EP4110052A1 - Agricultural fluid deposition aid - Google Patents
Agricultural fluid deposition aidInfo
- Publication number
- EP4110052A1 EP4110052A1 EP21779580.6A EP21779580A EP4110052A1 EP 4110052 A1 EP4110052 A1 EP 4110052A1 EP 21779580 A EP21779580 A EP 21779580A EP 4110052 A1 EP4110052 A1 EP 4110052A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- agricultural composition
- polysiloxane
- composition
- agricultural
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title description 4
- -1 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 113
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 207
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 88
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 35
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 29
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-JTQLQIEISA-N (+)-α-limonene Chemical compound CC(=C)[C@@H]1CCC(C)=CC1 XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetin Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(OC(C)=O)COC(C)=O URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- HIQIXEFWDLTDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxy-1-piperidin-4-ylpyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CC(O)CN1C1CCNCC1 HIQIXEFWDLTDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940074928 isopropyl myristate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000975 bioactive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013773 glyceryl triacetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001087 glyceryl triacetate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960002622 triacetin Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012872 agrochemical composition Substances 0.000 claims 2
- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 abstract description 77
- 235000008504 concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 75
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 38
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 35
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 33
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 32
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 description 29
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 23
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 20
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 17
- SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silanol Chemical compound [SiH3]O SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 12
- 241000192043 Echinochloa Species 0.000 description 11
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 11
- 241000221079 Euphorbia <genus> Species 0.000 description 10
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 244000278530 Philodendron bipinnatifidum Species 0.000 description 8
- 235000018976 Philodendron bipinnatifidum Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- CLSVJBIHYWPGQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-2-oxo-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-yl] ethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC1=C(C=2C(=CC=C(C)C=2)C)C(=O)NC11CCC(OC)CC1 CLSVJBIHYWPGQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 101000879629 Streptomyces fradiae Subtilisin inhibitor-like protein 5 Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 240000007124 Brassica oleracea Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000003899 Brassica oleracea var acephala Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 101000879631 Streptomyces ambofaciens Subtilisin inhibitor-like protein 7 Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 101000880156 Streptomyces cacaoi Subtilisin inhibitor-like protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 235000011301 Brassica oleracea var capitata Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000001169 Brassica oleracea var oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 102000046669 Surf-1 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- 101150081019 surf1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 235000013479 Amaranthus retroflexus Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 240000006122 Chenopodium album Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000009344 Chenopodium album Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 241000207199 Citrus Species 0.000 description 4
- 244000058871 Echinochloa crus-galli Species 0.000 description 4
- FLIACVVOZYBSBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl palmitate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FLIACVVOZYBSBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000011999 Panicum crusgalli Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 241000488581 Panonychus citri Species 0.000 description 4
- 244000082204 Phyllostachys viridis Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000642 acaricide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000020971 citrus fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 244000038559 crop plants Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000014571 nuts Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZQTYRTSKQFQYPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisiloxane Chemical compound [SiH3]O[SiH2]O[SiH3] ZQTYRTSKQFQYPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PLFJWWUZKJKIPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[2-(2,6,8-trimethylnonan-4-yloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethanol Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)CC(CC(C)C)OCCOCCOCCO PLFJWWUZKJKIPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 244000036975 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000219198 Brassica Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000003351 Brassica cretica Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000003343 Brassica rupestris Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 3
- 244000067602 Chamaesyce hirta Species 0.000 description 3
- 244000242024 Conyza bonariensis Species 0.000 description 3
- 244000025670 Eleusine indica Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000014716 Eleusine indica Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 3
- 244000234609 Portulaca oleracea Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000001855 Portulaca oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000007238 Secale cereale Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 244000082988 Secale cereale Species 0.000 description 3
- 101000879624 Streptomyces virginiae Subtilisin inhibitor-like protein 8 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Chemical compound ClCCSCCCl QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000012343 cottonseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002385 cottonseed oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003630 growth substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005661 hydrophobic surface Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011785 micronutrient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013369 micronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000010460 mustard Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003333 secondary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000004819 silanols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- MHGOKSLTIUHUBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl sulfate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COS(O)(=O)=O MHGOKSLTIUHUBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000006995 Abutilon theophrasti Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000071453 Alopecurus carolinianus Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000237956 Amaranthus retroflexus Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000004135 Amaranthus viridis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000003129 Ambrosia artemisiifolia var elatior Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000251090 Anthemis cotula Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000002022 Anthriscus cerefolium Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007258 Anthriscus cerefolium Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000007563 Barbarea vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000008399 Barbarea vulgaris Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001645380 Bassia scoparia Species 0.000 description 2
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Betaine Natural products C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011299 Brassica oleracea var botrytis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000017647 Brassica oleracea var italica Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000003259 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000011305 Capsella bursa pastoris Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000008867 Capsella bursa-pastoris Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000723418 Carya Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000277285 Cassia obtusifolia Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000006719 Cassia obtusifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000005484 Chenopodium berlandieri Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000009332 Chenopodium rubrum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000004385 Conyza canadensis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000000532 Descurainia pinnata Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000014257 Descurainia pinnata Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000286838 Eclipta prostrata Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000004272 Eragrostis cilianensis Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000305599 Erigeron annuus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000305715 Erigeron strigosus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001299722 Eriochloa villosa Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000505107 Geranium carolinianum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001523358 Glyceria Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000020551 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000003127 Lactuca serriola Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000006137 Lactuca serriola Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000009198 Lamium amplexicaule Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000303225 Lamium amplexicaule Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000182213 Lepidium virginicum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000320639 Leptochloa Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- HPEUJPJOZXNMSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl stearate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC HPEUJPJOZXNMSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000302512 Momordica charantia Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000009811 Momordica charantia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O N,N,N-trimethylglycinium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000209117 Panicum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001465363 Panicum capillare Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000236458 Panicum colonum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000015225 Panicum colonum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000006443 Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000009037 Panicum miliaceum subsp. ruderale Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000008331 Pinus X rigitaeda Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000018646 Pinus brutia Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000011613 Pinus brutia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000218206 Ranunculus Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000005397 Richardia scabra Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000000528 Ricinus communis Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000004443 Ricinus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000001451 Rottboellia cochinchinensis Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000124765 Salsola kali Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007658 Salsola kali Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000003705 Senecio vulgaris Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000006410 Sida spinosa Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000006394 Sorghum bicolor Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000002439 Sorghum halepense Species 0.000 description 2
- 101000879673 Streptomyces coelicolor Subtilisin inhibitor-like protein 3 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000879675 Streptomyces lavendulae Subtilisin inhibitor-like protein 4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000880160 Streptomyces rochei Subtilisin inhibitor-like protein 2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 244000152045 Themeda triandra Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000008214 Thlaspi arvense Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000008488 Thlaspi arvense Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001533104 Tribulus terrestris Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000219793 Trifolium Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000005545 Veronica americana Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000005592 Veronica officinalis Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000067505 Xanthium strumarium Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000000895 acaricidal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000003484 annual ragweed Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229960000074 biopharmaceutical Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000006263 bur ragweed Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000003488 common ragweed Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QYDYPVFESGNLHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N elaidic acid methyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC QYDYPVFESGNLHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 229940117927 ethylene oxide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- UQDUPQYQJKYHQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl laurate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC UQDUPQYQJKYHQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JGHZJRVDZXSNKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl octanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)OC JGHZJRVDZXSNKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QYDYPVFESGNLHU-KHPPLWFESA-N methyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC QYDYPVFESGNLHU-KHPPLWFESA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940073769 methyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- ZAZKJZBWRNNLDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl tetradecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC ZAZKJZBWRNNLDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010690 paraffinic oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000361 pesticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005648 plant growth regulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 235000009736 ragweed Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- IYMLUHWAJFXAQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N topramezone Chemical compound CC1=C(C(=O)C2=C(N(C)N=C2)O)C=CC(S(C)(=O)=O)=C1C1=NOCC1 IYMLUHWAJFXAQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-RDDWSQKMSA-N (1S)-cis-(alphaR)-cyhalothrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@H](\C=C(/Cl)C(F)(F)F)[C@@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H](C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-RDDWSQKMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMYFCFLJBGAQRS-IRXDYDNUSA-N (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole Chemical compound C1=CC(F)=CC=C1[C@@]1(CN2N=CN=C2)[C@H](C=2C(=CC=CC=2)Cl)O1 ZMYFCFLJBGAQRS-IRXDYDNUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDVVMCZRFWMZSG-OLQVQODUSA-N (3ar,7as)-2-(trichloromethylsulfanyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydroisoindole-1,3-dione Chemical compound C1C=CC[C@H]2C(=O)N(SC(Cl)(Cl)Cl)C(=O)[C@H]21 LDVVMCZRFWMZSG-OLQVQODUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QNBTYORWCCMPQP-JXAWBTAJSA-N (Z)-dimethomorph Chemical compound C1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=C1C(\C=1C=CC(Cl)=CC=1)=C/C(=O)N1CCOCC1 QNBTYORWCCMPQP-JXAWBTAJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JIHQDMXYYFUGFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-triazine Chemical class C1=NC=NC=N1 JIHQDMXYYFUGFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXMNMQRDXWABCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1CC(O)(C(C)(C)C)CCC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 PXMNMQRDXWABCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFRVVPUIAFSTFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Tridecanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCO XFRVVPUIAFSTFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZBPKYOVPCNPJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole Chemical compound ClC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C(OCC=C)CN1C=NC=C1 PZBPKYOVPCNPJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ULCWZQJLFZEXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)oxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1,2,4-triazole Chemical compound O1C(OCC(F)(F)F)CCC1(C=1C(=CC(Cl)=CC=1)Cl)CN1N=CN=C1 ULCWZQJLFZEXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YIKWKLYQRFRGPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecylguanidine acetate Chemical compound CC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCN=C(N)N YIKWKLYQRFRGPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 11-methyldodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCO XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CGNBQYFXGQHUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dinitroaniline Chemical class NC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1[N+]([O-])=O CGNBQYFXGQHUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-D Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YOYAIZYFCNQIRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1C#N YOYAIZYFCNQIRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YTOPFCCWCSOHFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCN1CC(C)OC(C)C1 YTOPFCCWCSOHFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFNOUKDBUJZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1CC(O)(C=1C=CC(Cl)=CC=1)C(C)C1CC1 UFNOUKDBUJZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SXERGJJQSKIUIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Phenoxypropionic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C(C)OC1=CC=CC=C1 SXERGJJQSKIUIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSKNXCHJIFBRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[2-(dodecylamino)ethylamino]ethylamino]acetic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCNCCNCCNCC(O)=O FSKNXCHJIFBRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MUKYLHIZBOASDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[carbamimidoyl(methyl)amino]acetic acid 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid Chemical compound NC(=N)N(C)CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O MUKYLHIZBOASDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKMIHKCGXQMFEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[dimethyl(tetradecyl)azaniumyl]acetate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KKMIHKCGXQMFEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMRBZKOCOOPYNY-QXMHVHEDSA-N 2-[dimethyl-[(z)-octadec-9-enyl]azaniumyl]acetate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O AMRBZKOCOOPYNY-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVSPPYGAFOVROT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenoxybutanoic acid Chemical class CCC(C(O)=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 TVSPPYGAFOVROT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001494 2-propynyl group Chemical group [H]C#CC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- ABOOPXYCKNFDNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(OC(C)C(O)=O)=CC=C1OC1=CN=C(C=C(Cl)C=C2)C2=N1 ABOOPXYCKNFDNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CAAMSDWKXXPUJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-one Chemical class O=C1CNC=N1 CAAMSDWKXXPUJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBUKOHLFHYSZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-dodecyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCN1CC(C)OC(C)C1 SBUKOHLFHYSZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCCSBWNGDMYFCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methyl-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(phenylamino)-1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1C(C)(C=2C=CC(OC=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)OC(=O)N1NC1=CC=CC=C1 PCCSBWNGDMYFCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IBSREHMXUMOFBB-JFUDTMANSA-N 5u8924t11h Chemical compound O1[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](OC)C[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)C[C@H](O[C@@H]2C(=C/C[C@@H]3C[C@@H](C[C@@]4(O3)C=C[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(C)C)O4)OC(=O)[C@@H]3C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]4OC\C([C@@]34O)=C/C=C/[C@@H]2C)/C)O[C@H]1C.C1=C[C@H](C)[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)O[C@]11O[C@H](C\C=C(C)\[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](OC)C3)[C@@H](OC)C2)[C@@H](C)\C=C\C=C/2[C@]3([C@H](C(=O)O4)C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3OC\2)O)C[C@H]4C1 IBSREHMXUMOFBB-JFUDTMANSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLLBRTOLHQQAQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-methylnonan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCO PLLBRTOLHQQAQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005660 Abamectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001143500 Aceraceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001133760 Acoelorraphe Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009434 Actinidia chinensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009436 Actinidia deliciosa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000209758 Aegilops Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000886193 Aegilops cylindrica Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000291564 Allium cepa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002732 Allium cepa var. cepa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219496 Alnus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009328 Amaranthus caudatus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000001592 Amaranthus caudatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000300297 Amaranthus hybridus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003133 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000208841 Ambrosia trifida Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000207032 American speedwell Species 0.000 description 1
- KLSJWNVTNUYHDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Amitrole Chemical compound NC1=NC=NN1 KLSJWNVTNUYHDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001377087 Amsinckia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001321773 Amsinckia menziesii Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000144725 Amygdalus communis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007119 Ananas comosus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000099147 Ananas comosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001547866 Anoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000204909 Anoda cristata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007639 Anthemis cotula Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000205585 Aquilegia canadensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007320 Avena fatua Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000209764 Avena fatua Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000000832 Ayote Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005730 Azoxystrobin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000193388 Bacillus thuringiensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000490495 Barbarea Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001522729 Bassia <hydrozoan> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000274872 Bassia hyssopifolia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000143476 Bidens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000842328 Bidens bipinnata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010662 Bidens pilosa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005874 Bifenthrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000167854 Bourreria succulenta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008427 Brassica arvensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000024671 Brassica kaber Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011293 Brassica napus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012905 Brassica oleracea var viridis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000000540 Brassica rapa subsp rapa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000209200 Bromus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000544785 Bromus japonicus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004936 Bromus mango Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000209202 Bromus secalinus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001148727 Bromus tectorum Species 0.000 description 1
- PJINIBMAHRTKNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(CCCCCCCCOCCCCCCCCC(C)(C)C)(C)C Chemical compound CC(CCCCCCCCOCCCCCCCCC(C)(C)C)(C)C PJINIBMAHRTKNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFLRKDZMHNBDQS-UCQUSYKYSA-N CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C(=C[C@H]3[C@@H]2CC(=O)O1)C)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C.CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C=C[C@H]3C2CC(=O)O1)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C Chemical compound CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C(=C[C@H]3[C@@H]2CC(=O)O1)C)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C.CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C=C[C@H]3C2CC(=O)O1)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C JFLRKDZMHNBDQS-UCQUSYKYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical class [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000005688 Camelina microcarpa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001234743 Camelina microcarpa Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000197813 Camelina sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014595 Camelina sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002566 Capsicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005745 Captan Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWFZGCMQGLPBSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbendazim Natural products C1=CC=C2NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 TWFZGCMQGLPBSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000490499 Cardamine Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008473 Cardamine hirsuta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014412 Cardamine oligosperma Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009025 Carya illinoensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000068645 Carya illinoensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014552 Cassia tora Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014036 Castanea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001070941 Castanea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014224 Ceanothus americanus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001904 Ceanothus herbaceus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000209120 Cenchrus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001120279 Cenchrus spinifex Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000421334 Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000935985 Certhiidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007866 Chamaemelum nobile Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- STUSTWKEFDQFFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlordimeform Chemical compound CN(C)C=NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1C STUSTWKEFDQFFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005944 Chlorpyrifos Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013057 Chorispora tenella Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001118070 Chorispora tenella Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005633 Chrysanthemum balsamita Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000260524 Chrysanthemum balsamita Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000132536 Cirsium Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000241235 Citrullus lanatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012828 Citrullus lanatus var citroides Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005497 Clethodim Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005654 Clofentezine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005499 Clomazone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000723367 Conium maculatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000074881 Conyza canadensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000723366 Coreopsis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000128583 Coreopsis cardaminifolia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005912 Coreopsis cardaminifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000723382 Corylus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007466 Corylus avellana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219122 Cucurbita Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009854 Cucurbita moschata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009804 Cucurbita pepo subsp pepo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219130 Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003954 Cucurbita pepo var melopepo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219104 Cucurbitaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005757 Cyproconazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002767 Daucus carota Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000000626 Daucus carota Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017680 Descurainia sophia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005503 Desmedipham Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009355 Dianthus caryophyllus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000006497 Dianthus caryophyllus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005893 Diflubenzuron Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017896 Digitaria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001303487 Digitaria <clam> Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000001602 Digitaria X umfolozi Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017898 Digitaria ciliaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005476 Digitaria cruciata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006830 Digitaria didactyla Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005804 Digitaria eriantha ssp. eriantha Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010823 Digitaria sanguinalis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005947 Dimethoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005761 Dimethomorph Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005762 Dimoxystrobin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005765 Dodemorph Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005766 Dodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000003173 Drymaria cordata Species 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Elaidinsaeure-aethylester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005767 Epoxiconazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000207543 Euphorbia heterophylla Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000072948 Euphorbia humistrata Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005772 Famoxadone Substances 0.000 description 1
- PQKBPHSEKWERTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fenoxaprop ethyl Chemical group C1=CC(OC(C)C(=O)OCC)=CC=C1OC1=NC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2O1 PQKBPHSEKWERTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWBVHLJPRPCRSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluridone Chemical compound O=C1C(C=2C=C(C=CC=2)C(F)(F)F)=CN(C)C=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YWBVHLJPRPCRSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000006927 Foeniculum vulgare Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004204 Foeniculum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000009088 Fragaria x ananassa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014820 Galium aparine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000735332 Gerbera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000000512 Glyceria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005562 Glyphosate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000208818 Helianthus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007328 Hericium erinaceus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001665749 Holosteum umbellatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006287 Hookers bur ragweed Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000595509 Hypochaeris glabra Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005795 Imazalil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005906 Imidacloprid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021506 Ipomoea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000207783 Ipomoea Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000001549 Ipomoea eriocarpa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005146 Ipomoea eriocarpa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004440 Isodecyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- NEKOXWSIMFDGMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropalin Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C(C)C)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O NEKOXWSIMFDGMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005570 Isoxaben Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010254 Jasminum officinale Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000005385 Jasminum sambac Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000758791 Juglandaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- POSKOXIJDWDKPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Kelevan Chemical compound ClC1(Cl)C2(Cl)C3(Cl)C4(Cl)C(CC(=O)CCC(=O)OCC)(O)C5(Cl)C3(Cl)C1(Cl)C5(Cl)C42Cl POSKOXIJDWDKPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000801073 Krigia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000801066 Krigia virginica Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000004322 Lens culinaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014647 Lens culinaris subsp culinaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000000418 Lepidium latifolium Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003611 Lepidium virginicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000000482 Lepidium virginicum var virginicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003403 Limnocharis flava Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000209082 Lolium Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000004296 Lolium perenne Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000208467 Macadamia Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000070406 Malus silvestris Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005802 Mancozeb Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014826 Mangifera indica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007228 Mangifera indica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007232 Matricaria chamomilla Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012629 Mentha aquatica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005807 Metalaxyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- LRUUNMYPIBZBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methazole Chemical compound O=C1N(C)C(=O)ON1C1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 LRUUNMYPIBZBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005916 Methomyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000003805 Musa ABB Group Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000005561 Musa balbisiana Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000009023 Myrrhis odorata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007265 Myrrhis odorata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WPPOGHDFAVQKLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Octyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN1CCCC1=O WPPOGHDFAVQKLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000230712 Narcissus tazetta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000233855 Orchidaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005587 Oryzalin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001148659 Panicum dichotomiflorum Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000004370 Pastinaca sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017769 Pastinaca sativa subsp sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005591 Pendimethalin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000000275 Persicaria hydropiper Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017337 Persicaria hydropiper Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000978467 Persicaria pensylvanica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005594 Phenmedipham Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000218657 Picea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012550 Pimpinella anisum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000758706 Piperaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000006711 Pistacia vera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010582 Pisum sativum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004713 Pisum sativum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000013557 Plantaginaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015266 Plantago major Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001166913 Poa bulbosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000205407 Polygonum Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000292697 Polygonum aviculare Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006386 Polygonum aviculare Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000004442 Polygonum persicaria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000985694 Polypodiopsida Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000219000 Populus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000183024 Populus tremula Species 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005820 Prochloraz Substances 0.000 description 1
- RSVPPPHXAASNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Prodiamine Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C(N)=C1[N+]([O-])=O RSVPPPHXAASNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005822 Propiconazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000005809 Prunus persica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006040 Prunus persica var persica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000046146 Pueraria lobata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010575 Pueraria lobata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005606 Pyridate Substances 0.000 description 1
- JTZCTMAVMHRNTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCSC(=O)OC1=CC(Cl)=NN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 JTZCTMAVMHRNTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000598370 Pyrrhopappus carolinianus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000220324 Pyrus Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000184734 Pyrus japonica Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000219492 Quercus Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000088415 Raphanus sativus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006140 Raphanus sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014220 Rhus chinensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000003152 Rhus chinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000109329 Rosa xanthina Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004789 Rosa xanthina Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007651 Rubus glaucus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000018735 Sambucus canadensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000151637 Sambucus canadensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000275012 Sesbania cannabina Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000533293 Sesbania emerus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005775 Setaria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000232088 Setaria <nematode> Species 0.000 description 1
- CSPPKDPQLUUTND-NBVRZTHBSA-N Sethoxydim Chemical compound CCO\N=C(/CCC)C1=C(O)CC(CC(C)SCC)CC1=O CSPPKDPQLUUTND-NBVRZTHBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910008051 Si-OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001302210 Sida <water flea> Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002834 Sida rhombifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005647 Sisymbrium altissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000174087 Sisymbrium altissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011375 Sisymbrium irio Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000006311 Sisymbrium irio Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910002808 Si–O–Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006358 Si—OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 240000003768 Solanum lycopersicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000111146 Sonchus arvensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008132 Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000113428 Sonchus oleraceus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006745 Sonchus oleraceus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000007230 Sorghum bicolor Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006923 Sorghum x drummondii Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000960310 Spergula Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009337 Spinacia oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000300264 Spinacia oleracea Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005930 Spinosad Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005931 Spirotetramat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009184 Spondias indica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000271567 Struthioniformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940100389 Sulfonylurea Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001523334 Taeniatherum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001522120 Taeniatherum caput-medusae Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000001949 Taraxacum officinale Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005187 Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005839 Tebuconazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002359 Tetronic® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000299461 Theobroma cacao Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009470 Theobroma cacao Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000159243 Toxicodendron radicans Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005857 Trifloxystrobin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005942 Triflumuron Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000722921 Tulipa gesneriana Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000218220 Ulmaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001521331 Urochloa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001141210 Urochloa platyphylla Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001584884 Urochloa texana Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003095 Vaccinium corymbosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000851 Vaccinium corymbosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017537 Vaccinium myrtillus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000201338 Veronica arvensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000219094 Vitaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007244 Zea mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VXSIXFKKSNGRRO-MXOVTSAMSA-N [(1s)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-[(2z)-penta-2,4-dienyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl] (1r,3r)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate;[(1s)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-[(2z)-penta-2,4-dienyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl] (1r,3r)-3-[(e)-3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl Chemical class CC1(C)[C@H](C=C(C)C)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H]1C(C)=C(C\C=C/C=C)C(=O)C1.CC1(C)[C@H](/C=C(\C)C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H]1C(C)=C(C\C=C/C=C)C(=O)C1 VXSIXFKKSNGRRO-MXOVTSAMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DZHMRSPXDUUJER-UHFFFAOYSA-N [amino(hydroxy)methylidene]azanium;dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound NC(N)=O.OP(O)(O)=O DZHMRSPXDUUJER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950008167 abamectin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YASYVMFAVPKPKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N acephate Chemical compound COP(=O)(SC)NC(C)=O YASYVMFAVPKPKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009098 adjuvant therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012773 agricultural material Substances 0.000 description 1
- QGLZXHRNAYXIBU-WEVVVXLNSA-N aldicarb Chemical compound CNC(=O)O\N=C\C(C)(C)SC QGLZXHRNAYXIBU-WEVVVXLNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008051 alkyl sulfates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000020224 almond Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960002587 amitraz Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QXAITBQSYVNQDR-ZIOPAAQOSA-N amitraz Chemical compound C=1C=C(C)C=C(C)C=1/N=C/N(C)\C=N\C1=CC=C(C)C=C1C QXAITBQSYVNQDR-ZIOPAAQOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XYXNTHIYBIDHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium thiosulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S XYXNTHIYBIDHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000021016 apples Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AKNQMEBLVAMSNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azaconazole Chemical compound ClC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1(CN2N=CN=C2)OCCO1 AKNQMEBLVAMSNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950000294 azaconazole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WZWFLYIWVHMBAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;urea Chemical compound N.N.NC(N)=O WZWFLYIWVHMBAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RQVGAIADHNPSME-UHFFFAOYSA-N azinphos-ethyl Chemical group C1=CC=C2C(=O)N(CSP(=S)(OCC)OCC)N=NC2=C1 RQVGAIADHNPSME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJJOSEISRRTUQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N azinphos-methyl Chemical group C1=CC=C2C(=O)N(CSP(=S)(OC)OC)N=NC2=C1 CJJOSEISRRTUQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFDXOXNFNRHQEC-GHRIWEEISA-N azoxystrobin Chemical compound CO\C=C(\C(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1OC1=CC(OC=2C(=CC=CC=2)C#N)=NC=N1 WFDXOXNFNRHQEC-GHRIWEEISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940097012 bacillus thuringiensis Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021015 bananas Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RIOXQFHNBCKOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benomyl Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(C(=O)NCCCC)C(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 RIOXQFHNBCKOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOMSMJKLGFBRBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentazone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NS(=O)(=O)N(C(C)C)C(=O)C2=C1 ZOMSMJKLGFBRBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001559 benzoic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MITFXPHMIHQXPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoxaprofen Natural products N=1C2=CC(C(C(O)=O)C)=CC=C2OC=1C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 MITFXPHMIHQXPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMFRMAHOUUJSGP-IRHGGOMRSA-N bifenthrin Chemical compound C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C(C)=C1COC(=O)[C@@H]1[C@H](\C=C(/Cl)C(F)(F)F)C1(C)C OMFRMAHOUUJSGP-IRHGGOMRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- FYBYQXQHBHTWLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(silyloxysilyloxy)silane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH2]O[SiH2]O[SiH2]O[SiH3] FYBYQXQHBHTWLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000007123 blue elder Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021014 blueberries Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical compound BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000828 canola oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019519 canola oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940117949 captan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005286 carbaryl Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CVXBEEMKQHEXEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbaryl Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(OC(=O)NC)=CC=CC2=C1 CVXBEEMKQHEXEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006013 carbendazim Substances 0.000 description 1
- JNPZQRQPIHJYNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbendazim Chemical compound C1=C[CH]C2=NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 JNPZQRQPIHJYNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MRUAUOIMASANKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-O carboxymethyl-[3-(dodecanoylamino)propyl]-dimethylazanium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCC[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O MRUAUOIMASANKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019693 cherries Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorpyrifos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=NC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SILSDTWXNBZOGF-JWGBMQLESA-N clethodim Chemical compound CCSC(C)CC1CC(O)=C(C(CC)=NOC\C=C\Cl)C(=O)C1 SILSDTWXNBZOGF-JWGBMQLESA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXADOQPNKNTIHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N clofentezine Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1C1=NN=C(C=2C(=CC=CC=2)Cl)N=N1 UXADOQPNKNTIHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KIEDNEWSYUYDSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N clomazone Chemical compound O=C1C(C)(C)CON1CC1=CC=CC=C1Cl KIEDNEWSYUYDSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002837 defoliant Substances 0.000 description 1
- WZJZMXBKUWKXTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N desmedipham Chemical compound CCOC(=O)NC1=CC=CC(OC(=O)NC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 WZJZMXBKUWKXTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHIVAFMUCKRCQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazinon Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=CC(C)=NC(C(C)C)=N1 FHIVAFMUCKRCQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIXZHMJUSMUDOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloran Chemical compound NC1=C(Cl)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1Cl BIXZHMJUSMUDOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940004812 dicloran Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940019503 diflubenzuron Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QQQYTWIFVNKMRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diflubenzuron Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(F)=C1C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 QQQYTWIFVNKMRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCWXGJITAZMZEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethoate Chemical compound CNC(=O)CSP(=S)(OC)OC MCWXGJITAZMZEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXUZAHCNPWONDH-DYTRJAOYSA-N dimoxystrobin Chemical compound CNC(=O)C(=N\OC)\C1=CC=CC=C1COC1=CC(C)=CC=C1C WXUZAHCNPWONDH-DYTRJAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl benzenesulfonate;sodium Chemical class [Na].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JMXKCYUTURMERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodemorph Chemical compound C1C(C)OC(C)CN1C1CCCCCCCCCCC1 JMXKCYUTURMERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940044165 dodicin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QLFZZSKTJWDQOS-YDBLARSUSA-N doramectin Chemical compound O1[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](OC)C[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)C[C@H](O[C@@H]2C(=C/C[C@@H]3C[C@@H](C[C@@]4(O3)C=C[C@H](C)[C@@H](C3CCCCC3)O4)OC(=O)[C@@H]3C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]4OC\C([C@@]34O)=C/C=C/[C@@H]2C)/C)O[C@H]1C QLFZZSKTJWDQOS-YDBLARSUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003997 doramectin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000007124 elderberry Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- RDYMFSUJUZBWLH-SVWSLYAFSA-N endosulfan Chemical compound C([C@@H]12)OS(=O)OC[C@@H]1[C@]1(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)[C@@]2(Cl)C1(Cl)Cl RDYMFSUJUZBWLH-SVWSLYAFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002125 enilconazole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- CAMHHLOGFDZBBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N epoxidized methyl oleate Natural products CCCCCCCCC1OC1CCCCCCCC(=O)OC CAMHHLOGFDZBBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007046 ethoxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N ethyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093471 ethyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000008995 european elder Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VAIZTNZGPYBOGF-CYBMUJFWSA-N fluazifop-P-butyl Chemical group C1=CC(O[C@H](C)C(=O)OCCCC)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=N1 VAIZTNZGPYBOGF-CYBMUJFWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FQKUGOMFVDPBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N flusilazole Chemical compound C=1C=C(F)C=CC=1[Si](C=1C=CC(F)=CC=1)(C)CN1C=NC=N1 FQKUGOMFVDPBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNVDAZSPJWCIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N flusulfamide Chemical compound ClC1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C1NS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C(C(F)(F)F)=C1 GNVDAZSPJWCIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000855 fungicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940097068 glyphosate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N glyphosate Chemical compound OC(=O)CNCP(O)(O)=O XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021021 grapes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- HICUREFSAIZXFQ-JOWPUVSESA-N i9z29i000j Chemical compound C1C[C@H](C)[C@@H](CC)O[C@@]21O[C@H](C\C=C(C)\[C@H](OC(=O)C(=N/OC)\C=1C=CC=CC=1)[C@@H](C)\C=C\C=C/1[C@]3([C@H](C(=O)O4)C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3OC\1)O)C[C@H]4C2 HICUREFSAIZXFQ-JOWPUVSESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940056881 imidacloprid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidacloprid Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C1/NCCN1CC1=CC=C(Cl)N=C1 YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002462 imidazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- PMHURSZHKKJGBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoxaben Chemical compound O1N=C(C(C)(CC)CC)C=C1NC(=O)C1=C(OC)C=CC=C1OC PMHURSZHKKJGBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005910 lambda-Cyhalothrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940075468 lauramidopropyl betaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940094506 lauryl betaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010150 least significant difference test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021374 legumes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical class [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YKSNLCVSTHTHJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L maneb Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S YKSNLCVSTHTHJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920000940 maneb Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011656 manganese carbonate Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000006748 manganese carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940093474 manganese carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000016 manganese(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(ii) carbonate Chemical class [Mn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000003267 mannagrass Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005394 methallyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UHXUZOCRWCRNSJ-QPJJXVBHSA-N methomyl Chemical compound CNC(=O)O\N=C(/C)SC UHXUZOCRWCRNSJ-QPJJXVBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MFSWTRQUCLNFOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-(4-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate Chemical group C1=CC(OC(C)C(=O)OC)=CC=C1OC1=NC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1Cl MFSWTRQUCLNFOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BACHBFVBHLGWSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate Chemical group C1=CC(OC(C)C(=O)OC)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl BACHBFVBHLGWSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQEIXNIJLIKNTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate Chemical compound COCC(=O)N(C(C)C(=O)OC)C1=C(C)C=CC=C1C ZQEIXNIJLIKNTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000000394 mitotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006012 monoammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- DVEKCXOJTLDBFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-dodecyl-n,n-dimethylglycinate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O DVEKCXOJTLDBFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001069 nematicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005645 nematicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NVGOPFQZYCNLDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N norflurazon Chemical compound O=C1C(Cl)=C(NC)C=NN1C1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 NVGOPFQZYCNLDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N novaluron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(OC(F)(F)F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UNAHYJYOSSSJHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oryzalin Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(S(N)(=O)=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O UNAHYJYOSSSJHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021017 pears Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CHIFOSRWCNZCFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pendimethalin Chemical compound CCC(CC)NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O CHIFOSRWCNZCFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013500 performance material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000490 permethrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RLLPVAHGXHCWKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N permethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)C(C=C(Cl)Cl)C1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 RLLPVAHGXHCWKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- IDOWTHOLJBTAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenmedipham Chemical compound COC(=O)NC1=CC=CC(OC(=O)NC=2C=C(C)C=CC=2)=C1 IDOWTHOLJBTAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCPDWSOZIOUXRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenoxyacetic acid Chemical class OC(=O)COC1=CC=CC=C1 LCPDWSOZIOUXRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020233 pistachio Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021018 plums Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ONJQDTZCDSESIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N polidocanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO ONJQDTZCDSESIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012015 potatoes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- TVLSRXXIMLFWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N prochloraz Chemical compound C1=CN=CN1C(=O)N(CCC)CCOC1=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=C1Cl TVLSRXXIMLFWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004368 propenyl group Chemical group C(=CC)* 0.000 description 1
- STJLVHWMYQXCPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propiconazole Chemical compound O1C(CCC)COC1(C=1C(=CC(Cl)=CC=1)Cl)CN1N=CN=C1 STJLVHWMYQXCPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015136 pumpkin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HYJYGLGUBUDSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrethrin Natural products CCC(=O)OC1CC(=C)C2CC3OC3(C)C2C2OC(=O)C(=C)C12 HYJYGLGUBUDSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940070846 pyrethrins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002728 pyrethroid Substances 0.000 description 1
- BACHBFVBHLGWSL-JTQLQIEISA-N rac-diclofop methyl Natural products C1=CC(O[C@@H](C)C(=O)OC)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl BACHBFVBHLGWSL-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003044 randomized block design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021013 raspberries Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003128 rodenticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940079862 sodium lauryl sarcosinate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011684 sodium molybdate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015393 sodium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium molybdate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ADWNFGORSPBALY-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-[dodecyl(methyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCN(C)CC([O-])=O ADWNFGORSPBALY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ILTPEIHCVNQAJM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;tetradecoxy sulfate Chemical class [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCOOS([O-])(=O)=O ILTPEIHCVNQAJM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940014213 spinosad Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CLSVJBIHYWPGQY-GGYDESQDSA-N spirotetramat Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC1=C(C=2C(=CC=C(C)C=2)C)C(=O)N[C@@]11CC[C@H](OC)CC1 CLSVJBIHYWPGQY-GGYDESQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009718 spray deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000020354 squash Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021012 strawberries Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012956 testing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- YFNCATAIYKQPOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophanate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OCC YFNCATAIYKQPOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003918 triazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940087291 tridecyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000005691 triesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ONCZDRURRATYFI-TVJDWZFNSA-N trifloxystrobin Chemical compound CO\N=C(\C(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1CO\N=C(/C)C1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 ONCZDRURRATYFI-TVJDWZFNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAIPTRIXGHTTNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflumuron Chemical compound C1=CC(OC(F)(F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1Cl XAIPTRIXGHTTNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZSDSQXJSNMTJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluralin Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O ZSDSQXJSNMTJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020234 walnut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002888 zwitterionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
- A01P13/00—Herbicides; Algicides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/24—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing ingredients to enhance the sticking of the active ingredients
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/80—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms five-membered rings with one nitrogen atom and either one oxygen atom or one sulfur atom in positions 1,2
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N55/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing organic compounds containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N61/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing substances of unknown or undetermined composition, e.g. substances characterised only by the mode of action
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to additives that can improve the deposition properties of certain fluids, and more particularly to formulations and methods for improving the deposition properties of fluids that are sprayed onto plant surfaces for agricultural purposes.
- Compositions in accordance with the invention are particularly useful with agrochemicals, more particularly with herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, biologicals and growth regulators.
- surfactants can efficiently reduce the surface tension of the formulation. This can improve the ability of the formulation to adhere to the surface to which it is applied and for the same amount of the formulation to spread over a larger area of the surface. Therefore, in agriculture, adding the correct surfactants can promote improved adherence of the formulation to the plant to which it is applied and can help the same amount of an agrochemical formulation to cover a larger area of the plant.
- Emulsifiable petroleum oils crop oil concentrates or COCs
- MSOs emulsifiable methylated seed oils
- Crop oil concentrates and methylated seed oil concentrates generally contain surfactant packages that are designed to aid in emulsification and deposition properties. These oils are typically used to enhance the application and penetration of agricultural chemicals into plants, fungi and insects.
- the surfactants in addition to oil emulsification, can improve spray deposition properties by reducing the surface tension of the dispersion or emulsion and thereby enhance droplet adhesion on foliar surfaces.
- the term surfactant will include emulsifiers, dispersants and spreaders that affect the surface tension of compositions to which they are added.
- an adjuvant composition is desirable that can improve the adhesion and spreading properties of agricultural pesticides beyond what is attainable using the prior art.
- a spreading and deposition aid is provided.
- the aid can comprise a polysiloxane, such as a polydimethylsiloxane, an oil, and a surfactant.
- Low viscosity polysiloxanes having a low molecular weight are preferred, e.g., those having a molecular weight (as used herein, the molecular weight of silicone oils will refer to the number average molecular weight of those oils) below about 5000 g/mole, preferably below about 4000 g/mole, and more preferably, below about 2,000 g/mole.
- Preferred polysiloxanes have a kinematic viscosity below about 100 centistokes (cSt) at 25 degrees C, preferably below about 50 cSt at 25 degrees C, and more preferably below about 20 cSt at 25 degrees C (ASTM D 445) .
- Agricultural compositions in accordance with the invention can comprise a bioactive material in combination with the spreading and deposition aid discussed herein, comprising a polysiloxane component, an optional oil component, and a surfactant.
- Agricultural compositions in accordance with the invention can include crop oil concentrates (COCs) or methylated seed oil concentrates (MSOs) . They can comprise 20%or less, preferably 10%or less of the polysiloxane.
- the polysiloxane serves to significantly improve the adhesion and/or spreading of the sprayed agricultural composition droplets on vegetation when compared to traditional COC and MSO containing compositions.
- the ratio of carbon to siloxane in these polysiloxanes should be sufficient to render them soluble or dispersible in the oil base stock.
- An organosilicone-based agricultural composition for agricultural use in accordance with the invention can include a combination of (a) an optional oil component, (b) a surfactant; and (c) about 1%to 95%of a polysiloxane having a molecular weight below about 5,000, preferably below about 4,000 g/mole and a viscosity below about 100, preferably below about 50 cSt at 25 °C, wherein the polysiloxane is soluble or dispersible in the oil component, when present.
- compositions in accordance with the invention can increase the spreading or adhesion properties of an agricultural formulation when compared to the same formulation, but in the absence of the polysiloxane or organomodified polysiloxane.
- the oil of this invention may be a petroleum oil, paraffinic oil, mineral oil, vegetable oil and/or esterified vegetable oil (e.g., methylated seed oil, methyl soyate, methylated rapeseed oil, methylated cottonseed oil, methylated palm oil, methylated corn oil) including naturally derived or synthetically prepared methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl esters of C8 to C18 fatty acids, (e.g., isopropylmyristate, methyl oleate, ethyl oleate and methyl palmitate) .
- vegetable oil e.g., methylated seed oil, methyl soyate, methylated rapeseed oil, methylated cottonseed oil, methylated palm oil, methylated corn oil
- C8 to C18 fatty acids e.g., isopropylmyristate, methyl oleate, ethyl oleate and methyl palmitate
- the surfactant, dispersant and/or spreader of the deposition aid of this invention can include at least one surfactant derived from the ethoxylation or alkoxylation of primary or secondary alcohols.
- the surfactants may also include trisiloxane alkoxylates, alkyne diol alkoxylates, and blocked or random polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene copolymers.
- composition may also contain a solvent selected from d-limonene, triacetin, isopropylmyristate, esterified seed oil; or other suitable solvents.
- a solvent selected from d-limonene, triacetin, isopropylmyristate, esterified seed oil; or other suitable solvents.
- Fig. 1 is a graph showing examples of the equilibrium surface tension of mineral oil/silicone oil mixtures
- Fig. 2 is a graph showing examples of the equilibrium surface tension of mixtures of OSIL-1 in MO-1;
- Fig. 3 is a graph showing examples of the equilibrium surface tension of methyl soyate/silicone oil mixtures
- Fig. 4 is a graph showing examples of the effects of PDMS addition on the Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) of COCs;
- Fig. 5 is a graph showing spread diameters of 0.5%dispersions in two examples
- Fig. 6 is a graph showing emulsion stability in two examples
- Fig. 7 is a graph showing examples of the effect of low MW PDMS on the foam volume of MSO adjuvants containing organosilicone superspreaders;
- Fig. 8 is a graph showing examples of the equilibrium surface tension of Alkyl-Silicone /MO-1 Blends
- Fig. 9 is a graph showing examples of the droplet adhesion on poinsettia leaves among example formulations.
- Fig. 10 is a graph showing examples of the effect of PDMs on Dynamic Surface Tension of COCs.
- integer values of stoichiometric subscripts refer to molecular species and non-integer values of stoichiometric subscripts refer to a mixture of molecular species on a molecular weight average basis, a number average basis or a mole fraction basis.
- any compound, material or substance which is expressly or implicitly disclosed in the specification and/or recited in a claim as belonging to a group of structurally, compositionally and/or functionally related compounds, materials or substances includes individual representatives of the group and all combinations thereof.
- agrochemical or “agricultural chemical, ” as used herein shall be understood to refer to all bioactive compounds, biological materials including extracts, fractions and by-products thereof, living organisms including microorganisms, and the like, that are suitable for agricultural use such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematocides, larvacides, mitocides, ovacides, plant growth regulators, seed treatment agents, etc.
- Agricultural composition refers to a composition that is applied to plants, weeds, landscapes, grass, trees, pastures, or for other agricultural applications. Agricultural compositions can be provided in concentrated or diluted form. An agricultural composition may or may not contain an agrochemical (agricultural chemical) .
- adjuvant includes optional components that impart a functionally useful property to a composition, e.g., dispersing, wetting, spreading, etc., and/or enhances a functionally useful property already possessed in some degree by the composition, including any composition, material or substance which increases the efficacy of the agrochemical or active material to which it is added.
- bioactive refers to an agricultural chemical or material having biological activity, i.e., a positive or negative effect on a living (plant, animal, bacterial or protozoan) organism, including but not limited to pesticides, e.g., herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides and molluscides; plant or animal nutrients; defoliants; and, plant or animal growth regulators.
- pesticides e.g., herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides and molluscides
- hydrocarbon group or “hydrocarbon radical” means any hydrocarbon from which one or more hydrogen atoms has been removed and is inclusive of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclic alkyl, cyclic alkenyl, cyclic alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl and arenyl groups and is inclusive of hydrocarbon groups containing at least one heteroatom.
- alkyl means any monovalent, saturated straight, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group
- alkenyl means any monovalent straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds where the site of attachment of the group can be either at a carbon-carbon double bond or elsewhere therein
- alkynyl means any monovalent straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds and, optionally, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, where the site of attachment of the group can be either at a carbon-carbon triple bond, a carbon-carbon double bond or elsewhere therein.
- alkyls examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl and isobutyl.
- alkenyls include vinyl, propenyl, allyl, methallyl, ethylidenyl norbornane, ethylidene norbornyl, ethylidenyl norbornene and ethylidene norbornenyl.
- alkynyls include acetylenyl, propargyl and methylacetylenyl.
- superspreader refers to those adjuvant surfactants that have the property of "superspreading” , or "superwetting” .
- Superspreading/superwetting is the ability of a drop of a solution of a superspreader surfactant to spread to a diameter that is greater than the diameter of a drop of distilled water on a hydrophobic surface, and also greater than the diameter to which a solution of water and non-superspreading surfactant spreads on the hydrophobic surface.
- tank-mix means the combination of at least one agrochemical with a spray medium, such as water or oil, at the point of use (application) .
- a spray medium such as water or oil
- In-can refers to a formulation or concentrate containing at least one agrochemical component. The “In-can” formulation may then be diluted to its application concentration at the point of use, typically in a tank-mix, or it may be used undiluted.
- Crop oil concentrates (COCs) and methylated seed oils (MSOs) are classes of agricultural adjuvants that are based on petroleum oil and seed oil base stocks respectively.
- the COCs and MSOs contain surfactant packages that typically make up 5 to 40 percent of the product’s composition.
- COCs and MSOs are sold neat and then diluted with water by the end-user before spraying.
- the surfactant packages act to disperse or emulsify the oil phase into the water, and to help the deposition (adhesion) and spreading of the sprayed emulsion or dispersion onto the target surface.
- COCs and MSOs can enhance the penetration of systemic pesticides and other agrochemicals into the plants, fungi and insects to which they are applied.
- low molecular weight polysiloxanes e.g. silicone oils
- the benefits e.g., improved droplet adhesion, spreading, and/or emulsion stability
- the resulting agricultural compositions containing these COCs and MSOs by the addition of the polysiloxane can surprisingly exceed those expected from the agricultural formulations alone, i.e. without the polysiloxanes.
- Spreading and deposition aids in accordance with the invention can be formed by combining the following components: (a) 5%to 95%, preferably 50%to 90%of an optional oil component, (b) 1%to 50%, preferably 5%to 20%of an emulsifier, surfactant, dispersant or superspreader component; and (c) about 1%to 95%, preferably 2%to 20%and more preferably, 5%to 15%of a polysiloxane having a low molecular weight.
- Preferred polysiloxanes have a molecular weight of about 5000 g/mole or lower, preferably about 4000 g/mole or lower, more preferably 2000 g/mole or lower.
- the polysiloxane should have a viscosity below about 50 cSt, preferably below about 20 cSt at 25 °C.
- the polysiloxane should be soluble or dispersible in the oil component, when present.
- Preferred agricultural compositions in accordance with the invention can spread on or adhere to a leaf surface at least 10%better, preferably more than 20%better and more preferably at least 50%better than the same formulation will spread or adhere in the absence of the polysiloxane.
- the oil component can be a mineral oil, a paraffinic crop oil, a vegetable oil, or an esterified seed oil and the polysiloxane is a polydimethylsiloxane or an organo-modified polysiloxane.
- Preferred oil components include: mineral oil, paraffinic oil, seed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, methylated seed oil, methylated soybean oil, methylated rapeseed oil, methylated cotton seed oil, methylated corn seed oil, partially methylated seed oil, partially methylated soybean oil, methyl caprylate, methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and methyl stearate.
- compositions of the invention can optionally be combined with one or more other adjuvant components known for incorporation in aqueous agricultural sprays.
- adjuvants known for incorporation in aqueous agricultural sprays.
- optional adjuvant are surfactants of both the organosilicon and non-organosilicon types and antifoam additives and additives like stickers, thickeners, dyes, and so forth.
- Acceptable emulsifiers and surfactants include: nonionic, anionic, cationic and zwitterionic surfactants.
- suitable nonionic surfactants include alcohol ethoxylates, alkylpolyglycosides, alkyleneoxide copolymers of ethyleneoxide with propyleneoxide, butyleneoxide, alkylpolyglycerols, acetylenic diol alkoxylates, and the like.
- Non-limiting examples of suitable anionic surfactants include alkylsulfates (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laurylethoxy sulfates and 2-ethylhexylsulfate) , alkylbenzene sulfonates (e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonates) , C 8 -C 18 phosphate, mono-, di-and tri-esters with alkyleneoxide, alkyl sarcosinates such as sodium lauryl sarcosinate, and the like.
- suitable cationic surfactants include C 8 -C 18 alkoxylated fatty amines and imidazolines.
- Non-limiting examples of suitable zwiterionic surfactants include C 8 -C 18 amidopropyl betaines, such as, but not limited to, lauryl betaine, myristyl betaine, lauramidopropyl betaine, soyamidopropyl betaine, laurylamido betaine, oleyl betaine, lecithins and the like.
- the agricultural composition can preferably include a fatty alcohol alkoxylate surfactant, e.g., polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxybutylene, and mixed polyalkyleneoxide alkoxylates of fatty alcohols.
- Surfactants having short chain hydrophobes that do not interfere with superspreadingare described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,806, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, are also useful.
- isodecyl alcohol ethoxylates (Alkosynt ID 30, Oxiteno, Rhodasurf DA 530, Solvay, Ethal DA-4, Ethox)
- isotridecyl alcohol ethoxylates (Genapol X 050, Genapol X 060, Genapol X 080, Clariant, Alkosint IT 60, Alkosint IT 120, Oxiteno)
- tridecyl alcohol ethoxylates (Lutensol TDA 6, Lutensol TDA 9, Lutensol TDA 10, BASF)
- guerbet alcohol alkoxylates (Lutenxol XL 50, Lutensol XP 50, Lutensol XL 60, Lutensol XP 60, Lutensol XL 80, Lutensol XP 80, BASF)
- secondary alcohol ethoxylates (Tergitol 15-S-3, Tergitol 15-S-5,
- Preferred solvents include: isopropyl myristate, d-limonene, citrus terpene oil, or triacetin.
- Preferred superspreaders include: siloxane polyalkyleneoxide copolymers.
- Non-limiting examples include polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxybutylene, and mixed polyalkyleneoxide alkoxylates of trisiloxanes, tetrasiloxanes and pentasiloxanes.
- Polysiloxanes in accordance with the invention can have the general formula (I) , (II) or (III) , below.
- the viscosity of the polysiloxane should be low and can be up to about 50 cSt.
- the most preferred polysiloxanes are low viscosity polysiloxanes with a viscosity of, e.g., up to 20 cSt, and/or up to an average MW of 2000 g/mol. Of the three formula, most preferred is general formula (I) , especially with viscosities equal to or below about 20 cSt.:
- R 1 and R 4 are independently selected from Hydroxyl (OH) , R 8 , or OR 8 ;
- R 2 , R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from a monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, and aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals
- R 7 is selected from hydroxyl (OH) , OR 8 , a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, -OSi (R 8 ) 3 , or - (OSiR 8 R 8 ) f OSi (R 8 ) 2 OZ, where Z is H or R 8 and subscript f is 0 to 8;
- R 8 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, and aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals of 6 to 14 carbon atoms;
- subscripts x and y are independently 0 to 50, with the proviso that x+y is about 1 to 50.
- R 1 is OH and R 4 and R 7 are methyl; R 1 and R 4 are OH and R 7 is methyl; R 1 , R 4 and R 7 are each OH; or R 1 , R 4 and R 7 are each methyl.
- Polysiloxanes in accordance with this invention can also be defined by structure (II)
- TS 1 and TS 2 are independently R 12 R 13 R 14 Si-O-Si a (R A ) -O-SiR 15 R 16 R 17
- Si a is a monovalent radical and R 11 attaches to Si a
- R 11 is selected from divalent hydrocarbon radicals of 4 to 18 carbons
- R A , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and R 17 are independently selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 4 carbons.
- Preferred examples of formula II include examples wherein R 11 is a divalent hydrocarbon radical containing 4 to 18 carbons and wherein R A and R 12 through R 17 are methyl (-CH 3 ) groups.
- Polysiloxanes in accordance with this invention can also be defined by structure (III)
- R 19 H-, CH 3 -, or HR 18 -
- R 20 H-, or -Si (CH 3 ) 2 O 1/2 - (D 2 ) z-O 1/2 Si (CH 3 ) 2 H or -Si (CH 3 ) 2 O 1/2 - (D 2 ) z -O 1/2 Si (CH 3 ) 2 CH 3 ,
- R 21 and R 22 are independently selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 4 carbons,
- the agricultural composition can preferably include a solvent selected from d-limonene, triacetin, isopropylmyristate, and esterified seed oil.
- a method in accordance with the invention involves increasing the spreading and/or adhesion properties of an agricultural composition containing a mineral oil, a paraffinic crop oil, esterified seed oil or a vegetable oil, including COCs and MSOs, comprising adding to the agricultural composition, an effective amount of a selected polysiloxane or organo-modified polysiloxane having an average molecular weight below about 5000 g/mole, preferably below about 4000 g/mole, and more preferably, below about 2,000 g/mole.
- Preferred polysiloxanes have a kinematic viscosity below about 100 centistokes (cSt) at 25 degrees C, preferably below about 50 cSt at 25 degrees C, and more preferably below about 20 cSt at 25 degrees C (ASTM D 445) .
- Preferred polysiloxanes have general formulae I, II or III, identified above. The method can be effective to cause the composition to exhibit improved adhesion and/or spreading when compared to the same composition, but in the absence of the polysiloxane or organomodified polysiloxane. Increases of over 10%, 20%and even 50%improved spreading and/or adhesion are possible.
- Deposition aids in accordance with the invention can be provided as an agricultural composition, blended on site from individual components, or a combination thereof.
- they can be provided as isolated polysiloxanes or combined with other materials such as mineral oils, vegetable oils, esterified seed oils, surfactants and agrochemicals to form a tank mix, which can then be applied as desired.
- the invention comprises an MSO and/or COC containing a polysiloxane as described herein, preferably at a concentration of 1-20%in the MSO or COC.
- the MSO or COC can then be diluted with water for agricultural purposes by the end user to make an emulsion or spray solution.
- the MSO or COC will typically make up 0.1 to 2 percent of this end use emulsion or spray solution.
- Agricultural sprays in addition to the compositions of the invention, can include one or more known and conventional active ingredients or agrochemicals of agricultural compositions, such as pesticides, fertilizers, and micronutrients.
- Pesticidal sprays include at least one pesticide.
- the pesticidal spray may include excipients, surfactants, solvents, foam control agents, deposition aids, biologicals, micronutrients, fertilizers, and the like.
- pesticide means any compound that is used to destroy pests, e.g., rodenticides, insecticides, miticides, acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, and so forth.
- pesticides include, but are not limited to, growth regulators, photosynthesis inhibitors, pigment inhibitors, mitotic disrupters, lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, cell wall inhibitors, and cell membrane disrupters.
- the amount of pesticide employed in a spray composition will vary with the particular type of pesticide.
- fungicidal compositions include, and are not limited to, aldimorph, tridemorph, dodemorph, dimethomorph; flusilazol, azaconazole, cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, furconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole and the like; imazalil, thiophanate, benomyl carbendazim, chlorothialonil, dicloran, trifloxystrobin, fluoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, azoxystrobin, furcaranil, prochloraz, flusulfamide, famoxadone, captan, maneb, mancozeb, dodicin, dodine, metalaxyl, and the like.
- insecticide, larvacide, miticide and ovacide compounds that can incorporated in the aqueous spray compositions include, but are not limited to, Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) , spinosad, abamectin, doramectin, lepimectin, pyrethrins, carbaryl, primicarb, aldicarb, methomyl, amitraz, boric acid, chlordimeform, novaluron, bistrifluoron, triflumuron, diflubenzuron, imidacloprid, diazinon, acephate, endosulfan, kelevan, dimethoate, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, izoxathion, chlorpyrifos, clofentezine, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrinrn, and the like
- Fertilizers and micronutrients include, but are not limited to, zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ammonium sulfate, urea, urea ammonium nitrogen, ammonium thiosulfate, potassium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, urea phosphate, calcium nitrate, boric acid, potassium and sodium salts of boric acid, phosphoric acid, magnesium hydroxide, manganese carbonate, calcium polysulfide, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, iron sulfate, calcium sulfate, sodium molybdate, calcium chloride, and the like.
- Buffers, preservatives and other standard agricultural excipients known in the art may also be included in the spray composition.
- Agricultural spray compositions may be made by combining in any combination and/or sequence in a manner known in the art, such as mixing in water, one or more of the above spray components and the compositions of the present invention, either as a tank-mix, or as an "In-can" formulation.
- the invention also comprises agricultural compositions of this invention, applied to and used to treat crop plants, landscapes and ornamentals, trees and pastures. They can also be used in forestry applications and on golf courses, to name a few examples.
- Crop plants include, for example, vegetable crops such as broccoli, cabbage, kale, spinach, onions and peppers; legumes such as beans, lentils, peas and soybeans; grain crops such as wheat, corn, barley, rye, rice and oats; flower crops such as roses, tulips, daisies, daffodils, gerbera, sunflowers, orchids, jasmine and carnations; root crops such as potatoes, beets, turnips, parsnips, radishes and carrots.
- Crop plants can further include fruits such as citrus, apples, tomatoes, grapes, watermelons, pears, raspberries, blueberries, plums, peaches, bananas, pineapples, strawberries, plantains, kiwis and mangoes; nut trees such as almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, hickory nuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts.
- the agricultural compositions can also be applied to and used to treat pastures, such as clover, alfalfa and grasses, and crop plants such as squashes, tubers, zucchini, pumpkins as well as coconut, palm and cacao trees.
- the agricultural compositions of this invention can be combined with herbicides and applied to and used to control weeds such as those listed below: Anoda (Anoda cristata) , Balsamapple (Momordica charantia) , Barley (Hordeum vulgare) , Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) , Bassia (Bassia hyssopifolia) , Bittercress (Cardamine spp. ) , Bluegrass (Poa bulbosa) , Brome (Bromus tectorum) , Japanese brome (Bromus japonicas) , Buttercup (Ranunculus spp.
- spurge annual (Chamaesyce spp. ) , spurge, prostrate (Chamaesyce humistrata) , spurge, spotted (Chamaesyce maculate) , spurry, umbrella (Holosteum umbellatum) , stinkgrass (Eragrostis cilianensis) , sunflower, common (Helianthus annuus) , tansymustard, pinnate (Descurainia pinnata) , teaweed/sida, prickly (Sida spinosa) , Texas panicum (Panicum spp.
- Additional plants for receiving application of agricultural compositions in accordance with the invention include perennials, such as alfalfa, anise/fennel, bluegrass, Kentucky, clovers, dandelions, poison ivy, milkweed, poison-hemlock, thistles and grasses.
- Trees include alders, aches, beaches, aspens, cherries, elderberries, elms, hickories, honeysuckle, Kudzu, maples, oaks, pines, spruces, sumacs, ferns, creepers and poplars.
- each of R 1 to R 10 can be considered to be methyl.
- the spreading ability of various compositions and formulations were evaluated by depositing a single drop (10 microliters) of emulsion (or other material) to be evaluated onto a clean, flat, polystyrene dish. The diameters of the resulting drops were then measured after 30 seconds. Each solution was tested 2 to 4 times and the average diameter was calculated. Alternatively, the spreading ability was also evaluated by depositing a single drop (10 microliters) of the sample to be evaluated onto a leaf surface. The area of the resulting drops was then measured after 3 minutes, unless otherwise specified. Each sample was tested 2 to 4 times and the average spread area was calculated.
- Figure 3 shows that the addition of a low molecular weight silicone oil, OSIL-2, to an esterified seed oil, MS-1, also results in large reductions in surface tension with relatively small amounts of silicone oil.
- OSIL-2 low molecular weight silicone oil
- MS-1 esterified seed oil
- the addition of 1%OSIL-1 reduced surface tension of the methyl soyate from about 30 mN/m to about 26 and 10%reduced it to about 23 mN/m.
- Crop oil concentrates were formulated to evaluate the effect of low molecular weight, low viscosity PDMS oils in accordance with the invention on their foliar spreading and dynamic surface tension.
- the surfactant mixture SURF-1 defined in Table 5, was used in each of the formulations.
- a commercially available nonionic surfactant, 15-S-5 was added to two of the samples to increase the HLB value of the surfactant package.
- 15-S-3 and 15-S-5 are the 3 and 5 mole ethoxylates respectively of a mixture of C11-C15 secondary alcohols.
- TMN-3 is a 3 mole ethoxylate of trimethylnonyl alcohol. The results are summarized in Table 6.
- a benchmark crop oil concentrate, SIL-3 was made by blending 11.25%of the SURF-1 surfactant package into MO-1.
- SIL-1 10%OSIL-2 was added, replacing the same amount of MO-1. It can be seen in Table 6 that SIL-1 containing OSIL-2 almost doubled the spreading of the SIL-3 benchmark on poinsettia and increased the spreading on philodendron leaves by 12.5 percent.
- SIL-5 contains the SURF-1 surfactant package plus a small amount of surfactant NIS-2 to increase the HLB (hydrophilic to lipophilic balance) of the overall surfactant package.
- the polysiloxane OSIL-2 was added to this formulation to make COC formulation SIL-2.
- SIL-4 is a similar formulation that contains SURF-1, NIS-2 and OSIL-2. It can be seen in Table 6 that the polysiloxane-containing formulations SIL-2 and SIL-4 show 7.6 to 8 times more spreading on poinsettia leaves and 1.7 to 3.6 times more spreading on philodendron leaves than is achieved with SIL-5, the benchmark containing no polysiloxane oil.
- COC-1 is Agri-Dex from Helena Chemical Co., a commercial benchmark crop oil concentrate
- Tables 7 and 8, below, show the effect of different PDMS oils in accordance with the invention, in combination with different surfactants, on foliar spreading in experimental COC formulations.
- the addition of silicone oils in accordance with the invention led to significant improvements in spreading with all of the surfactants, when tested on philodendron, bamboo, broccoli and poinsettia leaves.
- COC formulations SIL-21 and SIL-22 demonstrate that the improved spreading seen with the addition of OSIL-2 also occurs when the COC is formulated with a different oil base stock, in this case 80 (MO-2) instead of 796 (MO-1) .
- Table 10 summarizes the results of spreading examples performed with 0.5%solutions of SIL-6 and SIL-7 (COCs made with MO-1, a paraffinic hydrocarbon oil, Orchex 796, from Calumet Specialty Chemicals) and SIL-24 and SIL-25 (MSOs made with MS-1, a methyl soyate, CA 3050, from Chemical Associates, A Division of Univar USA, Inc) .
- SIL-6 and SIL-7 COCs made with MO-1, a paraffinic hydrocarbon oil, Orchex 796, from Calumet Specialty Chemicals
- MSOs made with MS-1 a methyl soyate, CA 3050, from Chemical Associates, A Division of Univar USA, Inc
- Table 11 summarizes the results of spreading examples performed with 1.0%solutions of formulation containing OSIL-3, a 20 cSt polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) oil and NIS-2 in two different mineral oils (MO-1 and MO-3) .
- SIL-6 and SIL-7 were used as benchmarks for formulation SIL-26. All three of these products are based on MO-1.
- Formulation SIL-27 was used as a benchmark for SIL 28. Both of these products are based on MO-3.
- the addition of a silicone oil in accordance with the invention significantly improved the foliar spreading properties of the product when compared to the same mineral oil containing only the nonionic surfactant NIS-2.
- Silwet 641 is a surfactant mixture based on a superspreader (trisiloxane alkoxylate) organosilicone and some nonionic surfactants. It is typically added to an MSO base stock at concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 percent.
- Sample SIL-29 in Table 14 is a blend of 20 wt%OSS-1 and 80 wt%MS-1.
- Sample SIL-30 is a blend containing 20 wt%OSS-1, 70 wt%MS-1 and 10 wt%OSIL-2.
- Silwet 641 is often referred to as a superspreader and it has been believed to provide the best spreading properties obtainable. The data in Table 14 and Figs.
- TSI measures emulsion separation, such that a lower TSI corresponds to increased emulsion stability.
- compositions of the present invention on droplet adhesion of spray solutions was tested on difficult-to-wet barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) , following the methodology previously described by Gaskin et al. (Stevens, PJ, Kimberley, MO, Murphy, DS, & Policello, GA; Adhesion of spray droplets to foliage: the role of dynamic surface tension and advantages of organosilicone surfactants, Pesticide Science, Vol. 38, 1993, pp. 237-245. Forster, WA, Mercer, GN and Schou, WC, Process-driven models for spraydroplet shatter, adhesion or bounce, In: Baur P, Bonnet M, editors.
- composition of samples SIL-33 through SIL-36 are shown in Table 16.
- AgroSpred 820 is a MSO concentrate made of 20wt%Silwet 641 and 80%MS-1
- Table 17 gives the droplet adhesion reported as the percentage of impacted droplets retained on the leaf surface.
- the compositions of the present invention gave an unexpectedly large increase in droplet adhesion relative to the commercial benchmark AgroSpred 820 (20 wt%Silwet 641, 80 wt%MSO) and relative to the SIL-34 benchmark that contains no PDMS oil.
- This unexpected improvement is associated with the use of the 10 cSt PDMS oil OSIL-2.
- the level of improvement, exceeding a twofold increase in droplet adhesion, is a surprising and unexpected result given the small to insignificant differences observed in the DST at typical impact times (between 50 and 250 milliseconds) .
- Table 17 Adhesion of Adjuvant Treatments on Barnyardgrass (BYDG) Foliage.
- FIG. 7 shows the foam volume determined by a sparge test. In this test, nitrogen is bubbled in the spray solution employing a metal frit at a rate of 1.0 L/min. for 1 min. The foam volume is measured at initial (point at which bubbling stops) , 1, 2, 5 and 10 minutes.
- the low MW PDMS oil reduced the foam levels below what can be achieved with the use of a high-performance antifoam (e.g., SAG-1572 available from Momentive Performance Materials) .
- SAG-1572 available from Momentive Performance Materials
- a limiting factor can be the poor solubility of the PDMS oils in the crop oil-base stocks.
- the results below describe examination of the effect of a variety of alkyl-silicone oils on the performance of COCs and MSOs. All of the alkyl-silicone oils evaluated here showed good solubility in both mineral oils and methylated seed oils and significantly reduced the equilibrium surface tension of the resulting COCs and MSOs. Additionally, all of the alkyl-silicone oils enhanced the spreading of the COCs and MSOs on plant leaves.
- the tested alkyl modified silicones are set forth below.
- Alkyl modified silicones are either C8 or C12.
- OSIL-5, OSIL-6, OSIL-7 and OSIL-8 all exhibited good solubility in MO-1.
- the equilibrium surface tension of these neat alkyl silicone oils was then determined. They had surface tensions of between 22 and 23 mN/m (see Table 18) , which is significantly lower than the surface tension of neat MO-1, which is 29.9 mN/m.
- Samples of crop oil concentrates (COCs) based on MO-1 and 10%of the nonionic surfactant NIS-2 were formulated to determine the effect of the alkyl silicones, in accordance with the invention, on spreading.
- a 10: 90 blend of surfactant in oil was used as a benchmark.
- the COC formulations and the spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products are shown in Table 19. All of the COC formulations containing alkyl silicone oils spread significantly better than the NIS-2/MO-1 control (SIL-41) on philodendron and bamboo leaves.
- Methylated seed oil concentrates based on MS-1 were prepared. They contained 10 wt%NIS-2, 10 wt%alkyl silicone, and 80 wt%MS-1. A 10: 90 blend of surfactant NIS-2 in seed oil MS-1 was used as a benchmark. The MSO formulations and the spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products are shown in Table 21. Both of the MSO formulations containing alkyl silicones spread significantly better than the SIL-44 benchmark after 15 and 120 minutes of spreading. (except for the SIL-42 dispersion which was equivalent to the control on philodendron after 2 hours) .
- Table 22 shows the effect of OSIL-9 and OSIL-10 on the equilibrium surface tension of MO-1. Both of these alkyl-silicones significant reduce the surface tension of the oil at relatively low concentrations.
- OSIL-9 and OSIL-10 were also evaluated in MS-1. Both products exhibited good solubility in the seed oil. The effect of different concentrations of these two alkyl silicones on the equilibrium surface tension of the methyl soyate was determined and are shown in Table 24.
- An MSO concentrate was formulated with 10 wt%NIS-2, 10wt%OSIL-10 and 80wt%MS-1.
- a 10: 90 blend of the NIS-2 surfactant in seed oil MS-1 was used as a control.
- the formulations and the spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products are shown in Table 24.
- the alkyl-silicone containing formulation, SIL-48, gave very good spread on all surfaces tested and was far superior than the control formulation, SIL-49.
- Table 25 Effect of Alkyl Silicones in the Spreading of NIS-2/MS-1 Blends (1% dispersions) .
- Figure 9 shows the droplet adhesion of some of the compositions of the present invention tested on poinsettia leaves. Results are expressed as the average percent of impacting droplets that were retained over the leaf surface. As can be seen, the compositions of the present invention deliver a significantly higher droplet deposition rate than the benchmark COC formulation.
- the following examples comprise alkyl silicones in MSO formulations containing organosilicone superspreaders.
- the MSO samples that were evaluated consisted of 70 wt%MS-1, 20 wt%OSS-1, and 10 wt%of the alkyl modified silicones. These MSO compositions are described in Table 26. Table 26 also shows the effect of the alkyl silicones on the foam volume of seed oil concentrates containing organosilicone superspreaders. As can be seen, the composition of the present invention delivers lower foam volumes when combined with organoslicone superspreaders in seed oil concentrates.
- Table 26 Effect of Alkyl Silicones on the Foam Volume (sparge test) of Methylated Seed Oil Concentrates Containing Organosilicone Superspreaders.
- Example A Solubility of silanols in low HLB ethoxylated alcohols and crop oils
- Blends comprising a silanol (from Formula l and Table 1) and an alcohol ethoxylate (NIS from Table 2) , can be made by physically combining the two components, in a 1: 1 ratio, in a 50 mL jar and mixing with a magnetic stir-bar until homogeneous (about 10 minutes at ambient temperature) . The mixtures were visually observed for the initial appearance and phase stability after 24 hours.
- Table 27 demonstrates that NIS with an HLB of 9.0 or less provides clear (Appearance) and stable (no phase separation) mixtures when the silanol component has a viscosity below 45 cSt (i.e. OSIL-12) Additionally, compositions containing a silanol component with a viscosity between 45 and 85 cSt (OSIL-13) , when blended with an NIS component with an HLB of 9.0 or less, gave a clear initial appearance. However, the blends showed signs of separation after 24 h, with the exception of the blend containing OSIL-13 and NIS-9, which remained stable after 24 h.
- the viscosity of the silanol component may indirectly contribute to solubility as the Si-OH content increases with a decrease in viscosity, thereby providing a polar group to associate with the alkyleneoxide groups on the NIS.
- silanol component of the present invention demonstrates solubility at 50%in methylated seed oil, when the viscosity is ⁇ 85 cSt (OSIL-12 and OSIL-13) , and insoluble when the viscosity is greater than 90 cSt (OSIL-14) .
- none of the silanol components were soluble in paraffinic mineral oil (MO-1) at 50% (Table 28)
- MO-1 Orchex 796; Paraffinic mineral Oil, Calumet
- MS-1 CA 3040; Methylated Soybean Oil, Chemical Associates
- the spreading properties for 1: 1 mixtures of the silanol components of the present invention with various NIS components was evaluated by applying a 10 ⁇ L drop of a 0.25%aqueous dispersion on a polystyrene Petri dish (low energy surface) and measuring the spread diameter after 1 minute.
- Table 29, below demonstrates that the addition of the silanol component of the present invention to an NIS component (1: 1) gives between a 14%and 28%increase in spreading.
- the total NIS delivered in the 0.25%dispersion is only 0.125%NIS, the spreading is enhanced, indicating the silanol component of the present invention promotes spreading of an aqueous dispersion containing an NIS.
- topramezone 30%OD formulation The impact of adjuvant on the performance of topramezone 30%OD formulation (herbicide) was determined on barnyardgrass (Echinachloa crus-galli) .
- barnyardgrass BYDG
- BYDG Barnyardgrass
- Treatments were applied at 450 L/ha spray volume equivalent, and plants were assessed for weed control (Compared to an untreated Check) at 4, 7, 13 and 15 DAT (Days after treatment) .
- Weed control was determined by visual observation, as compared to the “Untreated Check” , on a scale of 0 to 100%.
- compositions of the present invention may be used as an agricultural oil, thereby replacing the vegetable oil with an organosilicone oil (In this example, OSIL-11) .
- All treatments containing an adjuvant increased the performance of the herbicide formulation. However, the strongest response was provided by Treatments 6 and 11, which contained the adjuvant composition of the present invention.
- Herbicide was Topramezone 30%OD applied at 0.033%.
- OSS-1 is an organosilicone-based oil emulsifier/surfactant package (See Table 3) .
- Example E Spray trial on citrus red mite (Panonychus citri)
- citrus trees were treated with aqueous dispersions of either Crop Oil A at 0.5% (Treatment A) , or a 1: 1 blend of OSIL-11/NIS-11 at 0.2%, 0.1%and 0.067% (Treatments 1-3) . Additionally, treatments were made using the insecticide Movento (0.025%) , with the OSIL-1/NIS-11 blend at 0.067% (Treatment 4) , or with the Movento alone (Treatment 5) . Treatment 6 was the untreated Check.
- Spray treatments were applied at 2 L/tree, in a randomized block design, with three (3) replicates per treatment. Table 31, below, demonstrates that all of the treatments containing either the Crop Oil A, or the OSIL-11/NIS-11 blend gave s significant improvement over the Movento insecticide alone at 1, 3, and 7 DAT (Days after treatment) . However, the treatments containing OSIL-11/NIS-11 at the lowest dose (0.067%, Treatments 3 and 4) , either alone or with Movento, were not different than Movento alone at 14 DAT.
- Treatment 1-3 gave similar results to Crop Oil A, but at less than half the concentration (i.e Treatment 2 was 5X less) .
- Table 32 below, demonstrates that the inclusion of either OSIL-12 or OSIL-13 significantly reduces the surface tension of the MSO, even at 1%. Surface tension decreased with a corresponding increase in the silanol component. Obtaining a low surface tension in the oil phase can be important for spray droplet adhesion, as demonstrated above in paragraph 00124: “Effect Of PDMS Oils On Surface Tension When Blended With Oil Base Stocks” , and Figure 2.; also paragraph 00124 and Figure 9) . As explained above in par. 00124, Figure 9 shows the droplet adhesion of some of the compositions of the present invention tested on poinsettia leaves. Results were expressed as the average percent of impacting droplets that were retained over the leaf surface. As can be seen, the compositions of the present invention deliver a significantly higher droplet deposition rate than the benchmark COC formulation.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The invention relates generally to additives that can improve the deposition properties of certain fluids, and more particularly to formulations and methods for improving the deposition properties of fluids that are sprayed onto plant surfaces for agricultural purposes. Compositions in accordance with the invention are particularly useful with agrochemicals, more particularly with herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, biologicals and growth regulators.
- Many chemical formulations benefit from the inclusion of surfactants. For example, including certain surfactants in a chemical formulation can efficiently reduce the surface tension of the formulation. This can improve the ability of the formulation to adhere to the surface to which it is applied and for the same amount of the formulation to spread over a larger area of the surface. Therefore, in agriculture, adding the correct surfactants can promote improved adherence of the formulation to the plant to which it is applied and can help the same amount of an agrochemical formulation to cover a larger area of the plant.
- Emulsifiable petroleum oils (crop oil concentrates or COCs) and emulsifiable methylated seed oils (MSOs) have long been used as agricultural spray adjuvants to enhance the performance of systemic pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. Crop oil concentrates and methylated seed oil concentrates generally contain surfactant packages that are designed to aid in emulsification and deposition properties. These oils are typically used to enhance the application and penetration of agricultural chemicals into plants, fungi and insects. The surfactants, in addition to oil emulsification, can improve spray deposition properties by reducing the surface tension of the dispersion or emulsion and thereby enhance droplet adhesion on foliar surfaces. As used herein, the term surfactant will include emulsifiers, dispersants and spreaders that affect the surface tension of compositions to which they are added.
- However, it is desirable to further improve the spreading, adhesion and other properties of agricultural chemicals that include COCs and MSOs. Accordingly, an adjuvant composition is desirable that can improve the adhesion and spreading properties of agricultural pesticides beyond what is attainable using the prior art.
- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
- Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention, a spreading and deposition aid is provided. The aid can comprise a polysiloxane, such as a polydimethylsiloxane, an oil, and a surfactant. Low viscosity polysiloxanes having a low molecular weight are preferred, e.g., those having a molecular weight (as used herein, the molecular weight of silicone oils will refer to the number average molecular weight of those oils) below about 5000 g/mole, preferably below about 4000 g/mole, and more preferably, below about 2,000 g/mole. Preferred polysiloxanes have a kinematic viscosity below about 100 centistokes (cSt) at 25 degrees C, preferably below about 50 cSt at 25 degrees C, and more preferably below about 20 cSt at 25 degrees C (ASTM D 445) . Agricultural compositions in accordance with the invention can comprise a bioactive material in combination with the spreading and deposition aid discussed herein, comprising a polysiloxane component, an optional oil component, and a surfactant. Agricultural compositions in accordance with the invention can include crop oil concentrates (COCs) or methylated seed oil concentrates (MSOs) . They can comprise 20%or less, preferably 10%or less of the polysiloxane. In these compositions, the polysiloxane serves to significantly improve the adhesion and/or spreading of the sprayed agricultural composition droplets on vegetation when compared to traditional COC and MSO containing compositions. The ratio of carbon to siloxane in these polysiloxanes should be sufficient to render them soluble or dispersible in the oil base stock.
- An organosilicone-based agricultural composition for agricultural use in accordance with the invention can include a combination of (a) an optional oil component, (b) a surfactant; and (c) about 1%to 95%of a polysiloxane having a molecular weight below about 5,000, preferably below about 4,000 g/mole and a viscosity below about 100, preferably below about 50 cSt at 25 ℃, wherein the polysiloxane is soluble or dispersible in the oil component, when present.
- Compositions in accordance with the invention can increase the spreading or adhesion properties of an agricultural formulation when compared to the same formulation, but in the absence of the polysiloxane or organomodified polysiloxane.
- The oil of this invention may be a petroleum oil, paraffinic oil, mineral oil, vegetable oil and/or esterified vegetable oil (e.g., methylated seed oil, methyl soyate, methylated rapeseed oil, methylated cottonseed oil, methylated palm oil, methylated corn oil) including naturally derived or synthetically prepared methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl esters of C8 to C18 fatty acids, (e.g., isopropylmyristate, methyl oleate, ethyl oleate and methyl palmitate) . The surfactant, dispersant and/or spreader of the deposition aid of this invention can include at least one surfactant derived from the ethoxylation or alkoxylation of primary or secondary alcohols. This includes surfactants selected from polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxybutylene, and mixed polyalkyleneoxide alkoxylates of fatty alcohols. The surfactants may also include trisiloxane alkoxylates, alkyne diol alkoxylates, and blocked or random polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene copolymers.
- Optionally the composition may also contain a solvent selected from d-limonene, triacetin, isopropylmyristate, esterified seed oil; or other suitable solvents.
- For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is had to the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
- Fig. 1 is a graph showing examples of the equilibrium surface tension of mineral oil/silicone oil mixtures;
- Fig. 2 is a graph showing examples of the equilibrium surface tension of mixtures of OSIL-1 in MO-1;
- Fig. 3 is a graph showing examples of the equilibrium surface tension of methyl soyate/silicone oil mixtures;
- Fig. 4 is a graph showing examples of the effects of PDMS addition on the Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) of COCs;
- Fig. 5 is a graph showing spread diameters of 0.5%dispersions in two examples;
- Fig. 6 is a graph showing emulsion stability in two examples;
- Fig. 7 is a graph showing examples of the effect of low MW PDMS on the foam volume of MSO adjuvants containing organosilicone superspreaders;
- Fig. 8 is a graph showing examples of the equilibrium surface tension of Alkyl-Silicone /MO-1 Blends;
- Fig. 9 is a graph showing examples of the droplet adhesion on poinsettia leaves among example formulations; and
- Fig. 10 is a graph showing examples of the effect of PDMs on Dynamic Surface Tension of COCs.
- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
- In the specification and claims herein, the following terms and expressions are to be understood as indicated.
- The singular forms "a, " "an, " and "the" include the plural, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
- Other than in the working examples or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing amounts of materials, reaction conditions, time durations, quantified properties of materials, and so forth, stated in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about" .
- All methods described herein may be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as" ) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed.
- No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
- The terms, "comprising, " "including, " "containing, " "characterized by, " and grammatical equivalents thereof are inclusive or open-ended terms that do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps, but will also be understood to include the more restrictive terms "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of. "
- It will be understood that any numerical range recited herein includes all sub-ranges within that range and any combination of the various endpoints of such ranges or sub-ranges.
- As used herein, integer values of stoichiometric subscripts refer to molecular species and non-integer values of stoichiometric subscripts refer to a mixture of molecular species on a molecular weight average basis, a number average basis or a mole fraction basis.
- It will be further understood that any compound, material or substance which is expressly or implicitly disclosed in the specification and/or recited in a claim as belonging to a group of structurally, compositionally and/or functionally related compounds, materials or substances includes individual representatives of the group and all combinations thereof.
- The term "agrochemical, " or “agricultural chemical, ” as used herein shall be understood to refer to all bioactive compounds, biological materials including extracts, fractions and by-products thereof, living organisms including microorganisms, and the like, that are suitable for agricultural use such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematocides, larvacides, mitocides, ovacides, plant growth regulators, seed treatment agents, etc. “Agricultural composition” refers to a composition that is applied to plants, weeds, landscapes, grass, trees, pastures, or for other agricultural applications. Agricultural compositions can be provided in concentrated or diluted form. An agricultural composition may or may not contain an agrochemical (agricultural chemical) .
- The term "adjuvant" as used herein includes optional components that impart a functionally useful property to a composition, e.g., dispersing, wetting, spreading, etc., and/or enhances a functionally useful property already possessed in some degree by the composition, including any composition, material or substance which increases the efficacy of the agrochemical or active material to which it is added.
- The term “bioactive” refers to an agricultural chemical or material having biological activity, i.e., a positive or negative effect on a living (plant, animal, bacterial or protozoan) organism, including but not limited to pesticides, e.g., herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides and molluscides; plant or animal nutrients; defoliants; and, plant or animal growth regulators.
- The expression "hydrocarbon group" or “hydrocarbon radical” means any hydrocarbon from which one or more hydrogen atoms has been removed and is inclusive of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclic alkyl, cyclic alkenyl, cyclic alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl and arenyl groups and is inclusive of hydrocarbon groups containing at least one heteroatom.
- The term "alkyl" means any monovalent, saturated straight, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group; the term "alkenyl" means any monovalent straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds where the site of attachment of the group can be either at a carbon-carbon double bond or elsewhere therein; and, the term "alkynyl" means any monovalent straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds and, optionally, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, where the site of attachment of the group can be either at a carbon-carbon triple bond, a carbon-carbon double bond or elsewhere therein. Examples of alkyls include methyl, ethyl, propyl and isobutyl. Examples of alkenyls include vinyl, propenyl, allyl, methallyl, ethylidenyl norbornane, ethylidene norbornyl, ethylidenyl norbornene and ethylidene norbornenyl. Examples of alkynyls include acetylenyl, propargyl and methylacetylenyl.
- The term "superspreader" as used herein refers to those adjuvant surfactants that have the property of "superspreading" , or "superwetting" . Superspreading/superwetting is the ability of a drop of a solution of a superspreader surfactant to spread to a diameter that is greater than the diameter of a drop of distilled water on a hydrophobic surface, and also greater than the diameter to which a solution of water and non-superspreading surfactant spreads on the hydrophobic surface.
- The term "tank-mix" means the combination of at least one agrochemical with a spray medium, such as water or oil, at the point of use (application) . The term "In-can" refers to a formulation or concentrate containing at least one agrochemical component. The "In-can" formulation may then be diluted to its application concentration at the point of use, typically in a tank-mix, or it may be used undiluted.
- Crop oil concentrates (COCs) and methylated seed oils (MSOs) are classes of agricultural adjuvants that are based on petroleum oil and seed oil base stocks respectively. The COCs and MSOs contain surfactant packages that typically make up 5 to 40 percent of the product’s composition. COCs and MSOs are sold neat and then diluted with water by the end-user before spraying. The surfactant packages act to disperse or emulsify the oil phase into the water, and to help the deposition (adhesion) and spreading of the sprayed emulsion or dispersion onto the target surface. COCs and MSOs can enhance the penetration of systemic pesticides and other agrochemicals into the plants, fungi and insects to which they are applied.
- It has been determined that the addition of low molecular weight polysiloxanes (e.g. silicone oils) in accordance with the invention can further reduce the surface tension of the petroleum oil and seed oil base stocks that are used to make COCs and MSOs. The benefits (e.g., improved droplet adhesion, spreading, and/or emulsion stability) imparted to the COCs and the MSOs, and the resulting agricultural compositions containing these COCs and MSOs by the addition of the polysiloxane, can surprisingly exceed those expected from the agricultural formulations alone, i.e. without the polysiloxanes.
- It was surprisingly determined that the sprayed droplets of the formulations containing the polysiloxanes had improved adhesion to plant (e.g., leaf) surfaces even where there was no associated reduction in the dynamic surface tension of the respective formulations. Furthermore, the high spreading of the emulsions described herein along with improved emulsion stability was also quite surprising.
- Spreading and deposition aids in accordance with the invention can be formed by combining the following components: (a) 5%to 95%, preferably 50%to 90%of an optional oil component, (b) 1%to 50%, preferably 5%to 20%of an emulsifier, surfactant, dispersant or superspreader component; and (c) about 1%to 95%, preferably 2%to 20%and more preferably, 5%to 15%of a polysiloxane having a low molecular weight. Preferred polysiloxanes have a molecular weight of about 5000 g/mole or lower, preferably about 4000 g/mole or lower, more preferably 2000 g/mole or lower. The polysiloxane should have a viscosity below about 50 cSt, preferably below about 20 cSt at 25 ℃. The polysiloxane should be soluble or dispersible in the oil component, when present. Preferred agricultural compositions in accordance with the invention can spread on or adhere to a leaf surface at least 10%better, preferably more than 20%better and more preferably at least 50%better than the same formulation will spread or adhere in the absence of the polysiloxane.
- The oil component can be a mineral oil, a paraffinic crop oil, a vegetable oil, or an esterified seed oil and the polysiloxane is a polydimethylsiloxane or an organo-modified polysiloxane. Preferred oil components include: mineral oil, paraffinic oil, seed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, methylated seed oil, methylated soybean oil, methylated rapeseed oil, methylated cotton seed oil, methylated corn seed oil, partially methylated seed oil, partially methylated soybean oil, methyl caprylate, methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and methyl stearate.
- Compositions of the invention can optionally be combined with one or more other adjuvant components known for incorporation in aqueous agricultural sprays. Among the many kinds of optional adjuvant are surfactants of both the organosilicon and non-organosilicon types and antifoam additives and additives like stickers, thickeners, dyes, and so forth.
- Acceptable emulsifiers and surfactants include: nonionic, anionic, cationic and zwitterionic surfactants. Non-limiting examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include alcohol ethoxylates, alkylpolyglycosides, alkyleneoxide copolymers of ethyleneoxide with propyleneoxide, butyleneoxide, alkylpolyglycerols, acetylenic diol alkoxylates, and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable anionic surfactants include alkylsulfates (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laurylethoxy sulfates and 2-ethylhexylsulfate) , alkylbenzene sulfonates (e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonates) , C 8-C 18 phosphate, mono-, di-and tri-esters with alkyleneoxide, alkyl sarcosinates such as sodium lauryl sarcosinate, and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable cationic surfactants include C 8-C 18 alkoxylated fatty amines and imidazolines. Non-limiting examples of suitable zwiterionic surfactants include C 8-C 18 amidopropyl betaines, such as, but not limited to, lauryl betaine, myristyl betaine, lauramidopropyl betaine, soyamidopropyl betaine, laurylamido betaine, oleyl betaine, lecithins and the like. The agricultural composition can preferably include a fatty alcohol alkoxylate surfactant, e.g., polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxybutylene, and mixed polyalkyleneoxide alkoxylates of fatty alcohols. Surfactants having short chain hydrophobes that do not interfere with superspreadingare described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,806, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, are also useful.
- Specific acceptable examples include isodecyl alcohol ethoxylates (Alkosynt ID 30, Oxiteno, Rhodasurf DA 530, Solvay, Ethal DA-4, Ethox) , isotridecyl alcohol ethoxylates (Genapol X 050, Genapol X 060, Genapol X 080, Clariant, Alkosint IT 60, Alkosint IT 120, Oxiteno) , tridecyl alcohol ethoxylates (Lutensol TDA 6, Lutensol TDA 9, Lutensol TDA 10, BASF) , guerbet alcohol alkoxylates (Lutenxol XL 50, Lutensol XP 50, Lutensol XL 60, Lutensol XP 60, Lutensol XL 80, Lutensol XP 80, BASF) , secondary alcohol ethoxylates (Tergitol 15-S-3, Tergitol 15-S-5, Tergitol 15-S-7, Tergitol 15-S-9, Dow Chemical) , polyethylene glycol trimethylnonyl ether (Tergitol TMN 3, Tergitol TMN 6, Tergitol TMN 10, Dow Chemical) alkyl acetylenic diols (Surfynols, Air Products) , pyrrilodone based surfactants (e.g., Surfadone LP 100, Ashland) , 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate, ethylene diamine alkoxylates (Tetronics, BASF) , ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers (Pluronics, BASF) , gemini-type surfactants (Rhodia/Solvay) and diphenyl ether gemini-type surfactants (DOWFAX, Dow Chemical) .
- Preferred solvents include: isopropyl myristate, d-limonene, citrus terpene oil, or triacetin.
- Preferred superspreaders include: siloxane polyalkyleneoxide copolymers. Non-limiting examples include polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxybutylene, and mixed polyalkyleneoxide alkoxylates of trisiloxanes, tetrasiloxanes and pentasiloxanes.
- Polysiloxanes in accordance with the invention can have the general formula (I) , (II) or (III) , below. The viscosity of the polysiloxane should be low and can be up to about 50 cSt. The most preferred polysiloxanes are low viscosity polysiloxanes with a viscosity of, e.g., up to 20 cSt, and/or up to an average MW of 2000 g/mol. Of the three formula, most preferred is general formula (I) , especially with viscosities equal to or below about 20 cSt.:
- M 1D xD 1 yM 2 (I)
- wherein:
- M 1=R 1R 2R 3SiO 1/2
- M 2=R 4R 5R 6SiO 1/2
- D=R 7R 8SiO 2/2
- D 1=R 9R 10SiO 2/2
- R 1and R 4 are independently selected from Hydroxyl (OH) , R 8, or OR 8;
- R 2, R 3, R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from a monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, and aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals
- of 6 to 14 carbon atoms;
- R 7 is selected from hydroxyl (OH) , OR 8, a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, -OSi (R 8) 3, or - (OSiR 8 R 8) f OSi (R 8) 2OZ, where Z is H or R 8 and subscript f is 0 to 8;
- R 8 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, and aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals of 6 to 14 carbon atoms; and
- subscripts x and y are independently 0 to 50, with the proviso that x+y is about 1 to 50.
- Preferred structures of Formula (I) are those wherein Y=0 and all the R groups are methyl and the viscosity is 50 cSt or lower at 25 deg C, preferably 20 cSt or lower at 25 deg C. Other preferred examples of Formula I include those: wherein x+y is 5 to 50; or wherein y=0 and x is 3 to 50; or wherein R 1, R 4 and R 7 are independently selected from Hydroxyl (OH) , or methyl; or wherein R 2 R 3, R 5 R 6 and R 8 are methyl; wherein R 1 to R 8 are methyl; or wherein y=0, x=3 to 50, and R 1 to R 8 are methyl; or wherein y=0 and x is about 5 to 25 and R 1 to R 8 are methyl; or wherein R 10 is a monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, or an aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radical of 6 to 14 carbon atoms and R 1 through R 9 are methyl; or wherein R 1 and R 4 are monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 18 carbons or aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals of 6 to 14 carbon atoms and R 2, R 3, and R 5 through R 10 are methyl; or wherein R 10 is a monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, or an aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radical of 6 to 14 carbon atoms; or wherein R 1 through R 9 are methyl. In preferred examples of Formula (I) , R 1, is OH and R 4 and R 7 are methyl; R 1 and R 4 are OH and R 7 is methyl; R 1, R 4 and R 7 are each OH; or R 1, R 4 and R 7 are each methyl.
- Polysiloxanes in accordance with this invention can also be defined by structure (II)
- TS 1R 11TS 2 (II)
- wherein,
- TS 1 and TS 2 are independently R 12R 13R 14Si-O-Si a (R A) -O-SiR 15R 16R 17
- wherein
- Si a is a monovalent radical and R 11 attaches to Si a
- R 11 is selected from divalent hydrocarbon radicals of 4 to 18 carbons,
- R A, R 12, R 13, R 14, R 15, R 16 and R 17 are independently selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 4 carbons.
- Preferred examples of formula II include examples wherein R 11 is a divalent hydrocarbon radical containing 4 to 18 carbons and wherein R A and R 12 through R 17 are methyl (-CH 3) groups.
- Polysiloxanes in accordance with this invention can also be defined by structure (III)
- R 19- [Si (CH 3) 2O 1/2- (D 2) z-O 1/2Si (CH 3) 2 –R 18] w-R 20 (III)
- wherein
- R 19 = H-, CH 3-, or HR 18-
- R 20 = H-, or -Si (CH 3) 2O 1/2- (D 2) z-O 1/2Si (CH 3) 2H or -Si (CH 3) 2O 1/2- (D 2) z-O 1/2Si (CH 3) 2CH 3,
- R 18 is selected from divalent hydrocarbon radicals of 4 to 18 carbons D 2=R 21R 22SiO 2/2,
- R 21 and R 22 are independently selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 4 carbons,
- z=2 to 20, and
- w=1 to 20 (w=1 or 2 is preferred) .
- Preferred examples of formula III include examples where w=1-10 and wherein R 21 and R 22 are methyl (-CH 3) groups.
- The agricultural composition can preferably include a solvent selected from d-limonene, triacetin, isopropylmyristate, and esterified seed oil.
- A method in accordance with the invention involves increasing the spreading and/or adhesion properties of an agricultural composition containing a mineral oil, a paraffinic crop oil, esterified seed oil or a vegetable oil, including COCs and MSOs, comprising adding to the agricultural composition, an effective amount of a selected polysiloxane or organo-modified polysiloxane having an average molecular weight below about 5000 g/mole, preferably below about 4000 g/mole, and more preferably, below about 2,000 g/mole. Preferred polysiloxanes have a kinematic viscosity below about 100 centistokes (cSt) at 25 degrees C, preferably below about 50 cSt at 25 degrees C, and more preferably below about 20 cSt at 25 degrees C (ASTM D 445) . Preferred polysiloxanes have general formulae I, II or III, identified above. The method can be effective to cause the composition to exhibit improved adhesion and/or spreading when compared to the same composition, but in the absence of the polysiloxane or organomodified polysiloxane. Increases of over 10%, 20%and even 50%improved spreading and/or adhesion are possible.
- Deposition aids in accordance with the invention can be provided as an agricultural composition, blended on site from individual components, or a combination thereof. For example, they can be provided as isolated polysiloxanes or combined with other materials such as mineral oils, vegetable oils, esterified seed oils, surfactants and agrochemicals to form a tank mix, which can then be applied as desired.
- Optimal amounts of the polysiloxane spreading and deposition aid for a specific spray composition and spraying operation can be readily determined employing routine experimental testing procedures known in the art. For many spray compositions, amounts of the compositions of this invention ranging from 0.01 to 5, and preferably from 0.05 to 1 weight percent can be incorporated therein with generally good spreading and adhesion results. Accordingly, the invention comprises an MSO and/or COC containing a polysiloxane as described herein, preferably at a concentration of 1-20%in the MSO or COC. The MSO or COC can then be diluted with water for agricultural purposes by the end user to make an emulsion or spray solution. The MSO or COC will typically make up 0.1 to 2 percent of this end use emulsion or spray solution.
- Agricultural sprays, in addition to the compositions of the invention, can include one or more known and conventional active ingredients or agrochemicals of agricultural compositions, such as pesticides, fertilizers, and micronutrients.
- Pesticidal sprays include at least one pesticide. Optionally, the pesticidal spray may include excipients, surfactants, solvents, foam control agents, deposition aids, biologicals, micronutrients, fertilizers, and the like. The term "pesticide" means any compound that is used to destroy pests, e.g., rodenticides, insecticides, miticides, acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, and so forth. Illustrative examples of pesticides that can be employed include, but are not limited to, growth regulators, photosynthesis inhibitors, pigment inhibitors, mitotic disrupters, lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, cell wall inhibitors, and cell membrane disrupters. The amount of pesticide employed in a spray composition will vary with the particular type of pesticide.
- Specific examples of herbicidal and plant growth regulator compounds that can be incorporated in a spray composition include, but are not limited to: phenoxy acetic acids, phenoxy propionic acids, phenoxy butyric acids, benzoic acids, triazines and s-triazines, substituted ureas, uracils, bentazon, desmedipham, methazole, phenmedipham, pyridate, amitrole, clomazone, fluridone, norflurazone, dinitroanilines, isopropalin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin, glyphosate, sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, clethodim, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, quizalofop, sethoxydim, dichlobenil, isoxaben, bipyridylium compounds, and the like. Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the Weed Science Society of America, Weed Science, 58: 511-18 (2010) is incorporated herein by reference.
- Specific examples of fungicidal compositions include, and are not limited to, aldimorph, tridemorph, dodemorph, dimethomorph; flusilazol, azaconazole, cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, furconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole and the like; imazalil, thiophanate, benomyl carbendazim, chlorothialonil, dicloran, trifloxystrobin, fluoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, azoxystrobin, furcaranil, prochloraz, flusulfamide, famoxadone, captan, maneb, mancozeb, dodicin, dodine, metalaxyl, and the like.
- Specific examples of insecticide, larvacide, miticide and ovacide compounds that can incorporated in the aqueous spray compositions include, but are not limited to, Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) , spinosad, abamectin, doramectin, lepimectin, pyrethrins, carbaryl, primicarb, aldicarb, methomyl, amitraz, boric acid, chlordimeform, novaluron, bistrifluoron, triflumuron, diflubenzuron, imidacloprid, diazinon, acephate, endosulfan, kelevan, dimethoate, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, izoxathion, chlorpyrifos, clofentezine, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrinrn, and the like.
- Fertilizers and micronutrients include, but are not limited to, zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ammonium sulfate, urea, urea ammonium nitrogen, ammonium thiosulfate, potassium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, urea phosphate, calcium nitrate, boric acid, potassium and sodium salts of boric acid, phosphoric acid, magnesium hydroxide, manganese carbonate, calcium polysulfide, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, iron sulfate, calcium sulfate, sodium molybdate, calcium chloride, and the like.
- Buffers, preservatives and other standard agricultural excipients known in the art may also be included in the spray composition.
- Agricultural spray compositions may be made by combining in any combination and/or sequence in a manner known in the art, such as mixing in water, one or more of the above spray components and the compositions of the present invention, either as a tank-mix, or as an "In-can" formulation.
- The invention also comprises agricultural compositions of this invention, applied to and used to treat crop plants, landscapes and ornamentals, trees and pastures. They can also be used in forestry applications and on golf courses, to name a few examples. Crop plants include, for example, vegetable crops such as broccoli, cabbage, kale, spinach, onions and peppers; legumes such as beans, lentils, peas and soybeans; grain crops such as wheat, corn, barley, rye, rice and oats; flower crops such as roses, tulips, daisies, daffodils, gerbera, sunflowers, orchids, jasmine and carnations; root crops such as potatoes, beets, turnips, parsnips, radishes and carrots. Crop plants can further include fruits such as citrus, apples, tomatoes, grapes, watermelons, pears, raspberries, blueberries, plums, peaches, bananas, pineapples, strawberries, plantains, kiwis and mangoes; nut trees such as almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, hickory nuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts. The agricultural compositions can also be applied to and used to treat pastures, such as clover, alfalfa and grasses, and crop plants such as squashes, tubers, zucchini, pumpkins as well as coconut, palm and cacao trees.
- The agricultural compositions of this invention can be combined with herbicides and applied to and used to control weeds such as those listed below: Anoda (Anoda cristata) , Balsamapple (Momordica charantia) , Barley (Hordeum vulgare) , Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) , Bassia (Bassia hyssopifolia) , Bittercress (Cardamine spp. ) , Bluegrass (Poa bulbosa) , Brome (Bromus tectorum) , Japanese brome (Bromus japonicas) , Buttercup (Ranunculus spp. ) , Carolina foxtail (Alopecurus carolinianus) , Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum) , Castorbean (Ricinus communis) , Chamomile (Anthemis cotula) , Cheat (Bromus secalinus) , Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) , Chickweed (Cerastium vulgatum) , Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) , Coreopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria) , Volunteer corn (Zea mays) , Crabgrass (Digitaria spp. ) , Dwarfdandelion (Krigia virginica) , Eastern mannagrass (Glyceria spp. ) , Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata) , Falsedandelion (Pyrrhopappus carolinianus) , Falseflax (Camelina microcarpa) , Fiddleneck (Amsinckia spp. ) , Field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) , Annual Fleabane (Erigeron annuus) , Hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) , Rough fleabane (Erigeron strigosus) , Florida pusley (Richardia scabra) , Foxtail (Setaria spp. ) , Jointed goatgrass, (Aegilops cylindrical) , Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) , Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) , Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) , Horseweed (Conyza Canadensis) , Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) , Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) , junglerice (Echinochloa colona) , knotweed (Polygonum spp) , kochia (Kochia scoparia) , lambsquarters, (Chenopodium album) , medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) , morningglory (Ipomoea spp. ) , mustard, blue (Chorispora tenella) , mustard, tumble (Sisymbrium altissimum) , mustard, wild (Sinapis arvensis) , oats, wild (Avena fatua) , panicum, fall (Panicum dichotomiflorum) , pigweed, redroot (Amaranthus retroflexus) , pigweed, smooth (Amaranthus hybridus) , prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) , puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) , purslane, common (Portulaca oleracea) , ragweed, common (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) , ragweed, giant (Ambrosia trifida) , rocket, London (Sisymbrium irio) , Russian-thistle (Salsola tragus) , rye, cereal (Secale cereal) , ryegrass, Italian (Lolium perenne) , sandbur, field (Cenchrus spinifex) , sesbania, hemp (Sesbania herbacea) , shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) , shepherd’s-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) , sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) , signalgrass, broadleaf (Urochloa platyphylla) , smartweed (Pennsylvania Polygonum pensylvanicum) , sowthistle, annual (Sonchus oleraceus) , Spanish needles (Bidens bipinnata) , speedwell, corn (Veronica arvensis) , speedwell, purslane (Veronica peregrina) , sprangletop (Leptochloa spp. ) , spurge, annual (Chamaesyce spp. ) , spurge, prostrate (Chamaesyce humistrata) , spurge, spotted (Chamaesyce maculate) , spurry, umbrella (Holosteum umbellatum) , stinkgrass (Eragrostis cilianensis) , sunflower, common (Helianthus annuus) , tansymustard, pinnate (Descurainia pinnata) , teaweed/sida, prickly (Sida spinosa) , Texas panicum (Panicum spp. ) , velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) , Virginia pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum) , wheat (Triticum aestivum) , witchgrass (Panicum capillare) , woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa) , yellow rocket (Barbarea vulgaris) .
- Additional plants for receiving application of agricultural compositions in accordance with the invention include perennials, such as alfalfa, anise/fennel, bluegrass, Kentucky, clovers, dandelions, poison ivy, milkweed, poison-hemlock, thistles and grasses. Trees include alders, aches, beaches, aspens, cherries, elderberries, elms, hickories, honeysuckle, Kudzu, maples, oaks, pines, spruces, sumacs, ferns, creepers and poplars.
- EXAMPLES
- Aspects and attributes of preferred embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the following examples, which are being presented for purposes of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting. In addition, unless otherwise indicated, as used in these examples, each of R 1 to R 10 can be considered to be methyl.
- Product Descriptions
- Tables 1-4 describe the products used in the examples that follow.
- Table 1: Organomodified Polysiloxanes
-
-
- * - Not measured; a. DMS-S12, b. DMS-S15 and c. DMS-S21 -from Gelset
- Table 2: Organic Surfactants
-
- Table 3: Organosilicone-containing Adjuvants
-
- Table 4: Crop Oil Sources and Type
-
-
- Spreading Determination
- The spreading ability of various compositions and formulations were evaluated by depositing a single drop (10 microliters) of emulsion (or other material) to be evaluated onto a clean, flat, polystyrene dish. The diameters of the resulting drops were then measured after 30 seconds. Each solution was tested 2 to 4 times and the average diameter was calculated. Alternatively, the spreading ability was also evaluated by depositing a single drop (10 microliters) of the sample to be evaluated onto a leaf surface. The area of the resulting drops was then measured after 3 minutes, unless otherwise specified. Each sample was tested 2 to 4 times and the average spread area was calculated.
- Effect Of PDMS Oils On Surface Tension When Blended With Oil Base Stocks
- Low surface tension is beneficial to agricultural pesticide applications because it correlates with better droplet adhesion and spreading. The effect of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oils on surface tension when blended with different oil base stocks was evaluated and the results are displayed in Figures 1, 2, and 3, which are log scales, such that a straight line actually indicates non-linear results. Thus, the results demonstrated that the addition of small amounts of silicone oil resulted in a disproportionately large reduction in equilibrium surface tension.
- As can be seen in Fig. 1, the surface tension of the oil MO-1 dropped from 30 to 26 mN/m (more than 10%reduction) with the addition of only 1%of OSIL-2, a 10 cSt polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) oil, identified as Element 14 10A, with an equilibrium surface tension of just below 20. The addition of only 10%OSIL-2 silicone oil reduced the surface tension of the blend more than half of the difference in surface tensions (30 and 20) to 23 mN/m. As used herein, all percentages are calculated on a weight basis. Similarly, as shown in Figure 2, the addition of 10% (by wt) of OSIL-1, a 5 cSt PDMS oil, to MO-1 reduced the product’s equilibrium surface tension from 29.1 mN/m to 24.3 mN/m. The addition of 10% (by wt) OSIL- 3, a 20 cSt PDMS oil, to MO-3 resulted in a reduction in the product’s surface tension from 30 mN/m to 22.8 mN/m.
- Figure 3 shows that the addition of a low molecular weight silicone oil, OSIL-2, to an esterified seed oil, MS-1, also results in large reductions in surface tension with relatively small amounts of silicone oil. The addition of 1%OSIL-1 reduced surface tension of the methyl soyate from about 30 mN/m to about 26 and 10%reduced it to about 23 mN/m.
- Crop oil concentrates (COCs) were formulated to evaluate the effect of low molecular weight, low viscosity PDMS oils in accordance with the invention on their foliar spreading and dynamic surface tension. The surfactant mixture SURF-1, defined in Table 5, was used in each of the formulations. A commercially available nonionic surfactant, 15-S-5, was added to two of the samples to increase the HLB value of the surfactant package. 15-S-3 and 15-S-5 are the 3 and 5 mole ethoxylates respectively of a mixture of C11-C15 secondary alcohols. TMN-3 is a 3 mole ethoxylate of trimethylnonyl alcohol. The results are summarized in Table 6.
- Table 5: Surfactant Formulation Base Stock (SURF-1)
-
- The data in Table 6 show that the addition of a PDMS oil (OSIL-2) in accordance with the invention to crop oil concentrate (COC) formulations surprisingly led to significant and sometimes very large increases in spreading on both poinsettia and philodendron leaves. This was surprising because the spreading of COC or MSO dispersions is typically driven by the surface tension of the aqueous phase of the sprayed droplet, not the equilibrium surface tension of the dispersed oil phase. The dynamic surface tension curves (DSTs) of the aqueous sprayed solutions, shown in Figure 4, of SIL-1 through SIL-5 were all essentially the same, and all were significantly lower than the DST curve of the COC-1 dispersion. Thus, we expected SIL-1 through SIL-5 to give similar spread areas on the plant leaves, and expected all 5 to spread significantly more than the COC-1 dispersion. As expected, the COC-1 dispersion was the least effective spreader. However, surprisingly, the formulations containing the polysiloxane OSIL-2 all spread significantly better than their counterparts containing no silicone oil.
- A benchmark crop oil concentrate, SIL-3, was made by blending 11.25%of the SURF-1 surfactant package into MO-1. In SIL-1, 10%OSIL-2 was added, replacing the same amount of MO-1. It can be seen in Table 6 that SIL-1 containing OSIL-2 almost doubled the spreading of the SIL-3 benchmark on poinsettia and increased the spreading on philodendron leaves by 12.5 percent.
- A second benchmark COC formulation, SIL-5, was formulated. SIL-5 contains the SURF-1 surfactant package plus a small amount of surfactant NIS-2 to increase the HLB (hydrophilic to lipophilic balance) of the overall surfactant package. The polysiloxane OSIL-2 was added to this formulation to make COC formulation SIL-2. SIL-4 is a similar formulation that contains SURF-1, NIS-2 and OSIL-2. It can be seen in Table 6 that the polysiloxane-containing formulations SIL-2 and SIL-4 show 7.6 to 8 times more spreading on poinsettia leaves and 1.7 to 3.6 times more spreading on philodendron leaves than is achieved with SIL-5, the benchmark containing no polysiloxane oil.
- Table 6: Effect of Silicone Oils on Leaf Coverage
-
- COC-1 is Agri-Dex from Helena Chemical Co., a commercial benchmark crop oil concentrate
- To summarize, experimental COC formulations SIL-1 through SIL-5 all showed significantly enhanced spreading when compared to a 1%solution of COC-1, a commercially available crop oil concentrate. Moreover, whereas the dynamic surface tension curves of SIL-1 through SIL-5 are essentially the same, significantly improved spreading properties were unexpectedly observed with the formulations containing polysiloxanes. This indicates that the improved spreading was not merely the result of reduced surface tension, but an unexpected result of the silicone oils of the invention, especially when combined with the surfactant NIS-2. Thus, the addition of OSIL-2 had no significant effect on the DST (dynamic surface tension) of 1%solutions of these experimental COCs, but an unexpected increase in spreading (see Table 6) .
- Tables 7 and 8, below, show the effect of different PDMS oils in accordance with the invention, in combination with different surfactants, on foliar spreading in experimental COC formulations. As shown in these tables, the addition of silicone oils in accordance with the invention led to significant improvements in spreading with all of the surfactants, when tested on philodendron, bamboo, broccoli and poinsettia leaves. COC formulations SIL-21 and SIL-22 demonstrate that the improved spreading seen with the addition of OSIL-2 also occurs when the COC is formulated with a different oil base stock, in this case 80 (MO-2) instead of 796 (MO-1) .
- The largest increases in foliar spreading were seen when the silicone oil was combined with the surfactants NIS-2 (SIL-7 and SIL-8) , NIS-1 (SIL 16) , NIS-4 (SIL-10) and NIS-6 (SIL-18) . The 50 cSt PDMS oil (OSIL-4, Element 14 PDMS 50) , used in formulation SIL-8, appeared to be at least as effective as, if not better than OSIL-2, as can be seen when comparing SIL-7 and SIL-8. However, the higher viscosity silicone oils are harder to solubilize and/or emulsify in crop oil concentrate formulations.
- Table 7: Effect of Surfactant and PDMS on COC Spreading (1%dispersions)
-
-
- Table 8: Effect of Surfactant and PDMS on COC Spreading (1%dispersions)
-
- 1no added alkyl silicone
- The data in Table 9 show that the SIL-23, a COC formulation containing OSIL-1, increased the spreading on bamboo, philodendron and poinsettia leaf surfaces by approximately 3 times when compared to SIL-6, the non-silicone oil-containing benchmark.
- Table 9: Effect of OSIL-1 and OSIL-2 on COC Spreading
-
- 1no added alkyl silicone
- Table 10, below, summarizes the results of spreading examples performed with 0.5%solutions of SIL-6 and SIL-7 (COCs made with MO-1, a paraffinic hydrocarbon oil, Orchex 796, from Calumet Specialty Chemicals) and SIL-24 and SIL-25 (MSOs made with MS-1, a methyl soyate, CA 3050, from Chemical Associates, A Division of Univar USA, Inc) . With both base-stocks, the addition of a silicone oil (OSIL-2) in accordance with the invention significantly improved the foliar spreading properties of the product.
- Table 10: Spreading of 0.5%COC spray solutions
-
- *10 is opaque/milky white and very stable, 1 is almost clear with rapid separation
- *Dispersibility of the 0.5%emulsion was quite good considering the low concentration
- Except for COC-1 (Agri-Dex) , which was tested at 1.0%
- Table 11 summarizes the results of spreading examples performed with 1.0%solutions of formulation containing OSIL-3, a 20 cSt polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) oil and NIS-2 in two different mineral oils (MO-1 and MO-3) . SIL-6 and SIL-7 were used as benchmarks for formulation SIL-26. All three of these products are based on MO-1. Formulation SIL-27 was used as a benchmark for SIL 28. Both of these products are based on MO-3. With both oil base-stocks, the addition of a silicone oil in accordance with the invention significantly improved the foliar spreading properties of the product when compared to the same mineral oil containing only the nonionic surfactant NIS-2.
- Table 11: Effect of OSIL-1 and OSIL-3 on COC Spreading
-
- 1no added alkyl silicone
- Adhesion tests performed with 0.5%aqueous solutions of Sil-6 and SIL-7 demonstrated the significant enhancement of the adhesion of formulations in accordance with the invention to foliage. Solution droplets were generated using a syringe pump and a Nisco Encapsulation Unit (Var J1) J1 employing a nozzle with an inner diameter of 0.41 mm. The data in Table 12 show that the addition of a the PDMS oil OSIL-2 to the COC formulation (SIL-6) increased the number of drops that adhered to the grass leaf surface approximately threefold, from 16.3 percent (SIL-6) to 45.9 percent (SIL-7) . As can be seen in Figure 10, both of these COC formulations presented essentially the same dynamic surface tension. Therefore, based on the understanding that droplet adhesion increases with decreasing dynamic surface tension (DST) , the enhanced adhesion results seen here were unexpected.
- Table 12: Droplet Adhesion on Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
-
- water drop size ≈ 950 μm
- COC drop size ≈ 700 μm
- drop fall distance = 49.5 cm
- drop impact velocity ≈ 2.5-3 m/s
- A similar droplet adhesion study was performed using a methylated seed oil (MSO) formulation, both with and without OSIL-2 (SIL-24 and SIL-25 respectively) . Droplets of approximately 400 μm in diameter were generated at a height of 53 cm above a cabbage leaf surface. The leaves were mounted on a 22.5° slope. The percentage of impacted drops that adhered to the cabbage leaf surface was then determined. As was the case with the petroleum oil (mineral oil) based COCs in Table 12, the addition of silicone oil to the MSO unexpectedly and greatly improved the adhesion of the droplets onto the surface of a cabbage leaf. The results are summarized in Table 13, below.
- Table 13: Adhesion of Adjuvant Solutions on the Cabbage Adaxial Leaf Surface
-
- Adhesion mean differences were statistically significant with 95%confidence (P0.05, LSD test) .
- Referring to Table 14, below, Silwet 641 (OSS-1) is a surfactant mixture based on a superspreader (trisiloxane alkoxylate) organosilicone and some nonionic surfactants. It is typically added to an MSO base stock at concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 percent. Sample SIL-29 in Table 14 is a blend of 20 wt%OSS-1 and 80 wt%MS-1. Sample SIL-30 is a blend containing 20 wt%OSS-1, 70 wt%MS-1 and 10 wt%OSIL-2. Silwet 641 is often referred to as a superspreader and it has been believed to provide the best spreading properties obtainable. The data in Table 14 and Figs. 5 and 6 demonstrate that the addition of the silicone oil in accordance with the invention lowered the equilibrium surface tension, increased the emulsion stability of the MSO concentrate to which it was added, and surprisingly increased the spread diameter of the product. Note that in Fig. 6, TSI measures emulsion separation, such that a lower TSI corresponds to increased emulsion stability.
- Table 14: Blends of PDMS, Nonionic & Organosilicone Surfactants in MSO
-
- A similar study was performed by adding a silicone oil to an MSO adjuvant formulation and evaluating the product’s spray coverage. Instead of measuring the spread diameter over a hydrophobic surface, a dozen sprays were performed with 0.5%spray solutions of samples SIL-31 and SIL-32. The solutions were sprayed at a pressure of 20 psig using a 8002E flat-fan nozzle. These spray conditions equate to a field spray volume of 100 L/ha. The coverage achieved on a square of water sensitive paper was determined for each spray. The average spray coverage for each product was then calculated. The results are summarized in Table 15. The data show that an increase in spray coverage was achieved through the addition of low molecular weight silicone oil (polysiloxane) in accordance with the invention to the MSO formulation with SIL-32 (with OSIL-2) providing better coverage than the SIL-31 that contains no PDMS oil.
- Table 15: Spray Coverage of Surfactant Blends in MSO Adjuvants
-
- The impact of the compositions of the present invention on droplet adhesion of spray solutions was tested on difficult-to-wet barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) , following the methodology previously described by Gaskin et al. (Stevens, PJ, Kimberley, MO, Murphy, DS, & Policello, GA; Adhesion of spray droplets to foliage: the role of dynamic surface tension and advantages of organosilicone surfactants, Pesticide Science, Vol. 38, 1993, pp. 237-245. Forster, WA, Mercer, GN and Schou, WC, Process-driven models for spraydroplet shatter, adhesion or bounce, In: Baur P, Bonnet M, editors. Proceedings 9th International Symposium on Adjuvants and Agrochemicals. ISAA978-90-815702-1-3; 2010) . Droplets with a diameter ca. 400 μm were impacted from a height of 53 cm, to leaves mounted at 22.5 degrees from horizontal. The droplet adhesion was compared to the dynamic surface tension of the respective formulations.
- The composition of samples SIL-33 through SIL-36 are shown in Table 16.
- Table 16: Preparation Examples of Agricultural Deposition Aids
-
- AgroSpred 820 is a MSO concentrate made of 20wt%Silwet 641 and 80%MS-1
- The barnyard grass adaxial leaf surface is extremely difficult to wet. Therefore, this is a good target for comparative droplet adhesion studies. Table 17 gives the droplet adhesion reported as the percentage of impacted droplets retained on the leaf surface. As can be seen in Table 17, the compositions of the present invention gave an unexpectedly large increase in droplet adhesion relative to the commercial benchmark AgroSpred 820 (20 wt%Silwet 641, 80 wt%MSO) and relative to the SIL-34 benchmark that contains no PDMS oil. This unexpected improvement is associated with the use of the 10 cSt PDMS oil OSIL-2. The level of improvement, exceeding a twofold increase in droplet adhesion, is a surprising and unexpected result given the small to insignificant differences observed in the DST at typical impact times (between 50 and 250 milliseconds) .
- Table 17: Adhesion of Adjuvant Treatments on Barnyardgrass (BYDG) Foliage.
-
- Also tested was the effect of low MW PDMS oil on the foam volume of MSO concentrates. Figure 7 shows the foam volume determined by a sparge test. In this test, nitrogen is bubbled in the spray solution employing a metal frit at a rate of 1.0 L/min. for 1 min. The foam volume is measured at initial (point at which bubbling stops) , 1, 2, 5 and 10 minutes. As can be seen, the low MW PDMS oil reduced the foam levels below what can be achieved with the use of a high-performance antifoam (e.g., SAG-1572 available from Momentive Performance Materials) . This result was unexpected because the presence of trisiloxane alkoxylates typically render commercial antifoams ineffective at typical use rates, a result associated with the low equilibrium surface tension delivered by organosilicone superspreaders.
- As described above the addition of low concentrations (1-20%) of low molecular weight, low viscosity polydimethylsiloxanes (silicone oils) in accordance with the invention to COCs and MSOs significantly reduced the surface tension of the petroleum oil and seed oil base stocks. The presence of the silicone oil also enhanced the adhesion of the sprayed COC and MSO droplets to foliar surfaces. Furthermore, the addition of these low molecular weight silicone oils to the crop oil concentrate and MSOs unexpectedly led to much improved spreading on a variety of leaf surfaces, while also improving the emulsion stability and reducing the foam volume.
- Note that a limiting factor can be the poor solubility of the PDMS oils in the crop oil-base stocks. The results below describe examination of the effect of a variety of alkyl-silicone oils on the performance of COCs and MSOs. All of the alkyl-silicone oils evaluated here showed good solubility in both mineral oils and methylated seed oils and significantly reduced the equilibrium surface tension of the resulting COCs and MSOs. Additionally, all of the alkyl-silicone oils enhanced the spreading of the COCs and MSOs on plant leaves. The tested alkyl modified silicones are set forth below.
- Alkyl modified silicones. The alkyl groups are either C8 or C12.
-
- OSIL-5 (n=0) and OSIL-6 (n=4)
-
- OSIL-7 (n=1) and OSIL-8 (n=5)
-
- OSIL-9
-
- OSIL-10
- The solubility of the alkyl silicone oils in a typical mineral oil and a methylated seed oil were first determined. The effect of the alkyl-silcones on the equilibrium surface tension of blends with the crop oil base stocks was then measured. Finally, the spreading characteristics of simple COC and MSO formulations containing the alkyl modified silicone oils were determined.
- OSIL-5, OSIL-6, OSIL-7 and OSIL-8 all exhibited good solubility in MO-1. The equilibrium surface tension of these neat alkyl silicone oils was then determined. They had surface tensions of between 22 and 23 mN/m (see Table 18) , which is significantly lower than the surface tension of neat MO-1, which is 29.9 mN/m.
- The effect of alkyl silicone concentration on the equilibrium surface tension of MO-1 was determined. The addition of 10%OSIL-5 to MO-1 resulted in a significant surface tension reduction, from 29.9 to approximately 26 mN/m. For OSIL-6 through OSIL-8, the addition of 10%of alkyl silicone to MO-1 reduced the surface tension to below 24 mN/m. This is similar to the surface tension reduction achieved when adding OSIL-2 to MO-1. It was observed that even though the compositions of the present invention are able to reduce the equilibrium surface tension of the neat oil blends, such reduction was not always observed for the aqueous dispersions of the respective oil-based formulations. Additionally, no significant variation is observed in the dynamic surface tension (DST) of the spray solutions containing COCs or MSOs with and without the compositions of the present invention. One skilled in the art would expect the droplet adhesion of those formulations to be equivalent since droplet adhesion usually correlates with dynamic surface tension; however, the incorporation of the compositions of the present invention gave increased droplet adhesion even though there was no significant reduction in DST. This observation was unexpected and surprising. Data for solubility of alkyl silicones in MSO and EST determinations are summarized in Table 18. Surface tension vs. alkyl silicone concentration curves are shown in Figure 8.
- Table 18: Solubility and Equilibrium Surface Tension of Alkyl-Silicone in MSO
-
- Samples of crop oil concentrates (COCs) based on MO-1 and 10%of the nonionic surfactant NIS-2 were formulated to determine the effect of the alkyl silicones, in accordance with the invention, on spreading. A 10: 90 blend of surfactant in oil was used as a benchmark. The COC formulations and the spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products are shown in Table 19. All of the COC formulations containing alkyl silicone oils spread significantly better than the NIS-2/MO-1 control (SIL-41) on philodendron and bamboo leaves.
- Table 19: Effect of Alkyl Silicones on the Spreading of NIS-2/MO-1 Blends (1% dispersions)
-
- A similar set of data was generated to see how these four alkyl silicones behaved in MS-1. Table 20 shows the solubility and equilibrium surface tension of the alkyl-silicones blended with MS-1. All four products exhibited good solubility in the methyl soyate base oil. The effect of different concentrations of alkyl silicones OSIL-6 and OSIL-7 on the equilibrium surface tension of MS-1 was determined and both alkyl silicones reduced the surface tension of CA-1 by more than 5 mN/m at a concentration of 10 percent.
- Table 20: Solubility and Equilibrium Surface Tension of Alkyl-Silicones in MS-1
-
- 1MS-1 with no alkyl-silicone oil
- Methylated seed oil concentrates (MSOs) based on MS-1 were prepared. They contained 10 wt%NIS-2, 10 wt%alkyl silicone, and 80 wt%MS-1. A 10: 90 blend of surfactant NIS-2 in seed oil MS-1 was used as a benchmark. The MSO formulations and the spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products are shown in Table 21. Both of the MSO formulations containing alkyl silicones spread significantly better than the SIL-44 benchmark after 15 and 120 minutes of spreading. (except for the SIL-42 dispersion which was equivalent to the control on philodendron after 2 hours) .
- Table 21: Effect of Alkyl Silicones in the Spreading of NIS-2/MS-1 Blends (1%dispersions)
-
- Table 22 shows the effect of OSIL-9 and OSIL-10 on the equilibrium surface tension of MO-1. Both of these alkyl-silicones significant reduce the surface tension of the oil at relatively low concentrations.
- Table 22: Equilibrium Surface Tension of blends of MO-1 with Alkyl Silicones
-
- Samples of a crop oil concentrate containing OSIL-9 and OSIL-10 were made up. A 10:90 blend of NIS-2 in MO-1 was again used as a benchmark. The spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products was determined on polystyrene plates, philodendron leaves and bamboo leaves. The results are summarized in Table 23. The composition of this invention, SIL-45, gave very superior spreading to the benchmark sample, SIL-47. SIL-46, also a composition of this invention, showed significantly better spreading than the SIL-47 benchmark on the leaf surfaces.
- Table 23: Effect of alkyl Silicones in the Spreading of NIS-2/MO-1 Blends (1%dispersions)
-
- 1no added alkyl silicone
- OSIL-9 and OSIL-10 were also evaluated in MS-1. Both products exhibited good solubility in the seed oil. The effect of different concentrations of these two alkyl silicones on the equilibrium surface tension of the methyl soyate was determined and are shown in Table 24.
- Table 24: Equilibrium Surface Tension of Blends of MS-1 with Alkyl Silicones
-
- An MSO concentrate was formulated with 10 wt%NIS-2, 10wt%OSIL-10 and 80wt%MS-1. A 10: 90 blend of the NIS-2 surfactant in seed oil MS-1was used as a control. The formulations and the spreading of 1 percent dispersions of these products are shown in Table 24. The alkyl-silicone containing formulation, SIL-48, gave very good spread on all surfaces tested and was far superior than the control formulation, SIL-49.
- Table 25: Effect of Alkyl Silicones in the Spreading of NIS-2/MS-1 Blends (1% dispersions) .
-
- 1no added alkyl silicone
- Figure 9 shows the droplet adhesion of some of the compositions of the present invention tested on poinsettia leaves. Results are expressed as the average percent of impacting droplets that were retained over the leaf surface. As can be seen, the compositions of the present invention deliver a significantly higher droplet deposition rate than the benchmark COC formulation.
- The following examples comprise alkyl silicones in MSO formulations containing organosilicone superspreaders. The MSO samples that were evaluated consisted of 70 wt%MS-1, 20 wt%OSS-1, and 10 wt%of the alkyl modified silicones. These MSO compositions are described in Table 26. Table 26 also shows the effect of the alkyl silicones on the foam volume of seed oil concentrates containing organosilicone superspreaders. As can be seen, the composition of the present invention delivers lower foam volumes when combined with organoslicone superspreaders in seed oil concentrates.
- Table 26: Effect of Alkyl Silicones on the Foam Volume (sparge test) of Methylated Seed Oil Concentrates Containing Organosilicone Superspreaders.
-
- Example A. Solubility of silanols in low HLB ethoxylated alcohols and crop oils
- Illustrative examples for the solubility of the silanol component of the present invention (where R 1 and R 4 are OH) in various nonionic surfactants is demonstrated below in Table 27. Blends comprising a silanol (from Formula l and Table 1) and an alcohol ethoxylate (NIS from Table 2) , can be made by physically combining the two components, in a 1: 1 ratio, in a 50 mL jar and mixing with a magnetic stir-bar until homogeneous (about 10 minutes at ambient temperature) . The mixtures were visually observed for the initial appearance and phase stability after 24 hours.
- Table 27 demonstrates that NIS with an HLB of 9.0 or less provides clear (Appearance) and stable (no phase separation) mixtures when the silanol component has a viscosity below 45 cSt (i.e. OSIL-12) Additionally, compositions containing a silanol component with a viscosity between 45 and 85 cSt (OSIL-13) , when blended with an NIS component with an HLB of 9.0 or less, gave a clear initial appearance. However, the blends showed signs of separation after 24 h, with the exception of the blend containing OSIL-13 and NIS-9, which remained stable after 24 h. Additionally, blends consisting of OSIL-14 (viscosity between 90 and 120 cSt) and an NIS component all gave a hazy appearance and separation after 24 h. This indicates that the HLB of the NIS as well as the viscosity of the silanol component of the present invention play a role in mixture solubility. Additionally, the viscosity of the silanol component may indirectly contribute to solubility as the Si-OH content increases with a decrease in viscosity, thereby providing a polar group to associate with the alkyleneoxide groups on the NIS.
- Table 27. Solubility of silanols in alkoxylated alcohols (50: 50 w/w blends) as a function of the silanol viscosity and the surfactant HLB. (Initial appearance and phase stability after 24 h. )
-
- Example B. Solubility in Agricultural Oils
- Additionally, the silanol component of the present invention demonstrates solubility at 50%in methylated seed oil, when the viscosity is ≤ 85 cSt (OSIL-12 and OSIL-13) , and insoluble when the viscosity is greater than 90 cSt (OSIL-14) . However, none of the silanol components were soluble in paraffinic mineral oil (MO-1) at 50% (Table 28)
- Table 28. Solubility of silanols in crop oils
-
- a. MO-1: Orchex 796; Paraffinic mineral Oil, Calumet
- b. MS-1: CA 3040; Methylated Soybean Oil, Chemical Associates
- Example C. Spreading Properties of Silanol/Surfactant Blends
- The spreading properties for 1: 1 mixtures of the silanol components of the present invention with various NIS components, was evaluated by applying a 10 μL drop of a 0.25%aqueous dispersion on a polystyrene Petri dish (low energy surface) and measuring the spread diameter after 1 minute. Table 29, below, demonstrates that the addition of the silanol component of the present invention to an NIS component (1: 1) gives between a 14%and 28%increase in spreading. Although the total NIS delivered in the 0.25%dispersion is only 0.125%NIS, the spreading is enhanced, indicating the silanol component of the present invention promotes spreading of an aqueous dispersion containing an NIS.
- Table 29. Spreading of silanol/surfactant blends (50: 50 w/w) on polystyrene surface. 10 μL drop after 1 min., T = 23 C, RH = 38%, 0.25%mixture.
-
- Example D. Impact of oil formulations on the performance of Topramazone on Barnyardgrass
- The impact of adjuvant on the performance of topramezone 30%OD formulation (herbicide) was determined on barnyardgrass (Echinachloa crus-galli) . Barnyardgrass (BYDG) was grown in an environmental chamber at 20-25 C. Plants were treated with spray solutions containing the herbicide alone at 0.33%, or with an adjuvant at either 0.2%or 0.4%. (see, Table 30) . Treatments were applied at 450 L/ha spray volume equivalent, and plants were assessed for weed control (Compared to an untreated Check) at 4, 7, 13 and 15 DAT (Days after treatment) . Weed control was determined by visual observation, as compared to the “Untreated Check” , on a scale of 0 to 100%.
- Table 30 demonstrates that the compositions of the present invention may be used as an agricultural oil, thereby replacing the vegetable oil with an organosilicone oil (In this example, OSIL-11) . All treatments containing an adjuvant increased the performance of the herbicide formulation. However, the strongest response was provided by Treatments 6 and 11, which contained the adjuvant composition of the present invention.
- Table 30. Herbicide/Adjuvant response in the control of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
-
- a. Herbicide was Topramezone 30%OD applied at 0.033%.
- b. 90/10 or 50/50 indicate the w/w ratio of each component.
- c. OSS-1 is an organosilicone-based oil emulsifier/surfactant package (See Table 3) .
- d. NIS-11 is a nonionic surfactant (See Table 2) ; DAT = Days After Treatment
- Example E. Spray trial on citrus red mite (Panonychus citri)
- Spray trials on citrus trees (Orange) were conducted to determine the impact of the composition of the present invention (OSIL-11/NIS-11) , on the control of citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) , as compared to a crop oil formulation, Crop Oil A (amixture of mineral oil (90%) and a trisiloxane alkoxylate with a nonionic surfactant at 10%) . Additionally, a comparison was made with (OSIL-11/NIS-11) + Movento insecticide vs. Movento alone. Note, the active ingredient in Movento (Bayer Crop Science) is Spirotetramat (22.4%SC) . Therefore, citrus trees were treated with aqueous dispersions of either Crop Oil A at 0.5% (Treatment A) , or a 1: 1 blend of OSIL-11/NIS-11 at 0.2%, 0.1%and 0.067% (Treatments 1-3) . Additionally, treatments were made using the insecticide Movento (0.025%) , with the OSIL-1/NIS-11 blend at 0.067% (Treatment 4) , or with the Movento alone (Treatment 5) . Treatment 6 was the untreated Check.
- Spray treatments were applied at 2 L/tree, in a randomized block design, with three (3) replicates per treatment. Table 31, below, demonstrates that all of the treatments containing either the Crop Oil A, or the OSIL-11/NIS-11 blend gave s significant improvement over the Movento insecticide alone at 1, 3, and 7 DAT (Days after treatment) . However, the treatments containing OSIL-11/NIS-11 at the lowest dose (0.067%, Treatments 3 and 4) , either alone or with Movento, were not different than Movento alone at 14 DAT.
- Additionally, treatments 1-3 gave similar results to Crop Oil A, but at less than half the concentration (i.e Treatment 2 was 5X less) .
- Table 31. Effect of Composition of the present invention on red mite control*
-
- *Subscripts sharing the same letters are not significantly different
- Example F. Effect of The Polysiloxane On Surface Tension
- The effect of the polysiloxane (Silanol) on the surface tension of methylsoyate (MSO) was evaluated by the Wilhelmy Plate method, using a Kruss surface tensiometer with a platinum blade as the sensor. Mixtures of MSO and varying rates of the silanol component (OSIL-12 and OSIL-13) of the present invention were made by combining the two components in a beaker and mixing until homogeneous.
- Table 32, below, demonstrates that the inclusion of either OSIL-12 or OSIL-13 significantly reduces the surface tension of the MSO, even at 1%. Surface tension decreased with a corresponding increase in the silanol component. Obtaining a low surface tension in the oil phase can be important for spray droplet adhesion, as demonstrated above in paragraph 00124: “Effect Of PDMS Oils On Surface Tension When Blended With Oil Base Stocks” , and Figure 2.; also paragraph 00124 and Figure 9) . As explained above in par. 00124, Figure 9 shows the droplet adhesion of some of the compositions of the present invention tested on poinsettia leaves. Results were expressed as the average percent of impacting droplets that were retained over the leaf surface. As can be seen, the compositions of the present invention deliver a significantly higher droplet deposition rate than the benchmark COC formulation.
- Table 32. The effect of the polysiloxane Silanol component on surface tension of MSO
-
- While the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. It is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that it include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (29)
- An organosilicone-based agricultural composition, comprising a combination of (a) an optional oil component, (b) a surfactant, and (c) a polysiloxane having an average molecular weight of about 4,000 g/mole or lower and a viscosity of about 50 cSt or lower at 25℃,wherein the polysiloxane is soluble or dispersible in the oil component, when the optional oil component is present, and has the general formula (I) :M 1D xD 1 yM 2 (I)wherein:M 1=R 1R 2R 3SiO 1/2M 2=R 4R 5R 6SiO 1/2D=R 7R 8SiO 2/2D 1=R 9R 10SiO 2/2R 1 and R 4 are independently selected from Hydroxyl (OH) , R 8, or OR 8;R 2, R 3, R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from a monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, and aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals of 6 to 14 carbon atoms;R 7 is selected from hydroxyl (OH) , OR 8, a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, -OSi (R 8) 3, or - (OSiR 8 R 8) f OSi (R 8) 2OZ, where Z is H or R 8 and subscript f is 0 to 8;R 8 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms;R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, and aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals of 6 to 14 carbon atoms; andsubscripts x and y are independently 0 to 50, with the proviso that x+y is about 1 to 50.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein about 5%to 95%of the composition comprises the oil component, about 1%to 50%of the composition comprises the surfactant; and about 1%to 95%of the composition comprises the polysiloxane component.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the combination will exhibit at least 50%improved spreading or 50%improved deposition to a leaf surface than the same composition will spread or adhere to the leaf in the absence of the polysiloxane.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the oil component is a mineral oil, a paraffinic crop oil, a vegetable oil, or an esterified seed oil and the polysiloxane is a polydimethylsiloxane or an organo-modified polysiloxane.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein:R 8 is selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 4 carbons.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein x+y is 5 to 50.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein y=0 and x is 3 to 50.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein R 1 to R 8 are methyl.
- The agricultural composition of claim 7, wherein R 1 to R 8 are methyl.
- The agricultural composition of claim 9, wherein y=0 and x is about 5 to 25.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the polysiloxane has a viscosity of about 20 cSt or lower at 25℃.
- The agricultural composition of claim 11, wherein the polysiloxane has a molecular weight of about 2,000 g/mole or lower.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein R 1 and R 4 are monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 18 carbons, or aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals of 6 to 14 carbon atoms and R 2, R 3, and R 5 through R 10 are methyl.
- The agricultural composition of claim 12, wherein x+y is 5 to 50.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein R 10 is a monovalent alkyl hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 18 carbons, or an aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radical of 6 to 14 carbon atoms and R 1 through R 9 are methyl.
- The agricultural composition of claim 15, wherein x+y is 5 to 50.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein R 1 is OH and R 4 and R 7 are methyl.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein R 1 and R 4 are OH and R 7 is methyl.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein or R 1, R 4 and R 7 are each OH.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, wherein the optional oil component (a) is present and each of R 1, R 4 and R 7 are not OH.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, whereinabout 0%to 95%of the composition comprises the oil component (a) , about 1%to 50%of the composition comprises the surfactant (b) ; and about 1%to 95%of the composition comprises the polysiloxane component (c) ;wherein R 1 and R 4 are hydroxyl (OH) ;R 7 is independently selected from hydroxyl (OH) , or a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms;R 8 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms;x is 4 to 50 and y is 0.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, comprising a C4 to C18 alcohol alkoxylate surfactant.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, and comprising a solvent selected from d-limonene, triacetin, isopropylmyristate, and esterified seed oil.
- The agricultural composition of claim 1, and comprising an oil carrier selected from the group of petroleum oil, mineral oil, paraffinic mineral oil, vegetable oil, esterified vegetable oil, esterified seed oil.
- A method of increasing the spreading or adhesion properties of an agricultural composition containing (a) an oil component and (b) a surfactant, comprising adding to the formulation, an amount of thepolysiloxane or organo-modified polysiloxane of Formula (I) , having a molecular weight below about 4,000 g/mol, effective to cause the combination to exhibit 10%improved adhesion or spreading when compared to the same formulation, but in the absence of the polysiloxane or organomodified polysiloxane.
- The method of claim 25, wherein R 8 is selected from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to 4 carbons.
- The method of claim 26, wherein the polysiloxane or organomodified polysiloxane has a viscosity of not more than about 50 cSt at 25 degrees C.
- An agrochemical composition, comprising a bioactive component and the agricultural composition of claim 1.
- A plant having the agrochemical composition of claim 28 applied thereto.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN2020083215 | 2020-04-03 | ||
PCT/CN2021/085297 WO2021197475A1 (en) | 2020-04-03 | 2021-04-02 | Agricultural fluid deposition aid |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP4110052A1 true EP4110052A1 (en) | 2023-01-04 |
EP4110052A4 EP4110052A4 (en) | 2024-05-01 |
Family
ID=77927813
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP21779580.6A Pending EP4110052A4 (en) | 2020-04-03 | 2021-04-02 | Agricultural fluid deposition aid |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20230143485A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP4110052A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2023519615A (en) |
CN (1) | CN115968256A (en) |
AR (1) | AR121735A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2021246802A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112022019566A2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2021197475A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4155995A (en) | 1973-03-23 | 1979-05-22 | Witco Chemical Corporation | Petroleum based mosquito larvicide |
US5558806A (en) | 1992-07-23 | 1996-09-24 | Osi Specialties, Inc. | Surfactant blend of a polyalkleneoxide polysiloxane and an organic compound having a short chain hydrophobic moiety |
US5658851A (en) | 1993-10-13 | 1997-08-19 | Osi Specialties, Inc. | Lipophilic siloxanes as adjuvants for agriculture |
US5561099A (en) * | 1993-10-13 | 1996-10-01 | Osi Specialties, Inc. | Alkylsiloxanes as adjuvants for agriculture |
DE102006043444A1 (en) | 2006-09-15 | 2008-03-27 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Suspension concentrates based on oil |
CN102159071A (en) * | 2008-10-17 | 2011-08-17 | 赢创高施米特有限公司 | Agrochemical oil compositions comprising alkylpolysiloxane adjuvants of high silicone character |
US8980341B2 (en) | 2011-08-29 | 2015-03-17 | Clarke Mosquito Control Products, Inc. | Insecticidal compositions and methods of using the same |
JP2014131979A (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2014-07-17 | Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Ltd | Oily suspension-shaped pest control agent composition |
CN108902203A (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-11-30 | 钟祥品红植物免疫科技有限公司 | A kind of agricultural builder of coconut oil and its preparation method and application for killing harmful mite |
US11166456B2 (en) * | 2018-10-04 | 2021-11-09 | Momentive Performance Materials Inc. | Agricultural fluid deposition aid |
-
2021
- 2021-04-02 US US17/915,585 patent/US20230143485A1/en active Pending
- 2021-04-02 JP JP2022559506A patent/JP2023519615A/en active Pending
- 2021-04-02 BR BR112022019566A patent/BR112022019566A2/en unknown
- 2021-04-02 AU AU2021246802A patent/AU2021246802A1/en active Pending
- 2021-04-02 WO PCT/CN2021/085297 patent/WO2021197475A1/en unknown
- 2021-04-02 CN CN202180040089.2A patent/CN115968256A/en active Pending
- 2021-04-02 EP EP21779580.6A patent/EP4110052A4/en active Pending
- 2021-04-05 AR ARP210100844A patent/AR121735A1/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AR121735A1 (en) | 2022-07-06 |
AU2021246802A1 (en) | 2022-10-06 |
BR112022019566A2 (en) | 2023-02-23 |
WO2021197475A1 (en) | 2021-10-07 |
JP2023519615A (en) | 2023-05-11 |
CN115968256A (en) | 2023-04-14 |
US20230143485A1 (en) | 2023-05-11 |
EP4110052A4 (en) | 2024-05-01 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP2431372B1 (en) | Agrochemical composition comprising a hydrolysis resistant organomodified silylated surfactant | |
US6221811B1 (en) | Siloxane nonionic blends useful in agriculture | |
US10299471B2 (en) | Biodegradable super-spreading, organomodified trisiloxane | |
EP2236029B1 (en) | Hydrolysis resistant organomodified trisiloxane surfactants | |
US11166456B2 (en) | Agricultural fluid deposition aid | |
AU2017245007B2 (en) | Lecithin-based spray adjuvant containing organosilicon wetting agents | |
WO2021197475A1 (en) | Agricultural fluid deposition aid | |
AU2019216328B2 (en) | Trisiloxane alkoxylate compositions | |
JP5395057B2 (en) | Pesticide composition that can be suspended in water | |
US20240206462A1 (en) | Essential oil-based agricultural composition and method for controlling a pest using the same | |
AU2018337031B2 (en) | Lecithin-based spray adjuvant containing organosilicon wetting agents | |
WO2024140689A1 (en) | Adjuvant compositions and method for treating plant using the same | |
BR112020015680B1 (en) | COMPOSITION OF ORGANOSILICONE SURFACTANTS, AGROCHEMICAL FORMULATION AND AGRICULTURAL FORMULATION | |
NZ737511B2 (en) | Biodegradable super-spreading, organomodified trisiloxane |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20220927 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
A4 | Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched |
Effective date: 20240403 |
|
RIC1 | Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant |
Ipc: A01N 61/00 20060101ALI20240326BHEP Ipc: A01N 55/00 20060101ALI20240326BHEP Ipc: A01N 43/80 20060101ALI20240326BHEP Ipc: A01P 13/00 20060101ALI20240326BHEP Ipc: A01N 25/30 20060101ALI20240326BHEP Ipc: A01N 25/24 20060101ALI20240326BHEP Ipc: A01N 25/00 20060101AFI20240326BHEP |