ES2964957T3 - Sistema de propulsión fluídica - Google Patents
Sistema de propulsión fluídica Download PDFInfo
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- ES2964957T3 ES2964957T3 ES16855889T ES16855889T ES2964957T3 ES 2964957 T3 ES2964957 T3 ES 2964957T3 ES 16855889 T ES16855889 T ES 16855889T ES 16855889 T ES16855889 T ES 16855889T ES 2964957 T3 ES2964957 T3 ES 2964957T3
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D29/00—Power-plant nacelles, fairings or cowlings
- B64D29/02—Power-plant nacelles, fairings or cowlings associated with wings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C9/00—Adjustable control surfaces or members, e.g. rudders
- B64C9/38—Jet flaps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D33/00—Arrangement in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for
- B64D33/04—Arrangement in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of exhaust outlets or jet pipes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C15/00—Attitude, flight direction, or altitude control by jet reaction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C15/00—Attitude, flight direction, or altitude control by jet reaction
- B64C15/14—Attitude, flight direction, or altitude control by jet reaction the jets being other than main propulsion jets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C21/00—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces by affecting boundary layer flow
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C21/00—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces by affecting boundary layer flow
- B64C21/02—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces by affecting boundary layer flow by use of slot, ducts, porous areas or the like
- B64C21/04—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces by affecting boundary layer flow by use of slot, ducts, porous areas or the like for blowing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C23/00—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces, not otherwise provided for
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C23/00—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces, not otherwise provided for
- B64C23/005—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces, not otherwise provided for by other means not covered by groups B64C23/02 - B64C23/08, e.g. by electric charges, magnetic panels, piezoelectric elements, static charges or ultrasounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C39/00—Aircraft not otherwise provided for
- B64C39/02—Aircraft not otherwise provided for characterised by special use
- B64C39/024—Aircraft not otherwise provided for characterised by special use of the remote controlled vehicle type, i.e. RPV
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/10—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants of gas-turbine type
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/16—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants of jet type
- B64D27/18—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants of jet type within, or attached to, wings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D33/00—Arrangement in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for
- B64D33/02—Arrangement in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of combustion air intakes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U30/00—Means for producing lift; Empennages; Arrangements thereof
- B64U30/10—Wings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U50/00—Propulsion; Power supply
- B64U50/10—Propulsion
- B64U50/15—Propulsion using combustion exhausts other than turbojets or turbofans, e.g. using rockets, ramjets, scramjets or pulse-reactors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
- F02C3/04—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid having a turbine driving a compressor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
- F02C6/04—Gas-turbine plants providing heated or pressurised working fluid for other apparatus, e.g. without mechanical power output
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02K1/00—Plants characterised by the form or arrangement of the jet pipe or nozzle; Jet pipes or nozzles peculiar thereto
- F02K1/002—Plants characterised by the form or arrangement of the jet pipe or nozzle; Jet pipes or nozzles peculiar thereto with means to modify the direction of thrust vector
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02K1/00—Plants characterised by the form or arrangement of the jet pipe or nozzle; Jet pipes or nozzles peculiar thereto
- F02K1/36—Plants characterised by the form or arrangement of the jet pipe or nozzle; Jet pipes or nozzles peculiar thereto having an ejector
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C2230/00—Boundary layer controls
- B64C2230/04—Boundary layer controls by actively generating fluid flow
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C2230/00—Boundary layer controls
- B64C2230/06—Boundary layer controls by explicitly adjusting fluid flow, e.g. by using valves, variable aperture or slot areas, variable pump action or variable fluid pressure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C2230/00—Boundary layer controls
- B64C2230/16—Boundary layer controls by blowing other fluids over the surface than air, e.g. He, H, O2 or exhaust gases
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D33/00—Arrangement in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for
- B64D33/02—Arrangement in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of combustion air intakes
- B64D2033/0266—Arrangement in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of combustion air intakes specially adapted for particular type of power plants
- B64D2033/0273—Arrangement in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of combustion air intakes specially adapted for particular type of power plants for jet engines
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U10/00—Type of UAV
- B64U10/25—Fixed-wing aircraft
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U20/00—Constructional aspects of UAVs
- B64U20/60—UAVs characterised by the material
- B64U20/65—Composite materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U30/00—Means for producing lift; Empennages; Arrangements thereof
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2220/00—Application
- F05D2220/90—Application in vehicles adapted for vertical or short take off and landing (v/stol vehicles)
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/10—Drag reduction
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/30—Wing lift efficiency
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/40—Weight reduction
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Jet Pumps And Other Pumps (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Aerodynamic Tests, Hydrodynamic Tests, Wind Tunnels, And Water Tanks (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Toys (AREA)
- Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
- Pipeline Systems (AREA)
- Valves And Accessory Devices For Braking Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Un sistema de propulsión acoplado a un vehículo. El sistema incluye una superficie convexa, una estructura difusora acoplada a la superficie convexa y al menos un conducto acoplado a la superficie convexa. El conducto está configurado para introducir en la superficie convexa un fluido primario producido por el vehículo. El sistema incluye además una estructura de admisión acoplada a la superficie convexa y configurada para introducir en la estructura difusora un fluido secundario accesible al vehículo. La estructura difusora comprende un extremo terminal configurado para proporcionar salida del sistema para el fluido primario y el fluido secundario introducidos. (Traducción automática con Google Translate, sin valor legal)
Description
DESCRIPCIÓN
Sistema de propulsión fluídica
Esta divulgación está protegida por las leyes de derechos de autor internacionales y de los Estados Unidos. © 2016 Jetoptera. Todos los derechos reservados. Una porción de la divulgación de este documento de patente contiene material que está sujeto a protección de derechos de autor. El propietario de los derechos de autor no tiene ninguna objeción a la reproducción facsímil por parte de nadie del documento de patente o la divulgación de la patente, tal como aparece en el archivo o registros de patentes de la oficina de patentes y marcas, pero por lo demás se reserva todos los derechos de autor.
Reivindicación de prioridad
Esta solicitud reivindica prioridad sobre la solicitud provisional U.S. No. 62/213,465, presentada el 2 de septiembre de 2015.
Antecedentes
Las aeronaves que pueden cernirse, despegar y aterrizar verticalmente se denominan comúnmente aeronaves de despegue y aterrizaje verticales (VTOL). Esta clasificación incluye aeronaves de ala fija, así como helicópteros y aeronaves con rotores potenciados inclinables. Algunas aeronaves VTOL también pueden operar en otros modos, tales como el despegue y aterrizaje cortos (STOL). VTOL es un subconjunto de V/STO<l>(despegue y aterrizaje vertical y/o corto).
Con fines ilustrativos, un ejemplo de una aeronave actual que tiene capacidad VTOL es la F-35 Lightning. Los métodos convencionales de vectorización del flujo de aire de elevación vertical incluyen el uso de boquillas que pueden girarse en una sola dirección junto con el uso de dos conjuntos de paletas de aletas planas dispuestas a 90 grados entre sí y ubicadas en la boquilla externa. De manera similar, el sistema de propulsión del F-35 Lightning proporciona fuerza de elevación vertical utilizando una combinación de empuje vectorial del motor de turbina y un ventilador de elevación orientado verticalmente. El ventilador de elevación se ubica detrás de la cabina, en un compartimento con puertas plegables superiores e inferiores. El motor expulsa el escape a través de una boquilla giratoria de tres cojinetes que puede desviar el empuje desde la posición horizontal hasta justo delante de la vertical. Los ductos de control de balanceo se extienden en cada ala y reciben su empuje con aire del ventilador del motor. El control de cabeceo se ve afectado por la división del empuje del motor/ventilador de elevación. El control de guiñada se realiza mediante el movimiento de guiñada de la boquilla giratoria del motor. El control de balanceo se proporciona abriendo y cerrando diferencialmente las aberturas en los extremos de los dos ductos de control de balanceo. El ventilador de elevación tiene una boquilla telescópica en forma de "D" para proporcionar una desviación del empuje en las direcciones hacia adelante y hacia atrás. La boquilla D tiene paletas fijas en la abertura de salida.
El diseño de una aeronave o dron consiste más generalmente en sus elementos propulsores y la estructura del avión en el que están integrados esos elementos. Convencionalmente, el dispositivo propulsor en las aeronaves puede ser un turborreactor, un turboventilador, un turbohélice o un turboárbol, un motor de pistón o un motor eléctrico equipado con una hélice. El sistema de propulsión (propulsor) en los pequeños vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV) es convencionalmente un motor de pistón o un motor eléctrico que proporciona potencia a través de un árbol a una o varias hélices. El propulsor de una aeronave más grande, ya sea tripulado o no, es tradicionalmente un motor a chorro o un turbohélice. El propulsor está generalmente unido al fuselaje o al cuerpo o a las alas de la aeronave mediante pilones o puntales capaces de transmitir la fuerza a la aeronave y mantener las cargas. El chorro mixto emergente (chorro de eflujo) de aire y gases es lo que impulsa a la aeronave en la dirección opuesta al flujo del chorro de eflujo.
Convencionalmente, el eflujo de la corriente de aire de una hélice grande no se utiliza para fines de sustentación en vuelo nivelado y, por lo tanto, no se utiliza una cantidad significativa de energía cinética en beneficio de la aeronave, a menos que se gire como en algunas de las aplicaciones que existen hoy en día (en particular, el Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey). Más bien, la sustentación en la mayoría de las aeronaves existentes la crean las alas y la cola. Además, incluso en aquellas aplicaciones VTOL particulares (por ejemplo, despegue a través de la transición a vuelo nivelado) que se encuentran en el Osprey, la sustentación causada por la propia hélice es mínima durante el vuelo nivelado y, no obstante, la mayor parte de la fuerza de sustentación proviene de las alas.
El estado actual de la técnica para crear sustentación en una aeronave es generar un flujo de aire de alta velocidad sobre el ala y los elementos del ala, que generalmente son perfiles aerodinámicos. Los perfiles aerodinámicos se caracterizan por una línea de cuerda que se extiende principalmente en la dirección axial, desde un borde frontal hasta un borde de salida del perfil aerodinámico. Con base en el ángulo de ataque formado entre el flujo de aire incidente y la línea de cuerda, y de acuerdo con los principios de generación de sustentación del perfil aerodinámico, el aire a menor presión fluye sobre el lado de succión (superior) y, a la inversa, según la ley de Bernoulli, moviéndose a velocidades más altas que el lado inferior (lado de presión). Cuanto menor sea la velocidad de la aeronave, menor será la fuerza de sustentación y se requerirá una mayor área de superficie del ala o mayores ángulos de incidencia, incluso para el despegue.
Los UAV de gran tamaño no hacen ninguna excepción a esta regla. La sustentación se genera diseñando un perfil aerodinámico del ala con el ángulo de ataque, cuerda, envergadura y línea de curvatura apropiados. Aletas, ranuras y muchos otros dispositivos son otras herramientas convencionales utilizadas para maximizar la sustentación mediante un aumento del coeficiente de sustentación y el área de superficie del ala, pero generarán la sustentación correspondiente a la velocidad del aire de la aeronave. (Aumentar el área (S) y el coeficiente de sustentación (C<l>) permite generar una cantidad similar de sustentación a una velocidad del aire de la aeronave inferior (V0) de acuerdo con la fórmula L = A<p>V2SC<l>., pero a costa de una mayor resistencia y peso). Estas técnicas actuales también funcionan mal con una caída significativa en la eficiencia en condiciones con fuertes vientos cruzados.
Si bien se puede decir que los UAV más pequeños utilizan el empuje generado por las hélices para elevar el vehículo, la tecnología actual se basa estrictamente en el control de las velocidades del motor eléctrico, y el UAV más pequeño puede o no tener la capacidad de girar los motores para generar empuje y elevación, o hacer la transición a un vuelo nivelado inclinando las hélices. Además, los UAV más pequeños que utilizan estos elementos de propulsión sufren de ineficiencias relacionadas con las baterías, la densidad de potencia y las grandes hélices, que pueden ser eficientes en vuelo estacionario pero ineficientes en vuelo nivelado y crean dificultades y peligros al operar debido al rápido movimiento de la punta de las palas. La mayoría de los cuadricópteros actuales y otros vehículos aéreos potenciados eléctricamente sólo son capaces de realizar períodos de vuelo muy cortos y no pueden elevar o transportar grandes cargas útiles de manera eficiente, ya que el peso del sistema de motor eléctrico y la batería ya supera con creces el 70% del peso del vehículo. Un vehículo similar que utilice combustible para aeronaves o cualquier otro combustible de hidrocarburos utilizado normalmente en el transporte transportará más combustible utilizable en al menos un orden de magnitud. Esto puede explicarse por la densidad de energía mucho mayor del combustible de hidrocarburos en comparación con los sistemas de baterías (en al menos un orden de magnitud), así como la relación entre el peso total del vehículo y el peso inferior de un sistema basado en hidrocarburos.
El documento US 4448354 A divulga un eyector circular que aumenta el empuje con una pared anular que define un pasaje central y una sección de entrada contorneada convergente, una sección de mezcla cilíndrica de área constante y una sección de salida de difusor cónico divergente. Las secciones de entrada, mezcla y salida se fusionan una con la siguiente en una relación en serie axisimétrica. El eyector también tiene una pluralidad de boquillas primarias discretas dispuestas alrededor de la periferia de la pared anular en la entrada a la sección de entrada de la misma para inyectar un flujo primario de aire a alta velocidad en la sección de entrada y arrastrar de ese modo un flujo secundario de aire ambiente al pasaje central del eyector.
El documento US 2010/019079 A1 divulga un generador de empuje. El generador de empuje está configurado para introducir un fluido motriz a lo largo de un perfil Coanda y arrastrar fluido adicional para crear un flujo de fluido a alta velocidad, en donde el flujo de fluido a alta velocidad está configurado para generar empuje para contrarrestar un torque generado por un componente giratorio.
En consecuencia, existe una necesidad de eficiencia mejorada, capacidades mejoradas y otros avances tecnológicos en las aeronaves, particularmente en los UAV y ciertos vehículos aéreos tripulados.
La presente invención proporciona un sistema de propulsión de acuerdo con la reivindicación 1. En las reivindicaciones dependientes se proporcionan realizaciones preferidas.
Breve descripción de las figuras del dibujo
La figura 1 es una sección transversal de una realización de la presente invención que representa la mitad superior de un eyector y los perfiles de velocidad y temperatura dentro del flujo interno;
La figura 2 ilustra características de las superficies del eyector de la figura 1 de acuerdo con una realización;
Las figuras 3-4 ilustran vistas en perspectiva parciales de estructuras de entrada de acuerdo con una o más realizaciones;
La figura 5 es una vista en planta posterior de un actuador de acuerdo con un ejemplo, que no forma parte de la invención reivindicada;
La figura 6 ilustra en sección transversal la alteración de las geometrías internas del eyector de acuerdo con un ejemplo, que no forma parte de la invención reivindicada;
La figura 7 es una vista lateral en perspectiva de un ejemplo alternativo, que no forma parte de la invención reivindicada;
La figura 8 es una vista lateral del elemento del ejemplo ilustrado en la figura 7; y
Las figuras 9-11 ilustran otro ejemplo alternativo, que no forma parte de la invención reivindicada.
Descripción detallada
Esta solicitud pretende describir una o más realizaciones de la presente invención. Debe entenderse que el uso de expresiones absolutas, tales como "debe", "deberá" y similares, así como cantidades específicas, debe interpretarse como aplicable a una o más de dichas realizaciones, pero no necesariamente a todas esas realizaciones. Como tal, las realizaciones de la invención pueden omitir o incluir una modificación de una o más características o funcionalidades descritas en el contexto de dichas expresiones absolutas. Además, los títulos de esta solicitud son solo para fines de referencia y no afectarán de ninguna manera el significado o la interpretación de la presente invención.
Una realización de la presente invención incluye un propulsor que utiliza fluidos para el arrastre y aceleración del aire ambiente y suministra un chorro de eflujo a alta velocidad de una mezcla del gas a alta presión (suministrado al propulsor desde un generador de gas) y aire ambiente arrastrado. En esencia, este objetivo se logra descargando el gas adyacente a una superficie convexa. La superficie convexa es la denominada superficie Coanda que se beneficia del efecto Coanda descrito en la patente U.S. No. 2,052,869 expedida a Henri Coanda el 1 de septiembre de 1936. En principio, el efecto Coanda es la tendencia de un gas o líquido emitido por un chorro a viajar cerca del contorno de una pared incluso si la dirección de curvatura de la pared está alejada del eje del chorro. Las superficies Coanda convexas analizadas en este documento con respecto a una o más realizaciones no tienen que consistir en ningún material en particular.
La figura 1 ilustra una sección transversal de la mitad superior de un eyector 200 que puede unirse a un vehículo (no mostrado), tal como, para ejemplos no limitantes, un UAV o un vehículo aéreo tripulado, tal como un avión. A una cámara impelente 211 se le suministra aire más caliente que el ambiente (es decir, una corriente de gas motriz presurizado) procedente, por ejemplo, de un motor de combustión que puede ser empleado por el vehículo. Esta corriente de gas motriz presurizado, indicada por la flecha 600, se introduce a través de al menos un conducto, tal como boquillas 203 primarias, al interior del eyector 200. Más específicamente, las boquillas 203 primarias están configuradas para acelerar la corriente 600 de fluido motriz a una velocidad deseada predeterminada variable directamente sobre una superficie 204 Coanda convexa como un chorro de pared. Además, las boquillas 203 primarias proporcionan volúmenes ajustables de corriente 600 de fluido. Este chorro de pared, a su vez, sirve para arrastrar a través de una estructura 206 de entrada fluido secundario, tal como aire ambiente indicado por la flecha 1, que puede estar en reposo o acercándose al eyector 200 a una velocidad distinta de cero desde la dirección indicada por la flecha 1. En diversas realizaciones, las boquillas 203 pueden estar dispuestas en un arreglo y en una orientación curva, una orientación en espiral y/o una orientación en zigzag.
La mezcla de la corriente 600 y el aire 1 puede moverse puramente axialmente en una sección 225 de garganta del eyector 200. Mediante difusión en una estructura difusora, tal como el difusor 210, el proceso de mezclado y suavizado continúa de modo que los perfiles de temperatura (800) y velocidad (700) en la dirección axial del eyector 200 ya no tienen los valores alto y bajo presentes en la sección 225 de garganta, pero se vuelve más uniforme en el extremo 100 terminal del difusor 210. A medida que la mezcla de la corriente 600 y el aire 1 se acerca al plano de salida del extremo 100 terminal, los perfiles de temperatura y velocidad son casi uniformes. En particular, la temperatura de la mezcla es lo suficientemente baja como para dirigirla hacia un perfil aerodinámico tal como un ala o una superficie de control.
En una realización, y como se ilustra mejor en la figura 2, las boquillas 205 secundarias generadoras de vórtices en forma de V están escalonadas en comparación con una boquilla 203 primaria rectangular normal e inyectan al menos el 25% de la corriente 600 de fluido total antes de que el resto del flujo másico de la corriente de fluido sea inyectado un momento después por las boquillas 203. Esta inyección por las boquillas 205 antes que la de las boquillas 203 da como resultado una tasa de arrastre más alta suficiente para aumentar significativamente el rendimiento del eyector 200. Las boquillas 205 secundarias introducen un arrastre más favorable del flujo secundario a través de capas de corte y están escalonadas tanto axial como circunferencialmente en relación con las boquillas 203 primarias.
Las boquillas 203 primarias pueden incluir una estructura 226 de ala delta que está provista de una pata de soporte conectada al punto medio de la estructura de la boquilla 203 primaria en su lado más interno, con un vértice de la estructura de ala delta apuntando contra el flujo de la corriente 600 de fluido. Esto a su vez genera dos vórtices opuestos en dirección y que arrastran fuertemente desde ambos lados de la boquilla 203 primaria la mezcla ya arrastrada de flujos de fluido primario y secundario resultantes de las boquillas 205.
La invención mejora la superficie para el retraso de la separación del flujo a través de hoyuelos 221 colocados en la superficie 204 Coanda. Los hoyuelos 221 evitan la separación del flujo y mejoran significativamente el rendimiento del eyector 200. Además, las superficies del difusor 210 (véase figura 1) también pueden incluir hoyuelos 222 y/u otros elementos que retrasan o evitan la separación de la capa límite.
En una realización, la estructura 206 de entrada puede tener una configuración circular. Sin embargo, en diversas realizaciones, y como se muestra mejor en las figuras 3-4, la estructura 206 de entrada puede ser no circular y, de hecho, asimétrica (es decir, no idénticos en ambos lados de al menos un plano, o alternativamente cualquier plano dado, que biseca la estructura de entrada). Por ejemplo, como se muestra en la figura 3, la estructura 206 de entrada puede incluir primer y segundo bordes 301, 302 opuestos, en donde el segundo borde opuesto incluye una porción curva que se proyecta hacia el primer borde opuesto. Como se muestra en la figura 4, la estructura 206 de entrada puede incluir primer y segundo bordes 401,402 opuestos laterales, en donde el primer borde lateral opuesto tiene un radio de curvatura mayor que el segundo borde lateral opuesto.
Con referencia a la figura 5, un ejemplo, que no forma parte de la invención reivindicada, puede incluir al menos un elemento 501 actuador que acopla el eyector 200 a un vehículo 502. El elemento 501 está configurado para proporcionar al menos dos, y preferiblemente tres, dimensiones de movimiento (es decir, seis grados de libertad) del eyector 200 con respecto al vehículo 502.
Haciendo referencia a la figura 6, un ejemplo, que no forma parte de la invención reivindicada, puede incluir al menos un elemento 601, 602 actuador interno (por ejemplo, actuadores y/o conexiones) dispuesto entre las superficies 603, 604 externas y las superficies 605, 606 internas del eyector 200. En el ejemplo ilustrado, el actuador 601 está configurado para mover (por ejemplo, hacia y desde el eje central del eyector 200) la primera superficie 605 con respecto a la segunda superficie 606 cuando la segunda superficie no se está moviendo. De manera similar, el segundo actuador 602 está configurado para mover la segunda superficie 606 con respecto a la primera superficie 605 cuando la primera superficie no se está moviendo. Esta capacidad de alterar la geometría interna del eyector 200 en múltiples configuraciones permite que el eyector opere de manera óptima en múltiples condiciones de vuelo (por ejemplo, despegue, subida, vuelo de crucero, etc.).
La figura 7 ilustra un sistema de propulsión para un vehículo 700 de acuerdo con un ejemplo alternativo, que no forma parte de la invención reivindicada. Un primer perfil aerodinámico 702 secundario está acoplado al vehículo 700 y posicionado corriente abajo del fluido que fluye sobre un perfil aerodinámico 701 primario del vehículo. El perfil aerodinámico 702 está configurado para girar alrededor del eje 707 y está controlado por un actuador 708. Como se ilustra mejor en la figura 8, el primer perfil aerodinámico 702 secundario incluye una primera estructura de salida, tal como superficies 705, 706 de boquilla opuestas y al menos un conducto, tal como cámara impelente 704, en comunicación fluida con un extremo 703 terminal definido por las superficies de boquilla. Las superficies 705, 706 de boquilla pueden incluir o no boquillas similares a las boquillas 203 analizadas anteriormente con referencia a la figura 1. Además, una o más de las superficies 705, 706 de boquilla pueden incluir una superficie convexa que, en consecuencia, puede promover el efecto Coanda y puede tener superficies continuamente redondeadas sin esquinas afiladas o abruptas. La cámara impelente 704 se suministra con aire más caliente que el ambiente (es decir, una corriente de gas motriz presurizada) desde, por ejemplo, un motor basado en combustión que puede ser empleado por el vehículo 700. La cámara impelente 704 está configurada para introducir esta corriente de gas en el extremo 703 terminal, que está configurado para proporcionar salida para la corriente de gas hacia el perfil aerodinámico 701 primario y fuera del primer perfil aerodinámico 702 secundario.
Con referencia a las figuras 9 a 11, un ejemplo, que no forma parte de la invención reivindicada, puede incluir un segundo perfil aerodinámico 902 secundario similar al perfil aerodinámico 702, cada uno con un borde 714, 914 de salida respectivo que diverge del otro borde de salida. Más particularmente, el segundo perfil aerodinámico 902 secundario está acoplado al vehículo 700 y posicionado corriente abajo del fluido que fluye sobre el perfil aerodinámico 701 primario del vehículo. El perfil aerodinámico 902 está configurado para girar de una manera similar a la analizada anteriormente con referencia al perfil aerodinámico 702. El perfil aerodinámico 902 incluye una primera estructura de salida, tal como superficies 905, 906 de boquilla opuestas y al menos un conducto, tal como cámara impelente 904, en comunicación fluida con un extremo 903 terminal definido por las superficies de boquilla. Las superficies 905, 906 de boquilla pueden incluir o no boquillas similares a las boquillas 203 analizadas anteriormente con referencia a la figura 1. Además, una o más de las superficies 905, 906 de boquilla pueden incluir una superficie convexa que, en consecuencia, puede promover el efecto Coanda. A la cámara impelente 904 se le suministra aire más caliente que el ambiente (es decir, una corriente de gas motriz presurizado) desde, por ejemplo, un motor basado en combustión que puede ser empleado por el vehículo 700. La cámara impelente 904 está configurada para introducir esta corriente de gas al extremo 903 terminal, que está configurado para proporcionar salida para la corriente de gas hacia el perfil aerodinámico 701 primario y fuera del segundo perfil aerodinámico 902 secundario.
Cada uno de los primeros y segundos perfiles aerodinámicos 702, 902 secundarios tiene un borde 716, 916 frontal dispuesto hacia el perfil aerodinámico primario, estando el primer perfil aerodinámico secundario opuesto al segundo perfil aerodinámico secundario. En operación, los perfiles aerodinámicos 702, 902 secundarios primero y segundo definen una región 802 difusora, entre ellos y a lo largo de sus longitudes, similar en función al difusor 210 discutido anteriormente en este documento. Los bordes 716, 916 frontales definen una región 804 de entrada configurada para recibir e introducir en la región 802 difusora las corrientes de gas de la cámara impelente 704, 904 y el fluido que fluye sobre el perfil aerodinámico 701 primario. La región 802 difusora incluye un extremo 806 terminal primario configurado para proporcionar salida desde la región de difusión para las corrientes de gas introducidas y el fluido que fluye sobre el perfil aerodinámico 701 primario.
Aunque el texto anterior establece una descripción detallada de numerosas realizaciones diferentes, debe entenderse que el alcance de la protección está definido por las palabras de las reivindicaciones siguientes. La descripción detallada debe interpretarse únicamente como ejemplo y no describe todas las realizaciones posibles porque describir cada realización posible sería poco práctico, si no imposible.
En consecuencia, se pueden realizar muchas modificaciones y variaciones en las técnicas y estructuras descritas e ilustradas en este documento sin apartarse del alcance de las presentes reivindicaciones. En consecuencia, debe entenderse que los métodos y aparatos descritos en este documento son sólo ilustrativos y no limitativos del alcance de las reivindicaciones.
Claims (3)
1. Un sistema (200) de propulsión para un vehículo, el sistema que comprende:
una superficie (204) convexa que tiene un perímetro;
una estructura (210) difusora acoplada a la superficie (204) convexa;
al menos un conducto acoplado a la superficie (204) convexa y configurado para acelerar un fluido primario producido por el vehículo directamente sobre la superficie (204) convexa como un chorro de pared a través de múltiples boquillas (203) distribuidas a lo largo de todo el perímetro; y
una estructura (206) de entrada acoplada a la superficie (204) convexa y configurada de manera que el chorro de pared arrastra un fluido secundario accesible al vehículo a través de la estructura (206) de entrada para introducir el fluido secundario en la estructura (210) difusora, en donde la estructura (210) difusora comprende un extremo (100) terminal configurado para proporcionar salida del sistema para el fluido primario y el fluido secundario introducidos; caracterizado por una pluralidad de hoyuelos (221) en la superficie (204) convexa configurados para evitar la separación del flujo de la superficie.
2. El sistema (200) de la reivindicación 1, en donde la estructura (206) de entrada es asimétrica.
3. El sistema (200) de la reivindicación 1, en donde al menos un conducto comprende un arreglo de conductos dispuestos en al menos una de una orientación curva, una orientación en espiral y una orientación en zigzag.
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