FR3032921A1 - AUTONOMOUS RAIL TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN ELECTRIC POWER - Google Patents

Abstract

Railway transport system (1) comprising: - at least one train (5) comprising railway vehicles (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D), comprising a storage device (20) suitable for storing electrical energy, and - a plurality stations (10) in which the train is adapted to stop successively, at least one (7A) of railway vehicles being a motor vehicle comprising an onboard traction device (22) adapted to move the railway vehicle between two stations any successive of said plurality, the traction device consuming electrical traction energy during the movement, the storage device of the railway vehicle (7A) being adapted to provide on its own electrical traction energy during the movement, and each station comprising a charging device (40) for the storage devices, the charging device having dispensing units (80) adapted to be in particular, in electrical contact with the storage devices when the train is stopped in said station, and for respectively supplying said electrical energies to the storage devices.

Description

The present invention relates to a railway transport system comprising: at least one train comprising rail vehicles, and a plurality of stations in which the train is adapted to stop successively. The rail transport system is in particular a large-scale metro system (UIC Standard B). The train is for example composed of four cars and capable of loading more than 800 passengers for a total mass exceeding 200 tons, and to circulate at 70 km / h. The energy and power requirements of a large metro are much higher than those of a light rail or light rail, usually carrying about 200 passengers and traveling at 60 km / h. For such a rail system, the power supply is achieved through catenaries or a third rail, the first two rails constituting the railway track taken by the train. Laying catenaries and / or a third rail is expensive at the time of construction. These elements then require maintenance in the middle of the road, leading to operating costs.

In addition, these electrification elements of railways create a risk of electrocution, in general and in particular during their maintenance. This risk is handled by means known in themselves or warnings, but it can not be completely eliminated, especially in case of carelessness of a person or not followed safety instructions.

An object of the invention is therefore to overcome all or part of the above disadvantages, in particular by proposing a rail transportation system that is less expensive to construct and that is simple to implement. For this purpose, the invention relates to a rail transport system comprising: at least one train comprising rail vehicles, each rail vehicle comprising a storage device capable of storing electrical energy, and a plurality of stations in which the train is adapted to stop successively, at least one of the railway vehicles being a motor vehicle comprising an onboard traction device adapted to move the railway vehicle between any two successive stations of said plurality, the traction device consuming an energy 3032921 2 electrical traction during movement, the storage device of the rail vehicle being adapted to provide alone the electrical traction energy to the traction device during the displacement, and each station comprising a charging device of the storage devices, 5 the charging device comprising a distribution lines adapted to respectively be in electrical contact with the storage devices when the train is stopped in said station, and for respectively supplying said electrical energy to the storage devices. According to particular embodiments, the rail transport system 10 comprises one or more of the following characteristics, taken in isolation or in any technically possible combination: each storage device comprises at least one storage tank; electricity, and a supervision and protection unit adapted for:. provide parameters representative of a state of the reservoir, and 15. electrically isolate the tank in case of electrical overload or tank failure; the supervision and protection unit comprises an electronic control module for the electrical energy stored in the storage device, the electronic module being able to communicate, preferably by radio waves, with the distribution unit to control supplying electrical energy to the storage device; the train includes an on-board energy management device, and an on-board computer network adapted to connect the energy management device to each of the storage devices, the energy management device being adapted to receive each storage device information representative of the electrical energy stored in each storage device; the train includes an autopilot system capable of driving the train, the onboard energy management device being connected by the computer network to the autopilot system and being adapted to: to calculate an energy requirement of the train to reach the second of the two successive stations from parameters provided by the autopilot system, and. to send to the autopilot system an order to modify the steering of the train; the recharging device comprises a transformer, a rectifier station, and a single buffer electricity tank connected in shunt of each of the distribution units, the electricity tank having a higher electricity storage capacity or equal to the sum of the storage capacities of the storage devices of the train, and at most equal to twice the sum of the storage capacities of the storage devices of the trainset; each of the distribution units comprises at least one buffer electricity tank, and preferably only one electricity tank; and the rail transport system as defined above, in which: each distribution unit comprises a terminal adapted to be respectively electrically connected to one of the storage devices, the terminal being movable in translation in a vertical direction relative to the stationary rail vehicle 10 and rotatable relative to the railway vehicle stationary around an axis substantially parallel to a longitudinal direction of the railway vehicle, or. each storage device comprises a connection member adapted to be respectively electrically connected to one of the distribution units, the connection member being movable in translation relative to the stationary rail vehicle in the vertical direction, and movable in rotation with respect to the railway vehicle stationary about an axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction. The invention also relates to a rail transport method comprising the following steps: - supply of at least one train comprising rail vehicles 20 comprising a storage device for storing electrical energy, - providing a plurality of stations in which the train is adapted to stop successively, - each station comprising a device for recharging the storage devices, each recharging device comprising energy distribution units, 25 - bringing into electrical contact, in each station, distribution units respectively with the storage devices when the train is stopped in the station, - supply, in each station, of the electrical energies respectively to the storage devices by the distribution units when the train is stopped in the station, - displacement at least one of the railway vehicles between two successive stations conques of said plurality by means of a traction device on board said railway vehicle, the railway vehicle being a motor vehicle, - consumption by the traction device of electric traction energy during the displacement, and 3032921 4 - supply by the storage device, alone, electrical traction energy to the traction device. The invention will be better understood on reading the description which follows, given solely by way of example and with reference to the appended drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a transport system 2 is a schematic view of the electric storage tank and the supervision and protection unit belonging to one of the storage devices 10 shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a connection mechanism between one of the railway vehicles and one of the charging devices shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a charging device representing a variant. of the charging device shown in FIG.

With reference to FIG. 1, a rail transport system according to the invention is described. The railway transport system comprises a train 5 comprising railway vehicles 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D or "cars", and a plurality of stations 10, only one of which is shown in FIG.

The train 5 is adapted to stop successively in the stations 10, for example to allow passengers (not shown) to go up or down railway vehicles 7A to 7D. The train 5 is for example a large size automatic metro (UIC Standard B). The train 5 is for example composed of four cars and adapted to embark 25 more than 800 passengers for a total weight greater than 200 tons, and to travel at 70 km / h. In the example shown, the train 5 comprises four railway vehicles 7A to 7D successively coupled. According to particular embodiments, the train 5 comprises another number of railway vehicles, for example eight. The trains are indeed modular by aggregation of cars and configured in capacity (passenger and energy) and power, depending on the needs of the rail transport system. The train 5 further comprises an onboard energy management device 12, an on-board control device 14 capable of driving the train, and a computer network 35 interconnecting the energy management device and the autopilot system. . The train 5 also comprises non-traction electrical energy consumer auxiliaries 18 and may be one or more of the following elements of compressed air production apparatus, air-conditioning production apparatus doors and battery chargers.

The elements 12, 14, 16, 18 are not precisely located in Figure 1. This means that these elements could be located at other locations of the train 5. The train 5 has a redundant architecture. The train 5 is formed by the aggregation of autonomous rail vehicles energy between two stations. Each railway vehicle 7A to 7D includes a storage device 20 for storing electrical energy. In the example shown, the first two rail vehicles 7A, 7B on the left of Figure 1 and the rightmost rail vehicle 7D in Figure 1 are advantageously motor vehicles. The second rail vehicle 7C from the right of Figure 1 is advantageously a towed vehicle.

According to variants not shown, the train 5 comprises a different number of motor vehicles and "trailer" vehicles, and / or the order of the railway vehicles 7A to 7D in the train is different. The railway motor vehicles 7A, 7B, 7D comprise an on-board traction device 22 adapted to move the railway vehicle between any two successive stations. Each motor rail vehicle 7A, 7B, 7D is advantageously devoid of energy conversion member for the traction device. The motor rail vehicles 7A, 7B, 7D are advantageously similar to each other. The trailer railway vehicle 7C is devoid of an onboard traction system. The trailer rail vehicle 7C comprises a static converter 24 electrically connected to its storage device 20 and advantageously to all the auxiliary devices of the train. Trailer railway vehicles, in the variants where they are several, are advantageously similar to each other. The traction device 22 comprises a traction inverter 26 electrically connected to the storage device 20, and for example two electric traction motors 28 electrically connected to the traction inverter. The traction device 22 is advantageously adapted to transmit a braking current to the storage device 20 in order to recover the electrical energy generated by the traction device 22 during braking of the railway vehicle.

The storage devices 20 of the railway motor vehicles 7A, 7B, 7D are advantageously similar to each other, and only one of them will be described below. The storage device 20 comprises an electric storage tank 5 (FIGS. 1 and 2), a supervision and protection unit 32, and a connection member 34 (FIGS. 1 and 3) electrically connected to the tank 30 and adapted to establish an electrical connection with a charging device 40 of the station 10 to be described later. Each storage device 20 of the vehicles 7A, 7B and 7D is adapted to electrically power the corresponding traction device 22 alone during the complete movement of one of the stations 10 to another of the stations 10 equipped with the recharging device 40 Indeed, it is possible that some stations of a line are not equipped with such a charging device. The storage device 20 of the trailer rail vehicle 7C is adapted to supply power alone to all the auxiliary devices 18 during the complete movement of one of the stations 10 to another. The storage device 20 of the railway trailer vehicle 7C has a storage capacity of the same order as that of the railway motor vehicles. This capacity is adapted in particular according to the distances between the stations and the air conditioning needs of the train 5. The storage capacity of the tank 30 in each railway vehicle 7A to 7D is a function of the performance and the operating needs. This capacity is greater than the strict energy requirement to move the train 5 between two stations 10 equipped, in order to cope with certain situations such as a forced stop online (off station). The storage capacity is typically between 10 and 20 kWh, while the power delivered by the tank exceeds the MW. As can be seen in FIG. 2, the reservoir 30 comprises branches 42 mounted in parallel with each other and advantageously similar. There are, for example, eight branches 42 in each tank 30 of the railway motor vehicles 7A, 7B; 7D. Only two branches 42 have been shown in Figure 2 for simplicity. The branches 42 comprise modules 44 connected in series. The modules 44 include a plurality of supercapacitor cells 46. Each module 44 locally integrates a supercapacitor cell monitor 46, which individually measures the state of charge and health of each cell, and balances the cells. inter-cell charge, responsible for equalizing the charge level of the multiple cells that make up the module 44. A supercapacitor is a particular technique capacitor having an energy density adapted to provide intermediate power between the batteries 5 and the conventional electrolytic capacitors. . These components therefore make it possible to store an amount of intermediate energy between these two storage modes, and to restore it faster, more efficiently and with greater efficiency than a battery. The supervision and protection unit 32 is adapted to electrically isolate the tank 30 in case of electrical overload or failure, and to provide information on parameters representative of a state of the tank, for example representative of a level. charging, instantaneous current level, losses, and aging of the tank components. The supervision and protection unit 32 comprises, for example, for each branch 42, one or more of the following elements: a circuit breaker 50 for protecting the supercapacitors of the branch, a contactor 52 for pre-charging the branch, -: a pre-charge resistor 54 of the branch, - a voltage sensor 56 of the branch, 20 - a signaling board 58 of the presence of voltage of supercapacitors, - a isolating member 60 for isolating Manually the tank 30 during maintenance operations of the storage device 20, and an electronic control module 62 for monitoring and management of the ultracapacitor modules 44, as well as the control of the electromechanical members. of the supervision and protection unit 32. The supervision and protection unit 32 is adapted so that the average current exchanged with the traction inverter 26 at each phase (traction, braking, recharging ) This partition reduces the current circulating at the cells so as to limit the size of the modules 44 and the complexity of a cooling device (not shown) of the reservoir. The electronic module 62 is adapted to report the state of the reservoir 30 to the energy management device 12 of the train 5. The energy management device 12 is said to be "intelligent". It is configured so that the train 5 has the electrical energy necessary to reach the next station.

For this purpose, the energy management device 12 is configured to determine, preferably in real time, the appropriate acceleration and speed profile for the train 5 from one or more of the following information: a charge level of each tank 30 sent by the corresponding electronic energy control module 62, and the position and real-time speed of the train provided by the autopilot system. The management device energy 12 is adapted to have knowledge of the typology of the line and the mission of the train 5.

The computer network 16 connects the energy management device 12 in particular to the supervision and protection units 32 of each storage device 20. Because of its connection with the supervision and protection units 32, the management device Embedded energy 12 is informed at every moment of the available energy reserves for the race of the train 5 and the state of the storage devices 15 20. The energy management device 12 is adapted to follow the evolution of the charge level and the electrical performance of each storage device 20. Due to its connection with the autopilot system 14, the energy management device 12 is informed of the position, the speed and the mission train schedule 5.

The mission comprises, for example, one or more of the following information: next station to be served, availability of the corresponding route, expected speed profile for the train 5, load of the train in passengers. The energy management device 12 is adapted to estimate in real time the energy needs and to calculate the evolution of the reserves. In a critical case, that is to say if a risk of lack of electrical energy is detected (for example as a result of an online stop or a failure of the charging device of the next equipped station) , the energy management device 12 is configured to request the autopilot system 14 to change the course of the train 5 to ensure that the train arrives and stops at the next station 10.

The health status diagnosis of the storage devices 20 is based on the analysis of physical parameters of the components of the reservoirs of the storage devices. The autopilot system 14 is adapted to allow the precise stopping of the train 5 vis-à-vis the recharging device 40 of the station 10 concerned.

Each station 10 comprises a recharging device 40 similar to the recharging device shown in FIG.

Optionally, the stations 10 are part of a network (not shown) of stations, one or more of which do not have a charging device similar to the charging device shown in FIG. network are equipped with a charging device, such as stations 10, and 5 other stations are not. The recharging device 40 (FIG. 1) comprises a connection 70 to an electrical energy source 72, a transformer 74, a rectification station 76, a single buffer energy reservoir 78, and distribution units 80 adapted to be respectively in electrical contact with the storage devices 20 when the train 10 5 is stopped in said station 10. The power source 72 is advantageously the public electricity network of medium voltage of a city. By "medium voltage" is meant, for example, an alternating voltage of between 1 and 50 kV. The straightening station 76 is of conventional design.

The reservoir 78 has a high power capacity. The power level to be transmitted to each rail vehicle exceeds 1 MW. The reservoir 78 is sized to provide the electrical energy required for rapid charging of two trains similar to the train 5 shown in FIG. 1, i. e. one in the direction of circulation, and to reconstitute its own energy reserve during a time interval between two trains stopping one after the other in the station concerned. The time interval between two trains traveling in the same direction is typically greater than 60 seconds. The buffer tank 78 uses, for example, one or other of the following technologies known in themselves: flywheels, supercapacitor modules, or superconducting magnetic storage. The reservoir 78 is for example constituted by a branch association of several storage units by supercapacitors or several flywheels. The distribution units 80 comprise power DC 82 / DC converters (impedance matching device). There is advantageously at least as many distribution units 80 as rail vehicles 7A to 7D in the train, or in two trains if the station 10 concerned is two-way traffic. In order to avoid any risk of electrification, the distribution units 80 are only powered when the train 5 is in the charging position. The automatic control system 14 of the train 5 is adapted to control the supply of the distribution units 80 with electricity, advantageously so that the electrical energy is supplied while the doors are open and is cut off after the closing doors. The distribution units 80 are respectively adapted to limit the charging currents arriving in the tanks 30 of the storage devices 20 and to control the charging of the tanks individually. Each distribution unit 80 is adapted to communicate, preferably by radio waves, with the electronic energy control module 62 of the corresponding storage device 20.

Each distribution unit 80 comprises, for example, a support 84 and a tip 86 mounted on the support (FIG. 3). The tip 86 is for example in the form of an inverted "V", and advantageously located vertically at the level of the railway. In the example shown, the connection member of the storage devices 20 comprises a mobile part 88, forming for example an arm. The connection member 34 comprises a complementary end piece 90 of the end piece 86 of the distribution units 80. The connection member 34 is adapted to be respectively electrically connected to one of the distribution units 80. The arm 88 is movable in translation with respect to the railway vehicle 7A to 7D at the stop in a vertical direction V of the railway vehicle, and movable in rotation relative to the stationary railway vehicle about an axis D1 substantially parallel to a longitudinal direction L of the railway vehicle. The arm 88 is movable between a rest position (on the left in FIG. 3) and a lowered position (on the right in FIG. 3) in which the complementary end-piece 90 is in electrical contact with the end-piece 86 of FIG. corresponding distribution unit 80. According to a variant not shown, the mobile part 88 is integrated in the distribution unit 80 of the station and not to the connection member 34 of the storage device 20 of the railway vehicle. Each distribution unit 80 then comprises a terminal adapted to be respectively electrically connected to one of the storage devices 20, the terminal being movable in translation relative to the rail vehicle 7A to 7D at a standstill in the vertical direction V, and movable in rotation relative to its support 84 about an axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction L. The connection member 34 of the storage device 20 and the corresponding distribution unit 80 are adapted to establish an electrical contact of very low impedance 35 at the tip 86 and the complementary tip 90.

The autopilot system 14 is configured to provide a longitudinal alignment of the train 5 and the distribution units 80 when stopping the train in the station. The autopilot system 14 is further adapted to control the deployment of each arm after stopping the train 5 in station and a withdrawal of each arm before the departure of the train. Typical values adopted for the positioning tolerances of the train 5 with respect to the distribution units 80 are, for example: longitudinally: ± 250 mm, transversely: ± 27 mm, and 10 in height: ± 30 mm. According to a variant shown in FIG. 4, the recharging device 40 does not comprise a single energy reservoir or a single rectifier. Each distribution unit 80 includes a rectifier 76A, 76B, 76C, 76D and a buffer energy reservoir 78A, 78B, 78C, 78D mounted in series with each other.

The energy reservoirs 78A, 78B, 78C, 78D of the distribution units 80 advantageously incorporate flywheels. In this case, it is possible to dispense with 82 DC / DC impedance matching converters. In this configuration, one of the buffer energy reservoirs 78A to 78D is respectively associated with one of the railway vehicles 7A to 7D. The electronic energy control module 62 of each onboard tank 20 is then adapted to directly control the flywheel associated with the railway vehicle in order to control the load of the on-board tank. The operation of the rail transport system 1 will now be described. The train 5 arrives in the station 10. The braking currents are transmitted by the inverters 26 to the storage devices 20. Nevertheless, the tanks 30 of the storage devices 20 specific to each railway vehicle 7A to 7D can be in a state of storage. incomplete charge. Indeed, the storage devices 20 of the motor vehicles 7A, 7B, 7D have supplied electricity to the traction devices 22 respectively, and the storage device 20 of the trailer vehicle 7C has supplied the auxiliary devices 18 of the train 5. automatic control system 14 controls the train 5 so that it stops in the station 10 in the position shown in Figure 1, wherein the connecting members 34 of the storage devices 20 are vis-à-vis the distribution units 80 of the charging device 40, with tolerance.

The automatic piloting system 14 controls the opening of the doors of each rail vehicle 7A to 7D and any landing doors facing each other. The automatic control system 14 controls the power supply of the distribution units 80, the distribution units not being advantageously powered when there is no stationary train in station 10. The autopilot system 14 moves the movable portion 88 of each connection member 34 of the storage devices 20. The end piece 86 of each distribution unit 80 and the complementary end piece 90 of each connection member 34 then make low electrical contact with each other. impedance. If necessary, the movable portion 88 pivots about the axis D1 so as to allow a certain tolerance in the relative position of the rail vehicle 7A to 7D transversely by the support 84 of the distribution unit 80. The refilling of the tanks 30 storage devices 20 then begin. The electronic energy control modules 62 communicate respectively with the 82 DC / DC power converters to individually limit the charging current of each storage device 20.

Each electronic module 62 adapts the charging strategy to the level of charge of the respective reservoir 30 considered individually. When the reservoir 30 is rather empty, the charging current is regulated in order to limit the dissipation in the cables and at the contact between the end-piece 86 and the complementary end-piece 90. As the level of charge increases, a regulation the charging power is implemented. The electricity comes mainly from the buffer energy reservoir 78. The buffer energy reservoir 78 is supplied by the source of electrical energy 72 via the transformer 74 and the rectifier 76. The buffer energy reservoir 78 makes it possible to provide for the occasional calls of energy necessary to charge the trains 5 in station, while ensuring a smoothing over time of the electric power consumed by the charging device 40 from the source of electrical energy 72. At any time, the supervision and protection unit 32 can electrically isolate the tank 30 in case of electrical overload or failure, and provides the energy management device 12 of the train 5 parameters representative of the state of the tank. Before the departure of the train 5, the automatic piloting system 14 removes the mobile part 88 of each connection member 34 from the storage devices 20. The automatic piloting system 14 also activates the closing of the doors of the train 5 and, Advantageously, deactivates the supply of electricity to the distribution units 80.

The train 5 then leaves one of the stations 10 to go to another of the stations 10. The train 5 is then autonomous in electrical energy. The buffer tank 78 of the recharging device 40 then begins to reconstitute its own energy reserve before another train 5 stops in the station 10. In the train 5 which has just departed, the auxiliary devices 18 considered together consume auxiliary electrical energy during movement between the two successive stations. The storage device 20 of the rail vehicle 7C trailer alone provides the auxiliary electric power of all the rail vehicles 7A, 7B, 7C and 7D of the train 5. Each traction device 22 consumes electric traction energy while moving from station 10 to the other station. Each storage device 20 of railway vehicles 7A, 7B, 7D engines alone provides the traction energy to the corresponding traction device 22 during displacement.

The energy management device 12 adapts the mission of the train 5 with a goal of energy optimization. It acts so that the train 5 has the necessary electrical energy to reach the next station 10. For this purpose, the energy management device 12 determines, preferably in real time, the appropriate acceleration and speed profile for the train 5. The energy management device 12 is informed at each instant. by the supervision and protection units 32 of the energy reserves available for the race of the train 5 and the state of the storage devices 20. The energy management device 12 tracks the evolution of the load level and of the electrical performance of each storage device 20. The energy management device 12 is informed by the automatic control system 25 14 of the current position, speed and mission of the train 5. The management device energy 12 estimates energy needs in real time and calculates the evolution of reserves. In a critical case, the energy management device 12 requests the autopilot system 14 to change the course of the train 5 in order to ensure that the train arrives and stops at the scheduled station.

Ream 5 arrives at this other station 10. The process is repeated as described above. Thanks to the characteristics described above, the railway transport system 1 operates without catenary or third rail. The rail transport system 1 is therefore less expensive to construct and simple to implement, especially as regards maintenance.

With the diagnosis of the state of health of the storage devices 20, it is possible to set up a preventive maintenance of the storage devices. The train 5 advantageously incorporates on board the energy capacity necessary to ensure the required performance in any operating condition, without compromising its availability rate. The availability rate of the train 5 is maintained or even improved by redundantly compensating for the possible failure of the storage device 20 of one of the motor vehicles of the train. Since each tank 30 is directly connected to an inverter 26 without voltage converter 10, energy efficiency and reliability are maximized. The size and weight of the storage devices 20 are further limited. Through the use of supercapacitor cells, the storage devices 20 have a lifetime corresponding to a number of charge / discharge cycles greater than one million; and the state of the reservoirs 30 (state of load during operation and aging of the cells for maintenance) is supervised in a simple manner. The connection device shown in FIG. 3 makes it possible to establish a reliable and low energy loss connection between each on-board tank 30 and the recharging device 40. The quantity of energy transferred to each of the tanks 30 of the train 5 is individually adapted. The energy reservoir (s) 78 of the recharging device 40 offers (s) the following advantages: a smoothing of the power consumption of the public network, a significant reduction of the power of connection to the network, and a significant reduction of the power of the substation (transformer and rectifier).

The rail transport system 1 ensures the complete transfer of the energy required for the onboard tanks 30 in a period less than the time associated with the descent of passengers and the rise of new passengers in the train. Since stations 10 are directly connected to the city's electricity grid, the costs of deploying an exclusive high-voltage electrical transport infrastructure are avoided. The rail transport system 1 avoids peaks in energy consumption from the public network and does not disturb this network.

Claims (10)

CLAIMS1.- Railway transport system (1) comprising: - at least one train (5) comprising railway vehicles (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D), each railway vehicle (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D) comprising a storage (20) adapted to store electrical energy, and - a plurality of stations (10) in which the train (5) is adapted to successively stop, at least one (7A) of railway vehicles (7A, 7B , 7C, 7D) being a motor vehicle comprising an on-board traction device (22) adapted to move the railway vehicle (7A) between any two successive stations of said plurality, the traction device (22) consuming electrical traction energy during the displacement, the storage device (20) of the railway vehicle (7A) being adapted to provide alone the electrical traction energy to the traction device (22) during the displacement, and each station (10) comprising a device for recharging (40) the storage devices (20), the recharging device (40) having distribution units (80) adapted to be respectively in electrical contact with the storage devices (20) when the train (5) is stopped in said station (10), and for respectively supplying said electrical energies to the storage devices (20). 2. A railway transport system according to claim 1, wherein the train (5) comprises auxiliary devices (18) capable of producing compressed air or conditioned air, at least one (7C) of railway vehicles (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D) being a towing vehicle without an on-board traction system, the auxiliary devices (18) considered together consume auxiliary electrical energy during the movement between the two successive stations (10), the storage (20) of the trailer vehicle being adapted to provide alone auxiliary electrical energy of all rail vehicles (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D). The rail transport system (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein each storage device (20) comprises at least one storage tank (30) for storing electricity, and a supervision and protection unit (32). ) adapted to: - provide parameters representative of a state of the tank (30), and - electrically isolate the tank (30) in case of electrical overload or failure of the tank (30). 3032921 16 4. A railway transport system (1) according to claim 3, wherein the supervision and protection unit (32) comprises an electronic module (62) for controlling the electrical energy stored in the storage device (20). ), the electronic module (62) being adapted to communicate, preferably by radio waves, with the distribution unit (80) to control the supply of electrical energy to the storage device (20). 5. Railway transport system (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the train (5) comprises an onboard energy management device (12), and a computer network (16). embedded circuit adapted to connect the energy management device (12) to each of the storage devices (20), the energy management device (12) being adapted to receive from each storage device (20) information representative of the electrical energy stored in each storage device (20). 6. Railway transport system (1) according to claim 5, wherein the train (5) comprises an automatic control system (14) adapted to drive the train (5), the energy management device (12). embedded circuit being connected by the computer network (16) to the autopilot system (14) and being adapted: to calculate an energy requirement of the train (5) to reach the second of the two successive stations from parameters provided by the autopilot system (14), and - to send to the autopilot system (14) an order for modifying the steering of the train (5). 7. A rail transport system (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the recharging device (40) comprises a transformer (74), a rectification station (76), and a single storage tank. electricity (78) buffer mounted bypassing each of the distribution units (80), the electricity reservoir (78) having an electricity storage capacity greater than or equal to the sum of the storage capacities of the storage devices (20) of the train (5), and at most equal to twice the sum of the storage capacities of the storage devices (20) of the train (5). 35 The railway transportation system (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein each of the distribution units (80) comprises at least one electric reservoir (78A, 78B, 78C, 78D). buffer, and preferably a single tank of electricity. 9. Railway transport system (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: - each distribution unit (80) comprises a terminal adapted to be respectively electrically connected to one of the storage devices (20), the terminal being movable in translation in a vertical direction (V) relative to the railway vehicle (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D) at a standstill, and movable in rotation with respect to the railway vehicle (7A, 7B , 7C, 7D) at a stop about an axis (D1) substantially parallel to a longitudinal direction (L) of the railway vehicle (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D), or - each storage device (20) comprises a connecting member (34) adapted to be respectively electrically connected to one of the distribution units (80), the connecting member (34) being movable in translation relative to the rail vehicle (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D ) at the stop in the vertical direction (V), and mobile in rotation with respect to the vee rail vehicle (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D) stationary about an axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction (L). 10. A rail transport method comprising the following steps: providing at least one train (5) comprising railway vehicles (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D) comprising a storage device (20) capable of storing an energy electric supply of a plurality of stations (10) in which the train (5) is adapted to stop successively, each station (10) comprising a recharging device (40) of the storage devices (20) each recharging device (40) having energy distribution units (80), - electrically contacting, in each station (10), distribution units (80) respectively with the storage devices (20) when the train (5) is stopped in the station (10), - supplying, in each station (10), electrical energies respectively to the storage devices (20) by the distribution units (80) when the train (5) is stopped in the station (10), - displacement of at one of (7A) railway vehicles (7A, 7B, 7C, 7D) between any two successive stations of said plurality by means of a traction device (22) on board said railway vehicle (7A). , the railway vehicle (7A) being a motor vehicle, - consumption by the traction device (22) of electric traction energy during the displacement, and 5 - supply by the storage device (20), alone, electrical traction energy to the traction device (22).