EP3788210A1

EP3788210A1 - Transverse force anchor

Info

Publication number: EP3788210A1
Application number: EP18724500.6A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Christoph Bomplitz
Original assignee: BT Innovation GmbH
Current assignee: BT Innovation GmbH
Priority date: 2018-05-04
Filing date: 2018-05-04
Publication date: 2021-03-10
Anticipated expiration: 2038-05-04
Also published as: WO2019210968A1; JP7111391B2; TWI753253B; TW202006220A; EP3788210C0; US20210180316A1; RU2753333C1; EP3788210B1; CN112119192A; US11486131B2; JP2021522432A; CN112119192B

Abstract

The invention relates to a transverse force anchor (1) for transmitting transverse forces transversely to the longitudinal direction of a component (10) within components formed primarily from concrete, the anchor comprising: a connection portion (2) for introducing at least one transverse force into the transverse force anchor (1), which connection portion is connected to at least one load-introducing portion (51), which can be contacted by the component (10) so as to transfer into the component (10) at least one force component in the direction of the transverse force that is to be transferred. In order to transfer large transverse forces with a slim design of the component (10), the connection portion (2) is additionally spaced apart from the load-introducing portion (51) in the direction of the transverse force that is to be transferred.

Description

Lateral force anchor

The present invention relates to a transverse force anchor as a connecting means for transmitting higher transverse forces, within components, transverse to the component direction, a connecting structure of such a transverse force anchor and the component and a method for ensuring a transmission of a force in a certain direction between any two bodies by a defined Section.

From the concrete construction fastening systems for the introduction of loads in the concrete are known, which consist mostly of metal or plastic. While the majority of dowels are applied to retrofit fastening systems that are installed after concreting, the so-called inserts are dowel-type fastening systems or anchor channels with headed bolts and other more complex shapes. The term "insert" results from the manufacturing process, since they are inserted attached to the formwork before concreting.

Load-bearing means in the form of anchors for precast concrete parts are known, for example, from the prior art with reference to FIG. 1 of the document EP 0 122 521 B1.

These anchors are embedded in concrete precast concrete and loaded in the component on tensile and shear force. To remove the loads, the anchor calculations are dimensioned and integrated accordingly. Classically, these anchors are installed centrally in relation to the component thickness, since the armatures are most sensibly positioned with respect to each load. To absorb tensile loads, the anchors are provided with bolts or carry, for example, corrugated steel anchors. Due to the resulting undercuts, these anchors are anchored in the concrete and secured against tearing out under tensile load.

However, tensile load often does not represent the critical load case in such anchors, but transverse forces acting at right angles to the tensile forces. With the introduction of shear force up to the concrete failure, concrete break-out cones form from these anchors. Starting from a transverse force introduced by the armature, a so-called escape cone forms in the direction of force at an angle of 60 ° towards the component edge. The safety concept against this concrete edge break provides that the anchor has a sufficient edge distance to the final component edge. These edge distances to be observed are dominated by the transverse forces, which means that they are the component thickness mostly relevant determine, with increasing component thickness, the failure load can be increased and the absorbable lateral force can be increased.

There is therefore the problem of transferring large lateral forces while at the same time having a slim design.

The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problem. It is therefore an object to provide a connecting means for transmitting higher lateral forces, which allows the use of components in a slim design.

For an increase in the absorbable lateral force, it is desirable to use a larger part of the component thickness in order to transfer the acting loads into the components. In case of failure, therefore, the fracture cone increases, which is why he has to overcome a greater resistance, which increases the failure load.

On the basis of this consideration, a transverse force anchor with the features of claim 1 is provided to solve the problem described above.

For this purpose, according to a first aspect of the invention, a transverse force anchor for transmitting transverse forces transversely to the longitudinal direction of a component within components made primarily of concrete, comprising: a connection portion for introducing at least one transverse force into the transverse force armature, with at least one load introduction portion is connected, which is contactable with the component to at least one component Kraftkom transmitted in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in the component, characterized in that the connection portion is spaced from the load introduction portion in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted.

With a transverse force anchor according to the first aspect of the invention, at least one transverse force can be introduced into the transverse force anchor via the connection section. The transverse force can not only be transferred directly to the connection section into the component via the load introduction section, but also at least partially at the load introduction section, wherein the load introduction section is in direct contact with the component and transmits at least one component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted. Conversely, since the terminal portion is spaced from the load introducing portion toward the transverse force to be transmitted, the load introducing portion is spaced from the terminal portion in a direction opposite to the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted. If such a transverse force anchor is inserted into the component that of the load introduction section in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted along the component thickness direction to the edge of the component as large as possible, is at least for the transmitted from the load introduction portion in the direction of the transverse force force component, a large part of the component thickness to form the fracture cone available. This leads to an increase in the failure load.

Preferably, the transverse force anchor has two load introduction portions for transmitting opposite transverse forces, wherein the first load introduction portion can transmit a force component in a direction of the transverse forces to be transmitted in the component, and the second load introduction portion can transmit a force component in the other direction of the transverse forces to be transmitted in the component and spaced from the first load introducing portion in the one direction of the lateral forces to be transmitted, and wherein the connecting portion is connected to both load introducing portions.

Such a transverse force anchor is ideally suited for transmitting opposite or alternating transverse forces, wherein a load introduction section transmits, at least component by component, the lateral force in one direction and the other the transverse force at least component by component in the other direction. Since the two load introduction sections are connected to one another, the opposite transverse forces can be introduced into the transverse force anchor via a connection section and transferred from the respective load introduction section into the component. Characterized in that the second load introduction portion is spaced from the first load introduction portion in the one direction of the transverse forces to be transmitted, a large component thickness is available for the transmission of the respective force component in the direction of each transverse force to be transmitted by the respective load introduction portion.

Preferably, the transverse force anchor additionally has at least one

Load introduction prevention section, the power transmission with a component in the direction of each by the respective load introduction portion to be transmitted in each case transverse force in the component partially, but preferably completely, prevents.

In addition, since there is provided a load introduction preventing portion that is configured to transfer almost no force component thereto to the component to be transmitted in the direction of each lateral force to be transmitted, the lateral force can largely be transmitted to the component only at the defined portion of the load introduction portion. The load introduction prevention section thus causes the at the respective Load introduction portion transmitted force component is increased in the direction of each transverse force to be transmitted. Thus, a large force component is transmitted in the direction of each transverse shaft to be transmitted over a large component thickness in the component.

Furthermore, the load introduction prevention section can be provided in sections at the respective load introduction section and be provided at least in sections at the connection section. As a result, transmission of a large force component in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted to the component is prevented by the connection portion, and the transmission of the lateral force by the respective load introduction portion takes place in a defined region of the respective load introduction portion.

According to another aspect of the invention, the load introduction prevention portion may be provided spaced from the respective load introduction portion toward the lateral force to be transmitted.

By providing the load introduction prevention portion spaced from the respective load introduction portion toward the lateral force to be transmitted, it can be reliably ensured that a large component thickness is used for transmitting the respective lateral force into the component. Since the load introduction prevention section is provided in the direction of the lateral force in front of the respective load introduction section, a smaller portion of the component thickness than the respective load introduction section is available from the load introduction prevention section in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted, according to the above described installation position. Since the lateral force is largely transmitted to the component via the load introduction section, a large part of the component thickness is used to transmit the lateral force.

A further aspect of the invention provides that the force component to be transmitted from the respective load introduction section into the component can be greater in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted than the force component to be transferred from the load introduction prevention section into the component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in each case. Accordingly, the transmission of the respective transverse force into the component takes place predominantly through the respective load introduction section. Although the load introduction preventing portion may transmit a force component in the direction of the lateral force, it is always smaller than the force component in the direction of the lateral force transmitted through the load introducing portion into the component. This can be achieved that according to the above installation position of the transverse force armature in the component, wherein the distance from the respective load introduction portion in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted along the component thickness direction to the corresponding component edge is as large as possible for the largest component to be transmitted in the direction of the transverse force Component thickness is available.

A further aspect of the invention provides that the respective load introduction section can have at least one load introduction surface, which can be contacted with the component and whose groundbreaking surface normal has a component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in each case.

This ensures that the transmission of force into the component takes place in a planar manner through the load introduction section, whereby the transverse force can be introduced more uniformly and thus stress peaks can be avoided. The load introduction surface having a groundbreaking surface normal, which is the normal of the load introduction area facing away from the respective load input surface of the respective load introduction portion having a component in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted, causes a compressive stress in the component. Thus, the failure form can be specifically brought about by an excavation cone, which results in pressure stress transversely to the component longitudinal direction.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the plurality of load introduction surfaces of the respective load introduction section may be arranged in one plane. The load introduction surfaces of the respective load introduction section are preferably perpendicular to the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in each case. With load application surfaces lying in one level, an easy production of the transverse force anchor can be ensured. Furthermore, a more uniform load of the component is achieved. In addition, when the load introduction surfaces of the respective load introduction section are perpendicular to the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted, the lateral force vector and the surface normal vector of the load introduction surface are parallel, which promotes the formation of a fracture cone. In this case, the component is stressed transversely to the component longitudinal direction by the transferred from the load application surfaces of the respective load-introduction section component of the transverse force purely to pressure. Thus, no shear occurs at the boundary between the load introduction surface and the component.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the load introduction prevention section can be provided at least in sections on all surfaces which lie in the direction of the respective transverse force to be transmitted from the load introduction surfaces of the respective load introduction section and whose groundbreaking surface normals have a component in the direction of the transverse force to be respectively transmitted. In this way, a large component of the transverse force can be specifically introduced into the component over a large component thickness, since on all surfaces which lie in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in front of the load introduction surfaces of the respective load introduction section and whose groundbreaking surface normals are a component in the direction of each have to be transmitted transverse force, a power transmission with a component in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted in the component partially, but preferably completely, is suppressed. The formation of the fracture cone thus takes place reliably away from the load introduction surfaces of the respective load introduction section, and with the greatest possible distance from the edge of the component.

Preferably, the load introduction prevention portion is provided on all surfaces except the load input surfaces of the respective load introduction portion.

Thus, the transmission of force in the direction of the lateral force can take place more reliably on the load introduction surfaces of the respective load introduction section. Further, a lateral force anchor having a large-area load introduction prevention section can further reduce the sound transmission or vibration.

Another aspect of the invention provides that a web can extend from the connection section to both sides, which establishes the connection to the respective load introduction section. Since the connection section is provided between the two load introduction areas, no additional installation space for the connection section in the component must be provided. The lateral force to be transmitted in each case is conducted via the webs to the respective load introduction section, the web representing a structurally simple form of the connection between connection section and load introduction sections.

Preferably, the connection portion is a sleeve.

The sleeve allows easy attachment of connecting elements for introducing forces in the transverse force anchor. For example, connecting elements can be screwed into the sleeve via a thread. If the axis of the sleeve runs preferably in the component longitudinal direction perpendicular to the transverse forces to be transmitted, a bolt for load introduction into the transverse force anchor and an anchor bolt for anchoring tensile forces in the component can be mounted in the sleeve.

If the axis of the sleeve is aligned in the component longitudinal direction, tensile and compressive forces in the component longitudinal direction can also be easily introduced into the transverse force anchor by the load introduction bolt. The load introduction bolt can be attached to the sleeve from one direction, whereby the anchor bolt can be attached to the sleeve from the opposite direction. The anchor bolt prevents a tearing in component longitudinal direction with tensile load in the component longitudinal direction.

According to another aspect of the invention, the load introduction prevention section may be made of a compressible elastic material, preferably of closed-cell foam.

Thus, under the acting lateral force, the load introduction preventing portion can elastically deform in the direction of the lateral force, and by this elastic deformation, a springing effect occurs, whereby the lateral force is transmitted to the component only to a very small extent. A compressible material also permits deformations under compressive stress of the load introduction prevention section when the load introduction prevention section is surrounded on all sides by concrete and thereby transverse expansions are prevented. A further aspect of the invention provides that the connection portion, the webs and the respective load introduction portions may consist of a stiffer material than that of the load introduction prevention portion, preferably of galvanized steel.

Thus, with the load introduction surfaces which are stiffer relative to the load introduction prevention section, a stiffer pressure-loaded connection of the load introduction surfaces of the load introduction sections to the component results as the connection to the component by the load introduction prevention section, wherein the transverse force to be transmitted is for the most part transmitted to the component via this rigid connection and only to a very small extent via the elastically resilient load introduction prevention section. Here, the principle is taken advantage of that when a force can be transmitted in one direction at several sections in a component, the majority of the force is transmitted to the connection with the greatest rigidity. The galvanized steel also allows good corrosion protection.

Furthermore, one aspect of this invention provides a connection structure consisting of a component and a transverse force anchor according to the invention, wherein the load introduction prevention section may be at least partially provided as a gap between the component and transverse force anchor.

Thus, an elastic material can be partially or completely dispensed with and weight and material can be saved. If there is a gap, no component in the region of the gap is transferred to the component at all in the direction of the transverse force. In the areas in which the gap is to be provided, a support structure such as a core is to be provided during the concrete pouring, which keeps the concrete at a distance. This support structure can then be removed after casting, for example by etching. Alternatively, the transverse force anchor may be provided with a dissolving material to form a gap, which dissolves after the concrete casting.

Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for ensuring a transmission of a force in a certain direction between any two bodies by a defined

A load introduction portion, wherein the one body has the defined load introduction portion, through which it is in contact with the other body and the load introduction portion can transmit a force component in the direction of the force in the specific direction in the other body, and in which one body all sections except of

Load introduction portion, which can transmit a force component in the direction of the force in the specific direction in the other body, provided with a covering these sections, compared to the load introduction portion easily deformable layer and over this deformable layer in contact with the other body, wherein deforms under load of the one body by the force in the particular direction of the deformable layer and thereby transmit the force in the particular direction with a smaller component than by the load introduction portion in the other body becomes.

This method describes the above principle, according to which, when a force can be transmitted in one direction at several sections in a component, the majority of the force is transferred to the connection with the greatest rigidity. By allowing the deformable layer to deform more easily than the load-introducing portion, more specifically as the attachment of the load-introducing portion to the other body, much of the force in the particular direction is transmitted to the other body through the load-introducing portion. Based on this principle, the transverse force anchor according to the invention, which is described in more detail by the following drawings

Brief description of the drawings

1a shows a perspective view of the transverse force anchor (1) according to the invention in a first embodiment with load introduction prevention section (3),

1 b shows a sectional view of the transverse force armature according to the invention of the first first embodiment with load introduction prevention section (3),

Fig. 2 shows a perspective view of the transverse force anchor according to the invention

(1) the first embodiment with load introduction prevention portion (3), anchor bolts (8) and load introduction pins (9),

3 shows a perspective view of the transverse force anchor according to the invention

(1) the first embodiment with load introduction prevention portion (3) inside a component (10),

4 shows a perspective view of the transverse force anchor according to the invention

(101) with load introduction prevention section (3), anchor bolts (8) and load introduction pins (9) and a second embodiment rotated by 180 ° about the axis l-1,

5 shows a perspective view of the transverse force anchor according to the invention

(201) with load introduction prevention section (3), anchor bolts (8) and load introduction pins (9) in a third embodiment with headed bolts (14) Fig. 6 shows an exploded view of the transverse force armature (201) according to the invention according to FIG. 5 without load introduction prevention section (3), anchor bolts (8) and

Load introduction bolt (9).

Fig. 7a shows a perspective view of a plastic cap (16) as

Load introduction prevention section (3)

Fig. 7b shows a perspective view of a section of the plastic cap (16) according to the sectional plane in Fig. 7a

Fig. 8 shows a perspective view of a modified transverse force anchor with parallelepiped load introduction sections similar to the first and two embodiments

FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of a modified transverse force anchor with cylindrical load introduction sections similar to the third embodiment

Fig. 10 shows an armature according to the prior art

Fig. 11 shows an illustration of an excavation cone of a conventional

bolt anchor

FIG. 12 shows a representation of the resulting fracture cone in accordance with the theoretical assumption of the transverse force anchor according to the invention

Detailed description of the drawings

With the anchors known from the prior art according to FIG. 10, an escape cone results in the event of a failure by transverse force, as shown in FIG. 11. The safety concept against this concrete edge break provides that the anchor has a sufficient edge distance to the final component edge. These edge distances to be observed are dominated by the transverse forces, which means that they largely determine the component thickness largely, with increasing component thickness, the failure load can be increased and the absorbable transverse force can be increased. In order to ensure a sufficient failure load, components with a large component thickness are therefore frequently provided, in particular with changing or opposite transverse forces.

The inventors of this application have recognized that the component thickness can be reduced even with oppositely acting transverse forces, when a larger part of the component thickness is used to initiate the acting loads in the components. In case of failure, therefore, also increases the eruption cone, which is why he has to overcome a greater resistance, which increases the failure load. This principle is shown in Fig. 12, wherein an acting transverse force V can be initiated almost over the entire component thickness. This principle is realized by a connecting means in the form of a transverse force anchor, which will be described in more detail below. Terms such as "right", "left", "top", "bottom", "first" or "second" are not meant to be limiting, but are merely for the purpose of distinguishing similar portions.

1 a shows a perspective view of the transverse force anchor 1 according to the invention in a first embodiment for transmitting higher transverse forces primarily for components 10 with small component thicknesses. FIG. 1 b shows the transverse force anchor 1 in a sectional view, the section having been drawn along the arrows A from the dashed-dotted line. In this case, the transverse force anchor 1 according to the invention has a connection section 2, can be initiated by the forces in the transverse force armature. Through the connection section, at least one transverse force should be able to be introduced into the transverse force anchor 1. Further, the lateral force anchor 1 has load introduction portions 51 and 52 on both sides of the terminal portion 2 for transmitting alternating lateral forces into the component 10, namely, a first right parallelepiped load input portion 51 for transmitting a force component in a direction of the opposite transverse forces to be transmitted to the component 10 and a second left cuboid load introduction section 52 for transmitting a force component in the other direction of the transverse forces to be transmitted in the member 10. The load introduction portions 51 and 52 are connected to the terminal portion via lands 41 and 42 extending on both sides from the terminal portion 2. Each of the two load introduction sections 51 and 52 has a first rectangular load introduction surface 61 and a second rectangular load introduction surface 62. The load introduction portions 51 and 52 are formed in addition to the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 each still by the resulting in the creation of the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 surfaces. As shown in FIGS. 1 a and 1 b, in the case of the cuboid load introduction sections 51 and 52, these are the rear surface 63 of the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62, the two side surfaces 64, the upper surface 65 in FIG. 1 a and those in FIG. 1 a Thus, a dumbbell-shaped appearance of the lateral force anchor 1 is provided. A load-introducing prevention portion 3 is provided on the lateral force anchor 1 over a large area, but not on the load-introducing surfaces 61 and 62 and the upper surface 65 of the load-introducing portions 51 and 52 and the upper surface adjacent thereto of the bridges. At the load introduction portions 51 and 52, the load introduction prevention portion 3 is provided on the rear side 63 of the respective load introduction surfaces 61 and 62, that is, on a surface on the opposite side of the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62. Further, the load introduction portion is also on the side surfaces of the transverse force anchor along the axis ll, as shown in Fig. 2, both on the side surfaces 64 of the load introduction portions 51 and 52 and on the side surfaces of the webs 41 and 42, and on the lower surfaces 66 of Load introduction portions 51 and 52 and attached to the lower surfaces of the webs 41 and 42. Of the

Load introduction prevention section 3 partially, but preferably completely, stops a power transmission with a component in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted through the load introduction sections 51 and 52, respectively. The term component is used because the lateral force to be transmitted each can be largely transmitted only through the load introduction portions 51 and 52, and a small portion can be transmitted through the load introduction prevention portion 3 as well. In any case, the force component to be transmitted from the respective load introduction section 51 and 52 into the component 10 in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted is greater than the force component to be transmitted into the component by the load introduction prevention section 3 in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted, preferably at least 20 times so big.

The operation of the transverse force armature according to the invention of the first embodiment will be explained with reference to Figures 2 and 3. The connection section 2 is designed in the first embodiment shown as a sleeve having an internal thread 7. As shown in FIG. 2, the transverse force anchor 1 according to the invention in combination with the anchor bolt 8 and the load introduction pin 9 is applicable, while the anchor bolt 8 and the load introduction pin 9 are screwed into the internal thread 7 of the transverse force anchor. Thus, tensile, compressive and shear forces can be transmitted to the transverse force anchor 1 according to the invention. In this case, via the load introduction pin 9 primarily along the component longitudinal axis or axis ll-ll, which is the axis of the sleeve and the load introduction pin 9 and the anchor bolt 8, acting tensile forces on the transverse force anchor 1 forwarded to the opposite anchor bolt 8 and in the component 10th anchored. To initiate the tensile forces, the load introduction prevention portion 3 is not provided on the anchor bolt 8. For particularly efficient transmission of compressive forces, the anchor bolt 8 and the load introduction bolt 9 can be screwed into the sleeve far enough that they meet in a form-fitting manner in the sleeve.

For the introduction of tensile forces in the component 10, it is desirable that the axis ll-ll, ie the axis of the sleeve, the load introduction bolt 9 and the anchor bolt 8 as centrally as possible between the two component outer surfaces 11 and 12, as shown in Fig. 3, runs in the longitudinal direction of the component, since on both sides a large edge distance is created. According to the anchors of the prior art would be introduced by the load introduction pin 9 in the terminal portion 2 and along the axis ll, which is perpendicular to the axis ll-ll, acting transverse forces through the connecting portion forming surfaces are introduced into the component, and thus be introduced very close to the axis ll-ll in the component. In this case, however, only an insufficiently small area of the component thickness between the two outer surfaces 11 and 12 is used, which limits the failure load in the event of lateral force failure. With the transverse force anchor 1 according to the invention, transverse forces can be transmitted through sections which are closer to the component outer surfaces 11 and 12 and thus spaced from the connection section 2. Thus, a large part of the component thickness between the outer surfaces 1 1 and 12 can be used. In the case of the transverse force anchor according to the invention, the transverse force introduction portions located close to the component outer surfaces 11 and 12 are the load introduction portions 51 and 52 respectively spaced from the terminal portion 2 in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted respectively. The load introduction portions 51 and 52 at least partially overlap the terminal portion 2 along the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted respectively. In transverse force transmission, no or only very small moments act on the transverse tweezers. The load introduction portions 51 and 52 are configured so that they can transmit a force component in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted in the component. Thus, it is also possible to transfer the transverse force by pure shear stress on the component when a sufficiently shear-stiff connection of the load introduction portion is provided to the component. Preferably, however, as shown in FIGS. 1a-3, the load introduction portions have the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 which, in the embodiment shown, are perpendicular to the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted along the axis ll. Of the

Transverse force anchor is arranged so that the axis ll-ll extends in the component longitudinal direction and the axis l-l transverse thereto in the component thickness direction. The load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 are perpendicular to the axis L-l and thus perpendicular to the transverse force to be transmitted. In this case, the component is subjected to pressure transversely to the component longitudinal direction in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted, which causes the formation of an escape cone. In Fig. 3 is by a transverse force acting in the direction of the axis ll and zußen on the component outer surface 1 1, the portion of the component, which extends from the load application surfaces 61 and 62 of the right load introduction portion 51 to the left component outer surface 11 on Stress claimed. In the case of failure, the indicated breakaway cone 13 results. The embodiment shown, wherein the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 are perpendicular to the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted along the axis L-1, is a preferred

Embodiment. However, it is also conceivable that the transverse force introduction takes place through surfaces on the load introduction section 51 or 52, whose groundbreaking surface normals have only one component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted. The groundbreaking surface normal is the surface normal, which points away from the respective surface of the load introduction section 51 or 52. It is thus possible that the groundbreaking surface normal of a load introduction surface forms an angle with the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted, or in other words the load introduction surfaces need not necessarily be perpendicular to the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted, but may also extend obliquely thereto. Thus, the component would be claimed by the transverse force to be transmitted not only to pressure across the component longitudinal direction, but also to shear. Thus, each surface whose groundbreaking surface normal has a component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted can act as a load introduction surface. It is also conceivable, the transverse force not flat, but linear or punctiform of the

Load introduction sections in the component 10 to transfer. In the embodiment shown, the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 of the surfaces whose groundbreaking

Surface normal has a component in the direction of each transverse force to be transmitted, the furthest in a direction opposite to the direction of each through them transferring transverse force lying surfaces. Thus, a large part of the component thickness between the outer surfaces 11 and 12 can be used.

So that the lateral force for the most part (with a large component) of the

Load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 of the respective load introduction portions 51 and 52 can be introduced into the component, the initiation of the transverse force is preferably by other portions which would be able to initiate a force component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in the component 10 to prevent. For this purpose, on the transverse force anchor 1 of the first embodiment, as shown in Figures 1a - 3, at all portions which could initiate a force component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in the component 10, with the exception of the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 of the two load introduction sections 51st and 52, the load introduction prevention section 3 is provided so that the surfaces of these sections are completely separated from the

Load introduction prevention section 3 are covered. Specifically, the load introduction prevention portion 3 is provided at the terminal portion 2 and in sections, except for the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62, at the load introduction portions 51 and 52. As shown in Fig. 3, the load introduction prevention portion 3 is provided spaced from the respective load introduction portions 51 and 52 in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted respectively. By the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 of the load introduction portion 51, a lateral force can be transmitted to the component 10, which acts in the direction of the axis ll and is dressed on the component outer surface 11. The load introduction prevention portion 3 is inter alia at the connection portion 2, which is spaced in the direction of the transverse load to be transmitted by the load introduction portion 51, as well as on the component outer surface 11 facing surface 63 of the second load introduction portion 52, which from the first load introduction portion 51 in the direction of is spaced by the load introduction portion 51 to be transmitted transverse force provided. In particular, the terminal portion 2 and the surface 63 of the second load introducing portion 52 facing the component outer surface 11 are located in a direction of the lateral force to be transmitted by the load introducing portion 51 in front of the load introducing portion 51, and without the load introduction preventing portion provided thereon, would be a large component in the direction of to be transmitted by the load introduction portion 51 to be transmitted lateral force in the component 10. For both the connection section 2 and the surface 63 of the second load introduction section 52 facing the component outer surface 11 have groundbreaking surface normals which have a component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted by the load introduction section 51. This would also be through these sections, the component 10 with a large Force component in the direction of the load to be transmitted by the load transfer section 51 transverse force. As can be seen in FIG. 3, the transverse force anchor 1 is mounted in the component in such a way that as far as possible from the load introduction section 51 in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted through the load introduction section 51 along the component thickness direction to the component edge 11, the latter is located Connecting portion 2 and the component outer surface 1 1 facing surface 63 of the second load introduction portion 52 in the direction of the load introduction portion 51 to be transmitted transverse force in front of the load introduction portion 51. The spaced in the direction of the load introduction portion 51 to be transmitted lateral force load introduction prevention section 3 partially, but preferably completely a power transmission with a component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted by the load introduction portion 51 by the lateral force anchor in all portions extending in the direction of the load introduction portion 51 to over carrying lateral force before the load introduction portion 51 are located. Thus, a large part of the component thickness for transmitting a large component toward the lateral force to be transmitted by the load introduction portion 51 can be utilized.

An undesired load transfer by the transverse forces acting along the axis II is thus prevented by the load introduction prevention section 3, so that the transverse force to be transmitted in each case is suspended against the effective direction by the corresponding web 41 or 42 and via the load introduction surfaces 61 arranged there at the load introduction sections 51 and 52 and 62 is selectively transferred to the component 10. In this case, the formation of the Ausbruchkegels 13 in the effective direction of the transverse force takes place only from these load introduction surfaces 61 and 62. On this geometric basis, the absorbable transverse force is increased because the decisive edge distance to the lateral outer surfaces of the component 1 1 and 12 is effectively increased. As shown in Fig. 3, the respective load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 of the two load input portions 51 and 52 are arranged in sections transverse to the component longitudinal direction on a component edge 1 1 and 12 opposite to the direction of each lateral force to be transmitted side. Thus, for both directions of the opposite transverse forces to be transmitted a large part of the component thickness can be used to transmit a large component in the direction of each transverse force to be transmitted.

However, at all portions which can not introduce a force component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in the component 10, with the exception of the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 of the two load introduction portions 51 and 52, the Load introduction prevention section 3 may be provided. For an initiation of the transverse force over as large a part as possible of the component thickness, however, preferably at least on all surfaces which lie from the load introduction surface in the direction of the respective transverse force to be transmitted and whose groundbreaking surface normals have a component in the direction of the respective transverse force to be transmitted, such as, for example the component outer surface 1 1 facing surface 63 of the second load introduction portion 52, the load introduction prevention section provided at least in sections, since these surfaces without the load introduction prevention section 3 would be particularly suitable to transfer a large component in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted in the component 10. This is because these surfaces cause a compressive stress in the component, with which a large component in the direction of each transverse force to be transmitted in the component 10 can be transmitted. Other surfaces whose groundbreaking surface normals have no component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in each case would not transmit any force component in the direction of the lateral force without special connection to the component 10 anyway. The load introduction prevention section 3 can be partially attached to the surfaces just described or even omitted as long as the force component to be transmitted from the respective load introduction section 51 and 52 into the component 10 in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted in each case the largest force component to be transmitted in the direction of each is to be transmitted shear force.

The transverse force anchor shown in FIGS. 1a-3 is suitable for transmitting alternating or opposite transverse forces, since it has two load introduction sections 51 and 52 with the respective load introduction surfaces 61 and 62. For a load transfer of a lateral force acting along the axis l-l and directed to the left outer surface 11, it is advantageous by the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 of the right load introduction portion 51 that the surfaces of the second left load introduction portion 52, whose groundbreaking

Surface normal have a component in the direction of this acting lateral force, the load introduction prevention section 3 is at least partially provided. The same applies to the surfaces of the right load introduction section 51, whose groundbreaking

Surface normals have a component in the other direction of the transverse force to be transmitted when a transverse force is to be transmitted, which is dressed on the right outer surface 12. Also, the load input surfaces 61 and 62 of the two load input portions 51 and 52 need not be parallel to each other as long as each load input portion 51 and 52 can initiate a component in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted into the component. For example, the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 of the left

Load introduction portion 51 extend obliquely to the axis ll. Preferably both are Load introduction portions 51 and 52 load input surfaces 61 and 62 are provided, the groundbreaking surface normal have a component in the direction of the opposite opposite to be transmitted transverse forces. Thus, the respective groundbreaking surface normals of the load input surfaces 61 and 62 of two load input portions 51 and 52 for transmitting opposite lateral forces preferably have components facing each other. The illustrated embodiments illustrate transverse force anchors having two load introduction portions 51 and 52 for transmitting opposite lateral forces, wherein a load introduction portion 51 can transmit a force component in a direction of transverse forces to be transmitted into the component, and the second load introduction portion 52 transmits a force component in the other direction Can transfer lateral forces in the component. However, if a transverse force has to be transmitted only in one direction, only one load introduction section 51 can be provided.

The load introduction prevention portion 3 is configured to deform in the direction of the lateral force under the acting lateral force, whereby the load introduction prevention portion 3 preferably elastically deforms and a springing effect occurs, which transfers the lateral force to the component only to a very small extent. As described above, the load introduction prevention portion 3 is preferably attached to surfaces whose groundbreaking surface normals have a component in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted. Thus, the component 10 as well as the load introduction prevention section is subjected to pressure by the transverse force to be transmitted. In order to obtain the desired effect of inhibiting transmission of a component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted into the component 10, the load introduction portion 3 should be compressible under compressive stress. If the transverse force anchor, as shown in Figs. 1a - 3, completely enclosed by the load introduction prevention section 3, a compression in the direction of the acting lateral force is only possible using a compressible material, since transverse expansions are prevented by the adjacent concrete. Therefore, the load introduction prevention portion 3 is preferably made of a compressible elastic material. Such elastically deformable and compressible materials are preferably closed-cell foams, which further prevent moisture from entering the foam, or even open-cell foams. These foams can be glued to the anchor or even be attached self-adhesive. Thus, the load introduction prevention section 3 is formed by an elastic layer. The basis for these foams are materials such as polyurethane, TPE, EPDM, PE or melamine resin foam. But soft elastic MS polymers are also conceivable as material for the load introduction prevention section 3. Furthermore, a gel pad, which has a film with internal gel core are glued to the transverse force anchor. If the load introduction prevention section 3 has the possibility of deforming, thus providing clearance or clearance between the concrete and the transverse force anchor, plastically deformable materials such as wax can also be used. However, it is also possible to completely provide the load introduction prevention section 3 as a gap between concrete and lateral force anchor, in which case the lateral force anchor would have to be provided with a dissolving material. The just described embodiments of the load-prevention section 3 can also be combined in various ways; for example, the load introduction section 3 can be provided in sections as a gap between the transverse force anchor and the component and in sections as a closed-cell foam. With a large-scale provided load introduction prevention section 3 in the form of an elastic material can further the sound transmission or vibration between two components, such as a staircase, which is connected to a staircase, can be reduced. The elastic layer dampens the registered vibrations and significantly reduces the sound transmission into the component. For the highest possible sound absorption, it is recommended to cover the largest possible area of the anchor with an elastic material. In the embodiment according to FIGS. 1a-3, the load introduction prevention section 3 is not provided on the respective upper surface 65 of the load introduction sections 51 and 52 and the adjoining upper surface of the webs. This is because these surfaces, as shown in Fig. 3 with the component surface of the component 10 complete and therefore are not in contact with the component. There are also installation positions of the transverse force anchor conceivable, wherein each of the upper surface 65 of the load introduction portions 51 and 52 does not terminate with the component 10, but a portion of the back surfaces 63 of the respective load introduction portions 51 and 52 protrudes from the component 10 and accordingly not with the component 10 is contactable. In these projecting portions of the back surfaces 63, the load introduction prevention portion 3 is then unnecessary, and the load introduction prevention portion 3 can then be provided on the back surfaces 63 in sections.

The other portions of the lateral force armature than the load introduction prevention portion 3, ie, webs 41 and 42, terminal portion 2 and load introduction portions 51 and 52 with the associated load introduction surfaces 61 and 62, are made of a stiffer material than the load introduction prevention portion 3. They are made of plastic, but preferably steel , The connection section 2 should be protected against corrosion. Therefore suitable for him stainless steel or galvanized or chromated steel. Also, the bars 41 and 42 and the Load introduction sections 51 and 52 may be made of galvanized steel or of structural steel.

With the described configuration of elastic load introduction prevention section 3 and rigid load introduction prevention section and the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 whose groundbreaking surface normals have a component in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted respectively, the load introduction surfaces provide a rigid pressure-loaded connection of the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 of the load introduction Sections 51 and 52 to the component 10, wherein the transverse force to be transmitted is largely introduced via this rigid connection in the component and only to a very small extent on the elastically deformable load introduction section. 3

Here, the principle is taken advantage of that when a force can be transmitted in one direction at several sections in a component, the majority of the force is transmitted to the connection with the greatest rigidity.

By the load introduction portions 51 and 52, the lateral force to be transmitted in each case can be transmitted to the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 of the respective load introduction section 51 and 52 into the component 10 in a defined manner. The transverse force armature thus has the load introduction sections 51 and 52, via which it is in contact with the component 10 and can transmit a force component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in each case into the component 10. On the other hand, on the lateral force anchor 1, all the portions except the load input surfaces 61 and 62 of the load introduction portions 51 and 52 which can transmit a force component in the direction of each lateral force to be transmitted in the specific direction into the component are covered with these portions as compared with FIG the load introduction portions 51 and 52 easily deformable layer 3 is provided. About this deformable layer 3 of the transverse force anchor 1 is also in contact with the component 10, which deforms under load of the transverse force anchor 1 by the respective lateral force, the deformable layer 3 and thereby each to be transmitted lateral force with a smaller component than by the respective load introduction portion 51st and 52 is transferred to the other body.

The position of the transverse force anchor 1 within the component 10 may vary depending on the design. As shown in FIG. 4, the transverse force armature 101 is shown in a rotated by 180 ° about the axis ll according to a zwitter embodiment, resulting in a lower position of the webs 41 and 42, the load introduction portions 51 and 52 and the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62nd The screwing in of the anchor bolt 8 and of the load introduction bolt 9 as well as the described principle of the load transmission takes place analogously to the first shown in FIGS Embodiment of the transverse force armature 1. Since, however, the respective upper surface 65 of the load introduction sections 51 and 52 and the adjoining upper surface of the webs would also be in contact with the component, these surfaces are now also provided with the load introduction prevention section 3. Thus, on the transverse force armature 101 on all surfaces except the load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 and the exposed upper surface of the sleeve 2, which, when according to FIG. 3, is fitted with the component surface, the load introduction prevention section 3 is provided.

Next, the shape and structural design of the transverse force anchor 1 may vary. Heretofore, each load introduction section 51 and 52 each had two load introduction surfaces 61 and 62, and the two load introduction surfaces 61 and 62 were arranged in a plane and disposed on both sides of the respective web 41 and 42. This allows a simple production of the transverse force anchor 1 and a uniform load of the component 10. However, more than two load introduction surfaces can be provided, which need not necessarily lie in one plane. Alternatively, as shown by the transverse force armature 201 according to a third embodiment in FIG. 5, lands and cylindrical load introduction portions 251 and 252 may be performed as the head bolts 14. Thus, each load introduction section has only one circular load introduction area 261 in each case. The screwing of the anchor bolt 8 and the load introduction bolt 9 and the described principle of load transfer is analogous to that shown in Fig. 2 and 3 embodiment of the transverse force anchor 1. Also on the transverse tweezers 201 is on all surfaces except the load introduction surfaces 261 and the exposed upper surface of the Sleeve of the load introduction prevention section 3 is provided.

Fig. 6 shows an exploded view of the transverse force armature 201 of Fig. 5 with head bolts 14, wherein the load introduction prevention section 3 is not shown. The central connecting portion 2 in the form of a sleeve shows two receiving points 15 for the webs of the head bolt 14, which can be considered either as welds or can represent threads into which the head bolts can be screwed. Thus, the webs 241 and 242 can be particularly easily attached to a sleeve located between the load introduction sections 251 and 252. The connection section 2 can also be carried out in other ways, as long as a connection element can be connected to it in a materially, positively or non-positively connected manner for introducing forces into the transverse force anchor 1. For example, the connection section can also be designed as a flange. In Fig. 7a and 7b, a plastic cap 16 is shown, which is suitable as a load introduction prevention section 3 for the transverse force armature 201 shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 7a shows the first load introduction section 251 connected to the bridge 241 and the plastic cap 16 attached to the first load introduction section. FIG. 7b shows the plastic cap 16 in half section according to the sectional plane shown in FIG. 7a. Such a plastic cap 16 may be provided on the load introducing portion 251 by means of the click members 17 mounted inside the plastic cap in the circumferential direction. The click elements 17 are connected via a web-shaped connection 18 with the lateral surface of the plastic cap 16. Thus, between the bottom surface of the plastic cap 16, which is opposite to the rear surface 63 of the load introduction portion 251, and the click element 17, and between the click element 17 and the lateral surface of the plastic cap an air gap. This air gap allows for acting lateral force deformation, which is why a transmission of a force component in the direction of the lateral force to be transmitted is greatly reduced, only via the connection 18, which has to allow the deformation, a small force component can be forwarded in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted. The plastic cap 16 is thus an example of a load introduction prevention section in which a gap at least partially exists as a load introduction prevention section 3. In this embodiment, the plastic cap 16 integrally has the gap serving as the load introduction preventing portion 3, and thus the plastic cap 16 itself functions as the load introduction preventing portion 3. However, as already described, a gap may be provided between the transverse force anchor and the component by acting on the lateral force anchor For example, a self-dissolving material is attached. Such plastic caps can be provided in a similar manner for other portions of the transverse force armature 201, for example, for the webs 241 and 242. Such plastic caps can be manufactured by injection molding, which is why other forms of plastic cap can be realized. For example, the plastic cap can also be used for the transverse force anchors 1 and 102 with cuboid load introduction sections 51 and 52.

8 shows a perspective view of a modified transverse force anchor according to the invention, similar to the first and second embodiment with parallelepiped load introduction sections 51 and 52. In this type of embodiment, two load introduction sections 51 and 52 arranged in parallel are connected, for example, via a sleeve-shaped hollow cylinder as connection section 2 with or without internal thread , A connection element can be provided in the connection section 2 via a bore 19 in the load introduction sections 51 and 52. These anchors can, for example, as a connection or Punching reinforcement for columns, columns, etc. serve. They are also suitable for transmitting opposite transverse forces transversely to the component longitudinal direction, wherein the axis of the connecting portion 2 is in the direction of the respective transverse forces to be transmitted, the connection portion itself is spaced from the respective load introduction sections but in the direction of each transverse force to be transmitted.

9 shows a modified transverse force anchor according to the invention with cylindrical load introduction sections 251 and 252 similar to the third embodiment. In Figs. 8 and 9, the elastic layer as a load introduction prevention portion is not shown. Even without an elastic layer, a transverse force anchor according to the invention is superior to conventional connecting means, since the spacing of the connecting section from the

Load introduction portion from in the direction of each transverse force to be transmitted, at least one component Kraftkom transmitted in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted over a large component thickness in the component.

The transverse force anchors according to FIGS. 8 and 9 are used as connection for e.g. Studrails. Again, however, a load introduction prevention section in the form of an elastic layer is advantageous. If this anchor is loaded with lateral force, the load introduction surfaces are subjected to pressure in the direction in which the lateral force acts. In particular, at the rear surfaces 63 of the load introduction sections 51 and 52 or 251 and 252, this pressure load is then absorbed via the elastic layers and not introduced into the underlying concrete and a punching difficult. On the uncoated surface of the load introduction surfaces, the force is introduced directly into the component. Due to the low anchoring high forces can be absorbed without punching.

The transverse force anchors according to the invention are also advantageous for lifting and erecting horizontal precast concrete elements. Due to the load introduction areas, the acting transverse forces are introduced into the component over a large part of the component thickness and the concrete can be utilized more effectively without the anchors tearing out of the concrete.

Alternatively, such an anchor can also be provided with more than two load introduction sections, for example four. Such an anchor can not only remove lateral force along one axis, but along two axes. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1, 101, 201 Transverse force anchor

2 anchor sleeve (connection section)

3 Load introduction prevention section

41, 42, 241, 242 bridges

51, 52, 251, 252 first and second load introduction section

61, 62, 261 Load introduction surfaces

63 rear surface or component outer surface facing surface of a

Load transfer section

64 side surfaces of a load introduction section

65 upper surface of a load introduction section

66 lower surface of a load introduction section

7 internal thread

8 anchor bolts

9 load introduction bolt

10 component

11 left outer surface

12 right outer surface

13 breakout cone

14 head bolts

15 pick-up points for bars

16 plastic cap 17 click element

18 connection click element

19 bore for connection element

Claims

claims

1. transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) for transmitting transverse forces transversely to the longitudinal direction of a component (10) within components primarily made of concrete, comprising: a connection portion (2) for introducing at least one transverse force in the

Transverse force armature (1, 101, 201), which is connected to at least one load introduction section (51, 251), which is contactable with the component (10) to at least one

Force component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in the component (10), characterized in that the connecting portion (2) of the

Load introduction portion (51, 251) is spaced from in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted.

2. transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to claim 1, wherein the transverse force armature (1, 101, 201) has two load introduction portions (51, 52, 251, 252) for transmission

opposite lateral forces, wherein the first load introduction portion (51, 251) can transmit a force component in a direction of the lateral forces to be transmitted in the component (10), and the second load introduction portion (52, 252) a

Force component in the other direction of the transverse forces to be transmitted in the component (10) and is spaced from the first load introduction portion (51, 251) in the one direction of the transverse forces to be transmitted, and wherein the

Connecting portion (2) with two load introduction portions (51, 52, 251, 252) is connected.

A lateral force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the lateral force anchor (1, 101, 201) additionally has at least one load introduction prevention portion (3) which transmits power with a component in the direction of the force introduced by the respective load introduction portion (51 , 52, 251, 252) in each case partially, but preferably completely, to be transmitted to the transverse force in the component.

4. transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to claim 3, wherein the load introduction prevention section (3) in sections at the respective load introduction portion (51, 52, 251, 252) is provided and at least partially on the

Connecting portion (2) is provided.

5. A lateral force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the load introduction prevention section (3) of the respective load introduction section (51, 52, 251,

252) is provided spaced apart in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in each case.

6. transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to one of claims 3 to 5, wherein the from

respective load introduction portion (51, 52, 251, 252) in the component (10) to be transmitted force component in the direction of each transverse force to be transmitted is greater than that of the load introduction prevention section (3) in the component (10) to be transmitted force component in the direction of each Transverse force to be transmitted.

7. transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the respective load introduction portion (51, 52, 251, 252) at least one

Load introduction surface (61, 261) which is contactable with the component (10) and whose groundbreaking surface normal has a component in the direction of the transverse force to be transmitted in each case, but preferably the load introduction surfaces (61,

62, 261) of the respective load introduction section (51, 52, 251, 252) are perpendicular to the direction of the respective lateral force to be transmitted, and / or the plurality

Load introduction surfaces (61, 62, 261) of the respective load introduction section (51, 52,

251, 252) lie in one plane.

8. transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to one of claims 3 to 7, wherein on all surfaces (63) of the load introduction surfaces (61, 62, 261) of the respective

Load introduction portion (51, 52, 251, 252) from in the direction of each to

transferring shear force and their groundbreaking surface normals

Component in the direction of each transverse force to be transmitted, the load introduction prevention section (3) is provided at least in sections.

9. transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to one of claims 3 to 8, wherein on all surfaces except on the load introduction surfaces (61, 62, 261) of the respective

Load introduction portion (51, 52, 251, 252) of the load introduction prevention section (3) is provided.

10. transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to any one of claims 2 to 9, wherein from the Anschlußabschitt (2) on both sides of a web (41, 42, 241, 242) extending the connection to the respective load introduction portion ( 51, 52, 251, 252).

1 1. transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the connecting portion (2) is a sleeve.

12. transverse Jug anchors (1, 101, 201) according to any one of claims 3 to 1 1, wherein the

Load introduction prevention section (3) of a compressible elastic material, preferably of closed-cell foam, is.

13. transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to one of claims 3 to 12, wherein the

Connection portion (2), the webs (41, 42) and the respective load introduction portions (51, 52, 251, 252) made of a stiffer material than that of the

Load introduction prevention section (3) are made, preferably made of galvanized steel.

14. Connection structure consisting of a component (10) and a transverse force anchor (1, 101, 201) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the

Load introduction prevention section (3) is at least partially provided as a gap between the component (10) and transverse force armature (1, 101, 201).

15. A method for ensuring a transmission of a force in a certain direction between any two bodies (1, 10) by a defined

Load introduction section (51, 251), wherein the one body defines the

Load introduction portion (51, 251), via which it is in contact with the other body and the load introduction portion (51, 251) a force component in

Direction of the force in the specific direction in the other body can transfer, and in the one body all sections except the load introduction portion (51, 251), which can transmit a force component in the direction of the force in the specific direction in the other body with one of these sections covering, compared to the load introduction portion (51, 251) easily deformable layer (3) are provided and on this deformable layer in contact with the other body, wherein under load of one body by the force in the certain Direction deforms the deformable layer (3) and thereby the force is transmitted in the specific direction with a smaller component than by the load introduction portion (51, 251) in the other body.