FR3028600A3 - LOW CONSUMPTION OR POSITIVE ENERGY BUILDING AND METHOD OF CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN THIS BUILDING - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for regulating the temperature and relative humidity of the air in a building, comprising: - heating or cooling the interior of the building by thermal radiation from the ceilings (30) and / or the walls (16) of the building; at least some parts of the building, such ceilings and walls each comprising a closed space (34, 42) filled with air extending over substantially the entire surface of the ceiling or wall and separated from the corresponding room by a panel (36) , 44) capable of transmitting thermal radiation, means (38) for heating or cooling the air of this space and means (40) for circulating air in a closed loop in this space, - extracting the stale air from at least some parts and passing it into spaces (24) delimited between thicknesses of thermally insulating material (18) equipping ceilings, floors (32) and / or at least one north wall (16) of building to reduce heat flow through these pla funds, floors and wall, and then reject the stale air outside the building.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a low-energy or positive-energy building, for example a dwelling or another type of building, an agricultural building or a positive-energy building and method for regulating the temperature and relative humidity in this building. commercial, industrial, office or other, and a method of controlling the temperature and relative humidity in this building. We are currently looking for simple and effective ways to regulate the temperature in buildings by consuming a minimum of non-renewable energy (buildings with low consumption or positive energy) while respecting the regulations in force which imposes a permanent ventilation in the buildings, with an extraction of a stale air flow from certain rooms such as kitchens, bathrooms and toilets, and an introduction of an equal flow of fresh air outside.

The present invention aims to meet this need. To this end, it proposes a method of regulating the temperature and the relative humidity of the air in a building, including a stale air extraction of certain parts of the building and an introduction of fresh air into the building, characterized in that it consists in: - heating or cooling the interior of the building by thermal radiation from ceilings and / or vertical walls of at least some parts of the building, - passing at least a portion of the stale air extracting the building from ceilings and / or floors of at least some of the building's rooms and / or at least one north wall of the building to reduce heat flow through these ceilings, floors and / or wall, and rejecting then the stale air outside the building. Advantageously, the stale air is circulated in the ceilings, the floors and / or in the aforementioned wall between two thicknesses of thermally insulating material, in order to further reduce the thermal losses through these ceilings, these floors and / or this wall. The passage of stale air in the ceilings, floors, in the north wall and possibly in the east and west walls can reduce thermal losses through ceilings, floors and walls by 80 to 90%. therefore to correspondingly reduce the energy consumption for the heating of the building while preserving the comfort of the people who are in the building. It has furthermore been found that the heating of a room by radiating walls and ceilings provides, with an air temperature in the room of 19 ° C., the same feeling of comfort as the heating of the room. ° C by wall radiators of a conventional type. Lowering the air temperature in the rooms significantly reduces the energy consumption for building heating. According to another characteristic of the invention, there is provided, in the ceilings and / or in at least some walls of the building parts, a closed space filled with air extending over substantially the entire surface of the ceiling or wall and separated of the corresponding piece by a high-emissivity material panel, the air of this space is heated or cooled and circulated in this space in a closed loop. For example, it is possible to heat the air in the closed spaces of the ceilings at around 25-35 or 40 ° C during the winter or in cold weather, and to cool it to around 20 ° C during the summer or in hot weather, for heating or cooling respectively of the building parts. In winter, the air inside the rooms is kept at around 19 ° C, for example, and the temperature felt is the average of the ceiling temperature and the air temperature, about 22-26 ° C. . In summer, if the fresh air introduced into the rooms is at about 30 ° C., the temperature felt in the rooms is about 25 ° C. when the temperature of the closed spaces of the walls and ceilings is about 20 ° C. vs. The heating of the air in these closed spaces can be achieved by means of electrical resistances or by means of a coil or a water-air heat exchanger supplied with hot water from the means 30 for producing hot water sanitary building, which are advantageously type solar heating. The cooling of the air in the aforementioned spaces can be achieved by means of the same coil or the same heat exchanger, which is then supplied with cold water.

The invention also proposes to supply water from a sanitary cold water network with a water-air heat exchanger heated by a renewable energy source such as for example that at least one solar collector installed on the roof of the building, to pass the fresh air outside in this heat exchanger to give it a temperature corresponding substantially to that desired in the building, and then introduce fresh air into the building. The invention also provides, if necessary, to heat the outside fresh air in the water-air heat exchanger to a temperature higher than that desired in the building, then to humidify the fresh air to give it a temperature and a predetermined hygrometry and then introduce it into the building, the temperature of the fresh air then being about 19 ° C and its hygrometry of 40 to 55%, for an optimal feeling of comfort in the building.

For example, new air can be humidified by passing this air over water or into a mist of water droplets or through a porous, moist membrane. According to other characteristics of the invention, the method also consists in supplying the heat exchanger with hot water from a heat accumulator heated by a renewable energy source, such as for example that at least one solar collector installed on the roof of the building, and to supply a domestic hot water tank from the heat accumulator. In summer or in hot weather, the process according to the invention consists, alternatively, in supplying the water-air heat exchanger with domestic cold water to cool the fresh air to be introduced into the building. The invention also proposes a low energy or positive energy building, comprising means for extracting stale air from certain parts of the building and means for introducing fresh air into the building, characterized in that it comprises ceilings and / or vertical walls heating low temperature or cooling in at least some parts of the building, and means for passing the exhaust air extracted from the building in the ceilings and / or floors 3028600 4 of at least some parts of the building and / or in at least one north wall of the building, and then reject the stale air outside the building. The stale air passage spaces in the ceilings, floors and walls are preferably formed between two thicknesses of thermally insulating material. Optionally, air heating means are provided at the entrance to the stale air passage spaces, essentially to maintain the temperature of the air above the dew point at the outlet of these spaces.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the heating and cooling ceilings and vertical walls of the building components comprise a closed space filled with air extending over substantially the entire surface of the wall or wall and separated from the corresponding piece by a panel of high emissivity material, means 15 for heating or cooling the air of this space and closed-loop air circulation means in this space. The means for heating or cooling the air in the closed space comprise a coil or a heat exchanger supplied with hot or cold water, and / or electric resistance heating means. According to another characteristic of the invention, a water-air heat exchanger is supplied with water from a sanitary cold water network and outside fresh air and heated by a renewable energy source such as for example that at least one solar collector installed on the roof of the building, and is connected to the means for introducing fresh air into the building, for heating or cooling the fresh air to be introduced into the building. Advantageously, a thermal accumulator heated by a renewable energy source such as for example that at least one solar sensor installed on the roof of the building, supplies the aforementioned exchanger with hot water and is connected to a water storage tank. sanitary hot. The heat accumulator and the water-air heat exchanger are part of a domestic hot water production device and are connected to or integrated with a hot water tank. In a particular embodiment of the invention, at least one photovoltaic sensor and a solar greenhouse sensor are installed on the roof of the building and connected to the heat accumulator and the above-mentioned water-air heat exchanger. for heating sanitary water. The electrical energy produced by the photovoltaic sensor can be used in the building or sold to an electric power distribution network. In general, the invention makes it possible to regulate the temperature and relative humidity of the air inside a building throughout the year and to cover all the thermal losses in the building, consuming a very small amount, if any, of non-renewable energy or producing more energy than is consumed for the regulation of the temperature and relative humidity of the building. the air in the building. The invention will be better understood and other characteristics, details and advantages thereof will appear more clearly on reading the description which follows, given by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of a building according to the invention; FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of part of FIG. 1; - Figure 3 shows an alternative embodiment; FIG. 4 represents a VERON diagram; FIG. 5 represents a sun exposure curve of a solar collector; - Figure 6 schematically shows an alternative embodiment of the exchanger, due to the accumulator and the hot water tank.

FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows a vertical sectional view of a building 10, for example a dwelling or office building, or a commercial, industrial, agricultural or other building, which includes exterior walls 12 and a roof 14, the outer walls comprising a load-bearing wall 16 and a thermal insulation 18 which is located either inside or outside the building with respect to the load-bearing wall 16. The load-bearing walls 16 are made with products such as bricks, blocks, stones, cellular concrete panels, etc. The thermal insulations 18 are formed of panels of thermally insulating material reported on the inner or outer side of the walls 16 and cover all the surfaces of the walls with the exception of openings (windows, doors, ...).

Ceilings 30 and floors 32 of at least some of the building's rooms also include thermal insulation 18 formed of panels of thermally insulating material, which is above ceilings 30 and below floors 32. The building is equipped with known means for extracting stale air from certain rooms such as the kitchen, bathrooms, toilets ("wet" rooms), these means being of the VMC (controlled mechanical ventilation) type which make it possible to extract of these parts an air flow of about 150m3 / h for a living area of the order of 100 to 130m2, according to current regulations, these known means being shown schematically by a fan 20 in the figures. According to the invention, the extracted exhaust air flow 22 is passed through spaces 24 formed in the thermal insulation 18 of the ceilings and floors of at least some rooms and preferably at least the wall 12 of the building which is north-facing, the "north" wall being, on the one hand, the one which is the coldest in winter and, on the other hand, the one which generally comprises the least openings. Each space 24 is preferably formed substantially in the middle of the thickness of the thermal insulation and extends over substantially the entire surface of the thermal insulation. For example, the spaces 24 have a thickness of the order of 3 cm and are between two thicknesses of about 5 cm of insulating material. They open out of the building, for example through outlets 26 such as that located in the lower part or upper wall 12. The rate of passage of stale air in the spaces 24 is typically of the order of 0.1 to 1m / s, preferably 0.5 to 0.7m / s. A heating element 28, for example electrical resistance, can be mounted at the entrance of each space 24, to avoid condensation of water in this space in very cold weather, as will be explained in more detail in the following . Extracted exhaust air passage spaces 24 may be formed in thermal insulations 18 of other walls of the building, particularly in the east and west facing walls, the south wall being the hottest and comprising in general the more openings, the total flow of exhaust air being then shared between the aforementioned spaces ceilings, floors and different walls, possibly depending on the temperatures of the walls. The invention also proposes that at least some walls and walls or vertical walls of the building parts be low temperature heating or cooling and radiate heat inward or absorb heat from within the rooms for their use. heating or cooling. The ceiling 30 of each room to be heated comprises on its upper face a thermal insulation 18 formed with a stale air passage 24, and in the lower part a closed space 34 which is separated from the room to be heated or cooled by a panel 36 in material with high emissivity, such as a plasterboard material plate, the space 34 extending over the entire surface of the ceiling and having a thickness of a few centimeters. In particular, the space 34 may be formed by a false ceiling of a conventional type which is fixed on the ceiling 30 and in which electric cables and ventilation ducts may be accommodated, the panel 36 may also be equipped with integrated lighting elements. A heating element 38, for example electrical resistance, is mounted in the space 34, as well as a means 40 for circulating the air contained in this space, such as for example a tangential fan with quiet operation and low power consumption. . The heating of the air in the closed space 34 at a temperature of the order of 25 to 35 or 40 ° C and its circulation in a closed loop in this space 3028600 8 allow to heat the room by thermal radiation of the panel 36 by consuming very little electrical energy. In a variant, the element 38 is a coil for the passage of hot water or cold water supplied by the sanitary water network of the building, or a component of a water-air heat exchanger supplied with water by this system. network. This element can also be installed outside the closed space 34 and connect it to this space by air circulation ducts. At least some of the vertical walls delimiting the room may be equipped as the ceiling 30 for heating or radiant cooling. As can be seen better in FIG. 2, a wall 16 of a part may comprise on its inner face a closed space 42 which is separated from the room by a panel 44 made of a material with a high emissivity such as a plate of base material. plaster, the space 42 extending over the entire surface of the wall 16 with the exception of the openings provided in the wall, and having a thickness of a few centimeters. A heating means 46, for example electrical resistance, and / or cooling of the type described above, is mounted in the space 42, and a means 48 for the circulation of air such as a tangential fan for example.

In cold weather, the heat radiation of the ceiling 30 and the walls 16 provides a good feeling of comfort in the room, without the need to heat the room air above about 19 ° C. The building according to the invention may also comprise means for regulating the temperature and hygrometry of the fresh air which is introduced into the building in replacement of the extracted exhaust air. In the embodiment of Figure 1, these means comprise a water-air heat exchanger 50, a heat accumulator 52 and a domestic hot water tank 54 of a volume of 2001 for example. The heat accumulator is a water tank of a volume of 50 to 100 liters for example, connected to the heat exchanger 50 and to the tank 54. A sanitary cold water distribution network 56 is connected by a solenoid valve 58 at the exchanger 50 and the accumulator 52. A fresh air inlet 60 is connected by a fan 62 to an air inlet of the exchanger 3028600 9 50, the air outlet 64 of which is connected by means 66 and the humidifying means 68 to means 70 for distributing the fresh air in the rooms of the building 10. The water of the exchanger 50 and that of the accumulator 52 are heated by solar collectors installed on the roof 14 of the building and comprising for example a photovoltaic panel 72 and a greenhouse solar panel 74, the photovoltaic panel 72 producing electrical energy that can be used in the building or sold to a distribution network. The panels 72 and 74 are equipped with cooling circuits 76, 78 in which circulates a suitable coolant such as brine, for example, and which are connected to the exchanger 50 and to the accumulator 52 via a cooling circuit. switching 80 controlled by the sunshine curve of the panels shown in FIG. 5. This curve corresponds to the variation of the thermal energy E 15 captured by the panels 72 and 74 during a day, this energy depending on the orientation Signs. When it has a maximum value for example in the middle of the day, which corresponds to a maximum temperature of the coolant, it is transmitted to the accumulator 52. When the energy collected is lower, which corresponds to a lower temperature. If the heat transfer fluid is high, it is transmitted to the heat exchanger 50. A photovoltaic panel 72 having a surface area of one square meter and exposed to a maximum of about 1kW of light produces about 200W of electrical power and about 500W of thermal power. more than 80% can be recovered by means of a suitable coolant. A greenhouse panel 74 with a surface area of one square meter exposed to a maximum of about 1kW of sunlight produces about 700W of thermal power from which more than 80% can be recovered by means of a suitable heat transfer fluid.

The operation is as follows: In winter or in cold weather, the sanitary cold water from the network 56 is sent by the valve 58 into the heat accumulator 52 where it is heated to a temperature of the order of 40 to 60 ° C. by the thermal energy captured by the panels 72 and 74. Part of the water of the accumulator 52 is sent by a pump 82 into the exchanger 50 for heating the fresh air captured at the 60 outside and then returns to the accumulator 52 which supplies the hot water cylinder 54, the latter 5 being equipped preferably with an additional heating electric resistance to meet the needs in the event of significant sampling of hot water, the temperature of the water in the balloon 54 being for example between 60 and 65 ° C. Fresh air introduced at 70 in the rooms of the building is at a temperature of about 19-20 ° C and has a humidity of between 30 and 55%. Its temperature is regulated by the admission of hot water into the exchanger 50, the pump 82 being able to work in all or nothing. If necessary, the temperature of the fresh air can be increased by the heating means 66 and its hygrometry can be increased by means of the humidifier 68, this humidification of the air resulting in its cooling as is apparent from the diagram of FIG. VERON of Figure 4. The exhaust air is extracted at a temperature of about 19 ° C and circulates in the spaces 24 for a reduction of about 80 to 90% of the heat losses through the ceilings, the floors and the or the walls. The heating means 28 makes it possible, if necessary, to maintain its outlet temperature above the dew point (which is, for example, 7 ° C. in the case of stale air taken at 19 ° C. with a relative humidity of 45%. approximately, as shown in Figure 4). For an outside temperature of -5 ° C., the temperature of the outer face of the load-bearing wall 16 is about 17 ° C. and that of its inner face is close to 19 ° C., the thermal flows through the wall 16, and thus the thermal losses through this wall in very cold weather, are reduced by 80 to 90%, which results in a reduction of total energy consumption for heating of about 16 to 20% in a building of the low consumption type. It can also be seen that without the space 24 for the passage of polluted air situated in the middle of the thermal insulation 18, the temperature of the external face of the wall 16 would be much lower and the thermal losses through the wall 3028600 11 16 would be much larger. Heating the room is provided mainly by the radiating ceiling 30, 34, 36 through the hot air circulating in the closed space 34 at a temperature between 25 and 35 or 40 ° C.

If the temperature of the air in the space 42 extending inside the wall 16 is greater than about 19 ° C., this space 42 radiates heat towards the interior of the room and participates in the heating of the room. it. Thanks to the radiating ceiling, it suffices that one maintains a temperature in the room of about 19 ° C to feel a good feeling of comfort, comparable to that which one would obtain with a temperature of at least 23 ° C. in the room with a classic heating system with wall heaters. The set of means diagrammatically shown in FIG. 1 makes it possible to ensure the heating of the building in cold weather and the production of domestic hot water in sufficient quantity with a non-renewable energy consumption that is zero or almost zero. With a solar panel area of no more than 12m2, the building produces more energy than it consumes and is of the "positive" type (BEPOS or positive energy building).

In summer or in hot weather, the fresh air introduced into the building in compensation for the extracted exhaust air flow may have a temperature above 25 ° C and a low hygrometry less than 30%. This fresh air can be cooled in the exchanger 50 when the latter is fed by the solenoid valve 58 in cold sanitary water at a temperature of about 18-20 ° C. Fresh air can thus be introduced into the building at a temperature below 25 ° C and with a hygrometry higher than 35%. If necessary, the humidifier 68 can lower the temperature of the fresh air and increase its hygrometry. The preheated water leaving the exchanger 50 is fed into the heat accumulator 52 to be heated to a temperature between 40 and 60 ° C and is then fed into the domestic hot water tank 54 where it is stored. a temperature of about 60 to 65 ° C.

3028600 12 Advantageously, presence or intrusion sensors can be used to control the ceilings and radiating walls, because of their short response time, and to reduce or increase the exhaust air flow extracted according to the number of people present in the 5 different rooms of the building. In the embodiment of Figure 3, the thermal insulation 18 is placed on the inner face of the support wall 16 of the north wall and has a space 24 for the passage of stale air in the middle, this passage opening into 26 outside the building. A closed space 42 is formed by a panel 44 of sheeting material, for example on the insulation 18, inside the room. Heating and cooling means 46 and a fan 48 are mounted in the space 42. In general, the configuration is that of FIG. 2 and differs only in the arrangement of the insulation 18 between the load-bearing wall The operation and advantages are those already described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. In the variant embodiment of FIG. storage of domestic hot water are integrated in the same balloon 86 with three stages, the exchanger 50 being at the bottom, the accumulator 52 in the middle and the balloon 54 at the top. The fresh air introduction circuit is shown schematically at 88 and comprises a coil housed in the exchanger 50. The heat transfer fluid circuits 76, 78 connected to the solar panels 72, 74 comprise coils housed in the exchanger stage 50 and in the accumulator stage 52, the coolant 25 flowing in the coil of the exchanger stage 50 when its temperature is between 20 and 40 ° C for example, and in the coil of the accumulator stage 52 when its temperature is included between 40 and 60 ° C for example. An auxiliary heater 90 is mounted in the storage stage 54.

Alternatively, other types of solar collectors or other heat sources (eg geothermal or heat recovery or possibly a heat pump) may be used to heat the water of the stages 50, 52, 54.

In the foregoing description, provision is made to treat fresh air introduced into the building to warm it to about 19 ° C. in cold weather and to cool it in hot weather. However, it is possible to introduce fresh air into the building without changing its temperature or by heating it to a temperature below 19 ° C in cold weather, when the ceilings and the walls or vertical walls of the rooms radiate sufficiently. thermal energy, the air of the closed spaces of the ceilings, walls or vertical walls of the rooms being heated to 30-40 ° C for example, the mode of operation chosen being the one that consumes the least non-renewable energy. When the building comprises more than one floor (residential or office or other), it is generally not necessary to pass the exhaust air extracted from the building in the ceilings of the lower floors and just do it pass through the ceilings of the highest floor. It is also sufficient to pass the extracted stale air into the floors of the lower level of the building.

Claims (15)

REVENDICATIONS1. A method for regulating the temperature and relative humidity of the air in a building, comprising extracting stale air from certain parts of the building and introducing outside air into the building, characterized in that consists of: - heating or cooling the interior of the building by thermal radiation from the ceilings (30) and / or the walls (16) or vertical walls of at least some parts of the building, - passing the stale air extracted from the building in ceilings (30) and / or floors (32) of at least some rooms and / or in at least one north wall (18) of the building to reduce heat flow through ceilings, floors and / or wall, and then reject the stale air outside the building. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists in providing, in the ceilings (30) and in at least some of the walls (16) or vertical walls of the building parts, a closed space (34, 42 ) filled with air extending over substantially the entire surface of the ceiling, wall or wall and separated from the corresponding room by a panel (36, 44) of high emissivity material, heating or cooling the air this space and circulate it in this closed loop space. 3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it consists in supplying water from a sanitary cold water network (56) a water-air heat exchanger (50) heated by a source of water. renewable energy such as for example that at least one solar collector (72, 74) installed on the roof of the building, to pass the fresh air outside in this heat exchanger (50) to give it a temperature corresponding substantially to that desired in the building, and then introduce fresh air into the building. 4. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that it consists in supplying hot water heat exchanger (50) from a heat accumulator (52) heated by a renewable energy source 3028600 15 such by for example, at least one solar collector (72, 74) installed on the roof of the building, and supplying a tank (54) with domestic hot water from the heat accumulator (52). 5. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it consists in circulating the stale air in the ceilings, the floors and / or the aforementioned wall between two thicknesses of thermally insulating material (18) . 6. Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it consists in maintaining above the dew point the temperature of the exhaust air at the outlet of the spaces (24) above. 10 7. Method according to one of claims 3 to 6, characterized in that it consists in heating the outside fresh air in the water-air heat exchanger (50) to a temperature higher than that desired in the building, then to humidify the fresh air to give it a predetermined temperature and hygrometry and then introduce it into the building. 15 8. A method according to all of claims 2 and 3, characterized in that it consists of summer or in hot weather to cool the interior of the building by cooling the air of closed spaces (34, 42) ceilings and / or vertical walls of the rooms or supplying the water-air heat exchanger (50) with sanitary cold water to cool the fresh air to introduce into the building. 9. Low energy or positive energy building, comprising means for extracting stale air from certain parts of the building and means for introducing fresh air into the building, characterized in that it comprises ceilings ( 30) and / or walls (16) or vertical walls heating or cooling in at least some rooms of the building, and means (20) for passing the stale air extracted from the building into the ceilings (30) and / or the floors (32) of at least some rooms of the building and / or in at least one north wall (16) of the building, and then rejecting the stale air outside the building. 30 10. Building according to claim 9, characterized in that means (28) for heating air are provided at the entrance to the spaces (24) of stale air passage in the ceilings, floors and / or walls supra. 11. Building according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the 3028600 16 ceilings (30) and / or at least some of the walls (16) or vertical walls of the building parts comprise a closed space (42) filled with air extending over substantially the entire surface of the ceiling or wall and separated from the corresponding part by a panel (36, 44) of high emissivity material, means (38, 46) for heating or cooling the air of this space and means (40, 48) air circulation closed loop in this space. 12. Building according to claim 11, characterized in that the means (38, 46) for heating or cooling the air comprise a coil or a heat exchanger supplied with hot or cold water and / or heating means. with electrical resistance. 13. Building according to one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that it comprises a water-air heat exchanger (50) supplied with water from a sanitary cold water network (56) and air nine outside and 15 heated by a renewable energy source such as for example that at least one solar collector 72, 74) installed on the roof of the building, the heat exchanger (50) being connected to the means (60, 62). introduction of fresh air into the building. Building according to Claim 13, characterized in that a heat accumulator (52) heated by a renewable energy source such as for example that at least one solar collector (72, 74) installed on the roof of the building, supplies the aforementioned exchanger (50) with hot water and is connected to a hot water storage tank (54). 15. Building according to claim 14, characterized in that the heat accumulator (52) and the water-air heat exchanger (50) are integrated in the tank (54) for storing hot water.