GB2410130A - Planar phased array radio antenna for orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex modes - Google Patents
Planar phased array radio antenna for orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex modes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2410130A GB2410130A GB0401097A GB0401097A GB2410130A GB 2410130 A GB2410130 A GB 2410130A GB 0401097 A GB0401097 A GB 0401097A GB 0401097 A GB0401097 A GB 0401097A GB 2410130 A GB2410130 A GB 2410130A
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- spiral radiating
- phase
- circle
- radiating element
- offset
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/20—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a curvilinear path
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
- H01Q9/26—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole with folded element or elements, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of operating wavelength
- H01Q9/27—Spiral antennas
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- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
Abstract
The antenna is able to transmit and receive radio transmissions that have an orbital angular momentum (OAM) polarisation in addition to a spin or circular polarisation. The antenna comprises a circular array of circularly polarised elements whose phase is controlled such that the phase of each element changes sequentially about the array. For an array having m elements equally spaced, and a OAM charge of n, the phase of each element will differ from its neighbour by 2 n/m radians. The antenna elements are preferably cavity backed axial mode spiral antennas. Figure 1 shows the arrangement for a charge 3 OAM antenna.
Description
PLANAR PHASED-ARRAY ANTENNAS
There is currently a great deal of research activity in the field of optics, based on photons with Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM). In addition to the familiar binary spin states of the photon, researchers have uncovered an infinite set of OAM states, characterized by vortex wavefronts. The photon OAM is strictly quantised in integer multiples of hl(2), i.e. 1.05459X10-34 Js. As is customary, the symbol h represents the Planck constant.
The following websites provide a useful introduction to the topic.
http://departments.colgate.edu/physics/research/optics/oamgp/gp.htm http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Optics/projects/singlePhotonOAM/ Extracts from these websites are filed with the present application. The OAM modes are usually generated by means of forked gratings (holograms) or stepped phase-plates. . The present invention provides a planar phasedarray antenna to create the OAM vortex modes at radio frequency, and accordingly provides a family of planar phased- ..
array OAM vortex antennas suitable for this purpose. ..
The invention accordingly provides: a phase array antenna for generating or receiving orbital angular momentum vortex mode radio signals, the antenna comprising a plurality of spiral radiating elements arranged in a circle, further arranged such that a signal applied to, or received by, each spiral radiating element is offset in phase in such a manner that the phase offset increases sequentially around the circle in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
The signal applied to, or received by, each spiral radiating element is offset in phase by an amount which may be calculated as follows: a reference direction is defined along a selected radius of the circle; the phase offset in the reference direction is taken to be zero; an angle a subtended at the centre of the circle in the direction of increasing phase offset by the selected radius and a radius passing through a selected spiral radiating element is measured or calculated; the phase offset to be applied to the selected spiral radiating element is calculated as n.a, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum vortex mode to be generated.
In a certain embodiment, the spiral radiating elements are arranged at a constant pitch around the circle, such that the signal applied to, or received by, each spiral radiating element is offset in phase by 2nnlm radians compared to a the preceding spiral radiating element in the direction of increasing phase offset, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum mode to be generated, and m represents the number of spiral radiating elements in the circle.
The phase array antenna may comprise spiral radiating elements arranged in a plurality of concentric circles, the phase offsets applied to each spiral radiating element being calculated separately for each circle. ; The spiral radiating elements may be cavity-backed axial mode spiral antennas. A...
The present invention also provides a method of generating orbital angular momentum vortex mode radio signals. The method comprises the steps of: arranging a number of spiral radiating elements in a circle; supplying each spiral radiating element with a signal offset in phase in such a manner that the phase offset increases sequentially around the circle in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
The phase offset to be applied to each spiral radiating element may be calculated by the following method: a reference direction is defined along a selected radius of the circle; the phase offset in the reference direction is taken to be zero; an angle a subtended at the centre of the circle in the direction of increasing phase offset by the selected radius and a radius passing through a selected spiral radiating element is measured or calculated; the phase offset to be applied to the selected spiral radiating element is calculated as n.a, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum mode to be generated.
In a certain embodiment, the spiral radiating elements are arranged at a constant pitch around the circle, such that the signal applied to each spiral radiating element is offset in phase by Denim radians compared to the signal applied to each neighbouring spiral radiating element, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum mode to be generated, and m represents the number of spiral radiating elements in the circle.
The present invention also provides a method of receiving orbital angular momentum vortex mode radio signals. The method comprises the steps of: arranging a number of spiral radiating elements in a circle; offsetting the signal received by each spiral radiating element in such a manner that the phase offset increases sequentially around the circle in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction; and summing the offset signals.
The phase offset to be applied to the respective signal received by each spiral radiating element may be calculated by the following method: a reference direction is defined along a selected radius of the circle; the phase offset in the reference direction is taken to be zero; an angle a subtended at the centre of the circle in the direction of increasing phase offset by the selected radius and a radius passing through a selected spiral radiating element is measured or calculated; the phase offset to be applied to the signal received by the selected spiral radiating element is calculated as n.a, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum mode to be received.
In a certain embodiment, the spiral radiating elements are arranged at a constant pitch around the circle, such that the signal received by each spiral radiating element is offset in phase by Denim radians compared to the signal received by a the preceding spiral radiating element in the direction of increasing phase offset, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum mode to be generated, and m represents the number of spiral radiating elements in the circle.
The spiral radiating elements may be arranged in a plurality of concentric circles, the phase offsets applied to each spiral radiating element being calculated separately for each circle.
The present invention also extends to an orbital angular momentum vortex mode radio signal such as may be generated or received by an antenna or by a method according to the invention.
The above, and further, objects, characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from a consideration of the following description of certain embodiments, given by way of examples only, together with the accompanying drawing, wherein Fig. 1 represents a face-on view of a simple twelve-element phase-array antenna according to the present invention; and Fig. 2 represents a view as shown in Fig. 1, marked up to illustrate a method for the calculation of phase offsets to be applied to each spiral radiating element. .. .
The following description relates to a simple example, in order to illustrate the principle of the invention.
Fig. 1 represents the face-on view of a simple twelve-element phase-array according to the invention, comprising twelve cavity-backed axial-mode spiral antennas uniformly distributed around a circle.
Fig. I shows the twelve radiating elements (cavity-backed spirals) divided into three groups of four elements each. This embodiment of the invention represents an antenna suitable for generating a charge-3 OAM vortex radio signal, which results in an OAM of 3hl(2) per photon.
Around the periphery of the drawing of Fig. 1 are shown values that represent the phase offset of the corresponding spiral radiating element in radians. As is well known, a phase offset of 2n is equivalent to a phase offset of zero. Accordingly, the phase offsets illustrated in the drawing may be simply considered to be increasing in the clockwise direction at a rate of n/2 per element.
It is a feature of the present invention, that for generating an OAM vortex of charge-e with m spiral radiating elements arranged at a constant pitch around the circle, the phase increment between successive spiral elements shall be 2.nlm radians, to achieve a total phase offset difference around the circle of 2fc.n radians. In the example shown above, n = 3, m = 12, the phase increment is thus n/2 radians.
At the start of each group the nominal phase offset is reset to zero. This could also conceptually be considered as the phase offset reaching a value of 2. In the far-feld, that is to say, as viewed from a distance, this phase ramping and resetting around the circle of elements creates a vortex in the photon wavefront that is the essence of the quantum mechanical OAM mechanism. .
The number of spiral radiating elements in the circle is not critical to the invention. A . typical operational embodiment would normally include rather more than twelve .
elements. Moreover, the illustrated circular arrangement may be extended by adding A. extra concentric circles of spiral radiating elements, at different radii, in order to increase the antenna gain.
- ..
The invention is not limited to charge-3 OAM structures: an alternative scheme according to the invention, having four groups of radiating elements and providing a phase offset increasing at a rate of 2n per group, would produce a charge-4 OAM vortex structure, with OAM of 4hl(2) per photon, etc. An advantage to the grouping arrangement shown in Fig. l is that phase offset signals could be generated for the spiral radiating elements of one group. These signals could then be provided to the corresponding members of all groups. In the example shown in Fig. l, the incremental phase is achieved by having progressively increasing length of the quasi-radial connections.
On the other hand, if one were to require a charge-5 OAM vortex radio signal from the antenna of Fig. l, each spiral radiating element must have a phase offset of 2nx5/12 relative to its neighbour. This is not amenable to the generation of a single set of signals for application to corresponding elements in different groups, as twelve different signals would need to be generated. This could be achieved, for example, by providing progressively increasing length of the quasi-radial connections, or by the generation of suitably phased signals by other means which are then applied to the spiral radiating elements. Of course, a phased array antenna required specifically for generating a charge-5 OAM vortex radio signal would preferably have a number of spiral radiating elements in the circle which is a multiple of 5.
An alternative definition of the phase offsets to be applied to the various spiral radiating elements is illustrated in Fig. 2. A reference direction d may be defined along a selected radius 14 of the circle, preferably passing through one of the spiral radiating elements 10. The phase offset of the spiral radiating element in the reference direction d is taken to be zero. To calculate the required phase offset at another spiral radiating element, for example element 20, the angle a subtended at the centre of the circle by the selected radius 14 and a radius passing through selected .
spiral radiating element 20 in the direction of increasing phase offset must be measured or calculated. In the example shown in Fig. 2, the angle a is n/2 radians.
Again, using the example that n=3 - a charge-3 OAM vortex radio signal is required from the antenna - the phase offset to be applied to the signal of element 20 as compared to the phase offset of the spiral radiating element in the reference direction d is calculated as nay, in this case, 3. n/2.
It should be noted that the antenna according to the present invention is chiral at two levels. The cavity-backed axial-mode spiral antennas may be implemented in left or right circular polarised form, and the phase ramping and stepping may also be implemented in clockwise or anticlockwise form. The left or right spirals of the spiral antennas determine the binary photon spin state, and the clockwise or anticlockwise ramping pattern determines the sign of the induced OAM state.
The antenna feed lines, shown in Fig. 1 as radiating from a single point for each group, give an example method of achieving the ramping elemental phase shifts.
Other methods for achieving the same result will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The invention includes all embodiments employing any such other method of achieving the same ramping elemental phase shifts.
Those versed in the art of radio frequency engineering will realise that the phase stepping discussed above, always represents an effective step of 2 radians with respect to a monotonic circular phase-ramping function. For this reason, the invention also embraces any variant of the invention that implements a progressive circular phase ramp, consistent with an overall inter-element increment of 27.n/m radians as cited above.
It is a feature of the present invention, that transverse electromagnetic (TEM) modes of a transmitted signal are suppressed in the far-field boresight direction. This suppression of TEM in the bore-sight is a feature of the invention with many practical and useful applications. TEM modes will however be present in certain off bore-sight . : directions. TEM modes are equivalent to charge-0 OAM, and are thus orthogonal to. .-
all non-zero charge OAM modes. . . -.
The present invention accordingly provides a method of creating OAM vortex modes, using planar arrays of circular-polarised elements, phased in such a manner that they..
create a geometric phase characteristic. This leads to a phase vortex in the photon that is the essence of the quantum mechanical OAM.
Certain embodiments of the invention provide alternative ways of implementing the inter-element phase ramping increment of 2.nim radians, where m is the number of elements in the circle (being twelve in the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 1), that creates the photonic phase vortex, and hence the OAM mode, and n is the charge number of the mode to be generated.
Photon OAM is strictly quantised in integer multiples of hl(2rr), i.e. n. hl(2), where n is the charge number of the mode.
OAM modes can have positive or negative charge numbers, according to the sense of the geometric phase vortex. The polarity of the charge number may be selected in the antenna of the present invention by choosing clockwise or anti-clockwise directions for increasing phase offset of the radiating elements.
OAM modes have binary spin states, according to polarization. The spin state may be selected in the antenna of the invention my selecting clockwise or anti-clockwise polarization of the spiral radiating elements 10.
OAM modes are mutually orthogonal, unless their charge numbers and spin states match.
OAM modes are subject to the principle of reciprocity. Although the preceding description is given in terms of transmitting a signal from an antenna, by the principle or reciprocity it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such antennas are equally suited to the receiving function.
TEM modes are suppressed in the antenna bore-sight direction.
TEM modes are equivalent to charge-0 OAM, and are thus orthogonal to all non-zero ' '.
charge OAM modes. A :.
. . . .- .e Aqua - e.
Claims (14)
- Claims 1. A phase array antenna for generating or receiving orbitalangular momentum vortex mode radio signals, the antenna comprising a plurality of spiral radiating elements (10) arranged in a circle, further arranged such that a signal applied to, or received by, each spiral radiating element is offset in phase in such a manner that the phase offset increases sequentially around the circle in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
- 2. A phase array antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal applied to, or received by, each spiral radiating element is offset in phase by an amount which may be calculated as follows: a reference direction is defined along a selected radius (14) of the circle; the phase offset in the reference direction is taken to be zero; ; ' . . an angle a subtended at the centre of the circle in the direction of increasing ,.: phase offset by the selected radius (14) and a radius passing through a selected spiral radiating element (20) is measured or calculated; the phase offset to be applied to the selected spiral radiating element (20) is calculated as n.oc, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular ; ,.momentum vortex mode to be generated. .
- 3. A phase array antenna as claimed in claim 2, wherein the spiral radiating elements are arranged at a constant pitch around the circle, such that the signal applied to, or received by, each spiral radiating element is offset in phase by 2n/m radians compared to a the preceding spiral radiating element in the direction of increasing phase offset, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum mode to be generated, and m represents the number of spiral radiating elements in the circle.
- 4. A phase array antenna according to any preceding claim, comprising spiral radiating elements arranged in a plurality of concentric circles, the phase offsets applied to each spiral radiating element being calculated separately for each circle.
- 5. A phase array antenna according to any preceding claim wherein the spiral radiating elements are cavity-backed axial mode spiral antennas.
- 6. A method of generating orbital angular momentum vortex mode radio signals comprising the steps of: - arranging a number of spiral radiating elements in a circle; - supplying each spiral radiating element with a signal offset in phase in such a manner that the phase offset increases sequentially around the circle in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
- 7. A method according to claim 6 wherein the phase offset to be applied to each spiral radiating element may be calculated by the following method: a reference direction is defined along a selected radius (14) of the circle; the phase offset in the reference direction is taken to be zero; ..an angle a subtended at the centre of the circle in the direction of increasing. ëphase offset by the selected radius (14) and a radius passing through a selected spiral. . radiating element (20) is measured or calculated; the phase offset to be applied to the selected spiral radiating element (20) is calculated as n.a, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum mode to be generated.
- 8. A method according to claim 7 wherein the spiral radiating elements are arranged at a constant pitch around the circle, such that the signal applied to each spiral radiating element is offset in phase by 2nn/m radians compared to the signal applied to each neighbouring spiral radiating element, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum mode to be generated, and m represents the number of spiral radiating elements in the circle.
- 9. A method of receiving orbital angular momentum vortex mode radio signals comprising the steps of: - arranging a number of spiral radiating elements in a circle; - offsetting the signal received by each spiral radiating element in such a manner that the phase offset increases sequentially around the circle in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction; and - summing the offset signals. s
- 10. A method according to claim 9 wherein the phase offset to be applied to the respective signal received by each spiral radiating element may be calculated by the following method: a reference direction is defined along a selected radius (14) of the circle; the phase offset in the reference direction is taken to be zero; an angle a subtended at the centre of the circle in the direction of increasing phase offset by the selected radius (14) and a radius passing through a selected spiral radiating element (20) is measured or calculated; the phase offset to be applied to the signal received by the selected spiral radiating element (20) is calculated as n.a, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum mode to be received.
- 11. A method according to claim 10 wherein the spiral radiating elements are arranged at a constant pitch around the circle, such that the signal received by each spiral radiating element is offset in phase by 2nnlm radians compared to the signal received by a the preceding spiral radiating element in the direction of increasing phase offset, where n represents the charge number of the orbital angular momentum mode to be generated, and m represents the number of spiral radiating elements in the circle.
- 12. A method according to any of claims 6-11 wherein the spiral radiating elements are arranged in a plurality of concentric circles, the phase offsets applied to each spiral radiating element being calculated separately for each circle.
- 13. A phase array antenna or method substantially as described and/or as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
- 14. An orbital angular momentum vortex mode radio signal such as may be generated or received by an antenna or by a method according to any preceding claim.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0401097A GB2410130A (en) | 2004-01-19 | 2004-01-19 | Planar phased array radio antenna for orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex modes |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0401097A GB2410130A (en) | 2004-01-19 | 2004-01-19 | Planar phased array radio antenna for orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex modes |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| GB0401097D0 GB0401097D0 (en) | 2004-02-18 |
| GB2410130A true GB2410130A (en) | 2005-07-20 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| GB0401097A Withdrawn GB2410130A (en) | 2004-01-19 | 2004-01-19 | Planar phased array radio antenna for orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex modes |
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| WO2008060674A2 (en) * | 2006-06-19 | 2008-05-22 | General Electric Company | Radio detection and ranging intrusion detection system |
| WO2012084039A1 (en) * | 2010-12-22 | 2012-06-28 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | An antenna arrangement |
| WO2012175629A1 (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2012-12-27 | Università Degli Studi Di Padova | A telecommunication method and apparatus exploiting the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves |
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| WO2008060674A3 (en) * | 2006-06-19 | 2008-07-24 | Gen Electric | Radio detection and ranging intrusion detection system |
| WO2008060674A2 (en) * | 2006-06-19 | 2008-05-22 | General Electric Company | Radio detection and ranging intrusion detection system |
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| WO2012175629A1 (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2012-12-27 | Università Degli Studi Di Padova | A telecommunication method and apparatus exploiting the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves |
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