount of the charge transporting substance is preferably 0 to 190 parts by weight, more preferably 50 to 100 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
１５０150 parts by weight. The single-layer photosensitive layer contains a charge generating substance,
If necessary, apply a binder resin together with a charge transport material and a coating liquid dispersed by a dispersing machine or the like using a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dichloroethane, or cyclohexane, using a dip coating method, spray coating, bead coating, or the like. Can be formed. The thickness of the single-layer photosensitive layer is suitably about 5 to 100 μm.

In the fifth group of the photoreceptors of the present invention, an undercoat layer can be provided between the conductive support (531) and the photosensitive layer. The undercoat layer generally contains a resin as a main component. However, considering that the photosensitive layer is coated thereon with a solvent, these resins are resins having high solvent resistance to general organic solvents. desirable. Examples of such a resin include water-soluble resins such as polyvinyl alcohol, casein and sodium polyacrylate, alcohol-soluble resins such as copolymerized nylon and methoxymethylated nylon, polyurethane, melamine resin, phenol resin, alkyd-melamine resin, and epoxy resin. Curable resins that form a three-dimensional network structure, such as resins, are exemplified. Further, a fine powder pigment of a metal oxide exemplified by titanium oxide, silica, alumina, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide and the like may be added to the undercoat layer in order to prevent moiré and reduce residual potential.

These undercoat layers can be formed by using an appropriate solvent and a coating method as in the above-mentioned photosensitive layer. Further, a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, a chromium coupling agent, or the like can be used as the undercoat layer of the fifth group of the present invention. In addition, the undercoat layer of the present invention may be provided with Al ₂ O ₃ by anodic oxidation, or an organic substance such as polyparaxylylene (parylene), SiO ₂ , SnO ₂ ,
Those provided with an inorganic substance such as TiO ₂ , ITO, CeO ₂ by a vacuum thin film forming method can also be used favorably. In addition, known materials can be used. The thickness of the undercoat layer is 0 to 5
μm is appropriate.

In the fifth group of photoreceptors of the present invention, a protective layer (539) may be provided on the photosensitive layer for the purpose of protecting the photosensitive layer. Materials used for the protective layer include ABS resin, ACS resin, olefin-vinyl monomer copolymer, chlorinated polyether, allyl resin, phenol resin, polyacetal, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyacrylate, polyallyl sulfone, polybutylene, Polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyether sulfone, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, acrylic resin, polymethylbenten, polypropylene, polyphenylene oxide, polysulfone, polystyrene, AS resin, butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, poly Resin such as vinylidene chloride and epoxy resin. In addition to the protective layer, a fluorine resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene, a silicone resin, and an inorganic filler such as titanium oxide, tin oxide, potassium titanate, silica, etc. A filler or the like dispersed therein can be added. In addition, a charge transporting substance can be used for the protective layer, which is an effective means in suppressing an increase in residual potential due to the lamination of the protective layer. As the charge transport substance, the materials described in the description of the charge transport layer can be used. Regarding the proper use of the hole transporting material and the electron transporting material, it is preferable to make an appropriate selection according to the polarity of the charging and the layer structure. For the protective layer, a polymer charge transporting material having both a function as a charge transporting material and a function as a binder resin is preferably used. The protective layer composed of these polymeric charge transport materials has excellent wear resistance and hole transport characteristics. As the polymer charge transport material, known materials can be used, but polymer charge transport materials represented by the same general formulas (I) to (X) as those used in the charge transport layer are particularly effective. Used for As a method for forming the protective layer, a normal coating method is employed. The thickness of the protective layer is suitably about 0.1 to 10 μm. Further, in addition to the above, a-C, a-SiC formed by a vacuum thin film forming method
A known material such as a protective layer can be used. Further, the above-mentioned various additives can also be used for the protective layer.

Advantages when Photoreceptor has High Abrasion Resistance (Charge Transport Layer Using Polymer Charge Transport Material, Protective Layer) (i) The mechanical durability of the photoreceptor is improved and a stable gap can be secured. In the charging mechanism arranged in a non-contact proximity manner according to the present invention, a gap is formed by the contact between the surface of the non-image portion of the photoconductor and the gap holding mechanism provided on the surface of the charging member. On this occasion,
It is effective to clean the surface of the photoreceptor to cover the outside of the outer edge of the image forming area when viewed from the center of the photoreceptor. This is because the residual toner generated by repeated use tends to accumulate at the inner end of the gap holding member as described above. Further, if only the image forming area is cleaned, the surface of the photoconductor is worn due to repeated use, and as a result, a phenomenon that the gap between the photoconductor and the charging member is widened may occur. Here, a structure having abrasion resistance on the photoreceptor surface as in the present invention, for example, in a configuration in which the charge transport layer is disposed on the surface, a polymer charge transport material is used for the charge transport layer.
In addition, by using a protective layer having higher mechanical durability than the charge transport layer, the protective layer is more resistant to stress caused by the cleaning member, and can maintain the stability of the gap. In this case, it is advantageous to use a polymer charge transporting substance using a filler for the protective layer, because further improvement in mechanical durability is expected. Further, when a filler or the like is used for the protective layer, the charge transporting ability of the protective layer may be reduced, and this problem can be solved by adding a charge transporting substance. In particular, in a charging mechanism arranged in a non-contact proximity manner as in the present invention,
The superposition of AC components is very advantageous for stabilizing the chargeability. However, when the electric charge in which the AC component is superimposed on the photoreceptor surface flows down, the hazard to the photoreceptor increases, and the abrasion amount of the photoreceptor increases remarkably as compared with the case where no AC is superposed. As a result, even if the charging is stabilized, the mechanical life of the photoconductor may be shortened as a result, which may result in a trade-off design.
The trade-off relationship can be resolved by improving the mechanical strength of the photoconductor by adopting the above-described photoconductor configuration.

(Ii) It is possible to reduce the ratio between the photoconductor and the diameter of the charging roller. As described above, the life of the photoconductor (mainly mechanical durability) is rate-limiting, and the diameter of the photoconductor can be reduced. Creating limits. As a result, not only is there a limit to the compactness of the machine, but also the ratio of the diameter of the charging member is naturally large. Although the charging member has been studied to have higher durability than various materials and configurations, it is basically formed of a material such as elastic rubber. By non-contact with the photoreceptor surface as in the present invention, compared to the contact charging system, mechanical wear of the surface in repeated use, contamination due to residual toner on the photoreceptor, dramatically improved, It is no longer a factor that can be at least the life of the charging member. However, the deterioration phenomenon of the material itself has not been greatly improved by the discharge in repeated use. One of the causes is that the diameter of the photoconductor is too large relative to the diameter of the charging member. For example, a charging member having a diameter of about 10 to 20 mm is used for a belt-shaped photoreceptor having a diameter of about 100 mm in order to make a machine or a cartridge compact. If the two are replaced at the same time to improve the maintenance efficiency, the durability of the charging member is simply 5 to 5
It will take 10 times. However, if the durability of the photoconductor can be improved as described above, when the same charging member is used, the diameter of the photoconductor can be reduced accordingly. As a result, the ratio between the charging member and the diameter of the photoreceptor is reduced, the stress on the charging member can be reduced, and in relation to the durability of the photoreceptor, the ratio of the durability of the charging member can be substantially improved. As a result, the reliability of the charging member is increased. In addition, more compact machines and cartridges can be designed. In proximity charging as in the present invention, the photoreceptor is charged by a discharging phenomenon that follows Paschen's law. At this time, with respect to the discharge occurring between the photoconductor and the charging member, the discharge is performed in a state where the photoconductor and the charging member are approaching a certain distance or apart from each other. The range in which the discharge is performed can be replaced with the area of the surface of the photoconductor or the charging member. This area depends on the curvatures of the photoconductor and the charging member, and the smaller the diameter, the smaller the diameter, the smaller the area. As a result of the experiment, when any one of the diameters is reduced, the charge potential of the photoconductor with respect to the applied voltage is not affected, and at the same time, the amount of reactive gas (ozone, NOx, etc.) generated as a side effect is reduced. I was able to. That is, by reducing the area where the discharge is performed, the generation of the reactive gas is reduced without lowering the charging efficiency of the photoconductor. When a tough photosensitive layer (including a protective layer) photoreceptor as described above is used, the diameter of the driving roller or the driven roller can be reduced, and as a result, the reactive gas generated from the charging member is reduced. A diagram that can be reduced holds. At this time, the deterioration of the surface of the photoconductor or the surface of the charging member, which is damaged by the reactive gas, can be reduced, and the durability of both can be further improved. In addition, when the composition of the photoconductor is the same, according to Paschen's law, the thinner the thickness of the photoconductive layer, the easier the charging becomes. As described above, when a photoreceptor having improved wear resistance is used, the thickness of the photosensitive layer can be reduced, so that the voltage applied to the charging member can be reduced. Therefore, in repeated use, the stress on the charging member is reduced, and the chemical deterioration of the charging member is reduced, so that the durability of the charging member is improved. Further, by reducing the voltage applied to the charging member in this manner, the amount of reactive gas (ozone, NOx, etc.) generated from the charging member is reduced, and the deterioration of the material forming the photoconductor and the charging member is reduced. It is suppressed, and the durability is further improved in a chain manner.

(Iii) Higher image quality can be achieved. Since the abrasion resistance of the photoreceptor is improved, the thickness of the photosensitive layer can be reduced. For this reason, since the distance that the optical carrier generated in the photosensitive layer traverses to the surface of the photoreceptor is reduced, the probability of carrier diffusion is reduced, and a dot that is more faithful to writing light in electrostatic image formation is reproduced. become. That is, the resolution can be increased. In addition, as described above, since the amount of the reactive gas generated from the charging member is reduced, generation of a low-resistance substance generally called a blurred substance, and adsorption to the photoreceptor surface are suppressed,
Image blur can be significantly reduced. For this reason, the restrictions in the use environment are extremely reduced, and a drum heater or the like is not required, which contributes to low cost, space saving, and resource saving, and enables the design of a device that is friendly to the office environment.

In the fifth group of the photoreceptors of the present invention, an intermediate layer may be provided between the photosensitive layer and the protective layer. For the intermediate layer, a binder resin is generally used as a main component. Examples of these resins include polyamide, alcohol-soluble nylon, water-soluble polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl butyral, and polyvinyl alcohol. As a method for forming the intermediate layer, a normal coating method is employed as described above. The thickness of the intermediate layer is 0.05 to
About 2 μm is appropriate.

In the fifth group of the present invention, an antioxidant, a plasticizer, a lubricant, an ultraviolet ray, etc. are added to each layer for the purpose of improving environmental resistance, especially for the purpose of preventing a decrease in sensitivity and an increase in residual potential. Absorbers, small molecule charge transport materials and leveling agents can be added. Representative materials of these compounds are described below.

Examples of the antioxidant that can be added to each layer include the following, but are not limited thereto. (A) Phenol compound 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol, butylated hydroxyanisole, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-ethylphenol, n-octadecyl-3- (4′- Hydroxy-3 ′, 5′-di-t-butylphenol),
2,2'-methylene-bis- (4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis- (4-
Ethyl-6-t-butylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis- (3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol),
4,4′-butylidenebis- (3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 1,1,3-tris- (2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl) butane,
1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5
-Di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene, tetrakis- [methylene-3- (3 ', 5'-di-
[t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] methane, bis [3,3'-bis (4'-hydroxy-3'-t-butylphenyl) butyric acid] glycol ester, tocopherols and the like.

(B) Paraphenylenediamines N-phenyl-N'-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N, N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-phenyl-N-sec-butyl- p-
Phenylenediamine, N, N'-di-isopropyl-p
-Phenylenediamine, N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-
Di-t-butyl-p-phenylenediamine and the like.

(C) Hydroquinones 2,5-di-t-octylhydroquinone, 2,6-didodecylhydroquinone, 2-dodecylhydroquinone, 2-dodecyl-5-chlorohydroquinone, 2-t
-Octyl-5-methylhydroquinone, 2- (2-octadecenyl) -5-methylhydroquinone and the like.

(D) Organic sulfur compounds Dilauryl-3,3'-thiodipropionate, distearyl-3,3'-thiodipropionate, ditetradecyl-3,3'-thiodipropionate and the like.

(E) Organic phosphorus compounds Triphenylphosphine, tri (nonylphenyl) phosphine, tri (dinonylphenyl) phosphine, tricresylphosphine, tri (2,4-dibutylphenoxy) phosphine and the like.

Examples of the plasticizer that can be added to each layer include the following, but are not limited thereto. (A) Phosphate ester plasticizer triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, octyl diphenyl phosphate, trichloroethyl phosphate, cresyl diphenyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate, Triphenyl phosphate and the like.

(B) Phthalate ester plasticizers Dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diheptyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, di-n-phthalate Octyl, dinonyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, diundecyl phthalate, ditridecyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, butyl benzyl butyl, butyl lauryl phthalate, methyl oleyl phthalate, octyl decyl phthalate, dibutyl fumarate, Dioctyl fumarate and the like.

(C) Aromatic carboxylic ester plasticizers Trioctyl trimellitate, Tri-n-trimellitic acid
-Octyl, octyl oxybenzoate and the like.

(D) Aliphatic dibasic ester plasticizers Dibutyl adipate, di-n-hexyl adipate, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, di-n-adipate
Octyl, n-octyl-n-octyl-n-decyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, dicapryl adipate, di-2-ethylhexyl azelate, dimethyl sebacate,
Diethyl sebacate, dibutyl sebacate, di-n-octyl sebacate, di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, di-2-ethoxyethyl sebacate, dioctyl succinate, diisodecyl succinate, dioctyl tetrahydrophthalate, dihydrotetrahydrophthalate -N-octyl and the like.

(E) Fatty acid ester derivatives butyl oleate, glycerin monooleate, methyl acetyl ricinoleate, pentaerythritol ester, dipentaerythritol hexaester,
Triacetin, tributyrin and the like.

(F) Oxyacid ester plasticizers Methyl acetyl ricinoleate, butyl acetyl ricinoleate, butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate, tributyl acetyl citrate and the like.

(G) Epoxy plasticizer Epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized linseed oil, butyl epoxy stearate, decyl epoxy stearate, octyl epoxy stearate, benzyl epoxy stearate, dioctyl epoxy hexahydrophthalate, epoxy hexahydrophthalate Didecyl acid and the like.

(H) Dihydric alcohol ester plasticizers Diethylene glycol dibenzoate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethyl butyrate and the like.

(I) Chlorinated plasticizers Chlorinated paraffin, chlorinated diphenyl, chlorinated fatty acid methyl, methoxy chlorinated fatty acid methyl and the like.

(J) Polyester plasticizer Polypropylene adipate, polypropylene sebacate, polyester, acetylated polyester and the like.

(K) Sulfonic acid derivatives p-toluenesulfonamide, o-toluenesulfonamide, p-toluenesulfonethylamide, o-toluenesulfonethylamide, toluenesulfone-N-ethylamide, p-toluenesulfon-N-cyclohexyl Amides and the like.

(L) Citric acid derivatives Triethyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, tributyl acetyl citrate, tri-2-ethylhexyl acetyl citrate, n-octyl decyl acetyl citrate and the like.

(M) Others terphenyl, partially hydrogenated terphenyl, camphor, 2
-Nitrodiphenyl, dinonylnaphthalene, methyl abietate and the like.

Examples of the lubricant that can be added to each layer include, but are not limited to, the following. (A) Hydrocarbon compounds Liquid paraffin, paraffin wax, microwax, low-polymerized polyethylene and the like.

(B) Fatty Acid Compounds Lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid and the like.

(C) Fatty acid amide compound Stearyl amide, palmityl amide, olein amide, methylene bis stearoamide, ethylene bis stearoamide and the like.

(D) Ester Compounds Lower alcohol esters of fatty acids, polyhydric alcohol esters of fatty acids, polyglycol esters of fatty acids and the like.

(E) Alcohol Compounds Cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyglycerol and the like.

(F) Metal soaps Lead stearate, cadmium stearate, barium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium stearate and the like.

(G) Natural waxes Carnauba wax, candelilla wax, beeswax, whale wax, Ibota wax, montan wax and the like.

(H) Others Silicone compounds, fluorine compounds and the like.

Examples of the ultraviolet absorber that can be added to each layer include the following, but are not limited thereto. (A) Benzophenone 2-hydroxybenzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2 ′, 4-trihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2 ′, 4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4 -Methoxybenzophenone and the like.

(B) Salicylates Phenyl salicylate, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and the like.

(C) Benzotriazole type (2′-hydroxyphenyl) benzotriazole,
(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl) benzotriazole, (2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl) benzotriazole, (2′-hydroxy-3′-
(Tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl) -5-chlorobenzotriazole.

(D) Cyanoacrylates Ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate, methyl-2-carbomethoxy-3- (paramethoxy) acrylate and the like.

(E) Quencher (metal complex salt) Nickel (2,2'-thiobis (4-t-octyl) phenolate) normal butylamine, nickel dibutyl dithiocarbamate, nickel dibutyl dithiocarbamate, cobalt dicyclohexyl dithiophosphate and the like.

(F) HALS (hindered amine) bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, bis (1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, 1 -[2- [3-
(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)
Propionyloxy] ethyl] -4- [3- (3,5-
Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionyloxy] -2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyridine,
8-benzyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-3-octyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro [4,5] undecane-2,4-dione, 4-benzoyloxy-2,
2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine and the like.

Next, a fifth group of the electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 62 shows a fifth group of electrophotographic apparatuses and processes according to the present invention. The photoconductor (521) is provided with at least a photosensitive layer on a belt-shaped conductive support, and is driven by a fifth group of driving rollers (522) having a specific shape according to the present invention, and a charging roller (523). , Image exposure by an image exposure source (524), development by a developing unit (529), transfer using a transfer charger (525), exposure before cleaning by a light source (526), cleaning by a cleaning brush (527), and a light source ( 528) is repeatedly performed. In the apparatus shown in FIG.
1) (Of course, in this case, the support is translucent), light irradiation for pre-cleaning exposure is performed from the support side. A charging member as shown in FIGS. 49 and 50 is used as a charging device, and a charging member (52
3) is disposed in non-contact proximity to the photoconductor. When charging the photoreceptor by the charging member, charging the photoreceptor by an electric field in which an AC component is superposed on a DC component on the charging member is effective in reducing charging unevenness. If necessary, known means such as a corotron, a scorotron, a solid state charger (solid state charger), and a charging roller may be used for the transfer charger (525). As the transfer unit, the above-described charger can be generally used, but a unit using a transfer belt system may be used.

Light sources such as an image exposure section (524) and a neutralizing lamp (528) include a fluorescent lamp, a tungsten lamp, a halogen lamp, a mercury lamp, a sodium lamp, a light emitting diode (LED), a semiconductor laser (LD), A general light-emitting material such as luminescence (EL) can be used. To irradiate only light in a desired wavelength range, various filters such as a sharp cut filter, a band pass filter, a near infrared cut filter, a dichroic filter, an interference filter, and a color temperature conversion filter can be used. Such a light source,
In addition to the apparatus and process shown in FIG. 62, the photoreceptor can be irradiated with light by using it in a transfer step using light irradiation in combination, a charge removal step, a cleaning step, or a pre-exposure step. Cleaning may be performed only with a cleaning brush, and a known brush such as a fur brush or a mag fur brush is used as the cleaning brush. When a positive (negative) charge is applied to the electrophotographic photosensitive member and image exposure is performed, a positive (negative) electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the photosensitive member. If this is developed with negative (positive) polarity toner (electrostatic fine particles), a positive image can be obtained,
If the toner is developed with positive (negative) polarity toner, a negative image can be obtained. A known method can be applied to such a developing unit, and a known method is also used for the charge removing unit.

The above-described electrophotographic apparatus and process described above exemplify the fifth embodiment of the present invention, and other embodiments are of course possible. For example, in FIG. 62, the pre-cleaning exposure is performed from the support side, but this may be performed from the photosensitive layer side, or the image exposure and the erasing of the neutralization light may be performed from the support side.

On the other hand, the light irradiation step includes image exposure, pre-cleaning exposure, and charge elimination exposure. However, in addition to this, a pre-transfer exposure, a pre-exposure of image exposure, and other known light irradiation steps are provided. Light irradiation can also be performed on the body.

The image forming means of the present invention as described above may be fixedly incorporated in a copying machine, a facsimile, or a printer, or may be incorporated in such a device in the form of a process cartridge. The process cartridge is one device (part) that includes a photoconductor and further includes a charging unit, an exposure unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, a cleaning unit, and a charge removing unit. There are many shapes and the like of the process cartridge, but as a general example,
The thing shown in FIG. 63 is mentioned. In the process cartridge of this example, a charging member (570) for contact charging and an image exposing unit (57) are provided around the photosensitive member (573).
1), developing roller (575), transfer roller (574),
A cleaning brush (572) and the like are provided, and the photoconductor (573) has at least a photoconductive layer on a belt-shaped conductive support. In addition, the charging member (5
70), and the drive roller (576) described above is used.

[0258]

The present invention will be described below with reference to examples.
The present invention is not limited by the embodiments. All parts are parts by weight.

[Example of the First Group of the Present Invention] Example 1 (Preparation of Charging Member)
3 m of epichlorohydrin rubber of × 10 ⁸ Ω · cm
m, and a conductive elastic body laminated thereon and having a resistivity of 8 × 1
0 ⁸ Ω · cm resistance adjusting layer comprising a mixture of epichlorohydrin rubber and a fluorine-based resin which is a charging roller having a (thickness 50 [mu] m) were produced.

(Preparation of Photoreceptor) A coating liquid for a charge generation layer and a coating liquid for a charge transport layer having the following composition were sequentially applied to an aluminum-deposited polyethylene terephthalate film, and dried.
A charge generating layer of 25 μm and a charge transporting layer of 25 μm were formed to prepare a photoreceptor. Further, a gap layer coating solution having the following composition was applied to both ends of the photoreceptor by a nozzle coating method, and the thickness was 50 μm.
m, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention was prepared.

<Coating solution for charge generation layer> 3 parts of titanyl phthalocyanine 2 parts of polyvinyl butyral 100 parts of n-butyl acetate <Coating solution of charge transport layer> 10 parts of A type polycarbonate 8 parts of a charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0262]

Embedded image 80 parts of methylene chloride

<Gap layer coating liquid> Z-type polycarbonate 10 parts Toluene 90 parts

Example 2 A photoconductor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the thickness of the gap layer was changed to 100 μm.

Example 3 A photoconductor was prepared by the same way as that of Example 1 except that the thickness of the gap layer was changed to 150 μm.

Example 4 A photoconductor was prepared by the same way as that of Example 1 except that the thickness of the gap layer was changed to 250 μm.

Example 5 The composition of the gap layer in Example 1 was changed to a Z-type polycarbonate resin layer in which conductive carbon was dispersed (resistivity: 2 ×
A photoreceptor was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the value was set to 10 ³ Ω · cm).

Comparative Example 1 A photoconductor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the gap layer was not provided.

The photosensitive members of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Example 1 were belt-joined at their ends to form photosensitive members for mounting. Then, FIG.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 12, the rotating shaft of the belt-shaped photosensitive member driving roller and the rotating shaft of the charging roller as the charging member were fixed by a ring-shaped member. As shown in FIG. 4, only the gap layer formed on the surface of the photoconductor is in contact with the charging member. At this time, as shown in FIG. 5, the position of the inner edge of the gap layer was set at a position 1 mm away from the outer edge of the photoconductor image forming area. The photosensitive member and the charging member having such a configuration were mounted on an electrophotographic apparatus as shown in FIG. The charging was performed under the following conditions, and the image exposure light source was a 780 nm semiconductor laser (image writing using a polygon mirror), and 30,000 sheets were continuously printed to evaluate the image. Table 1 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -900 V AC bias: 2.0 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 1.8 kHz

Example 6 In Example 1, instead of the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, FIG.
Image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electrophotographic apparatus shown in No. 7 was used. Table 1 shows the results.

Comparative Example 2 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the position of the inner edge of the gap layer was the same as the position of the outer edge of the photosensitive member image forming area. .

Example 7 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the inner end of the gap layer was formed at a position 0.3 mm away from the outer end of the photosensitive member image forming area. Was.

Example 8 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the inner end of the gap layer was formed at a position 0.5 mm away from the outer end of the photosensitive member image forming area. Was.

Examples 9 to 13 and Comparative Example 3 The photosensitive members used in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Example 1 were changed to the following. First, the support was changed to a seamless nickel belt, and an undercoat layer coating solution having the following composition was applied and dried to form a 3.5 μm undercoat layer. Next, the same charge generation layer and charge transport layer as those of the photoreceptor of Example 1 were formed on the undercoat layer to prepare a photoreceptor. ◎ Coating solution for undercoat layer 400 parts of titanium dioxide powder 65 parts of melamine resin 120 parts of alkyd resin 400 parts of 2-butanone The photoconductors prepared as described above were used as photoconductors of Examples 9 to 13 and Comparative Example 3, and Is mounted on an electrophotographic apparatus in which the rotating shaft of a driving roller on which the rotating roller is supported and the rotating shaft of a charging roller as a charging member are fixed by a ring-shaped member, charging is performed under the following conditions, and an image exposure light source is a 780 nm semiconductor. As a laser (image writing by a polygon mirror), 30,000 sheets were continuously printed, and image evaluation was performed. Table 1 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -900 V AC bias: 2.0 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 1.8 kHz

Example 14 An image was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 9 except that an electrophotographic apparatus not fixed by a ring-shaped member was used. Table 1 shows the results.

[0276]

[Table 1]

Example 15 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 1 and changing the charging condition of the apparatus shown in FIG. 17 to a condition in which no AC bias was applied, continuous printing of 30,000 sheets was performed in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, the images were good at the initial stage and after 30,000 copies. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 30,000 sheets, the image density unevenness caused by the uneven charging was slightly generated, although the level was not a problem.

Example 16 (Production of Charging Member) A conductive roll was produced by the method described in Example of Japanese Patent No. 2632578.

(Preparation of photoreceptor) An undercoat layer coating solution, a charge generation layer coating solution, and a charge transport layer coating solution having the following compositions were sequentially coated and dried on an aluminum cylinder.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising an intermediate layer of m, a charge generation layer of 0.2 μm, and a charge transport layer of 27 μm was formed. Further, the image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor is masked, and the both ends of the photoreceptor are coated with a gap layer coating solution having the following composition. Was formed to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.

<Undercoat layer coating liquid> Titanium dioxide powder 400 parts Melamine resin 65 parts Alkyd resin 120 parts 2-butanone 400 parts

<Coating solution for charge generation layer> 10 parts of trisazo pigment having the following structure

[0282]

Embedded image Polyvinyl butyral 4 parts 2-butanone 200 parts Cyclohexanone 400 parts

<Coating Solution for Charge Transport Layer> Polycarbonate 10 parts Charge transport material having the following structural formula 8 parts

[0284]

Embedded image 80 parts of methylene chloride

Example 17 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 16 except that the coating solution for the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 16 was changed to the following. <Coating solution for charge transport layer> 8 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0286]

Embedded image 80 parts of methylene chloride

Example 18 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 16 except that a protective layer having a thickness of 2 μm was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 16 using a protective layer coating solution having the following composition. The body was made. <Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0288]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Methylene chloride 80 parts

Example 19 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 16 except that a 2 μm protective layer was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 16 using a protective layer coating solution having the following composition. The body was made. <Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0290]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Titanium oxide 1 part Methylene chloride 80 parts

Comparative Example 4 An experiment was performed in the same manner as in Example 16, except that the photoconductor used was not provided with a gap layer.

Comparative Example 5 An experiment was performed in the same manner as in Example 17, except that the photoconductor used was not provided with a gap layer.

Comparative Example 6 An experiment was conducted in the same manner as in Example 18, except that the photoconductor used was not provided with a gap layer.

Comparative Example 7 An experiment was performed in the same manner as in Example 19 except that the photoconductor used was not provided with a gap layer.

The electrophotographic photoreceptors of Examples 16 to 19 and Comparative Examples 4 to 7 were prepared by using a drum-shaped photoreceptor and a gear on the rotating shaft of the charging member, and a spring on the rotating shaft of the charging member. 13 and 14 arranged on an electrophotographic apparatus as shown in FIG. 17, charging is performed under the following conditions, and an image exposure light source of 780 nm is used. As a semiconductor laser (image writing using a polygon mirror), 50,000 images were continuously output. The image was evaluated at the initial stage and after 50,000 sheets, and the amount of abrasion on the surface of the photoreceptor was measured. Table 2 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -850 V AC bias: 1.8 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.2 kHz

Example 20 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 16 except that a spring for applying pressure to the charging member was not used. Table 2 shows the results.

Embodiment 21 Embodiment 16 is the same as Embodiment 16 except that the rotation of the charging member is made to rotate along with the photosensitive member without using a gear for giving a driving force, as shown in FIG. Image evaluation was performed using a suitable electrophotographic apparatus. Table 2 shows the results.

Example 22 An image was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 16 except that an electrophotographic apparatus was used in which the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photoreceptor were not rotated at a constant speed, and the charging member was rotated quickly. Was.
Table 2 shows the results.

Examples 23 to 26 and Comparative Examples 8 to 11 Photoconductors were prepared in the same manner as in Examples 16 to 19 and Comparative Examples 4 to 7 except that the support for the photoconductor was changed from an aluminum cylinder to a nickel seamless belt. . These are Examples 23 to 26 and Comparative Examples 8 to 11, wherein the rotating shaft of the driving roller on which the photosensitive member is supported and the rotating shaft of the charging roller as a charging member have a gear, and the charging roller as a charging member. Was mounted on an electrophotographic apparatus having a structure in which a spring was provided on the rotating shaft and pressure was applied to the photosensitive member. At this time, the positional relationship between the image forming area of the photoreceptor and the gap layer was the same as in Example 16. The charging was performed under the following conditions, and 50,000 images were continuously output using a 780 nm semiconductor laser (image writing by a polygon mirror) as an image exposure light source. The image was evaluated at the initial stage and after 50,000 sheets, and the amount of abrasion on the surface of the photoreceptor was measured. Table 2 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -850 V AC bias: 1.8 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.2 kHz

Example 27 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 23 except that no spring for applying pressure to the charging member was used. Table 2 shows the results.

Embodiment 28 An electrophotographic apparatus similar to that of Embodiment 23 is used in Embodiment 23, except that the rotation of the charging member is made to rotate with the photosensitive member without using a gear for giving a driving force. Image evaluation was performed. Table 2 shows the results.

Example 29 An image was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23 except that an electrophotographic apparatus was used in which the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photoreceptor were not rotated at a constant speed, and the charging member turned quickly. Was.
Table 2 shows the results.

[0303]

[Table 2-1]

[0304]

[Table 2-2]

Example 30 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 16, the charging condition of the apparatus shown in FIG. 17 was changed to a condition in which no AC bias was applied, and continuous printing of 50,000 sheets was performed in the same manner as in Example 16.
As a result, the image was good both at the initial stage and after 50,000 sheets. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 50,000 sheets, although the level was not a problem, the image density unevenness due to the uneven charging slightly occurred.

Example 31 <Preparation of Charging Member> A conductive roll was prepared by the method described in Example 4 of JP-A-5-341627.

<Preparation of Photoreceptor> The surface of an aluminum cylinder was subjected to anodic oxidation treatment and then subjected to sealing treatment. The coating liquid for the charge generation layer and the coating liquid for the charge transport layer were sequentially applied and dried thereon to form a 0.2 μm charge generation layer and a 23 μm charge transport layer, respectively. Further, a high-density polyethylene film having a thickness of 60 μm as a gap material was adhered to the non-image forming area of the photoreceptor with an adhesive to prepare a photoreceptor of the present invention. The gap material was set so that the distance between the inner edge of the gap material and the outer edge of the photoconductor image forming area was 2 mm. The ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene film used was formed such that the film thickness became thinner toward the abutting portion.

<Coating Solution for Charge Generating Layer> 1 part of a charge generating material having the following composition

[0309]

Embedded image 1 part of charge generation material of the following composition

[0310]

Embedded image Polyvinyl butyral 1 part Cyclohexanone 70 parts Cyclohexane 30 parts

<Coating solution for charge transport layer> 7 parts of a charge transport material having the following composition

[0312]

Embedded image Polycarbonate 10 parts Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

Example 32 In Example 31, the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene film used for the gap material was not formed to have a structure in which the film thickness was reduced toward the butt portion (the entire film thickness was constant), and the shape of the butt portion was changed as shown in FIG. A photoreceptor was prepared and an experiment was conducted in the same manner as in Example 31, except that the seam was cut obliquely as shown in FIG.

Example 33 The procedure of Example 31 was repeated, except that the gap material used in Example 31 was replaced with a 100 μm-diameter fluororesin-containing nylon bag and wound with an adhesive so as not to cross the photosensitive member surface. A photoconductor was prepared in the same manner as described above, and an experiment was performed.

Example 34 An experiment was performed in the same manner as in Example 31, except that a seamless nickel belt was used as the gap material.

Comparative Example 12 An experiment was carried out in the same manner as in Example 31, except that the photoconductor used was not provided with a gap material.

Each of the electrophotographic photosensitive members of Examples 31 to 34 and Comparative Example 12 has a structure in which a gear is provided on the rotating shaft of the photosensitive member and the charging member, and a spring is provided on the rotating shaft of the charging member. The photoreceptor was mounted in a position as shown in FIG. 14 and mounted in a process cartridge as shown in FIG. 19, and then mounted in an image forming apparatus. However, a 780 nm semiconductor laser (image writing by a polygon mirror) was used as an image exposure light source, and a probe of a surface voltmeter was inserted so that the surface potential of the photoconductor immediately before development could be measured. The charging conditions are as follows. Printing was continuously performed on 20,000 sheets, and the surface potential of the image non-exposed portion at that time was measured at the initial stage and after 20,000 sheets. Further, a halftone image was output after 20,000 sheets, and the image was evaluated. Table 3 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -850 V AC bias: 1.8 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.2 kHz

Example 35 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 31, except that no spring for applying pressure to the charging member was used. Table 3 shows the results.

Example 36 An electrophotographic apparatus similar to that of Example 31 was used, except that the rotation of the charging member was made to follow the rotation of the photosensitive member without using a gear for providing a driving force. Image evaluation was performed. Table 3 shows the results.

Example 37 Example 37 was the same as Example 31 except that the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photoreceptor were not moved at a constant speed, and the charging member was rotated quickly.
Image evaluation was performed using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 1.
Table 3 shows the results.

[0321]

[Table 3]

Example 38 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 31, the printing condition of the apparatus shown in FIG. 19 was changed to a condition in which no AC bias was applied, and continuous printing of 20,000 sheets was performed in the same manner as in Example 31.
As a result, the images were good at the initial stage and after 20,000 sheets. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 20,000 sheets, the image density non-uniformity caused by the charging non-uniformity slightly occurred, although the level was not a problem.

[Example of the Second Group of the Invention] Example 39 A coating liquid for a charge generation layer and a coating liquid for a charge transport layer having the following compositions were sequentially applied to an aluminum-deposited polyethylene terephthalate film, and dried. A charge generating layer of 0.3 μm and a charge transport layer of 50 μm were formed to prepare a photoreceptor. Further, the image forming area of the photosensitive member and the surface in the range of +1 mm at both ends thereof are
It was polished by a grinder by 5 μm to prepare an electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.

<Coating solution for charge generation layer> 3 parts of titanyl phthalocyanine 2 parts of polyvinyl butyral 100 parts of n-butyl acetate <Coating solution of charge transport layer> 10 parts of A-type polycarbonate 8 parts of a charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0325]

Embedded image 80 parts of methylene chloride

Example 40 A photoconductor was prepared by the same way as that of Example 39 except that the charge transport layer was 75 μm in thickness and the image forming area of the photoconductor was polished by 50 μm with a grinder.

Example 41 A photoconductor was prepared by the same way as that of Example 39 except that the thickness of the charge transport layer in Example 39 was set to 100 μm, and the image forming area of the photoconductor was polished by 75 μm with a grinder.

Example 42 A photoconductor was prepared by the same way as that of Example 39 except that the charge transport layer was 125 μm in thickness and the image forming region of the photoconductor was polished by a grinder to 100 μm.

Comparative Example 13 A photoconductor was prepared by the same way as that of Example 39 except that the thickness of the charge transport layer was 25 μm and polishing by a grinder was not performed.

The photosensitive members of Examples 39 to 42 and Comparative Example 13 were obtained by changing the rotating shaft of a drum-shaped photosensitive member and the rotating shaft of a charging roller as a charging member by a ring-shaped member as shown in FIG.
The apparatus was mounted on the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 26, charging was performed under the following conditions, and an image exposure light source of 780 nm was used as a semiconductor laser (image writing by a polygon mirror) to continuously print 30,000 sheets. Done. Table 4 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -900 V AC bias: 2.0 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 1.8 kHz

Example 43 Example 39 was the same as Example 39 except that the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 17 which was not fixed by a ring-shaped member was used instead of the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIGS.
The image evaluation was performed in the same manner as described above. Table 4 shows the results.

Comparative Example 14 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 39, except that the position of the inner end of the gap portion and the position of the outer end of the photosensitive member image forming area were set to be the same. .

Example 44 In Example 39, the position of the inner end of the gap portion was changed to
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 39, except that the photosensitive drum was set at a position 0.3 mm away from the outer edge of the photoconductor image forming area.

Example 45 In Example 39, the position of the inner end of the gap portion was changed to
Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 39, except that the photosensitive drum was set at a position 0.5 mm away from the outer edge of the photoconductor image forming area.

[0335]

[Table 4] As is clear from Table 4, when the electrophotographic photoreceptors of Examples 39 to 42 and Examples 44 and 45 were used, good images were obtained even after repeated use.

Example 46 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 39, the charging condition of the apparatus shown in FIG. 17 was changed to a condition in which no AC bias was applied, and continuous printing of 30,000 sheets was performed in the same manner as in Example 39.
As a result, the images were good at the initial stage and after 30,000 copies. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 30,000 sheets, the image density unevenness caused by the uneven charging was slightly generated, although the level was not a problem.

Example 47 An undercoat layer coating solution, a charge generation layer coating solution, and a charge transport layer coating solution having the following compositions were sequentially coated and dried on an aluminum cylinder. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a charge generation layer of 0.2 μm and a charge transport layer of 107 μm was formed. Further, the image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor and the range of +2 mm at both ends thereof were cut with a cutting tool by 80 μm to prepare an electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.

<Coating solution for undercoat layer> 400 parts of titanium dioxide powder 65 parts of melamine resin 120 parts of alkyd resin 400 parts of 2-butanone

<Coating solution for charge generation layer> 10 parts of trisazo pigment having the following structure

[0340]

Embedded image Polyvinyl butyral 4 parts 2-butanone 200 parts Cyclohexanone 400 parts

<Charge Transport Layer Coating Solution> Polycarbonate 10 parts Charge transport material of the following structural formula 8 parts

[0342]

Embedded image 70 parts of methylene chloride

Example 48 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 47, except that the coating solution for the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 47 was changed to the following. <Coating solution for charge transport layer> 8 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0344]

Embedded image 70 parts of methylene chloride

Example 49 The charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 47 was set to 27 μm, and a protective layer coating solution having the following composition was further applied thereon.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was produced in the same manner as in Example 47, except that a protective layer having a thickness of μm was laminated, and the image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor and both ends thereof were cut by +80 μm using a cutting tool. <Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0346]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Methylene chloride 70 parts

Example 50 The charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 47 was set to 27 μm, and a protective layer coating solution having the following composition was further applied thereon.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was produced in the same manner as in Example 47, except that a protective layer having a thickness of μm was laminated, and the image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor and both ends thereof were cut by +80 μm using a cutting tool. <Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0348]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Titanium oxide 1 part Methylene chloride 80 parts

Comparative Example 15 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 47, except that the charge transport layer was set to a thickness of 27 μm and the surface of the photosensitive member was not cut. .

Comparative Example 16 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 48, except that the charge transport layer was set to a thickness of 27 μm and the surface of the photosensitive member was not cut. .

Comparative Example 17 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 49, except that the thickness of the protective layer was changed to 2 μm and the surface of the photosensitive member was not cut.

Comparative Example 18 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 50, except that the thickness of the protective layer was changed to 2 μm and the surface of the photosensitive member was not cut.

Examples 47 to 50 and Comparative Examples 15 to 18
The electrophotographic photoreceptor shown in FIG. 28 has a structure in which a gear is provided on the rotating shaft of the drum-shaped photosensitive member and the charging member, a spring is provided on the rotating shaft of the charging member, and pressure is applied to the photoreceptor. Using a device mounted on the apparatus, charging was performed under the following conditions, and a continuous exposure was performed using a 780 nm semiconductor laser (image writing with a polygon mirror) as an image exposure light source.
0000 images were output. Initial and 50,000
Evaluation of the image after the printing and measurement of the abrasion amount of the photoreceptor surface were performed. Table 5 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -850 V AC bias: 1.8 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.2 kHz

Example 51 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 47 except that no spring for applying pressure to the charging member was used. Table 5 shows the results.

Embodiment 52 As shown in FIG. 27, Embodiment 47 is the same as Embodiment 47, except that the rotation of the charging member is made to rotate the photosensitive member in a rotating manner, as shown in FIG. Image evaluation was performed using a suitable electrophotographic apparatus. Table 5 shows the results.

Example 53 Image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 47 except that an electrophotographic apparatus was used in which the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photoreceptor were not rotated at a constant speed, and the charging member rotated quickly. Was.
Table 5 shows the results.

[0357]

[Table 5]

Example 54 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 47, printing was continuously performed on 50,000 sheets in the same manner as in Example 47, except that the charging condition of the apparatus shown in FIG.
As a result, the image was good both at the initial stage and after 50,000 sheets. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 50,000 sheets, although the level was not a problem, the image density unevenness due to the uneven charging slightly occurred.

Example 55 Anodizing treatment was performed on the surface of an aluminum cylinder, and then sealing treatment was performed. A charge generation layer coating liquid and a charge transport layer coating liquid were sequentially applied and dried thereon to form a 0.2 μm charge generation layer and a 83 μm charge transport layer, respectively. Further, the image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor and the range of +1 mm at both ends thereof were cut with a cutting tool by 60 μm to prepare an electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.

<Coating Solution for Charge Generating Layer> 1 part of a charge generating material having the following composition

[0361]

Embedded image 1 part of charge generation material of the following composition

[0362]

Embedded image Polyvinyl butyral 1 part Cyclohexanone 70 parts Cyclohexane 30 parts

<Coating Solution for Charge Transport Layer> 7 parts of a charge transport material having the following composition:

[0364]

Embedded image Polycarbonate 10 parts Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

Example 56 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 55, except that the coating solution for the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 55 was changed to the following.

<Charge Transport Layer Coating Solution> 8 parts of a polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0367]

Embedded image 70 parts of methylene chloride

Example 57 The charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 55 was set to 21 μm, and a protective layer coating solution having the following composition was further applied thereon.
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in exactly the same manner as in Example 55, except that a protective layer having a thickness of μm was laminated, and an image forming area on the surface of the photosensitive member and a range of +1 mm at both ends thereof were cut by a cutting tool by 60 μm.

<Coating Solution for Protective Layer> 4 parts of a polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0370]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Methylene chloride 70 parts

Example 58 The charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 55 was set to 21 μm, and a protective layer coating solution having the following composition was further applied thereon.
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in exactly the same manner as in Example 55, except that a protective layer having a thickness of μm was laminated, and an image forming area on the surface of the photosensitive member and a range of +1 mm at both ends thereof were cut by a cutting tool by 60 μm.

<Coating Solution for Protective Layer> 4 parts of a polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0373]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Titanium oxide 1 part Methylene chloride 80 parts

Comparative Example 19 In the electrophotographic photoreceptor of Example 55, the charge transport layer was
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 55, except that the thickness was set to 3 μm and polishing by a grinder was not performed.

Each of the electrophotographic photosensitive members of Examples 55 to 58 and Comparative Example 19 has a structure in which a gear is provided on the rotating shaft of the photosensitive member and the charging member, and a spring is provided on the rotating shaft of the charging member. After being mounted on the process cartridge shown in FIG. However, the image exposure light source is a 780 nm semiconductor laser (image writing by polygon mirror).
A probe of a surface voltmeter was inserted so that the surface potential of the photoconductor immediately before development could be measured. The charging conditions are as follows. Printing was continuously performed on 20,000 sheets, and the surface potential of the image non-exposed portion at that time was measured at the initial stage and after 20,000 sheets. Further, a halftone image was output after 20,000 sheets, and the image was evaluated. Table 6 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -850 V AC bias: 1.8 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.2 kHz

Example 59 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 55 except that no spring for applying pressure to the charging member was used. Table 6 shows the results.

Embodiment 60 An electrophotographic apparatus similar to that of Embodiment 55 is used in Embodiment 55, except that a gear for providing a driving force is not used, and the rotation of the charging member is driven by the photoreceptor. Image evaluation was performed. Table 6 shows the results.

Example 61 Example 55 was the same as Example 55 except that the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photosensitive member were not rotated at a constant speed, and the charging member was rotated quickly.
Image evaluation was performed using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 5.
Table 6 shows the results.

[0379]

[Table 6]

Example 62 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 55, the charging condition of the apparatus shown in FIG. 19 was changed to a condition in which no AC bias was applied, and 20,000 sheets were continuously printed in the same manner as in Example 55.
As a result, the images were good at the initial stage and after 20,000 sheets. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 20,000 sheets, the image density non-uniformity caused by the charging non-uniformity slightly occurred, although the level was not a problem.

[Third Group of Embodiments of the Invention] Example 63 Aluminum was deposited on a polyethylene terephthalate film formed so that the non-image forming areas at both ends were 30 μm thicker than the image forming areas. The coating solution for the charge generation layer and the coating solution for the charge transport layer having the compositions were sequentially applied by a spray method and dried to form a 0.3 μm charge generation layer and a 25 μm charge transport layer, thereby producing a photoreceptor of the present invention. .

<Coating solution for charge generating layer> 3 parts of titanyl phthalocyanine 2 parts of polyvinyl butyral 200 parts 200 parts of n-butyl acetate <Coating solution of charge transport layer> 10 parts of C-type polycarbonate 8 parts of a charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0383]

Embedded image Tetrahydrofuran 400 parts Cyclohexanone 200 parts

Example 64 A photoconductor was prepared by the same way as that of Example 63 except that the gap at both ends of the support (polyethylene terephthalate film) in Example 63 was changed from 30 μm to 50 μm.

Example 65 The gap at both ends of the support of Example 63 was set to 30 μm to 8 mm.
A photoconductor was prepared by the same way as that of Example 63 except that the thickness was changed to 0 μm.

Example 66 The gap at both ends of the support of Example 63 was set to 30 μm to 1
A photoconductor was prepared by the same way as that of Example 63 except that the thickness was changed to 00 μm.

Comparative Example 20 A photoconductor was prepared by the same way as that of Example 63 except that the support of Example 63 was not subjected to the edge treatment (no gap at both ends).

Both ends of the photosensitive members of Examples 63 to 66 and Comparative Example 20 were belt-joined to form a photosensitive member for mounting. At this time, the inner edge of the gap is 1 mm from both outer edges of the image forming area.
34 and FIG. 3 in which the rotation axis of the roller for driving the belt-shaped photoconductor and the rotation axis of the charging roller as the charging member are fixed by a ring-shaped member.
The electrophotographic apparatus shown in Fig. 5 was charged, charging was performed under the following conditions, and 30,000 sheets were continuously printed using a 780 nm semiconductor laser (image writing by a polygon mirror) as an image exposure light source, and image evaluation was performed. Was.
Table 1 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -900 V AC bias: 2.0 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.0 kHz

Example 67 Example 63 was the same as Example 63 except that the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIGS. 34 and 35 was replaced with the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 17 which was not fixed by a ring-shaped member.
The image evaluation was performed in the same manner as described above. Table 7 shows the results.

Comparative Example 21 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 55 except that the position of the inner edge of the gap and the position of the outer edge of the photosensitive member image forming area were set to be the same.

Example 68 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 55, except that the position of the inner edge of the gap was set at a position 0.3 mm away from the outer edge of the photosensitive member image forming area. .

Example 69 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 55, except that the position of the inner edge of the gap was set at a position separated by 0.5 mm from the outer edge of the photoconductor image forming area. .

[0393]

[Table 7] As is clear from Table 7, Examples 63 to 66 and Example 6
It can be seen that when the electrophotographic photosensitive members of Nos. 8 and 69 were used, good images were obtained even after repeated use.

Example 70 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 63, the printing condition of the apparatus shown in FIG. 17 was changed to a condition in which no AC bias was applied, and continuous printing of 30,000 sheets was performed in the same manner as in Example 63.
As a result, the images were good at the initial stage and after 30,000 copies. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 30,000 sheets, the image density unevenness caused by the uneven charging was slightly generated, although the level was not a problem.

Example 71 The center image forming area excluding the non-image forming areas at both ends was cut with a cutting tool, and applied to an aluminum cylinder having a gap of 50 μm, an undercoat layer coating liquid and a charge generating layer coating liquid having the following compositions: , And the coating solution for the charge transport layer are sequentially applied by a spray method and dried to obtain a 4.0 μm intermediate layer, 0.2 μm
An electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention comprising a m charge generation layer and a 27 μm charge transport layer was prepared.

<Coating solution for undercoat layer> 400 parts of titanium dioxide powder 65 parts of melamine resin 120 parts of alkyd resin 1200 parts of 2-butanone 1200 parts

<Coating solution for charge generation layer> 5 parts of trisazo pigment having the following structure

[0398]

Embedded image Polyvinyl butyral 2 parts 2-butanone 200 parts Cyclohexanone 400 parts

<Coating Solution for Charge Transport Layer> 10 parts of polycarbonate 8 parts of a charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0400]

Embedded image Tetrahydrofuran 400 parts Cyclohexanone 200 parts

Example 72 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 71, except that the coating solution for the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 71 was changed to the following. <Coating solution for charge transport layer> 8 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0402]

Embedded image Tetrahydrofuran 400 parts Cyclohexanone 200 parts

Example 73 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 71 except that a 2 μm protective layer was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 71 using a protective layer coating solution having the following composition. The body was made. <Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0404]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Tetrahydrofuran 400 parts Cyclohexanone 200 parts

Example 74 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 71 except that a 2 μm protective layer was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 71 using a protective layer coating solution having the following composition. The body was made. <Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0406]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Titanium oxide 1 part Tetrahydrofuran 400 parts Cyclohexanone 200 parts

Comparative Example 22 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 71, except that no gap was formed at both ends of the support.

Comparative Example 23 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 72, except that no gap was formed at both ends of the support.

Comparative Example 24 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 73, except that no gap was formed at both ends of the support.

Comparative Example 25 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 74, except that no gap was formed at both ends of the support.

Examples 71 to 74 and Comparative Examples 22 to 25
The electrophotographic photoreceptor is set such that the inner end of the gap is located at a position 1 mm away from both outer ends of the image forming area, and has a gear on the rotating shaft of the drum-shaped photoreceptor and the charging member,
Further, a charging member having a spring on a rotating shaft thereof and having a structure for applying pressure to the photoreceptor, which is mounted on the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 37, is charged under the following conditions, and the image exposure light source is a 780 nm semiconductor. As a laser (image writing by a polygon mirror), 50,000 images were output continuously. The image was evaluated at the initial stage and after 50,000 sheets, and the amount of abrasion on the surface of the photoreceptor was measured. Table 8 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -880 V AC bias: 2.0 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.2 kHz

Example 75 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 71 except that a spring for applying pressure to the charging member was not used. Table 8 shows the results.

Embodiment 76 The embodiment 71 is the same as the embodiment 71, except that the rotation of the charging member is made to rotate along with the photosensitive member without using a gear for giving a driving force, as shown in FIG. Image evaluation was performed using a suitable electrophotographic apparatus. Table 8 shows the results.

Example 77 An image was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 71, except that an electrophotographic apparatus was used in which the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photoreceptor were not rotated at a constant speed, and the charging member turned quickly. Was.
Table 8 shows the results.

[0415]

[Table 8]

Example 78 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 71, the charging condition of the apparatus shown in FIG. 17 was changed to a condition in which no AC bias was applied, and 50,000 sheets were continuously printed in the same manner as in Example 71.
As a result, the image was good both at the initial stage and after 50,000 sheets. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 50,000 sheets, although the level was not a problem, the image density unevenness due to the uneven charging slightly occurred.

Example 79 The surface of an aluminum cylinder processed in the same manner as in Example 71 was subjected to anodizing treatment and then to sealing treatment. A coating liquid for the charge generation layer having the following composition and a coating liquid for the charge transport layer were successively applied and dried by a spray method, and each of the coating liquids was 0.2 μm in thickness.
And a charge transport layer of 28 μm were formed to produce an electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.

<Coating Solution for Charge Generating Layer> 1 part of a charge generating material having the following composition

[0419]

Embedded image 1 part of charge generation material of the following composition

[0420]

Embedded image Polyvinyl butyral 1 part Cyclohexanone 100 parts Cyclohexane 40 parts

<Charge Transport Layer Coating Solution> 7 parts of a charge transport material having the following composition

[0422]

Embedded image Polycarbonate 10 parts Tetrahydrofuran 400 parts Cyclohexanone 200 parts

Example 80 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 79, except that the coating solution for the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 79 was changed to the following.

<Coating Solution for Charge Transport Layer> 8 parts of a polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0425]

Embedded image Tetrahydrofuran 400 parts Cyclohexanone 200 parts

Example 81 The same procedure as in Example 79 was carried out except that a protective layer coating liquid having the following composition was used and a 2 μm protective layer was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 79. A photoreceptor was prepared.

<Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transporting material having the following structural formula

[0428]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Tetrahydrofuran 400 parts Cyclohexanone 200 parts

Example 82 On the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 79, a protective layer coating solution having the following composition was used, and
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in exactly the same manner as in Example 79 except that the protective layer was laminated.

<Coating Solution for Protective Layer> 4 parts of a polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0431]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Titanium oxide 1 part Tetrahydrofuran 400 parts Cyclohexanone 200 parts

Comparative Example 26 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 79, except that no gap was provided at both ends of the support.

The electrophotographic photosensitive members of Examples 79 to 82 and Comparative Example 26 were set such that the inner edge of the gap was at a position 2 mm away from both outer edges of the image forming area, and the rotating shaft of the photosensitive member and the charging member was set. The cartridge was mounted on a process cartridge shown in FIG. 19, which was equipped with a photoreceptor having a gear and a rotating shaft of a charging member and having a structure capable of applying pressure, and then mounted on an image forming apparatus. However, a 780 nm semiconductor laser (image writing by a polygon mirror) was used as an image exposure light source, and a probe of a surface voltmeter was inserted so that the surface potential of the photoconductor immediately before development could be measured. The charging conditions are as follows. 200 consecutive
00 sheets were printed, and the surface potential of the image non-exposed area at that time was measured at the initial stage and after 20,000 sheets. In addition, 200
After 00 sheets, a halftone image was output and the image was evaluated. Table 9 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -800 V AC bias: 1.7 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.2 kHz

Example 83 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 79 except that no spring for applying pressure to the charging member was used. Table 9 shows the results.

Example 84 An electrophotographic apparatus similar to that of Example 79 was used in Example 79, except that the gear for applying the driving force was not used, and the rotation of the charging member was caused to rotate along with the photosensitive member. Image evaluation was performed. Table 9 shows the results.

Example 85 Example 79 was the same as Example 79 except that the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photosensitive member were not rotated at a constant speed, and the charging member was rotated quickly.
Image evaluation was performed using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 9.
Table 9 shows the results.

[0437]

[Table 9]

Example 86 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 79, printing was continuously performed on 20,000 sheets in the same manner as in Example 79, except that the charging condition of the apparatus shown in FIG.
As a result, the images were good at the initial stage and after 20,000 sheets. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 20,000 sheets, the image density non-uniformity caused by the charging non-uniformity slightly occurred, although the level was not a problem.

[Example 4 of the Fourth Group of the Invention] Example 87 An undercoat layer coating solution, a charge generation layer coating solution and a charge transport layer coating solution having the following compositions were sequentially applied on an aluminum cylinder. After drying, an electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention comprising a 3.5 μm intermediate layer, a 0.2 μm charge generation layer, and a 28 μm charge transport layer was prepared.

<Coating solution for undercoat layer> 400 parts of titanium dioxide powder 65 parts of melamine resin 120 parts of alkyd resin 400 parts of 2-butanone

<Coating Solution for Charge Generating Layer> 3 parts of titanyl phthalocyanine 2 parts of polyvinyl butyral 200 parts of n-butyl acetate

<Charge Transport Layer Coating Solution> C-Type Polycarbonate 10 parts Charge transport material of the following structural formula 8 parts

[0443]

Embedded image 100 parts of methylene chloride

The electrophotographic photosensitive member produced as described above
A flange having a shape as shown in FIG. 38 was attached to obtain a photoconductor for mounting. The gap between the surface of the photosensitive member and the surface of the charging member is 30 μm. The flange was set so that the distance between the inner edge of the flange and the outer edge of the image forming area was 1 mm.

Example 88 A photoconductor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 87, except that the flange used in Example 87 was changed and the gap between the surface of the photoconductor and the surface of the charging member was changed from 30 μm to 50 μm. The flange was set so that the distance between the inner edge of the flange and the outer edge of the image forming area was 1 mm.

Example 89 A photoconductor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 87, except that the flange used in Example 87 was changed and the gap between the surface of the photoconductor and the surface of the charging member was changed from 30 μm to 80 μm. The flange was set so that the distance between the inner edge of the flange and the outer edge of the image forming area was 1 mm.

Example 90 A photoconductor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 87, except that the flange used in Example 87 was changed and the gap between the surface of the photoconductor and the surface of the charging member was changed from 30 μm to 100 μm.
The flange was set so that the distance between the inner edge of the flange and the outer edge of the image forming area was 1 mm.

Example 91 A photoconductor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 87, except that the flange used in Example 87 was changed and the gap between the surface of the photoconductor and the surface of the charging member was changed from 30 μm to 250 μm.
The flange was set so that the distance between the inner edge of the flange and the outer edge of the image forming area was 1 mm.

Comparative Example 27 The flange used in Example 87 was changed to a conventional shape, and the gap between the surface of the photoreceptor and the surface of the charging member was changed from 30 μm to 0 μm. ), And a photoconductor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 87. The flange was set so that the distance between the inner edge of the flange and the outer edge of the image forming area was 1 mm.

The photosensitive members of Examples 87 to 91 and Comparative Example 27 were obtained by combining the rotating shaft of a drum-shaped photosensitive member and the rotating shaft of a charging roller as a charging member with a ring-shaped member as shown in FIG.
The apparatus was mounted on the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 42, charging was performed under the following conditions, and an image exposure light source of 780 nm was used as a semiconductor laser (image writing by a polygon mirror) to continuously print 30,000 sheets. Done. Table 10 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -930 V AC bias: 2.0 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.0 kHz

Example 92 Example 87 differs from Example 87 in that, instead of the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIGS. 41 and 42, the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 17 which is not fixed by a ring-shaped member was used.
The image evaluation was performed in the same manner as described above. Table 10 shows the results.

Comparative Example 28 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 87, except that the position of the inner edge of the flange and the position of the outer edge of the photosensitive member image forming area were set to be the same.

Example 93 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 87, except that the position of the inner end of the flange was set at a position separated by 0.5 mm from the outer end of the photosensitive member image forming area. .

Example 94 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 87, except that the inner end of the flange was set at a position 2 mm away from the outer end of the photosensitive member image forming area.

[0455]

[Table 10]

Example 95 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 87, the charging condition of the apparatus shown in FIG. 17 was changed to a condition in which no AC bias was applied, and continuous printing of 30,000 sheets was performed in the same manner as in Example 87.
As a result, the images were good at the initial stage and after 30,000 copies. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 30,000 sheets, the image density unevenness caused by the uneven charging was slightly generated, although the level was not a problem.

Example 96 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 87, except that the coating solution for the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 87 was changed to the following. <Coating solution for charge transport layer> 8 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0458]

Embedded image 100 parts of methylene chloride

Example 97 The electrophotography was performed in exactly the same manner as in Example 87, except that a protective layer coating liquid having the following composition was used and a 2 μm protective layer was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 87. A photoreceptor was produced. <Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0460]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Methylene chloride 100 parts

Example 98 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 87 except that a protective layer coating solution having the following composition was used and a protective layer having a thickness of 2 μm was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 87. The body was made. <Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0462]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Titanium oxide 1 part Methylene chloride 100 parts

The electrophotographic photosensitive member produced as described above
A flange having a shape as shown in FIG. 38 was attached to obtain a photoconductor for mounting. The gap between the surface of the photoreceptor and the surface of the charging member is 50 μm. The flange was set so that the distance between the inner edge of the flange and the outer edge of the image forming area was 1 mm.

Comparative Example 29 Example 9 was repeated except that the used flange of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 96 was changed to a conventional one, the surface of the photosensitive member was brought into contact with the surface of the charging member, and no gap was formed.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in No. 6.

Comparative Example 30 Example 9 was repeated except that the used flange of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 97 was changed to a conventional one, the surface of the photosensitive member was brought into contact with the surface of the charging member, and no gap was formed.
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in No. 7.

Comparative Example 31 The electrophotographic photoreceptor of Example 98 was changed to Example 9 except that the used flange was changed to a conventional one, the surface of the photoreceptor was brought into contact with the surface of the charging member, and no gap was formed.
In the same manner as in No. 8, an electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced.

The electrophotographic photosensitive members of Examples 87 and 96 to 98 and Comparative Examples 27 and 29 to 31 were prepared by using a drum-shaped photosensitive member and a gear on the rotating shaft of the charging member, and rotating the charging member. Using a structure having a spring on a shaft and applying pressure to the photoreceptor, which is mounted on the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG.
00 images were output. The image was evaluated at the initial stage and after 50,000 sheets, and the amount of abrasion on the surface of the photoreceptor was measured.
Table 11 shows the results.

Example 99 Image evaluation was performed using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 87 except that no spring for applying pressure to the charging member was used. Table 11 shows the results.

Example 100 Example 87 is the same as Example 87 except that the rotation of the charging member is made to follow the rotation of the photosensitive member without using a gear for giving a driving force, as shown in FIG. Image evaluation was performed using a suitable electrophotographic apparatus. Table 11 shows the results.

Example 101 An image was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 87, except that an electrophotographic apparatus was used in which the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photoreceptor were not rotated at a constant speed, and the charging member rotated quickly. Was.
Table 11 shows the results.

[0471]

[Table 11]

Example 102 After the surface of an aluminum cylinder was anodized, a sealing treatment was performed. On this, a coating liquid for a charge generation layer and a coating liquid for a charge transport layer having the following composition were sequentially applied and dried to form a coating liquid of 0.1% each.
Forming a 2 μm charge generation layer and a 28 μm charge transport layer,
An electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention was produced.

<Coating Solution for Charge Generating Layer> 1 part of a charge generating material having the following composition

[0474]

Embedded image 1 part of charge generation material of the following composition

[0475]

Embedded image Polyvinyl butyral 1 part Cyclohexanone 100 parts Cyclohexane 40 parts

<Coating solution for charge transport layer> 7 parts of a charge transport material having the following composition

[0477]

Embedded image Polycarbonate 10 parts Methylene chloride 100 parts

Example 103 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in exactly the same manner as in Example 102, except that the coating solution for the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 102 was changed to the following.

<Coating Solution for Charge Transport Layer> 8 parts of a polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0480]

Embedded image 100 parts of methylene chloride

Example 104 The same procedure as in Example 102 was carried out except that a protective layer coating liquid of the following composition was used and a protective layer of 2 μm was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 102. A photoreceptor was prepared.

<Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transporting material having the following structural formula

[0483]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Methylene chloride 100 parts

Example 105 The same procedure as in Example 102 was carried out except that a protective layer having a thickness of 2 μm was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 102 using a protective layer coating solution having the following composition. A photoreceptor was prepared.

<Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0486]

Embedded image Z-type polycarbonate 4 parts Titanium oxide 1 part Methylene chloride 100 parts

The electrophotographic photosensitive member produced as described above
A flange having a shape as shown in FIG. 38 was attached to obtain a photoconductor for mounting. The gap between the surface of the photosensitive member and the surface of the charging member is 70 μm. The flange was set so that the distance between the inner edge of the flange and the outer edge of the image forming area was 2 mm.

Comparative Example 32 Example 10 was repeated except that the used flange of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 102 was changed to a conventional one, the photosensitive member was brought into contact with the surface of the charging member, and no gap was formed.
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2.

The electrophotographic photosensitive members of Examples 102 to 105 and Comparative Example 32 have a structure in which a gear is provided on the rotating shaft of the photosensitive member and the charging member, a spring is provided on the rotating shaft of the charging member, and pressure is applied. After being mounted on the process cartridge shown in FIG. However, a 780 nm semiconductor laser (image writing by a polygon mirror) was used as an image exposure light source, and a probe of a surface voltmeter was inserted so that the surface potential of the photoconductor immediately before development could be measured. The charging conditions are as follows. Printing was continuously performed on 20,000 sheets, and the surface potential of the image non-exposed portion at that time was measured at the initial stage and after 20,000 sheets. Further, a halftone image was output after 20,000 sheets, and the image was evaluated. Table 12 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -830 V AC bias: 1.7 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.2 kHz

Example 106 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 102 except that a spring for applying pressure to the charging member was not used. Table 12 shows the results.

Example 107 An electrophotographic apparatus similar to that of Example 102 was used, except that the rotation of the charging member was made to follow the rotation of the photosensitive member without using a gear for providing a driving force. Image evaluation was performed. Table 12 shows the results.

Example 108 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 102 except that the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photoreceptor were not rotated at a constant speed and the charging member was rotated quickly. Was. Table 12 shows the results.

[0493]

[Table 12]

Example 109 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 102, the charging condition of the apparatus shown in FIG. 19 was changed to a condition in which no AC bias was applied.
In the same manner as in Example 102, continuous printing of 20,000 sheets was performed. As a result, the images were good at the initial stage and after 20,000 sheets. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 20,000 sheets, the image density non-uniformity caused by the charging non-uniformity slightly occurred, although the level was not a problem.

[Example of the Fifth Group of the Invention] Example 110 (Preparation of Charging Member)
3 m of epichlorohydrin rubber of × 10 ⁸ Ω · cm
m, and a conductive elastic body laminated thereon and having a resistivity of 8 × 1
0 ⁸ Ω · cm resistance adjusting layer comprising a mixture of epichlorohydrin rubber and a fluorine-based resin which is a charging roller having a (thickness 50 [mu] m) were produced.

(Preparation of Photoreceptor) A coating liquid for an undercoat layer, a coating liquid for a charge generating layer, and a coating liquid for a charge transporting layer having the following compositions were successively applied and dried on a Ni seamless belt. An electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention comprising a layer, a 0.2 μm charge generation layer and a 28 μm charge transport layer was prepared.

<Coating solution for undercoat layer> Titanium dioxide powder 400 parts Melamine resin 65 parts Alkyd resin 120 parts 2-butanone 400 parts

<Coating solution for charge generation layer> Titanyl phthalocyanine 3 parts Polyvinyl butyral 2 parts 2-butanone 200 parts

<Coating solution for charge transport layer> A-type polycarbonate 10 parts Charge transport material having the following structural formula 8 parts

[0500]

Embedded image 100 parts of methylene chloride

The electrophotographic photosensitive member produced as described above was
As shown in FIGS. 54 and 55, the apparatus was mounted on an electrophotographic apparatus in which the rotating shaft of a driving roller supporting a photosensitive member and the rotating shaft of a charging roller as a charging member were fixed by a ring-shaped member. At this time, the drive roller was set so that the inner end was outside by 2 mm from the outer end of the photoconductor image forming area. The charging was performed under the following conditions.
As a semiconductor laser of 0 nm (image writing by a polygon mirror), 30,000 sheets were continuously printed to evaluate the image. The driving roller was made of ABS resin having the shape shown in FIG. 51, and the gap between the surface of the photoreceptor and the surface of the charging member was set to be 50 μm. Table 13 shows the results. Charging conditions: DC bias: -900 V AC bias: 1.8 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 1.5kHz

Example 111 The gap between the surface of the photosensitive member and the surface of the charging member was changed to 5 by changing the driving roller in the electrophotographic apparatus used in Example 110.
Printing and image evaluation of 30,000 sheets were performed under the same process conditions as in Example 110 except that the thickness was changed from 0 μm to 80 μm. Table 13 shows the results.

Example 112 The drive roller in the electrophotographic apparatus used in Example 110 was changed so that the gap between the surface of the photosensitive member and the surface of the charging member was changed to 5
Example 110 except that the thickness was changed from 0 μm to 100 μm.
Printing and image evaluation of 30,000 sheets were performed under the same process conditions as in the above. Table 13 shows the results.

Example 113 The drive roller in the electrophotographic apparatus used in Example 110 was changed so that the gap between the surface of the photosensitive member and the surface of the charging member was changed to 5
Example 110 except that the thickness was changed from 0 μm to 150 μm.
Printing and image evaluation of 30,000 sheets were performed under the same process conditions as in the above. Table 13 shows the results.

Example 114 The drive roller in the electrophotographic apparatus used in Example 110 was changed so that the gap between the photosensitive member surface and the charging member surface was changed to 5
Example 110 except that the thickness was changed from 0 μm to 250 μm.
Printing and image evaluation of 30,000 sheets were performed under the same process conditions as in the above. Table 13 shows the results.

Comparative Example 33 The drive roller in the electrophotographic apparatus used in Example 110 was changed to a conventional one, and the gap between the surface of the photosensitive member and the surface of the charging member was changed from 50 μm to 0 μm (the surface of the photosensitive member and the charging member). Example 1 except that the surface is in contact)
Printing and image evaluation of 30,000 sheets were performed under the same process conditions as in Example 10. Table 13 shows the results.

Example 115 Example 115 was the same as Example 110 except that the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 62 was used instead of the electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIGS.
Image evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 10. Table 13 shows the results.

Comparative Example 34 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 112, except that the position of the inner end of the flange and the position of the outer end of the photosensitive member image forming area were the same.

Example 116 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 112, except that the inner end of the flange was set at a position 0.5 mm away from the outer end of the photosensitive member image forming area. .

Example 117 Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 112, except that the inner end of the flange was set at a position 2 mm away from the outer end of the photosensitive member image forming area.

[0511]

[Table 13]

Example 118 Example 11 was repeated except that the shape of the drive roller used in Example 110 was changed to stainless steel without being changed.
The evaluation was performed in the same manner as for 0. As a result, the initial and 300
The image was good even after 00 sheets. However, in the image after 30,000 copies, an abnormal image, albeit slight, caused by the charging abnormality occurred.

Example 119 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 101, the charging condition was set to AC.
Printing was continuously performed on 30,000 sheets in the same manner as in Example 110, except that the conditions were not changed so that a bias was not applied. As a result, the images were good at the initial stage and after 30,000 copies. However,
In the image after 30,000 sheets, when a halftone image was output, image density unevenness caused by charging unevenness was slightly generated, although the level was not a problem.

Example 120 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 110, except that the coating solution for the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 110 was changed to the following. <Coating solution for charge transport layer> 8 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0515]

Embedded image 100 parts of methylene chloride

Example 121 Electrophotography was carried out in exactly the same manner as in Example 110 except that a 2 μm protective layer was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 110 using a protective layer coating solution having the following composition. A photoreceptor was produced. <Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0517]

Embedded image A-type polycarbonate 4 parts Methylene chloride 100 parts

Example 122 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 110, except that a protective layer coating liquid having the following composition was used and a protective layer having a thickness of 2 μm was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 110. The body was made. <Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0519]

Embedded image A-type polycarbonate 4 parts Titanium oxide 1 part Methylene chloride 100 parts

Examples 120 to 12 produced as described above
57, a rotating shaft of a driving roller on which the photosensitive member is supported as shown in FIG. 57, a rotating shaft of a charging roller as a charging member, and a charging roller as a charging member. Was mounted on an electrophotographic apparatus having a structure in which a spring was provided on a rotating shaft and a pressure was applied to the photosensitive member. At this time, the drive roller was set so that the inner end thereof was located outside by 1 mm from the outer end of the photoconductor image forming area. Example 1
Printing and image evaluation of 50,000 sheets were performed under the same process conditions as in Example 10. Table 14 shows the results. The gap between the surface of the photoreceptor and the surface of the charging member is 50 μm.

Example 123 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 120 except that no spring for applying pressure to the charging member was used. Table 14 shows the results.

Example 124 An electrophotographic apparatus similar to that of Example 120 was used, except that the charging member was rotated in a rotating manner with the photosensitive member without using a gear for providing a driving force. Image evaluation was performed. Table 14 shows the results.

Example 125 An image was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 120 except that an electrophotographic apparatus was used in which the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photoreceptor were not rotated at a constant speed, and the charging member rotated quickly. Was. Table 14 shows the results.

Comparative Example 34 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 120 and changing the drive roller in the electrophotographic apparatus used in Example 120, the gap between the photoreceptor surface and the charging member surface was changed from 50 μm to 0 μm.
m (the photoconductor surface and the charging member surface are in contact with each other) under the same process conditions as in Example 120, except that
Printing and image evaluation of 0000 sheets were performed. Table 1 shows the results
It is shown in FIG.

Comparative Example 35 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 121 and changing the drive roller in the electrophotographic apparatus used in Example 121, the gap between the surface of the photoreceptor and the surface of the charging member was changed from 50 μm to 0 μm.
m (the photoconductor surface and the charging member surface are in contact with each other) under the same process conditions as in Example 121, except that
Printing and image evaluation of 0000 sheets were performed. Table 1 shows the results
It is shown in FIG.

Comparative Example 36 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 122 and changing the drive roller in the electrophotographic apparatus used in Example 122, the gap between the surface of the photoreceptor and the surface of the charging member was changed from 50 μm to 0 μm.
m (the photoconductor surface and the charging member surface are in contact with each other) under the same process conditions as in Example 122, except that
Printing and image evaluation of 0000 sheets were performed. Table 1 shows the results
It is shown in FIG.

Also, the electrophotographic photoreceptors of Example 110 and Comparative Example 33 were mounted on an apparatus which had been subjected to image evaluation of 30,000 sheets, and 20,000 sheets were printed (total of 50,000 sheets).
And the image of the 50,000th sheet was evaluated.
In addition, the abrasion loss of the photoreceptor surface of each of the photoreceptors of Example 110, Examples 120 to 125, and Comparative Examples 33 to 36 was measured after printing 50,000 sheets. Table 14 shows the results.

[0528]

[Table 14]

Example 126 Aluminum was vapor-deposited on the surface of a polyethylene terephthalate seamless belt, and a conductive treatment was performed. On this, a charge generation layer coating liquid having the following composition and a charge transport layer coating liquid were sequentially coated and dried to form a charge generation layer of 0.2 μm each,
A charge transport layer having a thickness of 28 μm was formed to prepare an electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.

<Coating Solution for Charge Generating Layer> 1.5 parts of a charge generating material having the following composition

[0531]

Embedded image 1 part of charge generation material of the following composition

[0532]

Embedded image Polyvinyl butyral 1 part Cyclohexanone 100 parts Cyclohexane 40 parts

<Coating Solution for Charge Transport Layer> 7 parts of a charge transport material having the following composition

[0534]

Embedded image A-type polycarbonate 10 parts Methylene chloride 100 parts

Example 127 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in exactly the same manner as in Example 126, except that the coating solution for the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member in Example 126 was changed to the following.

<Charge Transport Layer Coating Solution> 8 parts of a polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0537]

Embedded image 100 parts of methylene chloride

Example 128 The procedure of Example 126 was repeated, except that a 2 μm protective layer was laminated on the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by using a protective layer coating solution having the following composition. A photoreceptor was prepared.

<Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0540]

Embedded image A-type polycarbonate 4 parts Methylene chloride 100 parts

Example 129 The same procedure as in Example 126 was carried out except that a protective layer coating liquid having the following composition was used, and a protective layer of 2 μm was laminated on the charge transporting layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 126. A photoreceptor was prepared.

<Coating solution for protective layer> 4 parts of polymer charge transport material having the following structural formula

[0543]

Embedded image A-type polycarbonate 4 parts Titanium oxide 1 part Methylene chloride 100 parts

[0544] The electrophotographic photosensitive members of Examples 126 to 129 were prepared by changing the rotating shaft of the driving roller on which the photosensitive members are supported and the rotating shaft of the charging roller as a charging member having a gear, and the charging roller as a charging member. Has a spring on the rotating shaft,
It was mounted on a process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 63 having a structure for applying pressure to a photoreceptor. At this time, the drive roller was set so that the inner end was outside by 2 mm from the outer end of the photoconductor image forming area. However, the image exposure light source is a 780 nm semiconductor laser (polygon
As an example, a probe of a surface voltmeter was inserted so that the surface potential of the photoconductor immediately before development could be measured. The charging conditions are as follows. 20 consecutive
000 sheets were printed, and the surface potential of the image non-exposed portion at that time was measured at the initial stage and after 20,000 sheets. In addition, 20
After 000 sheets, a halftone image was output and the image was evaluated. Table 15 shows the results. The driving roller is shown in FIG.
1 was used, and the gap between the surface of the photoreceptor and the surface of the charging member was set to be 70 μm. Charging conditions: DC bias: -950 V AC bias: 2.0 kV (peak to peak)
k), frequency 2.0 kHz

Example 130 An image was evaluated using the same electrophotographic apparatus as in Example 126 except that a spring for applying pressure to the charging member was not used. Table 15 shows the results.

Example 131 An electrophotographic apparatus similar to that of Example 126 was used in Example 126, except that the gear for applying the driving force was not used, and the rotation of the charging member was made to rotate the photoconductor. Image evaluation was performed. Table 15 shows the results.

Example 132 An image was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 126, except that an electrophotographic apparatus was used in which the surface of the charging member and the surface of the photoreceptor were not rotated at a constant speed, and the charging member rotated quickly. Was. Table 15 shows the results.

Comparative Example 37 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 126, the drive roller in the process cartridge for the electrophotographic apparatus used in Example 126 was changed to a conventional one, and the surface of the photoreceptor and the surface of the charging member were changed. Except that the gap was changed from 70 μm to 0 μm (the surface of the photoreceptor and the surface of the charging member were in contact), the same process conditions as those in Example 126 were used for 20000.
The sheets were printed and evaluated. Table 15 shows the results.

[0549]

[Table 15]

Example 133 Using the photoreceptor prepared in Example 126, the charging condition of the apparatus shown in FIG. 63 was changed to a condition in which no AC bias was applied.
As in Example 126, continuous printing of 20,000 sheets was performed. As a result, the images were good at the initial stage and after 20,000 sheets. However, when the halftone image was output in the image after 20,000 sheets, the image density non-uniformity caused by the charging non-uniformity slightly occurred, although the level was not a problem.

[0551]

As is apparent from the above detailed and specific description, according to the present invention, an electrophotographic photoreceptor capable of forming a stable image without causing toner filming of a charging member even when repeatedly used. An electrophotographic method, an electrophotographic apparatus, and a process cartridge for electrophotography using the same are provided. Further, by reducing the wear of the photoreceptor and the charging member and improving the durability of both, a highly durable electrophotographic method, an electrophotographic apparatus, and a process cartridge for electrophotography are provided. An electrophotographic photoreceptor suitable for a process cartridge and a method for manufacturing the same are provided, and the photoreceptor of the present invention further comprises a gap layer at both ends of the photoreceptor,
Alternatively, a special component or mechanism for arranging the charging member in contact with the image forming area of the photoconductor by utilizing a thickness difference between the non-image forming area and the image forming area, or by forming a gap in a flange shape. It is possible to implement an inexpensive, highly effective non-contact charging mechanism without the need for a photoreceptor, and has an extremely excellent effect that the problem of peeling of the end of the photoreceptor can be solved. . Further, according to the present invention, it is possible to reduce charging unevenness and banding phenomenon, which are disadvantages peculiar to a non-contact charging device, and to provide a stable and good image even in repeated use.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of an electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing still another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a positional relationship between a photosensitive member and a charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows an image forming area of a photoreceptor used in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating in detail a positional relationship of a gap holding mechanism formed in a non-image forming area of a photoconductor.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of an electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing still another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a positional relationship between a photosensitive member and a charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of a joint form of a gap material according to the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a side view of the device shown in FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a view showing still another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a view showing still another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration example of a charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a sectional view showing another configuration example of the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating an electrophotographic process and an electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a view showing another example of the electrophotographic process according to the present invention.

FIG. 19 is another view showing the process cartridge of the present invention.

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of an electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view illustrating still another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a positional relationship between a photosensitive member and a charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing in detail a positional relationship between a film thickness step formed in an image forming area of a photoconductor and a non-image forming area of a photoconductor used in the present invention.

FIG. 25 is a diagram showing another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 26 is a side view of the device shown in FIG. 25.

FIG. 27 is a view showing still another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 28 is a view showing still another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of an electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view showing still another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 32 is a diagram showing a positional relationship between a photosensitive member and a charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 33 is a diagram showing in detail the positional relationship between a gap formed in an image forming area of a photoconductor and a non-image forming area of a photoconductor used in the present invention.

FIG. 34 is a diagram showing another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 35 is a side view of the device shown in FIG. 34.

FIG. 36 is a view showing still another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 37 is a view showing still another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 38 is a diagram showing a side view of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 39 is a diagram showing a positional relationship between a photosensitive member and a charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 40 is a diagram showing in detail the positional relationship between an image forming area of a photoconductor used in the present invention and a gap formed by flanges provided at both ends of the photoconductor.

FIG. 41 is a diagram showing another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 42 is a side view of the device shown in FIG. 41.

FIG. 43 is a view showing still another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 44 is a view showing still another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 45 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of an electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 46 is a sectional view showing another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 47 is a cross-sectional view showing still another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 48 is a cross-sectional view showing still another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 49 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of a charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 50 is a cross-sectional view showing another configuration example of the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 51 is a diagram showing a positional relationship between a belt-shaped photosensitive member, a driving roller, and a charging member used in the present invention as viewed from a longitudinal direction of the charging member.

FIG. 52 is a diagram showing in detail a positional relationship between an image forming area of a belt-shaped photoconductor used in the present invention and a gap formed by a roller protrusion.

FIG. 53 is a side view of the device shown in FIG. 51.

FIG. 54 is a diagram showing another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 55 is a side view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 54.

FIG. 56 is a view showing still another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 57 is a view showing still another positional relationship between the photosensitive member and the charging member used in the present invention.

FIG. 58 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of an electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 59 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 60 is a cross-sectional view showing still another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 61 is a cross-sectional view showing still another configuration example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 62 is a schematic diagram for explaining the electrophotographic process and the electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention.

FIG. 63 is another view showing the process cartridge of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Photoreceptor 7 Static elimination lamp 8 Charging member 9 Eraser 10 Image exposure unit 11 Developing unit 12 Pre-transfer charger 13 Registration roller 14 Transfer paper 15 Transfer belt 15a Transfer charger 15b Separation charger 16 Separation claw 17 Charger before cleaning 18 Fur brush 19 Cleaning blade Reference Signs List 21 photoconductor 22a drive roller 22b drive roller 23 charging roller 24 image exposure source 25 transfer charger 26 pre-cleaning exposure 27 cleaning brush 28 static elimination light source 29 developing unit 31 conductive support 33 photosensitive layer 35 charge generation layer 37 charge transport layer 39 protection Layer 41 Gap layer 43 Gap material 51 Rotating shaft 53 Conductive elastic body 55 Resistance adjustment layer 70 Charging member 71 Image exposure unit 72 Cleaning brush 73 Photoconductor 74 Transfer roller 75 developing roller 231 conductive support 233 photosensitive layer 235 charge generation layer 237 charge transport layer 239 protective layer 331 conductive support 333 photosensitive layer 335 charge generation layer 337 charge transport layer 339 protective layer 431 conductive support 433 photosensitive layer 435 Charge generation layer 437 Charge transport layer 439 Protective layer 521 Photoconductor 522 Drive roller 523 Charging roller 524 Image exposure source 525 Transfer charger 526 Pre-cleaning exposure 527 Cleaning brush 528 Static elimination light source 529 Developing unit 531 Conductive support 533 Photosensitive layer 535 Charge generation Layer 537 Charge transport layer 539 Protective layer 551 Rotation axis 553 Conductive elastic body 555 Resistance adjusting layer 570 Charging member 571 Image exposure section 572 Cleaning brush 573 Photoconductor 574 Transfer roller 575 Developing roller 5 6 drive roller

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁷ Identification symbol FI Theme court ゛ (Reference) G03G 5/147 503 G03G 5/147 503 504 504 15/00 550 15/00 550 21/00 350 21/00 350 F term (reference) 2H035 CA07 CB02 CB03 CB06 CD14 CF04 CG00 CG03 2H068 AA04 AA09 AA20 AA21 AA29 AA55 BB26 BB49 EA38 EA43 2H071 BA04 CA02 CA05 DA06 DA15 DA16 DA26 2H200 FA02 GA09 GA14 GA23 GA23 GB13 HA12 HA13 HA28 HB03 HB12 HB22 HB23 HB43 HB45 HB46 JA02 JA03 JB06 JB18 JB20 KA02 KA07 KA14 LA01 LA07 LA12 LA13 LA14 LA17 LA19 LA30 LA38 LA40 MA03 MA12 MA14 MA20 MB04

Claims (78)

[Claims] 1. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising at least a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit, a transferring unit, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member corresponds to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. In order to dispose the charging member surface in the charging unit in a non-contact manner with a predetermined gap therebetween, a gap holding mechanism is provided at a portion of the non-image forming area at both ends of the photosensitive member surface which comes into contact with the charging member. An electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the inner end of the gap holding mechanism is located outside the outer end of the image forming area of the photoconductor at least twice the gap. 2. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising at least a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit, a transferring unit, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has an image forming surface region and a corresponding image forming surface region. In order to dispose the surface of the charging member in the charging unit in a non-contact manner with a predetermined gap therebetween, the thickness of all the layers of the photosensitive member in the non-image forming surface regions at both ends of the photosensitive member is changed to the image forming region on the photosensitive member center side. The thickness of the photosensitive member is larger than the entire thickness of the photosensitive member, and the difference in the thickness is used to cause the charging member to contact only the non-image forming region of the photosensitive member. An electrophotographic apparatus which is located outside the outer edge of the image forming area by at least twice the film thickness difference. 3. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising at least a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit, a transferring unit, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member corresponds to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The thickness of the support in the non-image forming area at both ends of the photoreceptor in the charging member is set in the image forming area in the center of the photoreceptor so that the surface of the charging member in the charging unit is disposed in a non-contact manner with a predetermined gap therebetween. Using the thickness difference between the image forming area and the non-image forming area, which is thicker than the body, the charging member is brought into contact with only the non-image forming area of the photoconductor, and the inner end of the charging member contact portion of the photoconductor Is located outside the outer edge of the image forming area of the photoreceptor at least twice the film thickness difference. 4. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising at least a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member corresponds to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The photoreceptor is provided with flanges at both ends for non-contact arrangement with the surface of the charging member in the charging means via a predetermined gap, and the flange covers a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor. Utilizing a gap between the outer periphery of the flange arranged in the non-image forming area of the photoconductor and the outer periphery of the photoconductor in the image forming area, the charging member is brought into contact only with the outer peripheral surface of the flange, and the inner end surface of the flange is formed. An electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the photoconductor is located outside the outer edge of the image forming area of the photoconductor at least twice the gap. 5. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising at least a charging unit, an image exposing unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member supports the belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member having a belt shape. An electrophotographic apparatus in which rollers for driving or following are projected from both ends of the photoreceptor, wherein a surface of an image forming area of the belt-shaped electrophotographic photoreceptor and a corresponding charging member surface in the charging unit are disposed. A non-contact arrangement is performed through a predetermined gap, and the charging member is brought into contact with only the outer peripheral surface of the driven or driven roller by utilizing the gap between the outer periphery of the driving or driven roller and the outer periphery of the photoconductor in the image forming area. An electrophotographic apparatus, wherein an inner end surface of the driven roller is located outside the outer end of the photosensitive member at least twice the gap than an outer end of the image forming area. . 6. A charging roller is used as a charging member, and in order to control a distance between the charging member and the photosensitive member, pressure is applied to one of the charging member and the photosensitive member by a mechanical force such as a spring. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the electrophotographic apparatus is pressed against the other member. 7. A charging member comprising: a charging roller; a charging member configured to control a distance between the charging member and the photosensitive member;
Pressure is applied to any member of the roller that drives or follows the belt-shaped photoconductor by mechanical force such as a spring,
The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the electrophotographic apparatus is pressed against the other member. 8. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a rotating shaft of the charging roller and a rotating shaft of the photosensitive member are fixed by a ring-shaped member. 9. The device according to claim 5, wherein a rotating shaft of said charging roller and a rotating shaft of a roller for supporting or driving or following a belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member are fixed by a ring-shaped member. An electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims. 10. A rotation applying gear, a coupling, a belt, and other driving means are provided on the rotation axis of the charging member and the rotation axis of the photosensitive member, and the rotation driving force is independently synchronized or asynchronous. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrophotographic apparatus is provided with: 11. A rotating shaft of a charging member and a rotating shaft of a roller supporting and driving or following a belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided with drive applying means such as a gear, a coupling and a belt for rotational driving. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of claims 5, 7, and 9, wherein the rotational driving force is applied independently or synchronously or asynchronously. 12. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a moving speed of the surface of the charging member and a moving speed of the surface of the photosensitive member are constant. 13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the gap holding mechanism is an insulating gap layer formed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor. An electrophotographic apparatus according to the above. 14. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the gap holding mechanism is a gap material formed of an insulating member disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor.
13. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of 8, 10, and 12. 15. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the flange contacting the charging member is made of an insulating material. 16. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller that contacts the charging member is in contact with the charging member, and is formed of an insulating material. An electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims. 17. The photoconductor according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the gap layer formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. 2. The electrophotographic apparatus according to 1. 18. The photoconductor according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. An electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1. 19. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein a difference in film thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. Electrophotographic equipment. 20. A difference in thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the support in the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm.
13. The method according to claim 3, wherein:
The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above. 21. The gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the surface of the outermost layer of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. 16. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of claims 1, 12, and 15. 22. The image forming apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. 17. The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of claims 1, 12, and 16. 23. The photoconductor according to claim 5, wherein the support is a seamless belt.
The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of 12, 16, and 20. 24. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. 25. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. 26. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photoreceptor. 27. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 26, wherein the protective layer of the photoconductor contains a filler. 28. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 26, wherein the protective layer of the photoconductor contains a charge transport material. 29. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 28, wherein the charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoconductor is a polymer charge transport material. 30. The polymer charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material containing a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. 30. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 29, wherein: 31. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein the photosensitive member is charged by applying a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component to the charging member. Photo equipment. 32. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, comprising at least a charging unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member in the charging unit corresponding thereto. In order to dispose the surface of the photoreceptor in a non-contact manner with a predetermined gap therebetween, a gap holding mechanism is provided at a portion of the non-image forming area at both ends of the photoreceptor surface which is in contact with the charging member, and a gap holding mechanism is provided. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the inner end is located outside the outer end of the image forming area of the photoconductor at least twice the gap. 33. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, comprising at least a charging unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member in the charging unit corresponding thereto. In order to arrange the surface in a non-contact manner with a predetermined gap therebetween, the thickness of the entire photoconductor layer in the non-image forming surface area at both ends of the photoconductor is changed to the thickness of the entire photoconductor layer in the image forming area on the photoconductor center side. The charging member is made to contact only the non-image forming area of the photoconductor by utilizing the difference in film thickness, and the inner end of the charging member contact portion of the photoconductor is the outer end of the image forming area of the photoconductor. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the process cartridge is located outside at least two times the film thickness difference. 34. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus comprising at least a charging unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member in the charging unit corresponding thereto. The thickness of the support in the non-image forming area at both ends of the photoconductor in the charging member is larger than the thickness of the support in the image forming area at the center of the photoconductor in order to arrange the surface in a non-contact manner with a predetermined gap therebetween. Utilizing the thickness difference between the image forming area and the non-image forming area, the charging member is brought into contact with only the non-image forming area of the photoconductor, and the inner end of the charging member contact portion of the photoconductor is used for image formation of the photoconductor. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the process cartridge is located outside the outer edge of the region at least twice the film thickness difference. 35. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, comprising at least a charging unit and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an image forming surface area of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member in the charging unit corresponding thereto. In order to dispose the photoconductor in a non-contact manner with a predetermined gap therebetween, the photoconductor is provided with flanges at both ends, and the flange has a shape covering a non-image forming area of the photoconductor surface; Utilizing the gap between the outer periphery of the flange disposed in the non-image forming area and the outer periphery of the photoconductor in the image forming area, the charging member is brought into contact only with the outer peripheral surface of the flange, and the inner end face of the flange is formed in the image forming area of the photoconductor. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the process cartridge is located outside the outer end portion at least twice the gap. 36. A roller comprising at least a charging means and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the roller for supporting or driving or following the belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member having a belt shape is used as the photosensitive member. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus protruding from both ends, wherein a surface of an image forming area of the belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member and a corresponding charging member surface in the charging unit corresponding to the belt are separated by a predetermined gap. In order to make the contact arrangement, the gap between the outer periphery of the driving or driven roller and the outer periphery of the photoreceptor in the image forming area is used, and the charging member is brought into contact only with the outer peripheral surface of the driving or driven roller. A process for an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the process exists outside the outer edge of an image forming area of a photoconductor at least twice the gap. cartridge. 37. Using a charging roller as a charging member,
33. The method according to claim 32, wherein in order to control a distance between the charging member and the photosensitive member, pressure is applied to one of the charging member and the photosensitive member by a mechanical force such as a spring and pressed against the other member. 35. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of 35. 38. A charging roller as a charging member,
In order to control the distance between the charging member and the photosensitive member, pressure is applied to one of the charging member and a roller for driving or following the belt-shaped photosensitive member by a mechanical force such as a spring, and the other member is applied to the other member. 37. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 36, wherein the process cartridge is pressed. 39. The process for an electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 32, wherein the rotation axis of the charging roller and the rotation axis of the photosensitive member are fixed by a ring-shaped member. cartridge. 40. The apparatus according to claim 36, wherein a rotating shaft of the charging roller and a rotating shaft of a roller supporting and driving or following the belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member are fixed by a ring-shaped member. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to the above. 41. A rotating shaft of the charging member and a rotating shaft of the photoreceptor are provided with drive applying means such as a gear, a coupling and a belt for rotational drive, and the rotational drive force is independently synchronized or asynchronous. 32.
40. The process cartridge for electrophotography according to any one of Items 35 to 37, 39. 42. A rotating shaft of the charging member and a rotating shaft of a roller supporting and driving or following the belt-shaped photoreceptor are provided with drive applying means such as a gear for rotational driving, a coupling, a belt, and the like. 37. A rotating drive force is applied independently or synchronously or asynchronously to each other.
41. The process cartridge for electrophotography according to any one of items 8 and 40. 43. The process cartridge according to claim 32, wherein the moving speed of the surface of the charging member and the moving speed of the surface of the photosensitive member are constant. 44. The image forming apparatus according to claim 32, wherein the gap holding mechanism is an insulating gap layer formed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor.
The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above. 45. The image forming apparatus according to claim 32, wherein the gap holding mechanism is an insulating gap material disposed in a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor.
The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the above. 46. A method according to claim 3, wherein the flange contacting the charging member is made of an insulating material.
45. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of 5, 37, 39, 41, and 43. 47. The method according to claim 36, wherein at least a portion of the driving roller or the driven roller that contacts the charging member is in contact with the charging member made of an insulating material. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims. 48. The method according to claim 32, wherein the thickness of the gap layer formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm.
44. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items 44. 49. The method according to claim 32, wherein the thickness of the gap material formed in the non-image forming area on the surface of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm.
45. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of the items 45. 50. The image forming apparatus according to claim 33, wherein a difference in film thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm.
4. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to 1. 51. The difference in thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the support in the photoreceptor is 10 to 200 μm.
Claims 34, 37, 39, and 4
44. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of items 1 and 43. 52. The gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. 47. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of items 43 to 46. 53. The gap between the surface of the charging member disposed close to the photoconductor and the outermost layer surface of the photoconductor in the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. 48. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of items 43 to 47. 54. The photoconductor according to claim 36, wherein the support is a seamless belt.
52. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of 42, 43, 47 and 51. 55. The process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 32, wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. 56. The process for an electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 55, wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. cartridge. 57. The process cartridge according to claim 32, wherein a protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photosensitive member. 58. The process cartridge according to claim 57, wherein the protective layer of the photoreceptor contains a filler. 59. The process cartridge according to claim 57, wherein the protective layer of the photoconductor contains a charge transporting substance. 60. The process cartridge according to claim 59, wherein the charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material. 61. The polymer charge transporting material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transporting material containing a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. A process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 60. 62. The electronic device according to claim 32, wherein the photosensitive member is charged by applying a voltage in which an AC component is superimposed on a DC component to the charging member. Process cartridge for photographic equipment. 63. A photoreceptor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, wherein the thickness of all the photoreceptor layers in the non-image forming regions at both ends of the photoreceptor is in the image forming region on the center side of the photoreceptor. An electrophotographic photosensitive member characterized by being thicker than a photosensitive layer. 64. A photoreceptor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, wherein the thickness of the support in the non-image forming areas at both ends of the photoreceptor is such that the thickness of the support in the image forming area on the center side of the photoreceptor is reduced. An electrophotographic photosensitive member characterized by being thicker than the thickness. 65. A photoreceptor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, comprising flanges at both ends of the photoreceptor, wherein the flange covers a non-image forming area on the surface of the photoreceptor. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: 66. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 63, wherein a difference between the thickness of the non-image forming area and the thickness of the image forming area is 10 to 200 μm. 67. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 64, wherein the difference in thickness between the non-image forming area and the image forming area of the support in the photoconductor is 10 to 200 μm. 68. A gap between the outer peripheral portion of the surface of the photoreceptor image forming area of the photoreceptor and the outer peripheral portion of the flange is 10 to 2
The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 65, wherein the thickness is 00 µm. 69. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 63, wherein the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a laminated structure of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. 70. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 69, wherein the charge transport layer of the electrophotographic photoconductor contains a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. 71. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 63, wherein a protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer of the photosensitive member. 72. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 71, wherein the protective layer of the photosensitive member contains a filler. 73. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 71, wherein the protective layer of the photoconductor contains a charge transport material. 74. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 73, wherein the charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoconductor is a polymer charge transport material. 75. The polymer charge transport material contained in the protective layer of the photoreceptor is a polymer charge transport material containing a polycarbonate containing at least a triarylamine structure in a main chain and / or a side chain. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 74, characterized in that: 76. A photosensitive member having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, and the thickness of the entire photosensitive layer in the non-image forming regions at both ends of the photosensitive member in the photosensitive member in the image forming region on the central side of the photosensitive member A method of manufacturing a photoconductor thicker than the entire thickness of the layer, wherein after forming the outermost layer of the photoconductor, the image forming area is scraped by mechanical means to reduce the film thickness difference from the non-image forming area. A method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor, comprising: 77. A conductive layer having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, wherein the thickness of the support in the non-image forming areas at both ends of the photosensitive body is larger than the thickness of the support in the image forming area on the center side of the photosensitive body. A method for manufacturing a thick photoreceptor,
A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein a difference in thickness from a non-image forming area is formed by shaving an image forming area of the photoreceptor by mechanical means. 78. The method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 76, wherein the coating film formed on the support of the photosensitive member is formed by a spray method.