EP4274736A1

EP4274736A1 - Method for improving the airtightness of buildings using a biopolymer-based membrane

Info

Publication number: EP4274736A1
Application number: EP22702749.7A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Marion CHENAL; Joël AZEVEDO
Original assignee: Saint Gobain Isover SA France
Current assignee: Saint Gobain Isover SA France
Priority date: 2021-01-07
Filing date: 2022-01-04
Publication date: 2023-11-15
Also published as: US20240058766A1; JP2024503640A; CA3202601A1; WO2022148925A1; KR20230129990A

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for improving the airtightness of a building or a room in a building, comprising the use of a vapour barrier membrane on the inner face of the walls of the building or the room in the building, characterised in that the vapour barrier membrane is a humidity-regulating membrane comprising an active portion which comprises: - a middle layer having a thickness of 2 μm to 200 μm, preferably 4 μm to 100 μm, and consisting of a biopolymer having a water vapour permeability coefficient P₁ which increases with average relative humidity and which, when it is determined at 23°C and at an average relative humidity of 25.5%, is at least equal to 300 Barrers, and, on either side of the middle layer and preferably in contact with the latter, - two outer layers having a thickness of 100 nm to 20 μpm, preferably 200 nm to 2.5 μm, and consisting, independently of each other, of an organic polymer having both a water vapour permeability coefficient P₂, determined at 23°C and at an average relative humidity of 25.5%, of at most equal to 250 Barrers, preferably 0.05 to 100 Barrers, in particular 1.0 to 20 Barrers.

Description

Title: Process for improving the airtightness of buildings using a membrane based on biopolymers

The present invention relates to a method for improving the airtightness of buildings or parts of buildings using a vapor barrier membrane, comprising a hydrophilic middle layer based on biopolymer and two outer layers relatively more hydrophobic than the layer median.

Hygroregulating vapor barrier membranes, or hygroregulating membranes, whose permeability to water vapor varies according to the humidity of the air, have been known for many years. For the reasons explained, for example, in application W096/33321, it is sought to obtain membranes which allow water vapor to pass easily when the relative humidity (RH) is high (70% to 100% RH) and which block effectively at low relative humidity (50% RH and below).

Such membranes, when laid on the internal face of a thermal insulation material (face facing the interior of a building or a room), prevent as much as possible during the cold and dry season the water vapor to penetrate from inside the building into the space between the membrane and the wall and to condense on the latter (cold wall). Conversely, in the hot season, the high permeability of the membrane allows any moisture present in the structural elements of the building to evacuate towards the interior of the building. This property is particularly important in the case of new constructions where, during installation, certain elements may have a very high water content due to storage conditions, but also in the case of water infiltration in existing structures. . In both cases, it is important to be able to let the entire structure dry efficiently in the summer, both outside and inside the building. This need is crucial especially if the elements making up the system are conducive to the proliferation of microorganisms.

Such vapor barrier membranes having a differentiated behavior as a function of the relative humidity conditions which surround it are frequently qualified as “intelligent” (in English Smart vapor retarder (SVR)). In the present application the adjectives “moisture regulator”, “moisture regulator” and “intelligent” are used as synonyms when they describe the variation of the water vapor permeability of vapor barrier membranes.

It is common to express the water vapor permeability of a membrane in terms of the “equivalent air thickness” for water vapor diffusion (Sd). This thickness is expressed in meters and corresponds to the thickness of the layer of air which would oppose an equivalent resistance to the diffusion of water vapour. Therefore, the greater the equivalent air thickness, the less the membrane is permeable to water vapour. The equivalent air thickness (Sd) can be determined in accordance with EN 1931 and EN IS012572 standards.

A humidity-regulating vapor barrier membrane is generally considered to be all the more interesting and efficient when its equivalent air thickness is high at low relative humidity and low at high relative humidity.

The moisture-regulating vapor barrier membranes available on the market and described in the state of the art are generally based on synthetic organic polymers made from petroleum-based monomers.

The most frequently described and used polymers are polyamides, in particular polycaprolactam, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH), copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate and/or vinyl alcohol (EVA and EVOH). The most hydrophilic polymers (PVOH, EVOH) can be associated, in multi-layer structures, with thin more hydrophobic layers, in particular based on polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene and copolymers of ethylene and propylene .

Examples of documents describing such “smart” vapor barrier membranes include documents W02007/010388, W02006/034381, W02005/110892, US7008890, US 6808772 and US 6878455.

The research which led to the present invention aimed to replace the moisture-regulating vapor barrier membranes of the state of the art based on petro-based polymers, generally non-biodegradable, by moisture-regulating vapor barrier membranes based on bio-based polymers and /or biodegradable. These biobased polymers and/or biodegradable will be referred to hereinafter as “biopolymers”. The biopolymers are preferably biobased, that is to say based on materials of biological origin that are renewable in the short term. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the biopolymers used in the membranes of the present application are both biobased and biodegradable.

Bio-based biopolymers encompass both natural organic polymers, present as such in biomass, organic polymers obtained by physical and/or chemical modification of these natural polymers, and synthetic organic polymers obtained by polymerization of bio-based ingredients.

Membranes based on such biopolymers, for example based on cellulose, chitosan or even based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) are known and have been used, replacing films based on petroleum-based synthetic polymers, in particular in the field of food packaging where membranes are generally required to have water vapor permeability that is relatively independent of humidity and temperature conditions. Moreover, in the field of food packaging, the lifespan of packaging films is quite limited and generally ranges from a few days to a few weeks, at most a few months. In the field of vapor barrier membranes, on the contrary, a long service life of at least several years, or even several decades, is sought.

Membranes based on biopolymers are most often quite hydrophilic and their permeability to water vapor is high. The equivalent air thickness of these membranes is generally less than 1m and its absolute value varies only slightly with the relative humidity of the atmosphere surrounding them. These membranes therefore remain extremely permeable to water vapor whatever the surrounding conditions.

Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the small variation in the water vapor permeability of these rather hydrophilic membranes can be attributed to the plasticizing effect of the water which "dissolves" in the membrane, even at low humidity. The higher the ambient humidity high, the more the material of the membrane is plasticized by water and the easier the diffusion of water molecules within the membrane.

The main drawback of these membranes made of biopolymers, with a view to possible use as moisture-regulating vapor barriers, therefore lies in the fact that their permeability to water vapor remains globally too high at low relative humidity for they can function satisfactorily during the cold and dry season. A membrane made solely of cellulose would thus not form a sufficient barrier to water vapor coming from inside the building and would not prevent water vapor from entering the space between the membrane and the wall effectively enough. and to condense in the insulating material and on the internal face of the external wall.

In summary, the hydrophilic membranes based on biopolymers used in the field of food packaging remain too permeable to water vapor under conditions of low relative humidity (cold season). They are therefore not "intelligent" enough to be able to function correctly as vapor barriers in the field of thermal insulation of buildings, in particular in improving airtightness and managing the flow of water vapor in buildings.

The present invention is based on the surprising discovery that it is possible to very significantly increase the "intelligence" of membranes based on biopolymers and thus to make them compatible with use as a vapor barrier membrane in the field of building, by applying on each of their two faces a very thin layer of hydrophobic polymer, very little permeable to water vapour.

This discovery was all the more surprising since the hydrophobic polymers deposited on both sides of the biopolymer membrane have a permeability to water vapor which is independent of the ambient relative humidity. In other words, membranes made up solely of these hydrophobic polymers would have no hygroregulating character. It was therefore impossible to predict that the deposition of these same hydrophobic polymers on the faces of a membrane made of hydrophilic biopolymer(s) would dramatically increase the intelligence of the latter by allowing it to be extremely low permeability to water vapor during the dry season and very permeable to water vapor during the wet season.

The subject of the present application is thus a method for improving the airtightness of a building or of a room of a building comprising the application of a vapor barrier membrane on the internal face of the walls or walls of said building or of said room of a building, characterized in that the vapor barrier membrane is a moisture-regulating vapor barrier membrane comprising an active part comprising

- a middle layer with a thickness of between 2 prrn and 200 miti, preferably between 4 prrn and 100 miti, in particular between 5 and 50 miti, consisting of a biopolymer having a water vapor permeability coefficient Pi which increases with the average relative humidity and which, when determined at 23°C and an average relative humidity of 25.5%, is at least equal to 300 Barrers, and, on either side of the middle layer and preferably in contact with it,

- two outer layers with a thickness of between 100 nm and 20 miti, preferably between 200 nm and 2.5 miti, consisting independently of each other of an organic polymer having a vapor permeability coefficient of water P2, determined at 23° C. and at an average relative humidity of 25.5%, at most equal to 250 Barrers, preferably between 0.05 and 100 Barrers, in particular between 1.0 and 20 Barrers.

The active part of the membrane is preferably a three-layer structure consisting of a middle layer and two outer layers as defined above.

The middle layer and the two outer layers are of course continuous, non-perforated layers. They are therefore impermeable to fluids, whether liquid or gaseous.

The permeability coefficients Pi and P2 are those of the polymers respectively forming the middle layer and the outer layers. They correspond to the ratio of the mass flux of water vapor (Q) which crosses a zone (A) of a membrane of the polymer to be tested having a given thickness (E), under the effect of a difference in vapor pressure of water (dP) existing on either side of the membrane.

P = (Q x E)/(A x dP)

They are determined according to the experimental protocol described in detail below and are expressed in "Barrer", that is to say that the mass flow Q is expressed in cm ³ (normal pressure and temperature) per second, the thickness E is expressed in cm, the area A of the zone crossed is expressed in cm ² , and the difference in water vapor pressure (dP) is expressed in cm Hg (see in particular SA Stern, Journal of Polymer Science: PartA -2, vol.6 (1968), pages 1933-1934). The membrane of the present invention therefore comprises a relatively thick layer based on a hydrophilic biopolymer (middle layer), coated on both sides with a continuous layer of a hydrophobic polymer (outer layers).

The two outer layers are generally less thick than the middle layer. The ratio of the thickness of the middle layer to the thickness of each of the outer layers is advantageously between 1.5/1 and 1000/1, preferably between 2/1 and 500/1, in particular between 3/1 and 200/1.

The two outer layers are preferably directly in contact with the middle layer, i.e. the interface between the layers is preferably free of adhesive.

In the less preferred case where the outer layers are fixed to the middle layer by means of an adhesive, the latter would preferably have a permeability coefficient P3 greater than Pi and P2. In other words, the adhesive should not oppose to the diffusion of water vapor a resistance greater than that of each of the layers constituting the membrane.

The layers defined above form the “active part” of the membranes of the present invention. This part is preferably a membrane obtained in known manner by co-extrusion of thermoplastic polymers forming the different layers, by thermal bonding of films (outer layers) on the middle layer, or by depositing a coating on both sides of the layer median. Although the active part has in principle a mechanical strength allowing it to be used alone, that is to say without a support layer, it can be interesting, in particular for thin active layers (less than 50 μm ), to reinforce it with a mechanical structure that is permeable to air and whose resistance to the diffusion of water vapor is therefore negligible compared to that of the active layer, which is impermeable to air.

In an advantageous embodiment, the vapor barrier membrane therefore also comprises an air-permeable reinforcement or protection layer, directly in contact with the active part, that is to say with one of the layers external. This support layer can be a grid, a perforated plate, an open-pored foam or a woven or non-woven fabric, permeable to air. It is preferably a breathable textile, preferably a nonwoven. Mention may be made, as examples of particularly preferred support layers, of nonwovens made of polypropylene or polyester fibers or of glass fibers. The support layer or layers are preferably fixed to the active membrane, or active layer, by bonding using a polyurethane glue. The present invention also encompasses membranes where a reinforcing structure, such as a grid or a nonwoven, is incorporated into the active part of the membrane and more particularly into the middle layer.

The water vapor permeability coefficient P2 of the organic polymer constituting the outer layers does not vary significantly with the average relative humidity. The P2wet/P2dry ratio is generally between 1.0 and 1.10, preferably between 1.0 and 1.05.

As explained in the introduction, the biopolymers forming the middle layer are biosourced and/or biodegradable organic polymers. They are preferably biobased.

The biobased biopolymers are preferably chosen from the group consisting of

- osids,

- proteins and

- synthetic polymers obtained from biosourced monomers. The osides include the glycosides, the hydrolysis of which produces monosaccharides and non-carbohydrate compounds, and the holosides which are polymers exclusively of monosaccharides.

Mention may be made, as examples of osides which can be used to form the middle layer of the vapor barrier membrane of the present invention, those chosen from the group consisting of alginate, carrageenan, cellulose, in particular regenerated cellulose (cellulose hydrate) , chitin, chitosan, pectin, dextrin, starch, curdlan, FucoPol, gellan gum, pullulan and xanthan.

The proteins are advantageously selected from the group consisting of gluten, soy protein isolate, zein, whey protein, casein, collagen and gelatin.

Most of these bio-based polymers, extracted from biomass, have a high affinity for water and dissolve or swell in water to form hydrogels. It may therefore be interesting, or even necessary, to modify them chemically in order to reduce their hydrophilic nature, in particular to crosslink them in order to make them insoluble in water.

Examples of chemically modified biobased biopolymers include cellulose esters, in particular cellulose acetate, cellulose ethers (in particular ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose), nitrocellulose, starch esters and ethers .

The third category of biobased biopolymers is formed by polymers synthesized from biobased monomers.

These polymers can be linear or branched, and therefore thermoplastic, or thermoset.

Mention may be made, as examples of synthetic polymers obtained from biobased monomers, of those chosen from the group consisting of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), in particular polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) , poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polymers obtained by polymerization of lipid monomers, and thermoset polymers obtained by reaction monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and/or alditols with a polycarboxylic acid and/or a polyaldehyde.

The thermoset polymers obtained by reaction of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and/or alditols with a polycarboxylic acid and/or a polyaldehyde are well known in the field of binders for mineral wools and are described in detail, for example, in international applications WO2009/080938 , WO2010/029266, WO2013/014399,

WO201 3/021112 and WO2015/132518 in the name of the Applicant.

As explained in the introduction, it is also possible to use polymers of petrochemical origin to form the middle layer of the membranes of the present invention as long as they are biodegradable within the meaning of standard NF EN 13432.

The biodegradable biopolymers can advantageously be chosen from the group consisting of aliphatic polyester homopolymers such as poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), aliphatic copolyesters such as and poly(butylene succinate-co- adipate), aromatic copolyesters such as poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polyesteramides.

All the biopolymers constituting the middle layer have a permeability coefficient Pi, determined at 23°C under dry conditions (approximately 25% average relative humidity), greater than or equal to 300 Barrers, preferably between 300 and 50,000 Barrers, in particular between 400 and 30,000 Barrers, and ideally between 500 and 20,000 Barrers.

This permeability coefficient is determined as follows:

Five samples of the same membrane of thickness (E) are sealed using a sealant above test cups containing a desiccant (CaCL powder imposing a relative humidity in the cup of approximately 1% ). A template is placed on the surface of the films prior to the application of the grouting product, in order to create an exchange zone, free of any grouting product and of a defined area (A). Different grouting products can be used. The jointing product is for example a mixture of 60% microcrystalline wax and 40% refined crystalline paraffin. The cups thus produced are placed in a test chamber regulated in temperature (23°C) and relative humidity (50%), also called a climatic chamber.

Due to the difference in vapor partial pressure (dP) prevailing inside the test cups and in the chamber, water vapor migrates through the exchange zone of the membranes. Periodic weighing of the cups is carried out in order to determine the water vapor transmission rates (Q) in steady state, then, by calculation, the water vapor permeability coefficient of the films considered, expressed in Barrer. The average of the permeabilities measured on the different assemblies is then calculated and corresponds to the aforementioned permeability coefficient Pi.

The hydrophilic middle layer of the vapor barrier membrane of the present invention is covered on both sides with a continuous layer of an organic polymer that is more hydrophobic and less permeable to water vapor than the middle layer. The term “continuous” here means that each of the outer layers totally covers one of the sides of the middle membrane so that the latter is not in contact with the atmosphere. The two continuous layers can be of the same chemical nature and of the same thickness, or else of chemical nature and/or of different thickness from one another. Each of them is directly in contact with the middle layer.

The permeability coefficient P2 of each of the outer layers is at most equal to 250 Barrers, preferably between 0.05 and 100 Barrers, in particular between 1.0 and 20 Barrers. The permeability coefficient is determined in the same way as the Pi coefficient.

The organic polymer constituting the outer layers is advantageously chosen from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, poly(ethylene-co-propylene), homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl monomers chosen from vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride, fluoride vinylidene, tetrafluoroethylene and acrylonitrile.

A vapor barrier membrane with a middle layer consisting of cellulose, in particular regenerated cellulose, and two outer layers consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, an ethylene-propylene copolymer or poly(vinylidene chloride), preferably poly (chloride of vinylidene), is a particularly preferred embodiment of the vapor barrier membrane used in the process of the present invention.

The active part of the vapor barrier membrane used in the process of the present invention advantageously has a thickness comprised between 5.0 mm and 240 mm, preferably between 10 mm and 120 mm, in particular between 15 and 80 mm, these values corresponding to the active part (trilayer) of the membrane but do not include any reinforcement and/or protection structure.

Preferably, the wall or the wall of the room or the wall of the building whose airtightness is to be improved are insulated, that is to say covered, by a thermally insulating material and the vapor barrier membrane is attached to the thermal insulation material or incorporated into the thermal insulation material. In one embodiment of the method for improving the airtightness of a building or a room of a building, the vapor barrier membrane of the present invention is therefore applied in an internal position by relative to the thermal insulation material, preferably in direct contact with it. Fixing can be done by any appropriate means that does not significantly affect the airtightness of the membrane. It can be done for example by gluing, stapling or by means of a mechanical fastening system using textile hooks and loops (in English hook and loop fastener) of the scratch/ ^Velcro® type.

In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the vapor barrier membrane is integrated into the insulating material and attached to the wall of the room or building at the same time as the latter. The membrane is then oriented parallel to the two main surfaces of the insulation material and is preferably located closer to the main surface facing the interior of the room or building than to the main surface facing the wall.

The thermal insulating material can be any insulating material that is permeable to water vapor and includes in particular foams and fiber-based materials. It is preferably made of mineral fibers (mineral wool) or natural organic fibers (lignocellulosic fibers, cellulose wadding, animal wool), synthetic (polyester fibers) or artificial. It is preferably made of mineral wool. Examples

Five vapor barrier membranes were evaluated for their water vapor permeability in wet and dry conditions.

For this, each membrane was positioned so as to close an aluminum cup using as a joint product melted paraffin wax (mixture of 60% microcrystalline wax and 40% refined crystalline paraffin) to ensure the tightness. To measure water vapor permeability in dry conditions, calcium chloride is introduced into the cup before sealing it with the membrane in order to impose a relative humidity of approximately 1% inside. The cup/membrane assembly is then introduced into a climatic chamber in which the relative humidity is set at 50% and the temperature at 23°C, so as to create a difference in water vapor pressure (dP) from and sides of the membrane. We determine by weighing the cups over time the flow of water vapor (Q) which passes through the zone (A) of the membrane of thickness (E) and we calculate the coefficient of permeability (expressed in Barrers ) according to the formula P = (Q x E)/(A x dP)

The permeability coefficient Pi thus calculated corresponds to an average relative humidity of 25.5% ((1%+50%)/2).

To measure the permeability to water vapor in humid conditions (90% average relative humidity), the procedure is analogous, except that liquid water is introduced into the dish in order to fix the relative humidity. at 100%, and the relative humidity in the climate chamber is set at 80%.

The equivalent air thickness (Sd) is also determined for each membrane in accordance with standard EN IS012572.

The first membrane is a vapor barrier membrane according to the invention. It consists of a middle layer of cellulose with a thickness of 17.5 µm sandwiched between two layers of poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) with a thickness of 750 nm each. The permeability coefficient Pi of the cellulose middle layer is 5600 Barrers at a relative humidity of 25.5% (23°C) and 34600 Barrers at a relative humidity of 90% (23°C); the P2 permeability coefficient of the PVDC layers is 5 Barrers (23°C). It does not vary with relative humidity.

The second and third membranes consist solely of cellulose and have the same permeability coefficients Pi as the middle layer of the first membrane.

The fourth membrane is a membrane consisting of a single active layer of polyamide 6 with a thickness of 40 μm attached to a polypropylene nonwoven. It is available on the market under the name Vario KM Duplex® (Saint-Gobain Isover) The fifth membrane is a three-layer membrane according to the state of the art, with an active part consisting of a middle layer of ethylene copolymer and of vinyl alcohol (EVOH) sandwiched between two layers of polyamide 6, attached to a non-woven polypropylene. This membrane is available on the market under the name Vario Xtra® (Saint-Gobain Isover).

The technical characteristics of the membranes (composition of the layers, thickness, equivalent air thickness in dry and wet conditions) are gathered in Table 1 below.

[Table 1]

It can be seen that the difference between the equivalent air thickness in dry and wet conditions of the three-layer vapor barrier membrane according to the invention (membrane 1) is significantly greater than that of all the comparative membranes (membranes 2 to 5). The two cellulose membranes (membranes 2 and 3) have an equivalent air thickness (Sd) of less than 1 m, whether under the conditions wet or dry. They are not suitable as vapor barrier membranes because their hygroregulating power is insufficient. During the dry and cold season these membranes would allow too much water to pass through the space between the membrane and the wall of the building. This insufficiently intelligent behavior is corrected in a spectacularly effective manner by the presence of the two thin layers of PVDC.

It can also be noted that the membrane according to the invention (membrane 1) has a total thickness (19 μm) much lower than those of the active parts of the two membranes marketed by the Applicant which are respectively equal to 40 μm (Vario KM Duplex®) and 30 µm (Vario Xtra®). The excellent performance of the membrane according to the invention therefore allows a reduction in raw materials and consequently in costs.

Claims

1. Method for improving the airtightness of a building or a room of a building comprising the application of a vapor barrier membrane on the internal face of the walls of said building or of said room of a building, characterized in that the vapor barrier membrane is a hygroregulating membrane comprising an active part comprising

- a middle layer with a thickness of between 2 μm and 200 miti, preferably between 4 μm and 100 μm, consisting of a biopolymer having a water vapor permeability coefficient Pi which increases with the average relative humidity and which, when determined at 23°C and an average relative humidity of 25.5%, is at least equal to 300 Barrers, and, on either side of the middle layer and preferably in contact with this one,

- two outer layers with a thickness of between 100 nm and 20 μm, preferably between 200 nm and 2.5 μm, consisting independently of each other of an organic polymer having a vapor permeability coefficient of water P2, determined at 23° C. and at an average relative humidity of 25.5%, at most equal to 250 Barrers, preferably between 0.05 and 100 Barrers, in particular between 1.0 and 20 Barrers.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the water vapor permeability coefficient P2 of the organic polymer constituting the outer layers does not vary significantly with the average relative humidity.

3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the biopolymer forming the middle layer is a biosourced biopolymer chosen from the group consisting of osides, proteins and synthetic polymers obtained from biosourced monomers.

4. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the osides are chosen from the group consisting of alginate, carrageenan, cellulose, in particular regenerated cellulose, chitin, chitosan, pectin, dextrin, starch, curdlan, FucoPol, gellan gum , pullulan and xanthan.

5. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the proteins are chosen from the group consisting of gluten, soy protein isolate, zein, whey proteins, casein, collagen and gelatin.

6. Method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the osides and proteins are chemically modified.

7. Process according to claim 3, characterized in that the synthetic polymers obtained from biosourced monomers are chosen from the group consisting of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) ) (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polymers obtained by polymerization of lipid monomers, thermoset polymers obtained by reaction of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and/or alditols with a polycarboxylic acid and/or a polyaldehyde.

8. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the biopolymers are biodegradable polymers chosen from the group consisting of aliphatic polyesters, aliphatic copolyesters, aromatic copolyesters and polyesteramides.

9. Process according to claim 8, characterized in that the biodegradable biopolymers are chosen from the group consisting of poly(caprolactone) (PCL), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT).

10. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the organic polymer constituting the outer layers is chosen from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, poly (ethylene-co-propylene), homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl monomers selected from vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and acrylonitrile.

11. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the middle layer consists of cellulose and that the two outer layers consist of polyethylene, polypropylene, an ethylene-propylene copolymer or poly (vinylidene chloride), preferably poly(vinylidene chloride).

12. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the active part of the membrane has a thickness of between 5.0 μm and 240 μm, preferably between 10 μm and 120 μm.

13. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the vapor barrier membrane further comprises a reinforcing or protective layer which is in contact with one of the outer layers of the active part.

14. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wall of the building or of the room of the building is covered with a thermally insulating material and that the vapor barrier membrane is applied in an internal position by relative to the thermal insulation material or that the membrane is integrated into the thermal insulation material.

15. Method according to claim 14, characterized in that the thermal insulating material is made of mineral or organic fibers, natural, synthetic or artificial.