GB2029720A

GB2029720A - Plate-shaped Denitrating Catalyst

Info

Publication number: GB2029720A
Application number: GB7919782A
Authority: GB
Original assignee: Hitachi Zosen Corp
Current assignee: Hitachi Zosen Corp
Priority date: 1978-09-20
Filing date: 1979-06-07
Publication date: 1980-03-26
Also published as: GB2029720B; DE2927253A1; IT7949657A0; NL179551B; IT1118887B; NL179551C; BE877183A; FR2436628A1; JPS5541881A; JPS615772B2; FR2436628B1; NL7904502A; CA1122584A; DE2927253C2

Abstract

A plate-shaped denitrating catalyst is produced by initially preparing a slurry from hydrated titania and a sol selected from the group consisting of silica sol, alumina sol and titania sol. The slurry is fired to obtain a porous material, which is then pulverised to a powder. A metal net is coated with a slurry of the powder and a binder to form a plate- like piece, which is then dried or fired to obtain a porous carrier wherein is deposited a catalytically active component.

Description

SPECIFICATION Improvements in or Relating to Plate-shaped Denitrating Catalysts This invention relates to catalysts for use in a reaction in which nitrogen oxides (NOx) in exhaust gases are selectively catalytically reduced with NH3.

Since photochemical smog is attributable to NOx released from power plants, sintering or firing ovens, various chemical plants, motor vehicles, etc., it has been desired to provide a method of effectively treating such pollutants. Among the processes heretofore proposed for denitrating exhaust gases, the process for catalytically reducing NOx with NH3 used as a reducing agent is considered advantageous in that the process can be practiced with a relatively small amount of reducing agent because NH3 selectively reacts with NOx even when the exhaust gas contains more than 1 vol.% of oxygen.

Catalysts already known for use in this process comprise a carrier such as activated alumina, silicaalumina or zeolite and a heavy metal compound deposited on the carrier. Such catalysts are generally granular and are used chiefly in the form of a fixed bed which is liable to be clogged up with the dust contained in exhaust gases or which involves a great pressure loss, thus giving rise to the necessity of using a blower of large capacity. These problems can be overcome to some extent by the use of a catalyst of increased particle or grain size, but the cores of catalyst particles will then fail to act effectively, resulting in a reduced efficiency. In view of the problems described, it appears favourable to use catalysts of honeycomb structure in avoiding the clogging of the catalyst layer with dust or the increase of pressure loss.

Power plants and sintering or firing furnaces usually give off large quantities of exhaust gases which require similarly large quantities of catalysts for treatment. Accordingly catalysts of honeycomb structure, if useful for this purpose, must be large-sized and have sufficient strength so as to be placeable into the treating unit free of any damage. Catalysts of honeycomb structure have already been proposed which comprise a honeycomb support of metal, ceramics or like refractory and an active catalytic component deposited on the support. However, a metal material, if used for the honeycomb structure, must be rendered porous over the surface through a cumbersome procedure so as to hold the active component thereon effectively, whereas structures of ceramics must have an increased wall thickness and be fired to sufficient hardness at a high temperature to retain the desired strength.Catalysts of this type therefore require much labor for the preparation of the honeycomb structure serving as a support for the active catalytic component and become inevitably expensive.

A first object of this invention is to provide a plate-shaped denitrating catalyst which has a small thickness, high strength and large surface area and which is According to the present invention there is provided a process for producing a plate-shaped denitrating catalyst comprising the steps of preparing a slurry from hydrated titania and a sol selected from the group consisting of silica sol, alumina sol and titania sol, firing the slurry to obtain a porous material, pulverising the porous material to a powder, causing a metal net to support the powder thereon with a binder to form a plate-like piece, drying or firing the piece to obtain a porous carrier and depositing a catalytically active component on the carrier.

These and other features of this invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a perspective view showing a planar plate-shaped catalyst; Fig. 2 is a perspective view showing a folded metal net; and Fig. 3 is a perspective view showing a catalyst of honeycomb structure.

Examples of hydrated titanias useful for the preparation of the slurry of this invention are orthotitanic acid and metatitanic acid. The ratio of the sol to the hydrated titania, which is dependent on the water content of the sol, is 1:1 0 to 10:1 for example when the sol is silica sol containing 20% of SiO2, alumina sol containing 10% of Awl203 or titania sol containing 20% of TiO2.

It is desirable to dry the slurry prior to the slurry firing step. The slurry is dried preferably at 70 to 1 200C for 0.5 to 2 hours. The firing operation subjects the sol to dehydration condensation, causing the sol to embrace the titania and forming a three-dimensional reticular structure which gives improved strength to the catalyst obtained. While the titania serves as a carrier, the dehydration condensation products of silica sol, alumina sol and titania sol themselves also act to support the active component. Such condensation products have a reticular structure and will not interfere with the action of the titania serving as a carrier.

The pulverizing step is carried out in a usual manner. The particle size of the resulting powder although not limitative, is preferably minus 100 mesh or smaller.

The plate-like piece having a metal net core is formed usually by preparing a slurry from the powder and a binder and coating the metal net with the slurry. Binders generally used are useful for this purpose. Examples of suitable binders are alumina sol, silica sol, titania sol, phosphoric acid, boric acid and the like which, when dried or fired, undergo dehydration condensation and form a tough three-dimensional reticular structure. The most suitable of these examples are alumina sol, silica sol and titania sol which act as carriers. Preferably the binder has incorporated therein a substance, such as organic solvent, polymeric emulsion or carbon fiber, which vaporizes, decomposes or burns away when dried or fired. Such substance is effective in permitting the slurry of the powder to dry rapidly and giving higher porosity to the plate-like piece to be obtained.The amount of the binder is dependent on the desired strength of the plate-like piece. When silica sol or alumina sol is used as the binder, the sol is used preferably in an amount, calculated as solids, of 10 to 20% of the powder.

The metal nets useful in this invention may be made of any of carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, brass, etc. The wires forming the nets may have such a diameter that the resulting structure shaped to the desired shape will not be deformed during the production of catalysts or during the use of the catalysts obtained. The net is not limited in the size of the openings thereof. Satisfactory results can be achieved with openings of usually about 8- to about 100-mesh size. The net may be in the form of a single planar net, an assembly of superposed planar nets, a wavelike, zigzag, pleated or otherwise shaped net formed by bending or folding a planar net, or a honeycomb structure composed of planar nets and such bent or folded nets in combination therewith.Catalysts of. honeycomb structure can be fabricated from the combination of a catalyst formed from a bent or folded metal net and another catalyst formed from a planar metal net. The segments forming such a honeycomb structure may be triangular, square, rectangular, hexagonal or otherwise shaped in accordance with the size of dust particles entrained in exhaust gases and other requirements. Preferably the plate-like piece has a small thickness usually of 0.5 to 2.0 mm.

Plate-like piece is dried or fired under the same conditions as the drying or firing of the starting slurry.

Exemplary of useful catalytically active components to be deposited on the carrier are V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Sb, Bi, W, Pt, Rh, Pd and like metal compounds. These-compounds are used singly or in admixture. Further these compounds may be used conjointly with a P compound, B compound, alkaline earth metal compound or the like. Examples of above-mentioned compounds are oxides, acid oxide salts, nitrates, sulfates, halides, hydroxides, organic acid salts, organic acid esters, alcoholates, etc. The kind and amount of the active component to be deposited on the carrier are determined in accordance with the temperature, composition and the like of the exhaust gas to be treated. The active component is deposited on the carrier in the usual manner as by immersion.

The process of this invention, which comprises the foregoing steps, gives catalysts in desired sizes and desired shapes including a honeycomb structure. Since particles of titania are firmly held to the metal net by the tough three-dimensional structure resulting from the dehydration condensation of a sol, a catalyst can be produced with satisfactory strength without the necessity of preparing a fired piece with application of pressure for reinforcement. This enables the catalyst to retain increased porosity to exhibit enhanced activity. The thickness of the catalyst is suitably variable by adjusting the amount of the slurry of pulverized porous material to be applied to the metal net, so that an efficient catalyst of reduced thickness can be produced. This renders expensive active component very advantageously usable at a low cost.

Examples of this invention are given below in which parts are by weight.

Example 1 Commercial titanyl sulfate (100 parts) was slowly added to 1000 parts of hot water at 800C with stirring, and the metatitanic acid formed by the hydrolysis of the titanyl sulfate was withdrawn from the mixture, washed with water and dried at 1 00 C. A 100 part portion of the dried product was thoroughly kneaded with 100 parts of commercial silica sol (containing 20% of SiO2) to prepare a slurry, which was dried at 1 000C for 1 hour and then fired at 4000C for 3 hours. The fired product was pulverized to a powder up to 88 ,u in particle size. Equal amounts of the powder and silica sol the same as one previously used and serving as a binder were mixed together to obtain a powder-containing slurry.The slurry was applied to both sides of a metal net as shown in Fig. 1 and made from wires of steel (SUS 304) 0.25 mm in diameter, the net having 18-mesh openings and measuring 33 mmx50 mm. The coated net was dried at 1000C for one hour and then baked at 4000 for 3 hours. In this way, a plate-like carrier was obtained which was about 0.8 mm in thickness and had the metal net as its core. Subsequently the carrier was immersed in a 2N oxalic acid solution of NH4V03 (1.0 mole/liter) at room temperature for 30 minutes, then withdrawn from the solution and thereafter dried at 1 000C for one hour, whereby a plate-shaped catalyst A incorporating V was obtained.

Catalysts R and C were prepared in the same manner as above except that 80 parts and 60 parts of the silica sol were kneaded with the dried product of metatitanic acid per 100 parts of the latter.

Example 2 Catalysts D, E and F were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that commercial alumina sol (containing 10% of Awl203) was used in place of the silica sol kneaded with the dried product of metatitanic acid, the alumina sol being used in amounts of 200 parts, 1 60 parts and 120 parts respectively per 100 parts of the dried product.

Example 3 Catalysts G, H and I were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that commercial titania sol (containing 20% of TiO2) was used in place of the silica sol kneaded with the dried product of metatitanic acid, the titariia sol being used in amounts of 100 parts, 80 parts and 60 parts respectively per 100 parts of the dried product.

Comparison Example The dried product of metatitanic acid obtained in Example 1 was fired as such at 4000C for 3 hours without being kneaded with silica sol. The same procedure as in Example 1 was thereafter followed-to prepare a catalyst J.

Activity Test A reactor tube of the flow type was prepared which had a rectangular parallelepiped filling portion 50 mm in height and having 5 mmx35 mm openings at its opposite ends. The catalyst A was placed into the filling portion, and a test exhaust gas of the composition listed in Table 1 was passed through the reactor tube at a temperature of 2500C and at a flow rate of 1 liter/min. (in standard state) Table 1 Component of Gas Proportion lvol. %) NO 0.05 NH3 0.05 CO2 13.0 H20 10.0 02 3.6 SO2 0.025 N2 Balance The denitration efficiency of the catalyst was calculated from the difference between the NO concentration at the inlet of the reactor tube and that at the outlet thereof.Similarly the catalyst was tested for denitration efficiency at reaction temperatures of 2500C, 3000C and 3500C.

In the same manner as above, the catalysts B to J were tested for denitration efficiency at the same temperatures. The results are given in Table 2, which shows that all the catalysts have excellent activity at temperatures of 2500C and higher.

Strength Test A polyvinyl chloride tape was adhered to the periphery of the catalyst A for the protection of the periphery. The catalyst was then secured to the bottom of a cylindrical screen measuring 250 mm in diameter and 50 mm in height and made of a 6-mesh net. One hundred milliliters of alumina balls, 5 mm in diameter, were placed into the screen. The screen was set on an automatic screening device (amplitude 30 mm, frequency 290/min.) and oscillated for one hour. The reduction in weight of the catalyst A was measured to determine the amount of the resulting wear. The same procedure as above was repeated for the catalysts B to J. The results are given in Table 2, which reveals that the catalysts A to I of Examples 1 to 3 are more resistant to wear and have higher strength than the catalyst J of Comparison Example.

Table 2 Amount (parts) of sol per 100 parts of dried product Denitration efficiency { /0) Wear* Catalyst of metatitanic acid 250 0C 300 OC 350 0C glum2 ~ hr.

A Silica sol 100 72.2 80.5 88.7 57.1 B Silica sol 80 74.1 84.0 92.1 69.2 C Silica sol 60 73.3 83.5 91.8 85.6 D Alumina sol 200 77.6 92.5 96.0 56.7 E Alumina sol 160 76.3 91.5 94.5 60.3 F Alumina sol 120 74.4 89.2 93.6 65.4 G Titaniasol 100 74.2 84.0 91.7 15.6 H Titaniasol 80 73.8 83.5 91.0 20.7 Titaniasol 60 72.8 81.2 88.5 25.1 J None 0 73.1 83.8 90.5 Entirely (Comp. Ex.) broken *Weight per unit geometric area per unit time.

Example 4 Seven metal nets (measuring 50 mmx 100 mm) of the same kind as used in Example 1 were folded to a zigzag form as shown in Fig. 2. Pieces of catalyst in the form of a folded plate were prepared from the nets in the same manner as in Example 1. Additionally seven planar pieces of catalyst were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 with the use of planar metal nets (measuring 50 mmx50 mm) of the same kind as used in Example 1. The folded pieces of catalyst and planar pieces of catalyst rthusformed were alternately superposed to fabricate a catalyst of cubic honeycomb structure measuring 50 mm in each side and shown in Fig. 3.

Activity Test In the same manner as above, the honeycomb catalyst was tested for denitration efficiency with use of a reactor tube of the flow type having a portion for accommodating the catalyst. The test exhaust gas was passed through the tube at a rate of 1 5.5 m3/m2 per unit geometric area of the catalyst (in standard state). The results are listed in Table 3.

Table 3 Reaction Denitration Temperature Efficiency (0C) (%) 250 78.0 300 89.5 350 97.3 Table 3 indicates that the honeycomb catalyst has excellent denitrating activity.

There has thus been described a plate-shaped denitrating catalyst which is thin, has high strength and large surface area, and which is therefore very suitable to make in a honeycomb structure. The active component is deposited on the carrier with high strength. Also the catalyst can be produced without firing for reinforcing purposes and therefore retains high porosity and enhanced activity, and achieves a high efficiency.

Claims

1. A process for producing a plate-shaped denitrating catalyst comprising the steps of preparing a slurry from hydrated titania and a sol selected from the group consisting of silica sol, alumina sol and titania sol, firing the slurry to obtain a porous material, pulverising the porous material to a powder, causing a metal net to support the powder thereon with a binder to form a plate-like piece having the metal net as its core, drying or firing the piece to obtain a porous carrier and depositing a catalytically active component on the carrier.

2. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the binder is a material selected from the group consisting of alumina sol, silica sol, titania sol, phosphoric acid and boric acid.

3. A process as defined in claim 1 or 2 wherein the binder has incorporated therein an organic solvent, polymeric emulsion or carbon fiber.

4. A process as defined in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the metal net is bent or folded to a wavelike or zigzag form.

5. A process as defined in any of the preceding claims wherein the metal net has a honeycomb structure.

6. A process as defined in any of the preceding claims wherein the plate-like piece is formed by coating the metal net with a slurry of the powder and the binder.

7. A process as defined in any of the preceding claims wherein the active component is a compound of a metal selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Sb, Bi, W, Pt, Rh and Pd.

8. A process as defined in claim 7 wherein the compound is a compound selected from the group consisting of oxides, acid oxide salts, nitrates, sulfates, halides, hydroxides, organic acid salts, organic acid esters and alcoholates.

9. A process as defined in any of the preceding claims wherein the plate-shaped catalyst has a thickness of 0.5 to 2.0 mm.

10. A plate-shaped denitrating catalyst produced by the process defined in any of claims 1 to 9.

11. A process for producing a plate-shaped denitrating catalyst substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.

12. A plate-shaped denitrating catalyst substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.

13. Any novel subject matter or combination including novel subject matter herein disclosed, whether or not within the scope of or relating to the same invention as any of the preceding claims.