JP2000211078A - Polyolefinic laminated soft sheet - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a polyolefinic laminated soft sheet having high transparency, flexibility and slip properties in good balance. SOLUTION: A resin material based on an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer with the modulus of elasticity of 2,500 kg/cm2 or less and compounded with amorphous aluminosilicate and an amide lubricant is used in both surface layers and a resin material based on an ethylenic copolymer with the modulus of elasticity of 700 kg/cm2 or less is used in an intermediate layer to obtain a polyolefinic laminated soft sheet with haze of 3.5 or less per a thickness of 0.1 mm, the coefficient of static friction of 0.20 or less, the modulus of elasticity of 1,000 kg/cm2 or less and a thickness of 0.1 mm or more.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a laminated soft sheet having a thickness of 0.1 mm or more including a layer made of a polyolefin resin. More specifically, the present invention relates to a polyolefin-based laminated flexible sheet having excellent transparency, flexibility, and slipperiness.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, as a flexible sheet, a flexible vinyl chloride resin containing a plasticizer has been widely used. But,
Soft vinyl chloride resins have problems such as stickiness, lack of slipperiness, and poor appearance due to bleed-out of plasticizers and monomers.

On the other hand, soft resins similar to the above soft vinyl chloride resin include linear low-density polyethylene, ethylene
Examples include vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene / (meth) acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene / methyl (meth) acrylate copolymer, ethylene / ethyl acrylate copolymer, and ionomer.

In order to impart flexibility, an olefin polymer containing a large amount of a copolymer component may be used. However, since such a highly flexible resin material tends to have rubber tackiness, a single layer of a soft material is used. If a sheet is to be formed, the surface is likely to be sticky, resulting in poor slipperiness. In order to improve the slipperiness, it is necessary to incorporate a large amount of an antiblocking agent or a lubricant, but in a sheet having a thickness of about 0.1 mm or more, when a large amount of the antiblocking agent or the like is used, transparency is remarkably increased. descend.

Accordingly, a flexible sheet made of a resin material mainly composed of an olefin polymer such as ethylene and having a considerable thickness or more has sufficient flexibility and excellent transparency and slipperiness. Things have not yet been obtained.

[0006]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a polyolefin-based laminated soft sheet having a good balance of high transparency, flexibility and slipperiness.

[0007]

Means for Solving the Problems As a result of intensive studies in view of the present situation, the present inventors have found that the above problem can be solved by adopting a combination of laminated structures using a specific polyolefin resin material. And arrived at the present invention.

That is, the present invention is a laminated sheet having a thickness of 0.1 mm or more including at least a layer made of a polyolefin resin, wherein the haze per 0.1 mm thickness is 3.5 or less and the static friction coefficient is 0.20 or less. And a polyolefin-based laminated soft sheet having an elastic modulus of 1000 kg / cm ² or less.

Further, the present invention provides the above-mentioned laminated sheet, wherein A
A laminate comprising a layer, a layer B and a layer C in this order, wherein the layer A and the layer C are mainly composed of an ethylene / α-olefin copolymer having an elastic modulus of 2500 kg / cm ² or less. Wherein the layer B has an elastic modulus of 700 kg / cm ²
The polyolefin-based laminated soft sheet, comprising a resin material mainly composed of the following ethylene-based copolymer, wherein the elastic modulus of the A layer and the C layer is larger than the elastic modulus of the B layer. .

In the present invention, the resin material constituting the A layer and the C layer is 0.05 to 3% by weight of an amorphous aluminosilicate having a particle size of 1 to 7.5 μm and an amide-based lubricant. The polyolefin-based laminated soft sheet, characterized in that the polyolefin-based laminated flexible sheet contains from 0.01 to 1% by weight.

In the present invention, the total thickness of the laminated sheet is 0.1 to 2 mm, and the total thickness of the layer A and the layer C is 2 to 40% with respect to the total thickness. Any polyolefin-based laminated soft sheet is provided.

In the present invention, both surface layers (A layer and C layer) are used.
Layer), a layer having a high elastic modulus is provided in the intermediate layer (layer B), and a layer having a low elastic modulus is provided in the intermediate layer (layer B) to form a laminate, thereby maintaining excellent flexibility and using a large amount of an antiblocking agent. Therefore, the sliding property can be maintained high, and thus the overall transparency can be improved.

[0013]

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below. The polyolefin-based laminated soft sheet of the present invention includes at least a layer made of a polyolefin-based resin, and has a total thickness of 0.1 mm or more, preferably 0.1 mm or more.
It is 25 mm or more. The upper limit of the thickness is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 mm or less, more preferably 1.
5 mm or less. The present invention provides a means for obtaining high flexibility, transparency, and slipperiness of a sheet having a certain thickness or more in a well-balanced manner.

The polyolefin-based laminated soft sheet of the present invention has high transparency, and has a haze per 0.1 mm thickness of 3.5 or less, preferably 3.0 or less. Here, the haze (HAZE) is a value measured according to JIS-K7105, and the lower the haze value, the higher the transparency.

The soft sheet has good slipperiness and a coefficient of static friction of 0.20 or less, preferably 0.15 or less. The static friction coefficient referred to here is ASTM-
This is a value measured in accordance with D1894. The lower the value of the coefficient of static friction, the higher the slip property.

Further, the soft sheet is excellent in flexibility, and the elastic modulus of the whole sheet is 1000 kg / cm ² or less.
Preferably it is 850 kg / cm ² or less. Here, the elastic modulus is a value measured in accordance with ISO-R1184 with the take-up direction at the time of forming the sheet as a tensile direction, and the lower the elastic modulus, the more flexible.

A flexible sheet having the above-mentioned high transparency, slipperiness and flexibility at the same time has not yet been obtained by the prior art, but has been achieved by the present invention for the first time. .

The laminated soft sheet of the present invention is not particularly limited in its laminated structure and the like as long as it has the above-mentioned physical properties. Is preferred.

That is, it is a laminate in which the A layer, the B layer and the C layer are laminated in this order, and the A layer and the C layer have an elastic modulus of 2500 kg / cm ² or less, preferably 2000 kg / cm ² or less.
/ Cm ² or less of a resin material mainly composed of an ethylene / α-olefin copolymer, and the B layer has an elastic modulus of 70%.
It is made of a resin material mainly composed of an ethylene copolymer of 0 kg / cm ² or less, preferably 600 kg / cm ² or less, more preferably 500 kg / cm ² or less. In addition, the elastic modulus mentioned here is a value measured based on JIS-K7106.

The elastic modulus of 2500 kg / c used for the layers A and C forming both surface layers of the laminated soft sheet of the present invention
Examples of the ethylene / α-olefin copolymer having m ² or less include a copolymer of ethylene and an α-olefin having 4 to 18 carbon atoms. Examples of the α-olefin include butene-1, hexene-1, 4-methyl-1-pentene, octene-1, decene-1, and the like. Among them, α-olefins having 4 to 10 carbon atoms are preferable, and in particular, Α-olefins having 6 to 8 carbon atoms are preferred. One or more of these α-olefins may be used.

The ethylene / α-olefin copolymer further includes a high-pressure low-density polyethylene, a high-density polyethylene, other ethylene / α-olefin copolymers, ethylene / acetic acid as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. Ethylenes such as vinyl copolymer, ethylene / vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene / (meth) acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene / (meth) methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene / ethyl acrylate copolymer, and ionomer You may mix and use a copolymer.

The method for producing the ethylene / α-olefin copolymer used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be a known high pressure ionic polymerization method, gas phase polymerization method, solution polymerization method, slurry polymerization method, bulk polymerization method, or the like. Legal etc. can be used,
Among these, the high-pressure ion polymerization method is preferable. As the catalyst, a transition metal complex catalyst such as a Ziegler catalyst or a metallocene catalyst is used. An ethylene / α-olefin copolymer produced using a metallocene catalyst has a weight average molecular weight / number average molecular weight (Q value) of 3 Since it is narrow as described below, the amount of low molecular weight components that cause stickiness is small, which is particularly preferable.

Examples of the ethylene / α-olefin copolymer using a metallocene catalyst include those described in JP-A-58-1983.
19309, JP-A-59-95292, JP-A-60-95292
-35005, JP-A-60-35006, JP-A-6
Nos. 0-35007, JP-A-60-35008, JP-A-60-35009, JP-A-61-130314, JP-A-3-163030, and European Patent Application Publication No. 420,436. U.S. Pat.
5,438, and International Publication WO 91/0
No. 4257, etc., obtained by polymerization by a method using a metallocene catalyst or a metallocene / alumoxane catalyst, or described in, for example, International Publication WO
Examples include those obtained by polymerization using a catalyst comprising a metallocene compound as disclosed in JP-A-92 / 07123 and a compound which reacts with the metallocene compound to become a stable ion. it can.

These catalyst components can be used by appropriately supporting them on an inorganic solid carrier, an organic solid carrier or the like.
Examples of the loading include the methods described in JP-A-61-296008, JP-A-1-101315, JP-A-5-301917, and the like.

Examples of the method of copolymerization using these catalysts include a gas phase method, a slurry method, a high pressure ionic polymerization method and a solution method. Ethylene used in the present invention
Specific examples of the α-olefin copolymer include an ethylene / 1-hexene copolymer and an ethylene / 1-octene copolymer produced using a metallocene catalyst.

The MFR of the ethylene / α-olefin copolymer is not particularly limited, but is preferably JIS-K
Those having an MFR of 1 to 50 g / 10 min, particularly preferably 2 to 40 g / 10 min, measured according to 7210 (190 ° C., 2.16 kg load) are used. The density is not particularly limited, but is preferably JIS-K7
The density measured at 112 (23 ° C.) is 0.855-0.5.
908 g / cm ³ is used.

B for forming the intermediate layer of the laminated soft sheet
Examples of the ethylene copolymer having an elastic modulus of 700 kg / cm ² or less used for the layer include ethylene / α-olefin copolymer, ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene / vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene / (meth) An acrylic acid copolymer, an ethylene / methyl (meth) acrylate copolymer, an ethylene / ethyl acrylate copolymer, an ionomer, and the like can be given.

The MFR of the ethylene copolymer is not particularly limited, but is preferably JIS-K7210 (19)
MFR measured based on 0 ° C, 2.16 kg load)
Is 1 to 50 g / 10 minutes.

In the laminate of the present invention, the resin material constituting the layer A and the layer C is selected from the above-mentioned ethylene / α-olefin copolymer, and the resin material constituting the layer B is the ethylene-based copolymer. Selected from coalescence. The resin material constituting the layer A and the resin material constituting the layer C may be the same or different as long as the resin material is selected from the above-mentioned ethylene / α-olefin copolymer.

In the laminate of the present invention, the above A
It is preferable that the elastic modulus of the resin material constituting the layer and the elastic modulus of the resin material constituting the C layer be larger than the elastic modulus of the resin material constituting the B layer. That is, when the elastic modulus of the A layer is Ma, the elastic modulus of the B layer is Mb, and the elastic modulus of the C layer is Mc, the laminate of the present invention satisfies Ma> Mb and Mc> Mb. I do. By providing a difference in elastic modulus for each layer as described above, the flexibility of the entire sheet can be enhanced while maintaining the slipperiness and transparency of both surface layers. When at least one of the elastic moduli of the layer A and the layer C is equal to or smaller than the elastic modulus of the layer B, there is a disadvantage that the sheet surface becomes sticky or poor slippage occurs.

The resin material constituting the layers A and C is mainly composed of the above-mentioned ethylene / α-olefin copolymer, and the laminated soft sheet of the present invention as a whole has the above-mentioned predetermined flexibility, transparency and In order to have lubricity, it is preferable that the resin material constituting the A layer and the C layer contains a certain amount of amorphous aluminosilicates and an amide-based lubricant.

The amorphous aluminosilicate used in the present invention is an aluminosilicate amorphous to X-ray, sodium calcium aluminosilicate or the like, and has a particle size of 1 to 7.5 μm, preferably 1.5 to 7.5 μm. 5.0
μm. If the particle size is larger than the above range, the transparency of the sheet is undesirably reduced. On the other hand, if the particle size is smaller than the above range, the slip of the sheet becomes poor, which is not preferable. Such an amorphous aluminosilicate is generally used as an anti-blocking agent. For example, an amorphous aluminosilicate manufactured by a method described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-69865 (Mizusawa Chemical Co., Ltd.) or the like can be used. No.

The amount of the amorphous aluminosilicate compounded is
It is 0.05 to 3% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 2.0% by weight, based on the whole resin material. If the compounding amount is larger than the above range, the transparency of the entire sheet decreases, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if the compounding amount is less than the above range, the slipperiness on the outer side of the sheet decreases, which is not preferable.

Specific examples of the amide lubricant used in the present invention include unsaturated fatty acid amides such as oleic acid amide and erucic acid amide, saturated fatty acid amides such as stearic acid amide and behenic acid amide, and ethylenebisoleic acid amide. And unsaturated fatty acid bisamides such as ethylene bisstearic acid amide. The compounding amount of the amide-based lubricant is 0.01 to 1 with respect to the whole resin material.
% By weight, preferably 0.02 to 0.8% by weight. If the compounding amount is more than the above range, transparency is lowered due to bleeding of the lubricant, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if the compounding amount is less than the above range, the slipperiness is undesirably reduced.

The resin material constituting each of the layers A, B and C may contain other additional components as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. As these optional components, antioxidants, light stabilizers, ultraviolet absorbers, antistatic agents used for ordinary polyolefins,
Antifogging agent, crystal nucleating agent, neutralizing agent, metal deactivator, coloring agent,
Examples include dispersants, peroxides, fillers, optical brighteners, and resins and elastomers other than those used in the present invention.

[0036] The resin material used for each layer is composed of a resin as a main component and compounding ingredients used as necessary, a single-screw or twin-screw extruder, a Henschel mixer, a super mixer, a V blender, a tumbler mixer, a ribbon blender, a Banbury. It can be manufactured by mixing using a mixer, a kneader blender, a Brabender plastograph, a small batch mixer, a continuous mixer, a mixing roll and the like.

The total thickness of the polyolefin laminated soft sheet of the present invention is 0.1 mm or more, preferably 0.25 mm.
The upper limit of the thickness is 2 mm or less, more preferably 1.5 mm or less. The total thickness of the layer A and the layer C forming both surface layers of the laminated soft sheet is preferably 2 to 40%, more preferably 3 to 35% with respect to the total thickness. If the total thickness of the surface layer exceeds the above range, the flexibility is insufficient, and if the total thickness is below the above range, it becomes difficult to control the thickness during sheet molding, which is not preferable.

In the laminated flexible sheet of the present invention, in addition to the above-mentioned layers A, C and B, other layers can be added as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. Such other layers include a recycled resin layer, a gas barrier resin layer, an adhesive resin layer, and the like.

As a method for producing a laminated sheet of the polyolefin-based laminated flexible sheet of the present invention, a method utilizing a co-extrusion molding machine such as a conventional processing method, for example, a T-die method, an inflation method, a calender roll method, etc.

A more specific example will be described with reference to a method using a co-extrusion T-die molding machine. Each resin material of the present invention is put into an extruder for each layer, heated and kneaded at a temperature of 190 to 280 ° C. Use a feed block flow path adjuster to make
Extruded into a film form from the die lip of the die, sandwiched and cooled the laminated molten film sheet by air knife method, air chamber method, polishing roll method, swing roll method, belt casting method, water cooling method, etc. Produce a soft sheet. As a method of taking such a laminated soft sheet, a belt casting method is most preferable from the viewpoint of surface gloss and transparency.

The laminated soft sheet of the present invention thus obtained has a sufficient thickness, and has excellent flexibility, transparency, and slipperiness in a well-balanced manner. That is, conventionally, when a sheet having a predetermined thickness or more is formed from a single layer of a highly flexible resin material, the slip property is inferior due to the rubber adhesiveness of the soft resin material. Although there was a drawback that transparency was inferior due to the need for a blocking agent, in the present invention, by adopting a combination of a laminated structure of a specific resin material, high flexibility, transparency, and slipperiness. It was possible to obtain a well-balanced sheet. The laminated soft sheet is also excellent in gloss and surface hardness.

The laminated soft sheet of the present invention can be used in any of the applications where such a soft vinyl chloride resin has been used as an alternative to the conventional soft vinyl chloride resin. It can be used for mats, clear files, talisman bags, futon storage bags, card cases, pouches, handbags, partition curtains and the like.

[0043]

EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described specifically with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. The methods for measuring and evaluating physical properties used in the examples and comparative examples are as follows.

[Measurement Methods of Physical Properties] (1) Melt flow rate (MFR) Measured in accordance with JIS-K7210 (condition: 190 ° C., 2.16 kg load) (unit: g / 10 minutes).

(2) Density Measured in accordance with JIS-K7112 (unit: g / c)
m ³ ).

[Evaluation Method] (1) Elastic Modulus The elastic modulus of the raw material pellets used for sheet molding was determined according to JIS.
-Measured in accordance with K7106 (unit: kg / c)
m ² ). The modulus of elasticity of the sheet after molding is ISO-R118.
4 (unit: kg / cm ² ).

(2) Sliding Property (Static Friction Coefficient) The static friction coefficient was measured according to ASTM-D1894.

(3) Transparency (Haze) per 0.1 mm The haze value of each sheet thickness was measured in accordance with JIS-K7105, and the transparency (haze) per 0.1 mm was calculated from the following formula. ) Was calculated.

[0049]

(Equation 1)

[0050]

Example 1 (1) Polymerization of Ethylene / α-Olefin Copolymer The catalyst used for the polymerization was prepared by the method described in JP-A-61-130314. That is, to the complex ethylene bis (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl) zirconium dichloride 2.0 mmol, methylalumoxane manufactured by Toyo Stouffer Co., Ltd.
The catalyst solution was prepared by adding a molar amount and diluting to 10 liters with toluene. Using the catalyst thus obtained, polymerization was carried out by the following method.

A mixture of ethylene and 1-hexene was supplied to a 1.5-liter stirred autoclave continuous reactor so that the composition of 1-hexene was 80% by weight, and the pressure in the reactor was increased. Keep at 1300kg / cm ²
The reaction was performed at a temperature of 45 ° C. After the reaction, an ethylene / 1-hexene copolymer having an MFR of 3.4 g / 10 minutes, a density of 0.904 g / cm ³ , and an elastic modulus of 580 kg / cm ² was obtained. In addition, an ethylene / 1-hexene copolymer having a different MFR, density and elastic modulus was obtained in the same manner except that the composition, reaction pressure, and reaction temperature of 1-hexene were appropriately changed and adjusted in the above method.

(2) Resin material of each layer As a resin material of the A layer and the C layer, an ethylene / 1-hexene copolymer (MFR 4.0 g / 10 min, density 0.918
g / cm ³ , an elastic modulus of 2100 kg / cm ² ) and an amorphous aluminosilicate (trade name “Silton JC30”, manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as an antiblocking agent, having a particle size of 3.
0 μm): 0.72% by weight, and an amide-based lubricant mixed with erucamide: 0.05% by weight manufactured by Nippon Kasei Co., Ltd. was used. Ethylene-1 as the resin material of the B layer
A hexene copolymer (MFR 3.4 g / 10 min, density 0.904 g / cm ³ , elastic modulus 580 kg / cm ² ) was used.

(2) Sheet Forming The above resin material was used for each layer to form a laminated sheet under the following conditions to obtain a sample sheet. The elastic modulus, transparency, and static friction coefficient of this sample sheet were measured. Table 1 shows the results.

[Molding conditions] Model: 20 mmφ / 35 mmφ / 20 mmφ Multi-layer T-die molding machine Temperature: 220 ° C. Layer composition: A layer / B layer / C layer Sheet thickness: 0.3 mm Each layer thickness: A layer 30 μm / B layer 240 μm / C layer 30μ
m Cooling method: Mirror roll / air knife method

[0055]

[Embodiment 2] As the resin material of the A layer and the C layer, ethylene
1-hexene copolymer (MFR 4.0 g / 10 min, density 0.918 g / cm ³ , elastic modulus 2100 kg / cm ² ) and amorphous aluminosilicate (trade name, manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as an antiblocking agent "Shilton JC3
0 ", particle size 3.0 μm): 0.72% by weight, and erucic acid amide manufactured by Nippon Kasei Co., Ltd. as an amide-based lubricant: 0.0
5% by weight, and an ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer having a vinyl acetate content of 15% by weight (trade name "LV440", manufactured by Nippon Polychem Co., Ltd.)
MFR 2.0 g / 10 min, elastic modulus 550 kg / cm ² )
A sheet was formed and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above was used. Table 1 shows the results.

[0056]

Embodiment 3 Ethylene is used as the resin material of the A layer and the C layer.
1-hexene copolymer (MFR 4.0 g / 10 min, density 0.918 g / cm ³ , elastic modulus 2100 kg / cm ² ) and amorphous aluminosilicate (trade name, manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as an antiblocking agent "Shilton JC3
0 ", particle size 3.0 μm): 0.72% by weight, and erucic acid amide manufactured by Nippon Kasei Co., Ltd. as an amide-based lubricant: 0.0
5% by weight, and an ethylene / octene copolymer (trade name “Affinity FW1650” manufactured by Dow Chemical Co., Ltd., MFR 3.5 g /
10 minutes, density 0.905 g / cm ³ , modulus 590 kg
/ Cm ² ), except that a sheet was formed and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the results.

[0057]

Examples 4 to 9 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 The types of resins used for the layers A, B, and C, the amounts and types of antiblocking agents and lubricants, and the thickness of the sheets were changed as shown in Table 1. Except for the above, a sheet was formed and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Tables 2 to 4.

[0058]

[Table 1]

[0059]

[Table 2]

[0060]

[Table 3]

[0061]

[Table 4]

In the table, AMT30 is an amorphous aluminosilicate (trade name "AMT3" manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.).
AMT25 is an amorphous aluminosilicate (manufactured by Mizusawa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., trade name “AMT2”).
5 ", particle size 2.5 μm).

[0063]

The laminated soft sheet of the present invention has a good balance of high flexibility, transparency and slipperiness, and such a soft vinyl chloride resin has been used as an alternative to the conventional soft vinyl chloride resin. It can be used for any of the applications.

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Claims (4)

[Claims] 1. A laminated sheet having a thickness of 0.1 mm or more including at least a layer made of a polyolefin resin,
The haze per 0.1 mm thickness is 3.5 or less, the coefficient of static friction is 0.20 or less, and the elastic modulus is 1000 kg / cm ^2.
The following is a polyolefin-based laminated soft sheet. 2. The laminated sheet according to claim 1, wherein the laminated sheet is a laminated body in which an A layer, a B layer, and a C layer are laminated in this order, wherein the A layer and the C layer have an elastic modulus of 2500 kg / cm ² or less.
-A resin material mainly composed of an olefin copolymer,
The B layer is made of a resin material mainly composed of an ethylene copolymer having an elastic modulus of 700 kg / cm ² or less, and the elastic modulus of each of the A layer and the C layer is larger than the elastic modulus of the B layer. The polyolefin laminated soft sheet according to claim 1, 3. The resin material constituting the layer A and the layer C comprises 0.05 to 3% by weight of an amorphous aluminosilicate having a particle size of 1 to 7.5 μm, and 0.01 to 1% by weight of an amide-based lubricant. %. The polyolefin-based laminated soft sheet according to claim 1, wherein 4. The laminated sheet has a total thickness of 0.1 to 2 m.
m, and the total thickness of the A layer and the C layer is 2 to 40% of the total thickness.