GB2467515A - Spacer element for cladding - Google Patents
Spacer element for cladding Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2467515A GB2467515A GB0823512A GB0823512A GB2467515A GB 2467515 A GB2467515 A GB 2467515A GB 0823512 A GB0823512 A GB 0823512A GB 0823512 A GB0823512 A GB 0823512A GB 2467515 A GB2467515 A GB 2467515A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- spacer member
- cladding element
- protrusions
- cladding
- spacer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 claims 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000320892 Clerodendrum phlomidis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000448280 Elates Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0801—Separate fastening elements
- E04F13/0803—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements
- E04F13/081—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements with additional fastening elements between furring elements and covering elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0801—Separate fastening elements
- E04F13/0803—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements
- E04F13/081—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements with additional fastening elements between furring elements and covering elements
- E04F13/0821—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements with additional fastening elements between furring elements and covering elements the additional fastening elements located in-between two adjacent covering elements
- E04F13/0826—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements with additional fastening elements between furring elements and covering elements the additional fastening elements located in-between two adjacent covering elements engaging side grooves running along the whole length of the covering elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0801—Separate fastening elements
- E04F13/0832—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements
- E04F13/0833—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable
- E04F13/0839—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable the fastening elements situated at the corners of the covering elements, not extending through the covering
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0801—Separate fastening elements
- E04F13/0832—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements
- E04F13/0833—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable
- E04F13/0841—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable the fastening elements engaging the outer surface of the covering elements, not extending through the covering
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0801—Separate fastening elements
- E04F13/0832—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements
- E04F13/0833—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable
- E04F13/0846—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable the fastening elements engaging holes or grooves in the side faces of the covering elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0862—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements composed of a number of elements which are identical or not, e.g. carried by a common web, support plate or grid
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Finishing Walls (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to an apparatus and method for installing cladding elements 100 such as brick slips or tiles on the exterior of a building. The apparatus comprises a spacer 10 having one or more protrusions (20, 22, 24, 26 & 38 figure 1) which abuts an edge or corner (102 figure 2) of a cladding element. The protrusions may be spaced apart and parallel to each other and adapted to abut against a first and a second cladding element such that the spacing between the protrusions defines a channel (30, 32 figures 1 & 2) between the first and second cladding elements. The cladding elements may have a groove 102, or recess (104 figure 8) or socket (not shown) adapted to receive a portion of a spacer. The spacer element may be made from folded sheet metal.
Description
Claddhig Apparatus arni Method TI)U picsent iIIVCflt3Ofl i-elates tc.111 imprOved apparal u and method ian use in pi ovdjng a S superwiLd fettu'e on a structure. n partiu.iar, hui. not exdusweh, the UVC&UtLOn elates to -nt in nrrvnpd inr,rn -t nc nri rhnth nd nvtt in in zt2!itflc' A;drl fl Mpnrc c3drh _c COfflOl' of the dadding demnt.
The apparatus may comprise a plurality of spacer members. A first spacer member may be located 01 locatable at a tust edge m cam rei of a chddmg element a d a secomid space c,nh,vt, tnnty ltn mnr-tt-aA nt' mnrnt-'-aa -it-n cnrr,ytA -A rrn en' rat's-tar nc ti-ta ri r,drflr, is nlnntnnt The spacer member utayincude one or more apertures which are configured to allow hordwg af the c Iding etc nent to both the sti tic u e ni lace and the �= pat et ii mbtt The ol cad ape Lu. may be zol mcci thu TiIg foi ming of the oi each pi 0t 05100 n-fl t_____ __c__.-first and a second adjacent cladding element such that the spacing between the protrusions defwcs a channel ben cn tin 11 st uid ecnnd cladding elenscnts I ho spicing beteen protrusions may be provided in one or both of a vertical and a. horizontal direction.
At least one of U tn oil usious may he o antated at 90 degi S CS Ii anotuel p ott usioa sot t that the two prOtrusions collectively abut a corner of a cladding cement.
The method may include forming one or more protrusions by cutting a partial profile in the spacer member to leave a linear bend line about which the profile is bent, 1 I i wthod nt inch de pi oidtng i ee kei tog letu t n one ot time cacer nicnbe s such that the spacer member is foldable.
The method may include cutting a pluraliz of spacer members from a sheet material. The IS cheet matet tal nay be th used to lot u i suppot t fm cladd r e cnn K I k cut nsce members may provide desired apertures in the support.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, byway of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig 1 shows a first embodiment of a spacer member; Fig 2 shows a plurality of spacer members of Fig I being used to position a plurality of claddmg elements to fot in unei tutal leatut e on a sbuctui e Fig 3 shows a second embodiment of a spacer member; Fig 4 shows a spacer member of Fig 1. received within a second embodiment of a cladding element; CU) Fig S shows a third embodiment of a cladding element which includes an integral spacer member; Fig 6 shows a plurality of connected cladding elements of Fig 5; Fig 7 shows a fourth embodiment of a cladding element; Fig 8 shows a fifth embodiment of a cladding element; Fig 9 shows the cladding element ef Fig B with a third embodiment of a spacer member; Fig 10 shows a sixth embodiment of a spacer member; FigI 1. shows a seventh embodiment of a spacer member; Fig 12 shows a known support used to form a superficial feature on a structure; and Fig 13 shows the support of Fig 12 being used with a puraUty of spacer members of Fig I to form a saperficial feature on a structure.
i..L...... ._.. C.._.i.. ..;_; it inst sac e membi 10 In 4ted at -i In 1 cot net 1112 of d d ddng lenient 100 -nc i second spacer member 10 is located at a second corner 104 of the cladding element 100.
r It of hc In t and ec c u spacei ire nbei c 13 is cot I gin ed to La acaed CU!) at In St t I 4 <yE C -1-C E,-.--.
corner Figure 6 shows a number of these cladding elements 100 connected together. The integral spacer member 10 can abut an edge or corner of an adjacent cladding element 100.
In the variation of Figure L a cladding element 100 has protrusions 29 which extend in a S dnecnon paiallel to tue niajol olanes ol th L adding eleMent 100 The pi oUnstots 2 ate roided at 2 siugle & o ne o the cadd ng element 100 I le a e t e:e�e'bic in a corresponding socket ofa spacer member (not shown).
Figures 0 and 9 show a cladding element 100 which includes square recesses 104 for 0 i etewtng a spa ci men' bet 10 as c iown in g 9 1 te i ccesses at ot wed on the ir et tot surface of the cladding eieinen.t 100.
Figures 10 and 11 show a spacer member 10 for stone dadding such as ni produce an effect 4J to thy stone � 1 1 Pot sud walk thc joints ate n i egul o ly 1ocat I I ho specot i ten bet ID can ne located at hese jot nts n cbiPt it C I lIc -txing of the o'at e iten bet 10 to a svuctu e sw tce Fgtu e 10 shows a s'ta e membet 10 & tin -t n agot protrusion 13) while in Figure 1:1 the protrusion in circular.
gme 12 slit t)5 a tcnLwn suppot t I 0 fot ise it n ow ung rladthe elemen s 100 such dS "0 hitch s ips ud the likc I he suppoit 110 inch des a rumoet ot apeitt tes 11? to allow ho nhrg of the & ladding t enu t ts 100 to both th sunpo t 1 10 md the sti uctut e s%u he Ho evet to p os ide these apet to es 11? inatet m1 c-stamped nut t he suppot t toO mc us nmte iii has tradinanal y aeer i egnc1ec as waste mate? al howevt, due to 1te st' of ne spam mem etc tOol the u untion tue spacet membe s 10 ra.n be fr-tmd bent he �=: stan'ned out tnatei ml Thet efo -ma tuhuut it Ii 511 plv both yp s of c stems whc little or no increase in material required above that required to form the supports 110.
Indeed U r('tt be advana. tgeous o use hotn the uppot t 110 and the space met mliets 10 rot the sat te instal atton As shon in Ftgw e I, suppu 110 coda tu used at cot tic v of the structure and at certain features such as window openings 120. Spacer members 10 can he used for the remaining surface of the structure.
Various modifications can be made without departi:ng from the scope at the present inven hon.
Claims (35)
- Claims 1. An apparatus for use in providing a superficial feature on a structure, the apparatus comprising: a spacer member having a first surface locatable at or adjacent to a surface of the structure and having mounting means provided on a second opposing surface to assist positioning of a cladding element, wherein the spacer member is configured to be located only at a first edge or a first corner of the cladding element.
- 2. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, comprising a plurality of spacer members.
- 3. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 2, wherein a first spacer member is located or locatable at a first edge or corner of a cladding element and a second spacer member is located or locatable at a second edge or corner of the cladding element such that the first and second spacer members are spaced apart from each other.
- 4. An apparatus as claimed in any previous claim, including one or more cladding elements.
- 5. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 4, wherein one or more cladding elements include a groove, recess, or socket adapted to receive a portion of a spacer member.
- 6. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 4, wherein one or more spacer members are integral with a cladding element.
- 7. An apparatus as claimed in any previous claim, wherein the cladding element comprises a brick slip or tile or a stone slip or tile.
- 8. An apparatus as claimed in any previous claim, wherein the mounting means comprises one or more protrusions.
- 9. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the or each protrusion extends from the second surface of the spacer member for abutting an edge or corner of a first cladding element. S. * * *
- 10. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 8 or 9, including a plurality of protrusions, and * wherein one or more of the protrusions is spaced from and parallel to another protrusion.
- 11. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 10, wherein the protrusions are adapted to abut ***. against a first and a second adjacent cladding element such that the spacing between the protrusions defines a channel between the first and second cladding elements.* 45
- 12. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 11, wherein the spacing between protrusions is **** * * S*.provided in one or both of a vertical and a horizontal direction.
- 13. An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 10 to 12, wherein a protrusion is orientated at 90 degrees to another protrusion such that the protrusions collectively abut a corner of a cladding element.
- 14. An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 8 to 13, wherein the or each protrusion is formed by cutting a partial profile in the spacer member to leave a linear bend line about which the profile is bent.
- 15. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 8, wherein one or more protrusions extend in a parallel direction to the second surface of the spacer member to be received in a groove, recess, or socket provided at the cladding element.
- 16. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the or each cladding element is provided with one or more protrusions which extend in a parallel direction to the second surface of the spacer member to be received in a groove, recess, or socket provided at the spacer member.
- 17. An apparatus as claimed in any previous claim, wherein the spacer member includes one or more apertures which are configured to allow bonding of the cladding element to both the structure surface and the spacer member.
- 18. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 17, wherein the or each aperture is formed during forming of the or each protrusion.
- 19. An apparatus as claimed in any previous claim, wherein the spacer member includes a weakening feature such that the spacer member is foldable.
- 20. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 19, wherein the weakening feature comprises a score or an aperture.
- 21. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 19 or 20, wherein the weakening feature extends in one or more particular directions to improve foldability about one or more axes.
- 22. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 21, wherein the weakening feature is substantially : cruciform to allow folding about a first axis and about a second axis normal to the first axis.S*
- 23. An apparatus as claimed in any previous claim, wherein the spacer member is cut i0 from a sheet material. * **.,
- 24. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 23, wherein the sheet material is that used to form a support for cladding elements, and wherein the cut spacer members provide desired apertures in the support.** * * **S. * S
- 25. An apparatus as claimed in any previous claim, including a support for cladding elements.
- 26. A method for use in providing a superficial feature on a structure, the method comprising the steps of: positioning a first spacer member at or near a surface of the structure, the first spacer member having mounting means provided on an exterior surface of the first spacer member; positioning a first cladding element at the surface of the structure such that a first edge or a first corner of the first cladding element abuts the mounting means of the second spacer member; and positioning a second spacer member at the surface of the structure such that the mounting means of the second spacer member abuts a second edge or a second corner of the first cladding element such that the first and second spacer members are spaced apart and a dimension of the cladding element defines the spacing between the first and second spacer members.
- 27. A method as claimed in Claim 26, including providing a cladding element with a groove, recess, or socket for receiving a portion of a spacer member.
- 28. A method as claimed in Claim 26, wherein one or more of the spacer members are integral with a cladding element.
- 29. A method as claimed in any of Claims 26 to 28, including forming the mounting means from one or more protrusions which extend from the exterior surface of the spacer member for abutting an edge or corner of a cladding element.
- 30. A method as claimed in any of Claims 26 to 29, including positioning a second cladding element at the surface of the structure such that a first edge or a first corner of the second cladding element abuts the mounting means of the second spacer member.
- 31. A method as claimed in Claim 29, including spacing apart one or more parallel protrusions to abut against a first and a second adjacent cladding element such that the spacing between the protrusions defines a channel between the first and second cladding elements. *.**
- 32. A method as claimed in Claim 29 or 31, including orientating at least one of the protrusions at 90 degrees to another protrusion such that the two protrusions collectively * abut a corner of a cladding element.
- 33. A method as claimed in any of Claims 29, 31 or 32, including forming one or more *.* protrusions by cutting a partial profile in the spacer member to leave a linear bend line about which the profile is bent. ***** 5
- 34. A method as claimed in any of Claims 26 to 33, including providing a weakening * S..Sfeature in one or more spacer members such that the spacer member is foldable.
- 35. A method as claimed in any of Claims 26 to 34, including cutting a plurality of spacer members from a sheet material, wherein the sheet material is used to form a support for S cladding elements and the cut spacer members provide desired apertures in the support. * * * ** * *0SS **.S* * S *.S*S S... S... * . . I. * 55* * S.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0823512A GB2467515A (en) | 2008-12-24 | 2008-12-24 | Spacer element for cladding |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0823512A GB2467515A (en) | 2008-12-24 | 2008-12-24 | Spacer element for cladding |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB0823512D0 GB0823512D0 (en) | 2009-01-28 |
GB2467515A true GB2467515A (en) | 2010-08-04 |
Family
ID=40344173
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB0823512A Withdrawn GB2467515A (en) | 2008-12-24 | 2008-12-24 | Spacer element for cladding |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB2467515A (en) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2110097A5 (en) * | 1970-10-31 | 1972-05-26 | Taddei Silvio | |
DE3225651A1 (en) * | 1982-07-09 | 1984-01-12 | Betonwerke Heinrich Heß KG Zweigniederlassung Nürnberg, 8500 Nürnberg | Connecting element for establishing a bond between panel-shaped building elements |
DE8911291U1 (en) * | 1989-09-22 | 1990-04-05 | Schum, Ralf, 6467 Hasselroth | Holding element for fastening wooden panels or wooden cassettes |
JPH094205A (en) * | 1995-06-26 | 1997-01-07 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Joint spacer |
EP0791700A1 (en) * | 1996-02-22 | 1997-08-27 | Euridep | Fastening holder plate and spacer for obtaining claddings in the field of construction, and claddings so obtained |
-
2008
- 2008-12-24 GB GB0823512A patent/GB2467515A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2110097A5 (en) * | 1970-10-31 | 1972-05-26 | Taddei Silvio | |
DE3225651A1 (en) * | 1982-07-09 | 1984-01-12 | Betonwerke Heinrich Heß KG Zweigniederlassung Nürnberg, 8500 Nürnberg | Connecting element for establishing a bond between panel-shaped building elements |
DE8911291U1 (en) * | 1989-09-22 | 1990-04-05 | Schum, Ralf, 6467 Hasselroth | Holding element for fastening wooden panels or wooden cassettes |
JPH094205A (en) * | 1995-06-26 | 1997-01-07 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Joint spacer |
EP0791700A1 (en) * | 1996-02-22 | 1997-08-27 | Euridep | Fastening holder plate and spacer for obtaining claddings in the field of construction, and claddings so obtained |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB0823512D0 (en) | 2009-01-28 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US9297168B2 (en) | Panel for wall of a set building and thereof construction method | |
US8387955B2 (en) | Interlocking fencing system | |
CA2843068A1 (en) | Field paver connector and restraining system | |
CA2921612C (en) | Deck system and components thereof, and methods of assembling and disassembling deck systems and components | |
US10264883B2 (en) | Platform mounting system and method | |
KR200436231Y1 (en) | Space keep goods for bean mold | |
KR102299680B1 (en) | Finishing formwork for gap | |
EP2963205B1 (en) | Device for formwork | |
GB2467515A (en) | Spacer element for cladding | |
US20220081899A1 (en) | Systems for Recessing Subfloor Structures | |
AU2008306221B2 (en) | Modular element for making fixed ladders | |
WO2006015451A1 (en) | Concrete expansion joint forming device | |
KR101455504B1 (en) | The fabrication type lattice girder | |
JP6962681B2 (en) | Load-bearing structure and load-bearing method of wooden buildings | |
GB2576452A (en) | Formwork system and method | |
KR20120006088U (en) | Side tie for use of interval maintenance device of mold | |
JP6037743B2 (en) | Home fence installation method | |
JP5968391B2 (en) | Temporary scaffold | |
JP2016069901A (en) | Fence and assembling method | |
EP2388407B1 (en) | Mounting wedge | |
KR200418017Y1 (en) | form panel for a concrete wall | |
KR101656498B1 (en) | A frame having a prefabricated structure | |
JP2023024842A (en) | Form tilting preventing support tool and mat foundation construction method | |
EP3546674A1 (en) | Façade system for forming a thermal insulation compound façade | |
JP2006233724A (en) | Clip for fixing inward bias inducing joint |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |