FR3077119A1 - METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PREDICTIVE DETERMINATION OF A THERMAL COMFORT INDICATOR OF A LOCAL - Google Patents

Abstract

This method of predictive determination of a thermal comfort indicator (t0; ta? Tpr) of a room, for any predictive values of the air temperature inside the room (Tair in pred) and of the air temperature outside the room (Tair out pred), comprises steps in which: - at least one parameter (HLC, Heff, U) of a descriptive thermal model of the room is determined experimentally by adjustment between the thermal model and measurements made in situ in the room, where the measurements include measurements of the air temperature inside the room and measurements of at least one additional temperature inside the room. local, or thermal flow through the walls of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator (tO; tt? tpr); one calculates one or more predictive comfort temperatures intervening for the determination of the thermal comfort indicator (tO; tt; tpr), for said any predictive values of the temperature of the air inside the room ( Tair in pred) and the air temperature outside the room (Tair out pred).

Description

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PREDICTIVE DETERMINATION OF A THERMAL COMFORT INDICATOR OF A PREMISES

The present invention relates to a method and a device for predictive determination of a thermal comfort indicator of a room, for predictive values of conditions of the room, in particular for any predictive values of the air temperature at inside the room and the air temperature outside the room.

It is a predictive evaluation of the thermal comfort of the room because, with the present invention, the thermal comfort indicator can be determined for any air temperature inside the room and any air temperature. outside the premises, that is to say whatever the conditions of occupation of the premises and the external climatic conditions.

The invention aims in particular to establish a predictive map of thermal comfort in a room, by determining one or more indicators of thermal comfort, at one or more positions in the room, for any values of the air temperature at l inside the room and the air temperature outside the room.

The invention can be applied to predict thermal comfort in any type of premises, in particular in a building or in a vehicle. For the purposes of the invention, the term local means any space delimited by an envelope, more particularly a living space. It may be a fixed living space, such as a detached house or a building, in particular for residential or tertiary use, or a part of such a building, for example an apartment in a building with many floors. It can also be a transportable habitat space, such as a cabin in a vehicle, in particular in a car, a truck, a train, a ship, a submarine, an airplane, a spaceship. .

In a room, an occupant who feels that their thermal environment is too hot or too cold, even locally in a specific place in the room, will improve their thermal comfort by activating an air conditioning or heating device. This tends to generate overconsumption of energy. In some cases, it is not possible to quickly restore a comfortable thermal environment in a room, which can also lead to significant energy over-consumption, which poses risks to the health of the occupants. It is therefore important to predictively assess the level of thermal comfort in a room to identify possible problems, depending on the conditions of use of the room and outdoor climatic conditions, and if necessary carry out work. improvement of the thermal insulation of the room.

To assess the level of thermal comfort in a building, there are several indicators defined in international standards, among which we can cite as non-limiting examples:

- the operating temperature t ₀ (or perceived comfort temperature), which is defined in standard ISO 7726;

- the vertical difference in air temperature Δΐ _{α ν} , which is defined in standard ISO 7730;

- the radiation temperature asymmetry At _pr , vertical or horizontal, which is defined in standard ISO 7730.

To predictively access these indicators of thermal comfort, it is necessary to know, here also in a predictive manner, several physical quantities of the building, in particular the air temperature at different points inside the building and the temperature surface area of the walls inside the building (walls, glazing, floors, ceilings, etc.).

Currently available methods do not allow simple and fast prediction of air and surface temperatures inside a building regardless of the building occupancy conditions and outdoor weather conditions.

For example, a first known method consists in simulating the thermal behavior of the building using a digital model of the building and several approximations. This makes it possible to predict the values of air and surface temperatures inside the building for different conditions inside and outside the building, which are then used to calculate the thermal comfort indicators defined by the standards. This first method, which is used in particular by thermal design offices when designing buildings, requires time, thermal skills and computer resources. In addition, this method is based on a calculation dependent on the materials entered in the numerical model. However, in the case of new housing upon receipt, it is possible that the construction actually completed does not respect the assumptions made during the design phase. In the case of old dwellings where there is no knowledge of the materials making up the envelope, it is difficult to precisely define a model of the building. In addition, this method does not make it possible to predict the stratification of the air and therefore the indicator of vertical difference of the air temperature Δΐ _αν . For that, it is necessary to make numerical simulations of fluids (Computational Fluid Dynamics, or CFD), which are costly in time and are not precise.

In a second known method, the air and surface temperatures inside the building are measured directly using temperature sensors distributed throughout the building. The measurements are carried out over a sufficiently long time, in particular greater than a year, and the level of future thermal comfort of the building is then estimated by assuming that the same discomfort zones return each year. The implementation of this second method is long, since the measurements must be carried out over at least one year. In addition, this method provides approximate results and does not make it possible to assess comfort during unusual climatic episodes such as heat waves or episodes of extreme cold.

It is to these drawbacks that the invention more particularly intends to remedy by proposing a method and a device making it possible to predictively predict an indicator of thermal comfort of a room in a simple and rapid manner, with moderate cost and precision. reasonable, whatever the conditions of occupation of the premises and the climatic conditions outside the premises.

To this end, the subject of the invention is a method of predictive determination of an indicator of thermal comfort of a room, for any predictive values of the temperature of the air inside the room and of the temperature of the air outside the room, characterized in that it comprises stages in which:

- at least one parameter of a descriptive thermal model of the room is determined experimentally, by adjustment between the thermal model and measurements made in situ in the room, where the measurements include measurements of the temperature of the air inside of the room and measurements either of at least one additional temperature inside the room, or of the heat flux through the walls of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator;

- one or more predictive comfort temperatures used to determine the thermal comfort indicator are calculated, for said arbitrary predictive values of the air temperature inside the room and the air temperature at l outside the room.

The invention is based on the experimental determination of at least one parameter of a descriptive thermal model of the room, by adjustment between the thermal model and measurements carried out in situ in the room, then the use of this or these parameters to calculate predictive comfort temperatures, for said arbitrary predictive values of the air temperature inside the room and the air temperature outside the room, making it possible to access the predictive value of the thermal comfort indicator.

In practice, examples of parameters of thermal models descriptive of the room capable of being determined within the framework of the invention include, without limitation:

- the heat loss coefficient H LC of the room (in W.K ' ¹ );

- an effective transmission coefficient H _eff (in W.K ' ¹ ), which is determined at one or more points inside the room chosen to correspond to the thermal comfort indicator; for example, when the thermal comfort indicator is the operating temperature t ₀ at a point inside the room, the value of the effective transmission coefficient H _eff can be determined at this point from measurements of the mean radiant temperature inside the room at this point using a black globe temperature sensor or, alternatively, it is possible to determine the values of the effective transmission coefficient of the various construction elements of the walls of the room seen at this point at from measurements of the interior surface temperatures of these building elements; according to another example, when the thermal comfort indicator is the vertical difference in the air temperature Δΐ _αν , the values of the effective transmission coefficient H _eff can be determined at two points located respectively at 0.10 m and 1 , 70 m along a vertical of the room, from measurements of the air temperature inside the room at these two points; in general, an effective transmission coefficient can be defined at each point in space and / or for each type of temperature measurement (surface temperature, air temperature, mean radiant temperature) as the inverse of the thermal resistance between this point and the outside temperature node, this coefficient then being estimated by inverting the model or identifying the parameters of a descriptive thermal model of the room and experimental measurements carried out in the room;

- the thermal transmission coefficient U (in W.m ' ² .K' ¹ ), which is determined for each element of construction of the walls of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator; for example, when the thermal comfort indicator is the operating temperature t ₀ at a point inside the room, the thermal transmission coefficient U can be determined for each element of construction of the walls of the room seen at this point, in particular from measurements of the heat flow through these building elements or the surface temperature of these building elements; according to another example, when the thermal comfort indicator is the asymmetry of vertical radiation temperature At _prv , it is possible to determine the thermal transmission coefficient U for each element of construction of the horizontal walls of the room opposite, in particular at from measurements of the heat flux through these building elements or the surface temperature of these building elements.

Other parameters of thermal models can also be determined within the framework of the invention, such as a solar factor in the case where the thermal model of the room takes into account the contribution of solar radiation to the heating of the room.

In the context of the invention, for a room wall, there are different elements of construction of the wall when the wall is formed of several elements having significantly different thermal insulation properties. Thus, for example, for a wall of the room formed by a wall provided with a glazing, the wall comprises two construction elements which are, respectively, the wall and the glazing. Parameters such as the effective transmission coefficient H _eff or the thermal transmission coefficient U are then determined for each construction element of the wall.

According to one aspect of the invention, the parameter or parameters of the thermal model are determined using the transient variations of the temperature inside the room when the room is subjected to controlled internal stresses and in a measured external environment. The quantitative analysis of the temperature variation inside the room and / or the thermal flux through the walls of the room then makes it possible to quantitatively determine the parameter (s) of the thermal model over a short period, extending in particular over a few hours, by limiting the influence of parameters likely to modify the dynamic behavior of the room. In particular, the brevity of the measurements makes it possible to overcome the influence of the conditions of use of the premises and the variations in the climatic conditions outside.

In a particular embodiment, the method according to the invention comprises steps in which:

- over at least two successive periods of time D _k corresponding to different heating powers P _k applied inside the room, a campaign of air temperature measurements is carried out inside the room and d '' at least one temperature inside the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator at close time intervals, as well as the determination of the air temperature outside the room at close time intervals;

- the value of the HLC heat loss coefficient of the room is determined, by adjustment between:

on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the air temperature inside the room as a function of the heating power applied in the room and the air temperature outside the room , and on the other hand, the measured evolution of the air temperature inside the room as a function of time;

- the value of an effective transmission coefficient H _{eff is determined} at each temperature measurement point inside the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator, by adjusting between:

on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature inside the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator as a function of the heating power applied in the room and the air temperature at l outside the room, and secondly, the measured change in temperature inside the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator as a function of time;

- the predicted comfort temperature (s) T _{confortpred used} for determining the thermal comfort indicator is calculated, from the previously determined values of the heat loss coefficient HLC of the room and the effective transmission coefficient H _eff , for said values any predictors of the air temperature inside the room T _airinpred and the air temperature outside the room Tair out pred> according to the relation.

HLC Tconfort pred ~ T _a i _{r or} t pred + 77

In this embodiment, as examples:

- when the thermal comfort indicator is the operating temperature t ₀ at a point inside the room, the value of the effective transmission coefficient H _eff can be determined at this point from measurements of the time evolution of the mean radiant temperature inside the Tradinkconf room ^{at this} point and / or ^we can determine the value of the effective transmission coefficient for each element of construction of the walls of the room seen at this point from measurements of the time evolution of the surface temperature inside the room T _surfinkconf of the building element;

- when the thermal comfort indicator is the vertical difference in air temperature Δΐ _αν along a vertical of the room, the values of the effective transmission coefficient H _eff can be determined at two points of different heights along this vertical at l 'interior of the room from measurements of the time evolution of the air temperature inside the room T _air tnkconf ^{at these} two points;

- when the thermal comfort indicator is the asymmetry of radiation temperature At _pr vertical, respectively horizontal, it is possible to determine the value of the effective transmission coefficient H _eff of each construction element of the horizontal walls of the room opposite, respectively of the vertical walls of the room opposite, from measurements of the temporal evolution of the surface temperature inside the room Tsurf in k conf of each of these walls.

In another embodiment, the method according to the invention comprises steps in which:

- the thermal transmission coefficient U of each wall of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator is determined experimentally, by adjustment between a thermal model and measurements carried out in situ in the room, where the measurements include measurements of the temperature of the air inside the room and measures either the heat flux through the wall or the surface temperature of the wall inside the room;

- a predictive surface temperature T _surfpred of each wall of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator is calculated, for said any predictive values of the air temperature inside the room T _airinpred and of the temperature of l air outside the room ^ air out predt according to the relationship.

_U_ ₍ _.

Tsurf pred ~ T _a i _r i _{n pred} ~ ~ {Tair in pred ~ T _a i _{r or} t pred) • Hn with h _in the convective exchange coefficient of the air inside the room.

In this embodiment, as examples:

- when the thermal comfort indicator is the operating temperature t ₀ at a point inside the room, we can determine the value of the thermal transmission coefficient U of each building element of the walls of the room seen at this point, from measurements of the heat flux through these building elements or the surface temperature of these building elements;

- when the thermal comfort indicator is the asymmetry of radiation temperature At _pr vertical, respectively horizontal, one can determine the value of the coefficient of thermal transmission U of each element of construction of the horizontal walls, respectively vertical, of the screw room -vis, from measurements of the heat flux through these building elements or the surface temperature of these building elements.

According to a first variant, to experimentally determine the coefficient of thermal transmission U of each wall of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator, the following steps are carried out:

- over at least two successive periods of time D _k corresponding to different heating powers P _k applied in the room, a campaign of measurements of the air temperature inside the room T _airink and of the flow is carried out thermal through the wall q _k at close time intervals, as well as at determining the temperature of the air outside the room T _airoutk at close time intervals;

- the value of the heat transfer coefficient U of the wall is determined by adjustment between:

on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature of the air inside the room as a function of the heat flow through the wall and the temperature of the air outside the room, and on the other hand, the measured evolution of the temperature of the air inside the room T _airink or of the heat flow through the wall q _k as a function of time.

According to a second variant, to experimentally determine the coefficient of thermal transmission U of each wall of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator, the following steps are carried out:

- over at least two successive periods of time D _k corresponding to different heating powers P _k applied in the room, a campaign is carried out to measure the air temperature inside the room T _airink and the wall surface temperature inside room T _on f _ink at close time intervals, as well as the determination of the air temperature outside room T _airoutk at close time intervals;

- the value of the quantity U / h _{in is determined} , where h _in is the convective exchange coefficient of the air in the room in the vicinity of the wall, by adjustment between:

on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the air temperature inside the room as a function of the surface temperature of the wall inside the room and the air temperature at outside the room, and secondly, the measured change in the air temperature inside the room T _airink or the surface temperature of the wall inside the room T _on f _ink as a function of time.

We thus access the value of the quantity U / h _in , and we deduce the value of the heat transfer coefficient U of the wall from a standard and listed value of the convective air exchange coefficient h _in for the type of wall considered. For example, for a vertical building wall, a standard value of the convective air exchange coefficient h _in is 8 ± 2 W.m ' ² .K' ¹ .

In the context of the invention, the space heating power is understood to mean any operating condition generating a variation of the temperature inside the room, for given temperature conditions outside the room. It is understood that the heating power can be positive, zero or negative. A positive heating power corresponds to a heat supply in the room, which can be obtained using a heater. A negative heating power corresponds to a supply of cold in the room, which can be obtained using an air conditioning unit. In the case of zero or substantially zero heating power applied in the room, the variation of the temperature in the room can result from an imbalance between the initial temperatures of the air inside the room and at outside the room. For the sake of simplicity, within the framework of this description, the terms heating or heating can designate as much a contribution of heat as a contribution of cold.

The time periods D _k can be either disjoint or immediately successive to each other. In the latter case, it can be considered that the process is carried out as a whole over a continuous period of time, formed by the succession of the time periods D _k .

According to an advantageous embodiment, the in situ measurements of the method according to the invention are implemented over two successive periods of time D _± and D ₂ corresponding to two setpoints of distinct heating powers P _r and P ₂ applied in the room.

According to one aspect of the invention, the first heating power P _± applied over the first time period D _± and the second heating power P ₂ applied over the second time period D ₂ have values that are distant from one of l 'other.

In a particular embodiment, the first heating power P _r applied over the first time period D _± is strictly positive or strictly negative, so as to reach an air temperature inside the room which is strictly higher or strictly lower than the temperature of the air outside the room, then the second heating power P ₂ applied over the second time period D ₂ is zero or substantially zero, so as to obtain a free evolution of the room resulting from the imbalance between the air temperature inside the room and the air temperature outside the room.

Preferably, in order to limit the time for implementing the process, while reducing the uncontrolled contributions resulting, for example, from the use of the premises or from climatic conditions, the in situ measurements of the process according to the invention are implemented. artwork :

- while the room is unoccupied; and or

- over time periods D _k for which the solar radiation is weak, preferably zero.

In the context of the invention, the thermal model used can be of any type known to those skilled in the art.

In the context of the invention, a parametric adjustment is made between a descriptive thermal model of the room and measurements carried out in situ in the room. The steps of the method according to the invention, in particular for the adjustment between the thermal model and the in situ measurements, can be implemented using an appropriate calculation unit. It may in particular be a computer terminal, for example a laptop or not, a tablet, a smart phone (smartphone in English), comprising an acquisition module for acquiring the measurements required by the method and a module for processing to execute all or part of the process calculation steps from the acquired measurements.

The thermal model used can be of any type known to those skilled in the art.

According to one aspect of the invention, the thermal model used is a parametric identification model (or system identification model), such as the models described in the book Time Sériés Analysis by Henrik Madsen, Chapman & Hall, 2008 (ISBN-13: 978-1420059670 0).

In particular, the thermal model used can be an autoregressive model, in particular an ARX model (Auto Regressive model with eXternal inputs). As a variant, other autoregressive models can be used such as for example ARMAX or ARMA models.

In known manner, an ARX model is an autoregressive model defining an output y (t) as a function of one or more inputs u (t), v (t) and a random modeling residue characterized by a white noise of zero mean e (t), t designating the sampling instant considered. The ARX model is written:

(1 + ï4 (p ^_1 )) yk = B (p ^_1 ) ufe + DÇp- ^ Vk + e _k with:

+ A (p ~ ^x ) = 1 + a ± p ^_1 + —I- anp ~ ⁿ B (p ^_1 ) = M ^-1 + —I- bnp ~ ⁿ D (p ^_1 ) = d1p ^_1 + —I- d _n p ~ ⁿ and:

P ~ ¹ u _k = u _k _ ₁ = V _k _!

p ^_1 is called delay operator and takes into account the past states influencing the system at the present time, n is the order of the ARX model. Concerning the choice of the order n of the ARX model, the value of n must be high enough to take into account the inertia of the system, but low enough to avoid over-configuration of the model.

According to an advantageous characteristic, the order n of the ARX model is selected iteratively, by incrementation, starting from η = 1 and until there is no autocorrelation or cross correlation between the residue modeling e of the ARX model and the evolutions of in situ measurements as a function of time, determined over time periods D _k , corresponding to the model.

The steps for identifying a model are known per se and are therefore not detailed further here. The coefficients to be identified by parametric adjustment (or fitting) of the ARX model on the evolution of in situ measurements are the coefficients a _h b _it = n, to which the desired parameter of the thermal model is linked.

According to another aspect of the invention, the thermal model used is an R-C model with an adapted number of resistances and capacities. Preferably, the thermal model is a simple R-C model with resistance and capacity. As a variant, the thermal model can be a more complex RC model than the simple RC model, of the mRnC type with m and n two integers, such as a so-called 2R2C model with two resistances and two capacities, or even a so-called 3R2C model with three resistors and two capacities.

In particular, in the context of the invention, a simple RC model can be used to describe a room, with two nodes of homogeneous temperature, one inside the room and the other outside the room, which are separated by a resistance representing the overall heat loss coefficient HLC of the room and describing the loss by transmission and infiltration through the envelope of the room. The temperature node inside the room is connected to a capacitor which represents the thermal mass or effective thermal capacity C of the room. The power injected into the room is compensated by the heat loss through the envelope and the heat stored in the structure of the envelope, which is described by the equation:

p - jj jr (T —T '„dT _a irink l - (' airink ¹ air yes k J ^u dt where P is the total power injected into the room, T _airink and T _airoutk are respectively the temperature of the air at inside the room and the air temperature outside the room, HLC is the overall heat loss coefficient of the room and C is the effective thermal capacity of the room.

It is assumed that the temperature response of the room is a simple decreasing exponential and that its time constant is the product of the global heat loss coefficient HLC of the room and the effective thermal capacity C of the room. In reality, the local response is more complex and is the superposition of a large number of decreasing exponentials, but it has been validated experimentally only by adapting the conditions of the test, in particular the duration of the test and the value of the heating power applied in the room, only the largest time constant plays a role and the model described above is valid.

By applying two powers P _± and P ₂ of space heating of different values over two time periods D _± and D ₂ , it is then possible to determine the overall heat loss coefficient HLC of the room according to

the equation: Cli P? CLyP't hlc_ ^xzz

where (a _fc ) fc ₌ i _0U 2 ^is Ιθ slope of the tangent to the evolution Tairink (t) of the air temperature inside the room as a function of time, over a time interval at inside the period Dk for which the measured change Tairink (t) is substantially linear, and (A7 ^, km) _{k = lou2} is the difference between the average temperature of the air inside the room and the average temperature of the air outside the room over the time interval

At _k .

By analogy, it is possible to determine the thermal transmittance coefficient U of a partition wall between the inside and the outside of the room according to the formula:

y _ ^α 1? 2 - ^α 2? 1 where (a _fc ) fc ₌ i _0U 2 ^is Ιθ slope of the tangent to the Tairink evolution (t) of the air temperature inside the room as a function of time, over a time interval within the period Dk for which the measured change Tairink (t) is substantially linear, (ATkm) k = lou2 is the difference between the average air temperature at inside the room and the average temperature of air outside the space on Atk time interval, and (Q / c) / c = iou2 ^is Ιθ ^flow average heat through the wall taken over the period of time Dk or, preferably and for greater clarity, taken from the time interval At _k .

In the context of the invention, the adjustment between the thermal model and the in situ measurements can be done over the entire extent of each time period D _k , or over one or more time intervals included in each time period D _k . Preferably, in the case where the thermal model is an ARX model, the parametric adjustment is carried out over all the time periods D _k .

According to an advantageous characteristic, for each time period D _k , the heating power P _k of the room is applied by means of at least one heating appliance having a controlled power source. Preferably, the heater (s) are not very inert so as to ensure rapid heating of the air inside the room.

At least one heater with a controlled power source for space heating can be fixed equipment in the room, that is to say a heater installed in the room independently of the implementation of the process. It can in particular be a heat pump whose coefficient of performance (COP) is known.

As a variant, at least one heater with a controlled power source for space heating can be an appliance added to the room specifically for the implementation of the method.

According to another variant, the heating of the room over each time period D _k can be implemented using a combination of at least one heating appliance which equips the room in a fixed manner, independently of the setting in place. implementation of the process, and at least one heating device brought into the room specifically for the implementation of the process.

The space heaters can be of the convective, radiative or conduction type, or combine several of these technologies. Preferably, the space heaters are electrical devices, which makes it possible to determine the heating power directly and precisely. Examples of electric heaters include in particular convective type devices involving the blowing of heated air by means of electrical resistors; heating mats or films; radiant parasols. Alternatively, the space heaters can be gas or oil fired, as long as the burner efficiency and fuel flow can be estimated with sufficient accuracy to access the heating power.

In one embodiment, the space heaters are small electric convectors distributed in the space. According to a variant, the space heaters are electric heating mats, which are distributed in the space by positioning them vertically and rolled up on themselves, so that all the thermal power is dissipated in the air in the local. This arrangement allows rapid and uniform heating of the air inside the room.

If the method of the invention is implemented with a room comprising internal partitions which delimit several rooms or areas of the room, the temperature can be measured in several rooms or areas of the room and consider that the temperature in the room at each time t is the average of the temperature measurements obtained at time t in the different rooms or areas of the room, each weighted by the volume of the room or area.

According to one aspect of the invention, the heating power delivered in the room is measured using at least one power sensor. The or each power sensor can be a voltage sensor (voltmeter) and / or a current sensor (ammeter). Preferably, the or each power sensor is a wattmeter, provided with both a voltage sensor and a current sensor. This allows precise measurement of the power in the room, avoiding any fluctuations in the mains voltage or determining the resistance of the or each heating appliance.

Within the framework of the invention, the temperature of the air outside the room can be determined by means of a measurement campaign at close time intervals. As a variant, the determination of the air temperature outside the premises at close time intervals can be obtained by interpolation of meteorological data.

Preferably, the method according to the invention is implemented over periods of time D _k for which the temperature of the air outside the premises is stable.

According to an advantageous aspect of the invention, the thermal comfort indicator is determined at several positions in the room and a map of the thermal comfort in the room is deduced therefrom. It is thus possible to identify areas of discomfort in the room and to target the measures that should be taken to improve thermal comfort.

In one embodiment, at least part of the steps of the method according to the invention are determined by instructions of computer programs.

Consequently, the subject of the invention is also a computer program on a recording medium, this program being capable of being implemented in a computer terminal, or more generally in a computer, this program comprising adapted instructions. the execution of all or part of the steps of a process as described above.

This program can use any programming language, and be in the form of source code, object code, or intermediate code between source code and object code, such as in a partially compiled form.

The invention also relates to a recording medium readable by a computer, and comprising instructions of a computer program as mentioned above.

The recording medium can be any entity or device capable of storing the program. For example, the support may include a storage means, such as a read-only memory, a rewritable non-volatile memory, for example a USB key, an SD card, an EEPROM, or even a magnetic recording means, for example a Hard disk.

The recording medium can also be an integrated circuit in which the program is incorporated, the circuit being adapted to execute or to be used in the execution of the process.

The recording medium can be a transmissible medium such as an electrical or optical signal, which can be routed via an electrical or optical cable, by radio or by other means. The program according to the invention can in particular be downloaded from a computer network.

Another object of the invention is a device for predictive determination of a thermal comfort indicator of a room, for any predictive values of the temperature of the air inside the room and of the temperature of the room. air outside the room, this device being characterized in that it comprises:

- At least one heating device comprising a controlled power source, configured to apply, over at least two successive periods of time D _k , separate heating powers P _k in the room;

- at least one temperature sensor configured to measure the temperature of the air inside the room T _airink at close time intervals over the time periods D _k ;

- at least one measurement sensor configured to measure either at least one temperature inside the room, or the heat flow through the walls of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator, at close time intervals over the periods of time D _k ;

- a terminal comprising a processing module configured to determine at least one parameter of a descriptive thermal model of the room, by adjustment between the thermal model and the measurements made in the room using the sensors of the device.

Advantageously, the terminal also includes an acquisition module for acquiring the measurements required by the method, the processing module being configured to execute all or part of the steps for calculating the method from the measurements acquired.

In one embodiment, the device also comprises at least one temperature sensor configured to measure the temperature of the air outside the room T _airoutk at close time intervals over the time periods D _k .

The sensor or sensors for measuring the air temperature inside the room, respectively outside the room, may comprise at least one ambient temperature sensor intended to be positioned in the volume of air at the inside the room, respectively outside the room, such as a thermocouple, for example a type K or type T thermocouple, or a resistance thermometer, for example a Pt100 probe.

The sensor or sensors for measuring a temperature inside the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator may include, for example:

- when the thermal comfort indicator is the operating temperature t ₀ at a point inside the room, at least one radiant average temperature sensor inside the room intended to be positioned at this point, such as a black globe thermometer, and / or a plurality of surface temperature sensors inside the room intended to measure the surface temperature of each construction element of the walls of the room seen at this point;

- when the thermal comfort indicator is the vertical difference in air temperature Δΐ _αν along a vertical of the room, at least two air temperature sensors inside the room intended to be positioned at two points of different heights according to this vertical inside the room;

- when the thermal comfort indicator is the asymmetry of radiation temperature At _pr vertical, respectively horizontal, a plurality of surface temperature sensors inside the room intended to measure the surface temperature of each construction element of the horizontal walls of the opposite room, respectively vertical walls of the opposite room.

The surface temperature sensor (s) may comprise at least one surface temperature sensor intended to be positioned on the surface of the building element inside the room, such as a thin thermocouple or a flat resistance thermometer . Alternatively or in addition, the surface temperature sensor (s) may comprise at least one thermal radiation sensor intended to be positioned opposite the construction element, in particular a point measurement sensor, such as a pyrometer, or an imager, such as a thermal camera, in particular an infrared thermal camera.

Furthermore, the sensor or sensors for measuring the thermal flow through the walls of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator may comprise a plurality of heat flow sensors intended to measure the heat flow through each building element of the room which has an interest in determining the thermal comfort indicator, as examples:

- when the thermal comfort indicator is the operating temperature t ₀ at a point inside the room, a plurality of heat flow sensors intended to measure the heat flow through each construction element of the walls of the room seen in this period;

- when the thermal comfort indicator is the asymmetry of radiation temperature At _pr vertical, respectively horizontal, a plurality of heat flow sensors intended to measure the heat flow through each construction element of the horizontal, respectively vertical walls, of the local opposite.

Each heat flow sensor is intended to be positioned on one face of the building element or of the wall. The heat flow sensor can be a flow meter or a calorimeter. Advantageously, the heat flow sensor is a flow meter compatible with standard ISO 9869: 1994, in particular a gradient flow meter.

According to one aspect of the invention, the resistance to flow due to the flow meter is taken into account and a correction is applied to the measured heat flow, so as to obtain the heat flow relating only to the building element or the wall for which it is desired to determine the coefficient of thermal transmission U. This is particularly important for walls with low thermal resistance, such as simple glazing.

According to an advantageous characteristic, the or each heating appliance heats the air inside the premises. This allows rapid heating of the room. This is particularly the case with a plurality of electric convectors distributed in the room, or with electric heating mats as described above, which are arranged vertically in the room and rolled up on themselves, so that all the thermal power is dissipated in the air.

According to an advantageous characteristic, the terminal comprises a module for controlling the power source of the or each heating appliance.

According to another advantageous characteristic, the device comprises means of connection, in particular wireless, between the or each sensor of the device and the terminal.

The characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear in the following description of two embodiments of a method and a device according to the invention, given solely by way of example and made with reference to the figures appended in which:

- Figure 1 is a schematic top view of the interior of a room of a house, the envelope of which comprises several construction elements, namely a floor, a ceiling and four walls among which that facing south east fitted with glazing, and where a device according to the invention is installed for determining a predictive map of the operating temperature t ₀ , as an indicator of thermal comfort, for any predictive values of the temperature of l air inside the room and the air temperature outside the house, according to the invention;

- Figure 2 is a graph showing the time evolution of the air temperature inside the T _airink chamber (t), during a test including the application of a first heating power P _r inside the chamber over a first period of time D _lt followed by the application of a second substantially zero heating power P ₂ inside the chamber over a second period of time D ₂ , so as to leave the room in free cooling;

- Figure 3 is a graph showing the time evolution of the air temperature outside the house T _airoutk (t), during the test described above;

- Figure 4 is a graph showing the temporal evolution of the surface temperature inside the chamber of the east-facing wall, during the test described above;

FIG. 5 is a predictive map of the operating temperature t ₀ , for any predictive values of the air temperature inside the room and the air temperature outside the house, obtained in accordance with the invention from the determination of the heat loss coefficient HLC of the chamber and the effective transmission coefficient H _eff at each point of measurement of the surface temperature inside the chamber;

- Figure 6 is a graph showing the time course of the heat flux through the wall of the chamber facing east, during the test described above; and

FIG. 7 is a predictive map of the operating temperature t ₀ , for any predictive values of the air temperature inside the room and the air temperature outside the house, obtained in accordance with the invention from the determination of the heat transfer coefficient U of each building element of the room forming a separation between the interior and the exterior of the house.

EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL

The method according to the invention is implemented for determining a predictive map of the operating temperature t ₀ inside the bedroom 1 of a house shown in FIG. 1, for any predictive values of the temperature of air inside the room and the air temperature outside the house.

To obtain this predictive mapping of the operating temperature t ₀ , the invention is implemented according to two exemplary embodiments, the results of which are visible, respectively, in FIG. 5 for example 1 and in FIG. 7 for the Example 2. The in situ measurements in chamber 1 are carried out for the two examples during the same thermal stress on chamber 1, as described below.

The envelope of room 1 includes a floor, a ceiling, a wall 13 oriented to the west, a wall 14 oriented to the north, a wall 15 oriented to the east, and a wall 16 oriented to the south, the latter being provided with glazing 17 which is double glazing. Room 1 has a floor area of 13.2 m ² , a glazing area of 1.6 m ² , an interior height of 2.3 m, a volume of 30.4 m ³ and a total envelope area in contact with the outside of 30 m ² .

The floor, the ceiling and the walls 13 and 14 of the bedroom 1 are internal walls of the house, while the walls 15 and 16 and the glazing 17 are building elements forming a separation between the interior and the exterior of the House. In what follows, it is considered that the walls of chamber 1 corresponding to internal walls of the house are in equilibrium, so that during the test their surface temperature inside the chamber is equal to the temperature of the air inside the chamber and the heat flux passing through them is zero.

For both examples, the thermal stress on chamber 1 is implemented while chamber 1 is unoccupied. In addition, the thermal solicitation of chamber 1 is implemented continuously in its entirety over a single period of night time, so as to overcome the contribution of solar radiation to the heating of chamber 1.

For the two examples, the thermal stress on chamber 1 includes a first phase of heating the chamber over a first period of time Di, from 12:30 am to 4:30 am, which corresponds to the application of a first heating power Pi strictly positive, then a second phase of free cooling of the chamber over a second period of time D ₂ from 04:30 to 08:30, which corresponds to the application of a second heating power P ₂ substantially zero. The second time period D ₂ is immediately consecutive to the first time period D ₁ .

Example 1 illustrates the obtaining of the operational temperature mapping t ₀ inside the chamber 1 from the determination of the overall heat loss coefficient HLC of the chamber and the effective transmission coefficient H _eff at the level of each building element 15, 16, 17 of the chamber forming a separation between the interior and the exterior of the house. To do this, a thermocouple 50 of type K is positioned on the inner face of each of the construction elements 15, 16, 17 so as to measure the time evolution of the surface temperature of the element inside the room during the test.

Example 2 illustrates the obtaining of the operational temperature map t ₀ inside the chamber 1 from the determination of the thermal transmission coefficient U of each construction element 15, 16, 17 of the chamber forming a separation between the interior and exterior of the house, using measures of the heat flow through these building elements. To do this, a flux meter 60 is positioned on the inner face of each of the construction elements 15, 16, 17 so as to measure the temporal evolution of the heat flux through the element during the test.

More specifically, for the two examples, the method according to the invention is implemented using the device shown in FIG. 1, which comprises:

- A plurality of electric convectors 20, which are positioned in the vicinity of the center of the chamber 1 for heating the air inside the chamber;

- a type K thermocouple 30, positioned in the ambient air in chamber 1, in the middle of the air volume at 110 cm in height, configured to measure the temperature of the air inside the chamber;

- a type K thermocouple 40, placed in the air outside the house, configured to measure the temperature of the air outside the house;

- the three type K thermocouples 50, each positioned on the inside of one of the construction elements 15, 16, 17 of the chamber;

- the three flow meters 60, which are HFP01 type gradient flow meters marketed by the company Hukseflux, each positioned on the inside of one of the construction elements 15, 16, 17 of the chamber;

a terminal 70, for example a laptop PC type computer, which includes a processing module configured to carry out an adjustment between a descriptive thermal model of the chamber and the temporal changes in temperatures and thermal fluxes measured by the sensors 30, 40, 50, 60.

Advantageously, the terminal 70 includes a module for controlling the electric convectors 20, for applying the time modulation of the heating power of the air inside the chamber 1 over the time periods D _± and D ₂ .

For each period of time D _k , the power P _k applied is substantially equal to the heating power imposed by the electric convectors 20, except for the residual powers, coming in particular from the measurement and calculation equipment present in the chamber for setting process work. Power sensors, in the form of ammeter loops, can be provided to measure the power delivered to the chamber during the implementation of the process.

During the two time periods D _± and D ₂ , measurements are made every ten seconds using the sensors 30, 40, 50, 60. The measurement results are visible in FIG. 2 for the thermocouple 30 of measurement of the air temperature inside the chamber; in Figure 3 for the thermocouple 40 for measuring the temperature of the air outside the house; in FIG. 4 for the thermocouple 50 for measuring the surface temperature inside the chamber of the wall 15 oriented to the east (shown by way of example, it being understood that the measurement results of the thermocouples 50 positioned on wall 16 and glazing 17 have also been obtained); in FIG. 6 for the flow meter 60 for measuring the heat flow through the wall 15 of the chamber facing east (shown by way of example, it being understood that the results of measurements of the flow meters 60 positioned on the wall 16 and glazing 17 have also been obtained).

The raw measurement data obtained using the sensors 30, 40, 50, 60 are acquired by an acquisition module of the terminal 70 and processed by the processing module of the terminal 70, which executes instructions from a program d computer conforming to the invention installed in the terminal to perform the parametric adjustment between a descriptive thermal model of the chamber and the measured temporal changes in temperatures and heat fluxes.

EXAMPLE 1

The overall HLC heat loss coefficient of chamber 1 is determined by adjustment (fitting), over each time period D _± and D ₂ , between on the one hand a simple RC model with a resistance and a capacity, expressing the temporal variation the air temperature inside the room as a function of the heating power applied in the room and the air temperature outside the house, and on the other hand the measured evolution of the air temperature inside the chamber as a function of time T _{air ink} (t).

As explained above, the value of the overall heat loss coefficient HLC of chamber 1 is obtained according to the formula:

where (a _fc ) fc ₌ i _0U 2 ^is Ιθ slope of the tangent to the Tairink evolution (t) of the air temperature inside the chamber as a function of time, over a time interval at l inside the period Dk for which the measured change Tairink (t) is substantially linear, and (A7'km) k = lou2 is the difference between the average temperature of the air inside the room and the average temperature of air outside the room over the time interval Atk, and (Pfc) fc = i0U2 ^is the heating power applied in the chamber over the time period Dk. Figure 2 shows the time periods D _± and D ₂ , as well as the time intervals etAt ₂ over which the linear approximation, i.e. the adjustment with the RC model, was carried out.

The effective transmission coefficient H _eff at each point of measurement of the surface temperature inside the chamber 1 is also determined, for each measurement point, by adjustment (fitting), over each period of time D _± and D ₂ , between on the one hand a simple RC model with a resistance and a capacity, expressing the temporal variation of the surface temperature inside the chamber as a function of the heating power applied in the chamber and of the temperature of the air outside the house, and on the other hand the measured evolution of the surface temperature inside the room as a function of time T _on fi _nk (t).

As before, by analogy, the value of the effective transmission coefficient H _eff at each building element of the chamber 1 forming a separation between the interior and the exterior of the house is obtained according to the formula:

_ ^a lP2 ~ ^a 2 ^ 1 a ₁ AT _2sm - a ₂ AT _lsm where (a _fc ) fc ₌ i _0U 2 ^is Ιθ slope of the tangent to the evolution Tsurfmk (t) of the surface temperature of the element of construction inside the chamber as a function of time, over a time interval within the period Dk for which the measured evolution Tsurfmk (t) is substantially linear, and (ATksm) k = lou2 is the difference between the average surface temperature inside the room and the average temperature outside the house over the time interval Atk, and (Pfc) fc = i0U2 ^is the heating power applied in the room over the period of time Dk. FIG. 4 shows the time periods D _± and D ₂ , as well as the time intervals etAt ₂ over which the linear approximation was carried out, that is to say the adjustment with the RC model.

The results are given in Table 1 below.

Measuring point pi (W) (° C.day ' ¹ ) (° C) P2 (W) Cl 2 (° C.day ' ¹ ) ^ P2 (s) m (° C) HLC or ^H eff (W.K ' ¹ ) Air 110 cm 6756 11.1 24.8 132 -16 14.1 198 Wall 15 6756 9.1 16.5 132 -12.9 11.8 276 Wall 16 6756 7.7 16.7 132 -12.4 11.9 285 Glazing 17 6756 3.7 8.8 132 -6.9 5 596

Table 1

For each element of construction of the walls of the chamber, the predictive surface temperature T _surfpred of the element is then

determined, for any predictive values of the air temperature inside the T _airinpred chamber and the air temperature outside the T _airoutpred house, according to the relation:

HLC Tsurf pred ~ T _a i _{r or} t pred + 77

The operating temperature t ₀ inside the chamber is then determined, by iteration for successive points located for example every 50 cm in chamber 1, according to a conventional relation, well known to those skilled in the art, expressing the operating temperature t ₀ as a function of the air temperature inside the chamber and the surface temperature of each building element seen at this point in the chamber, such as for example the relation:

_ i 1 t-0 ^- 2 Tair in pred T where T _r = (ZiFiT _SU rf predict with i each construction element of the walls of the chamber, Fj the factor of view of the construction element i at each point considered at inside the house, T _surfpredl the predictive surface temperature of building element i.

In this example (which is a nonlimiting example, other formulas of view factor can of course be used in the context of the invention), the formula given on the site http: // is used for the view factor. www.thermalradiation.net/sectionc/C-62.html, corresponding to a factor of view from the outside of an infinitely long cylinder vis-à-vis infinitely long parallel plates, with dimensions a, b _lt b ₂ as shown by way of example in FIG. 1 for an occupant (element 1 for the formula, represented by "x" in FIG. 1) opposite the wall 16 of the bedroom 1 facing south (element 2 for the formula), where r the radius of the cylinder corresponding to the occupant is such that r <(a ² + h ^) ¹⁷² . The view factor Fi-2 is then given by:

Fi_2 = ^ - Çtan ~ ¹ B1 -tan ~ ¹ B2 '), with B _± = b _± / a and B ₂ = b ₂ / a.

More generally, an example of reference likely to be used within the framework of the invention for the definition of the view factor is the following: “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 6th Edition”, of Frank P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt, Théodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine, at John Wiley & Sons (10 March 2006).

FIG. 5 shows the predictive mapping of the operating temperature t ₀ obtained for a predictive value of the air temperature inside the room T _airinpred of 21 ° C. and a predictive value of the air temperature at l outside the T _{airoutpred room} at 5 ° C.

EXAMPLE 2

For each building element 15, 16, 17 of the chamber 1 forming a separation between the interior and the exterior of the house, the heat transfer coefficient U of the element is determined by adjustment (fitting), over each period of time D _± and D ₂ , on the one hand between a simple RC model with a resistance and a capacity, expressing the temporal variation of the temperature of the air inside the chamber as a function of the heat flux through l building element and the air temperature outside the house, and on the other hand the measured evolution of the air temperature inside the room as a function of time T _air inkit ) ·

As explained above, for each building element 15, 16, 17 of the chamber 1, the value of the heat transfer coefficient U of the building element is obtained according to the formula:

y _ ^α 1? 2 - ^a 2? l where (a _fc ) fc ₌ i _0U 2 is Ιθ slope of the tangent to the measured evolution T _airink (t) over a time interval within the period D _k for which the measured change T _airink (t) is substantially linear, (AT _km ) _{k = lou2} is the difference between the average temperature of the air inside the chamber and the average temperature of the air at the outside of the house over the time interval At _k , and (qk) _k = _i0 u2 ^is Ιθ mean heat flux through the wall taken over the time interval At _k . FIG. 6 shows the time periods D _± and D ₂ , as well as the time intervals Δί _χ andAt ₂ over which the linear approximation, that is to say the adjustment with the RC model, was carried out.

The results are given in Table 2 below.

Measuring point ⁹¹ 2 (W.m ' ² ) Cl'L (° C.day ' ¹ ) <- ⁹² 2 (W.m ' ² ) a ₂ (° C.day ' ¹ ) AT _2m (° C) U (W.m ' ^2. K' ¹ ) Wall 15 46.5 10.4 24.9 15.7 -15.6 14.1 1.66 Wall 16 46.9 9.6 23.9 12.6 -16.3 14 1.69 Glazing 17 108.9 9.6 23.3 67.7 -15 13.1 4.78

Table 2

For each element of construction of the walls of the chamber, the predictive surface temperature T _surfpred of the element is then determined, for any predictive values of the temperature of the air inside the chamber T _airinpred and of the air temperature outside the house T _{air or} tprea, depending on the relationship:

Tsurf pred ~ T _a i _r i _{n pred} ~ ~ {Tair in pred ~ T _a i _{r or} t pred) • Hn with h _in the convective exchange coefficient of the air inside the room in the vicinity of the construction element considered, which is for example 8 ± 2 Wm ' ² K' ¹ for a vertical building wall.

The operating temperature t ₀ inside the chamber is then determined in a similar manner to example 1, by iteration for successive points located for example every 50 cm in chamber 1, according to the relationship:

T ¹ air

where T _r = (Σί TiTgurf pred i)> with i each construction element of the walls of the room, Fj the factor of view of the construction element i at each point considered inside the house, T _{on / predl} the predicted surface temperature of the building element i.

FIG. 7 shows the predictive mapping of the operating temperature t ₀ obtained by taking the same definition of the view factor when in example 1 and for the same predictive value of the air temperature inside the room T _air 21 ° C _inpred and the same predictive value for the air temperature outside the T _{airoutpred room} of 5 ° C.

We note that, for the predictive values of 21 ° C for the air temperature inside the T _airinpred room and 5 ° C for the air temperature outside the T _airoutpred house, examples 1 and 2 lead to a similar predictive map of the operating temperature t ₀ inside the chamber 1. In particular, this predictive map, which can be established simply and quickly, with moderate cost and precision reasonable, whatever the conditions of occupation of the premises and the climatic conditions outside the house, makes it possible to identify sources of discomfort in bedroom 1 and to target the measures that should be taken, in particular by terms of renovation, to improve the thermal performance and comfort of the occupant (and therefore potentially his health). Thus, in the example of chamber 1, the maps in FIGS. 5 and 7 make it possible to predict that the chamber is relatively uncomfortable, before renovation, due to a feeling of a cold wall in the vicinity of the glazing 17.

The invention is not limited to the examples described and shown.

In particular, in the previous examples, the thermal stress on the chamber was obtained using electric convectors added to the chamber specifically for implementing the method of the invention. As a variant, the method according to the invention can be implemented with heating devices which equip the room in a fixed manner and / or with heating devices which are brought back into the room.

Furthermore, in the previous examples, the method of the invention has been implemented with time periods D _k corresponding to separate heating power setpoints P _k . Of course, as a variant, the heating power can vary over one (or more) of the periods of time D _k , provided that it provides over the period D _k an average heating power P _k distinct from the applied heating powers over the time periods that surround it. In this case, the heating power P _k considered is the average heating power over the time period D _k .

In addition, as mentioned above, the descriptive thermal model of the room can be a more complex model than those considered in the previous examples, in particular a thermal model taking into account the effect of solar radiation. The invention can then make it possible to predictively determine an indicator of the room's thermal comfort for predictive solar radiation conditions.

Claims (16)

1. Method for predictive determination of a thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ) of a room, for any predictive values of the air temperature inside the room (T _airinpred ) and the temperature of the air outside the room (T _airoutpred ), characterized in that it comprises stages in which: - at least one parameter (HLC, H _eff , U) of a descriptive thermal model of the room is determined experimentally, by adjustment between the thermal model and measurements made in situ in the room, where the measurements include temperature measurements air inside the room (Tairink) ^and measures either at least one additional temperature inside the room (T _{radink conf} ; Tsurf in k conf), or heat flow (q _k ) through the walls of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δί _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ); - one or more predictive comfort temperatures (Tconfortpred! T _surfpred ) used to determine the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ) are _calculated , for any said predictive values of the air temperature inside the room (T _airinpred ) and the air temperature outside the room (T _airoutpred ). 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises steps in which: - over at least two successive periods of time D _k corresponding to different heating powers P _k applied inside the room, a campaign of measurements of the air temperature inside the room is carried out (T _airink ) and at least one temperature inside the room (T _rad i _nk conf> T _a i _r i _nk confi Τ'surf in _k conf} corresponding to I indicator of thermal comfort (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; 4t _pr ) at close time intervals, as well as for determining the air temperature outside the room {Tairoutk} θ close time intervals; - the value of the HLC heat loss coefficient of the room is determined, by adjustment between: on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the air temperature inside the room as a function of the heating power applied in the room and the air temperature outside the room , and on the other hand, the measured evolution of the air temperature inside the room (T _airink ) as a function of time; - the value of an effective transmission coefficient H _{eff is determined} at each temperature measurement point inside the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ), by adjusting between : on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature inside the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ) as a function of the heating power applied in the room and the temperature of the air outside the room, and on the other hand, the measured evolution of the temperature inside the room (Tradin _{kC onf} > T _a i _r i _nkcon f, T _sur fi _nkcon f) corresponding to I thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ) as a function of time; - we calculate the predictive comfort temperature (s) T _confortpred involved in determining the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ), from the previously determined values of the HLC heat loss coefficient of the room and the effective transmission coefficient H _ef f, for said arbitrary predictive values of the air temperature inside the room T _airinpred and the air temperature outside the room T _airoutpred , according to the relation: HLC Tconfort pred ~ T _a i _{r ou} t _P red T 77 3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the thermal comfort indicator is the operating temperature t ₀ at a point inside the room, and the value of the effective transmission coefficient is determined at this point from measurements of the time evolution of the mean radiant temperature inside the room (T _{rad in con /} ) at this point and / or the value of the effective transmission coefficient H _{eff is determined} for each element of construction of the walls of the room seen at this point from measurements of the temporal evolution of the surface temperature inside the room (T _surf tn _k conf) of each of these construction elements. 4. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the thermal comfort indicator is the vertical difference of the air temperature Δΐ _αν along a vertical of the room, and the values of the effective transmission coefficient H _{eff are determined.} two points of different heights along this vertical inside the room from measurements of the time evolution of the air temperature inside the room (T _{air inkC onf} ) ^{at these} two points. 5. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the thermal comfort indicator is the asymmetry of radiation temperature At _pr vertical, respectively horizontal, and the value of the effective transmission coefficient H _eff of each construction element is determined horizontal walls of the opposite room, respectively vertical walls of the opposite room, from measurements of the time evolution of the surface temperature inside the room (T _SUT f inkconf) of each these walls. 6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises steps in which: - the thermal transmission coefficient U of each wall of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ) is determined experimentally, by adjustment between a thermal model and measurements carried out in situ in the room, where the measurements include measurements of the air temperature inside the room (T _airink ) and measurements either of the heat flux (q _k ) through the wall, or of the surface temperature of the wall at l 'interior of the room (T _surfink ); - we calculate a predictive surface temperature T _{on / pred} of each room wall corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ), for any said predictive values of the air temperature inside the room T _airinpred and the air temperature outside the room T _airoutpred , according to the relation: Tsurf pred ~ T _a i _r i _{n pred} ~ ~ {Tair in pred ~ T _a i _{r or} t pred) • Hn with h _in the convective exchange coefficient of the air inside the room. 7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that, in order to experimentally determine the coefficient of thermal transmission U of each wall of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; At _av ; 4t _pr ), the following steps are carried out: - over at least two successive periods of time D _k corresponding to different heating powers P _k applied in the room, a campaign of measurements of the air temperature inside the room T _airink and of the flow is carried out thermal through the wall q _k at close time intervals, as well as at determining the temperature of the air outside the room T _airoutk at close time intervals; - the value of the heat transfer coefficient U of the wall is determined by adjustment between: on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature of the air inside the room as a function of the heat flow through the wall and the temperature of the air outside the room, and on the other hand, the measured evolution of the temperature of the air inside the room T _airink or of the heat flow through the wall q _k as a function of time. 8. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that, to experimentally determine the coefficient of thermal transmission U of each wall of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; At _av ; 4t _pr ), the following steps are carried out: - over at least two successive periods of time D _k corresponding to different heating powers P _k applied in the room, a campaign is carried out to measure the air temperature inside the room T _airink and the wall surface temperature inside room T _on f _ink at close time intervals, as well as the determination of the air temperature outside room T _airoutk at close time intervals; - the value of the quantity U / h _{in is determined} , where h _in is the convective exchange coefficient of the air in the room in the vicinity of the wall, by adjustment between: on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the air temperature inside the room as a function of the surface temperature of the wall inside the room and the air temperature at outside the room, and secondly, the measured change in the air temperature inside the room T _airink or the surface temperature of the wall inside the room T _on f _ink as a function of time. 9. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the in situ measurements are implemented over two successive periods of time D _± and D ₂ corresponding to two setpoints of distinct heating powers P _r and P ₂ applied in the room. 10. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the thermal model is a parametric identification model, in particular an ARX model. 11. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the thermal model is an R-C model. 12. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the thermal comfort indicator is determined at several positions in the room and a map of the thermal comfort in the room is deduced. 13. A computer program comprising instructions for the execution of the process steps according to any one of claims 1 to 12 when said program is executed by a computer. 14. Recording medium readable by a computer on which a computer program is recorded comprising instructions for the execution of the steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 12. 15. Device for predictive determination of a thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; At _av ; At _pr ) of a room, for any predictive values of the air temperature inside the room (T _airinpred ) and of the air temperature outside the room (T _airoutpred ), this device being characterized in that it comprises: - at least one heating appliance (20) comprising a controlled power source, configured to apply, over at least two successive periods of time D _k , separate heating powers P _k in the room; - at least one temperature sensor (30) configured to measure the temperature of the air inside the room T _airink at close time intervals over the time periods D _k ; - at least one measurement sensor (50; 60) configured to measure either at least one additional temperature inside the room; Tsurfinkconf)> ^s ° it Ιθ heat flow (q _k ) through the walls of the room corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ), at close time intervals over time periods Dk; - a terminal (70) comprising a processing module configured to determine at least one parameter (HLC, H _eff , U) of a descriptive thermal model of the room, by adjustment between the thermal model and the measurements carried out in the room at l using said sensors (30, 50, 60) of the device. 16. Device according to claim 15, characterized in that the or each sensor (50) for measuring at least one additional temperature inside I of the room (T _rad i _{nk con} f, T _a i _r i _{nk con} f, T _on f tn k _CO nf) corresponding to the thermal comfort indicator (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ) is a medium radiant temperature sensor, an air temperature sensor or a surface temperature sensor, selected depending on the indicator of 5 thermal comfort (t ₀ ; Δΐ _αν ; Δΐ _ρΓ ).