EP3788242A1

EP3788242A1 - Coated wall-flow filter

Info

Publication number: EP3788242A1
Application number: EP19721612.0A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Naina DEIBEL; Martin Foerster; Antje OLTERSDORF; Jürgen Koch; Martin Roesch
Original assignee: Umicore AG and Co KG
Current assignee: Umicore AG and Co KG
Priority date: 2018-05-04
Filing date: 2019-05-02
Publication date: 2021-03-10
Also published as: US20210239018A1; DE102018110804A1; WO2019211373A1; CN112074657A; US11441459B2; CN112074657B; DE102018110804B4

Abstract

The present invention relates to a wall-flow filter, to a method for the production and the use thereof in order to reduce harmful exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. The wall-flow filter was produced by applying a powder-gas aerosol to the filter, whereby the powder was deposited in the pores of the wall-flow filter.

Description

Coated wall flow filter

description

The present invention is directed to a wall flow filter, a method for its manufacture and its use in reducing harmful exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. The wall flow filter was made by applying a powder gas aerosol to the filter and thereby the powder has been deposited in the pores of the wall-flow filter,

The exhaust gas of internal combustion engines in motor vehicles typically contains the noxious gases carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) and optionally sulfur oxides (SO _x ), as well as particles consisting largely of solid carbonaceous particles and optionally adhering organic agglomerates be - stand. These are called primary emissions. CO, HC and particulates are products of incomplete combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber of the engine. Nitrogen oxides are produced in the cylinder from nitrogen and oxygen in the intake air when the combustion temperatures exceed 1200 ° C. Sulfur oxides result from the combustion of organic sulfur compounds, which are always present in small quantities in non-synthetic fuels. Adherence to future statutory emissions limits for motor vehicles in Europe, China, North America and India requires the removal of the aforementioned pollutants from the exhaust gas to a large extent. In order to remove these environmentally and environmentally harmful emissions from the exhaust gases of motor vehicles, a variety of catalytic exhaust purification technologies have been developed, the basic principle of which is usually based on the exhaust gas to be purified via a flow-through or a wall-flow ) honeycomb body is passed with a catalytically active coating applied thereto. The catalyst promotes the chemical reaction of various exhaust gas components to form innocuous products such as carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen.

The flow or wall flow honeycomb bodies just described are also referred to as catalyst carriers, carriers or substrate monoliths, since they carry the catalytically active coating on their surface or in the walls forming this surface. The catalytically active coating is often applied in a so-called coating process in the form of a suspension on the catalyst support. A i fi R-Wn-pcT

WO 2019/211373 PCT / EP2019 / 061232

2

Many such processes have been published in the past by automotive catalytic converters for this purpose (EP1064094B1, EP2521618B1, W010015573A2,

EP1 136462B1, US6478874B1, US4609563A, WO9947260A1, JP5378659B2,

EP2415522A1, JP2014205108A2). For the respective possible methods of pollutant conversion in the catalytic converter, the operating mode of the internal combustion engine is crucial. Diesel engines are usually operated with excess air, most gasoline engines with a stoichiometric mixture of intake air and fuel. Stoichiometric means that on average just as much air is available to burn the fuel in the cylinder as is needed for complete combustion. The combustion air ratio l (A / F ratio, air / fuel ratio) sets the actual air mass mu _a ts available for combustion in relation to the stoichiometric air mass nri _L.st :

If l <1 (eg 0.9) this means "lack of air", this is referred to as a rich exhaust gas mixture, l> 1 (eg 1, 1) means "excess air" and the exhaust gas mixture becomes lean designated. The statement l = 1, 1 means that 10% more air is available than would be necessary for the stoichiometric reaction.

If in the present text of lean-burn motor vehicle engines is mentioned, it is hereby referred mainly to diesel engines and mainly on average lean-burn gasoline engines. The latter are mainly on average with lean A / F ratio (air / fuel ratio) powered gasoline engines. In contrast, most gasoline engines are operated with average stoichiometric combustion mixture. The term "on average" takes account of the fact that modern gasoline engines are not operated statically at a fixed air / fuel ratio (A / F ratio, l value). Rather, a mixture with a discontinuous course of the air ratio l by l = 1, 0 predetermined by the engine control, resulting in a periodic change of oxidizing and reducing Abgasbe conditions. This change in the air ratio l is essential for the exhaust gas purification result. For this purpose, the l-value of the exhaust gas with a very short cycle time (about 0.5 to 5 Hertz) and an amplitude Dl of 0.005 <Dl <0.07 by the value l = 1.0 is regulated. On average, therefore, in such operating conditions, the exhaust gas is considered to be "on average" stoichiometric. to denote metric. So that these deviations do not adversely affect the exhaust gas purification result when passing the exhaust gas over the three-way catalytic converter, the oxygen storage materials contained in the three-way catalytic converter compensate for these deviations by absorbing oxygen from the exhaust gas as required or releasing it into the exhaust gas (R. Heck et al. Catalytic Air Pollution Control - Commercial Technology, Wiley, 2nd edition 2002, page 87). Due to the dynamic operation of the engine in the vehicle, however, occur at times, further deviations from this state. For example, during high accelerations or in overrun operating states of the engine and thus the exhaust gas can be adjusted, which can be over-or substoichiometric on average. By contrast, lean-burn gasoline engines have an exhaust gas which predominantly, ie in the majority of combustion operation, burns an average lean air / fuel ratio.

The noxious gases carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons can be made harmless from a lean exhaust gas by oxidation on a suitable oxidation catalyst. In a stoichiometrically operated internal combustion engine, all three noxious gases (HC, CO and NOx) can be eliminated via a three-way catalytic converter.

The reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen ("denitrification" of the exhaust gas) is more difficult because of the high oxygen content of a lean-burn engine. One known process is the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (SCR) on a suitable catalyst, abbreviated to SCR catalyst. This process is currently considered to be preferred for denitrification of lean engine exhaust gases. The reduction of the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas takes place in the SCR process with the aid of a metered from an external source in the exhaust system a reducing agent. The reducing agent used is ammonia, which converts the nitrogen oxides present in the exhaust gas at the SCR catalyst into nitrogen and water. The ammonia used as the reducing agent may be made available by metering in an ammonia precursor compound such as urea, ammonium carbamate or ammonium formate into the exhaust line and subsequent hydrolysis.

To remove particulate emissions, diesel particulate filters or gasoline particulate filters with and without additional catalytically active coating are suitable aggregates. For the fulfillment of legal standards, it is for the current and future applications for exhaust aftertreatment of internal combustion engines for cost reasons but also For reasons of space, it is desirable to combine particle filters with other catalytically active functionalities. The use of a particulate filter, whether catalytically coated or not, leads to an appreciable increase in the exhaust gas backpressure compared to a flow carrier of the same dimensions, and thus to a reduction in the engine's torque or possibly increased fuel consumption. In order not to increase the exhaust gas back pressure even further, the amounts of oxidic support materials for the catalytically active noble metals of the catalyst or oxidic catalyst materials in a filter are usually applied in smaller quantities than in the case of a flow carrier. As a result, the catalytic activity of a catalytically coated particle filter is often inferior to a flowmeter of the same size.

There have been some efforts to provide particulate filters that have good catalytic activity through an active coating yet have the lowest possible exhaust back pressure. On the one hand, it has proved to be favorable if the catalytically active coating is not present as a layer on the wall of a porous wall-flow filter, but to penetrate the wall of the filter with the catalytically active material (WO02005016497A1, JPH01-151706, EP1789190B1). For this purpose, the particle size of the catalytic coating is chosen so that the particles penetrate into the pores of the wall flow filter and can be fixed there by calcination.

Another functionality of the filter which can be improved by a coating is its filtration efficiency, ie the filter effect itself. In WO2011 151711A1 a method is described, with which a non-coated or catalytically coated filter is subjected to a dry aerosol. The aerosol is provided by the distribution of a powdered refractory metal oxide with a particle size of 0.2 gm to 5 pm and passed over the inlet side of a wall-flow filter by means of a gas flow. In this case, the individual particles agglomerate into a bridged network of particles and are deposited as a layer on the upper surface of the individual inlet channels passing through the wall-flow filter. The typical loading of a filter with the powder is between 5 g and 50 g per liter of filter volume. It is expressly understood that it is not desirable to achieve a coating in the pores of the wall flow filter with the metal oxide. Another method for increasing the filtration efficiency of catalytically inactive filters is described in WO2012030534A1. Here, a filtration layer ("discriminating layer") is produced by deposition of ceramic particles via a particle aerosol on the walls of the flow channels of the inlet side. The layers consist of oxides of zirconium, aluminum or silicon, preferably in fiber form of 1 nm to 5 miti and have a layer thickness of more than 10 mhh, usually 25 miti to 75 miti. After the coating process, the applied powder particles are calcined in a heat process.

Another method in which a membrane ("trapping layer") is formed on the surfaces of the inlet channels of filters to increase the filtration efficiency of catalytically inactive wall-flow filters is described in the patent US8277880B2. The filtration membrane on the surfaces of the inlet channels is realized by sucking a loaded with ceramic particles (eg., Silicon carbide, cordierite) gas stream. The honeycomb body is fired after the application of the filter layer at temperatures greater than 1000 ° C in order to increase the adhesion of the powder layer on the channel walls. In EP2502661A2 and EP2502662B1 further cost coatings are mentioned by powder application.

A coating within the pores of a wall-flow filter unit by means of atomization of dry particles is described in US8388721 B2. Here, however, the powder is to penetrate deep into the pores. 20% to 60% of the surface of the wall should be accessible to soot particles, thus remain open. Depending on the flow velocity of the powder-gas mixture, a more or less strong powder gradient can be set between the inlet and outlet sides.

Also, the introduction of the powder into the pores, z. B. using an aerosol generator, described in EP2727640A1. Here is a non-catalytically coated wall flow filter with a z. B. alumina particles containing gas stream coated such that the complete particles having a particle size of 0.1 pm to 5 pm are deposited as a porous filling in the pores of the wall flow filter. The particles themselves can realize a further functionality of the filter in addition to the filtering effect. By way of example, these particles are deposited in an amount of more than 80 g / l based on the filter volume in the pores of the filter. They fill out 10% to 50% of the volume of the filled pores in the channel walls. This Filter has both loaded with soot as well as without soot improved compared to the untreated filter filtration efficiency at a lower exhaust back pressure of the soot-laden filter. Nevertheless, there is still a need for particulate filters in which the filtration efficiency is optimized in terms of exhaust backpressure.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a corresponding particle filter in which a sufficient filtration efficiency is coupled with the smallest possible increase in the exhaust backpressure.

These and other obvious objects of the prior art are achieved by the disclosure of a particulate filter according to claims 1 to 8. Claims 9 and 10 are directed to the production of a particulate filter according to the invention. Claim 11 and 12 aims at the use of the particulate filter for exhaust aftertreatment of internal combustion engines.

Characterized in that one provides an optionally catalytically active wall-flow filter for reducing the pollutants in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, wherein a dry, non-catalytically coated filter on the input surface of such a form with a dry powder-gas aerosol, which has at least one high-melting compound, selectively applied was that the powder is reflected in the pores of the filter walls and fills up to the input surface, but does not form a coherent layer on the walls of the filter, and the amount of powder remaining in the filter is below 50 g / l and the powder occupancy Increasing concentration gradient over the length of the filter from the inlet side to the outlet side, one reaches very successful for solving the task. It is believed that dry atomization of sufficiently small powder particles in the dry state results in the particles not agglomerating. The application of the dry, non-catalytically coated filter with the dry powder gas aerosol causes the powder particles to sequentially deposit the flow of the gas in the pores of the filter (FIG. 1). As a result, an excellent filtration efficiency of the filter is achieved with sufficiently low exhaust back pressure (Fig. 2/3). The powdered filters described herein are different from those produced in the exhaust line of a vehicle by ash deposition during operation. According to the invention, the filters are selectively dusted with a specific, tro ckenen powder. As a result, the balance between filtration efficiency and exhaust backpressure can be precisely adjusted from the start. Not included The present invention therefore relates to wall-flow filters in which undefined ash deposits have resulted from combustion in the cylinder during the ferry operation.

Dry within the meaning of the present invention accordingly means the exclusion of the use of a liquid, in particular water. In particular, the production of a suspension of the powder in a liquid for atomization into a gas stream should be avoided. For the filter as well as for the powder, a certain moisture may possibly be tolerable, as long as the achievement of the goal - the most complete possible separation of the powder in the pores - is not adversely affected. As a rule, the powder is free-flowing and can be atomized by energy input. The moisture of the powder or of the filter at the time of application of the powder should be less than 20%, preferably less than 10% and very particularly preferably less than 5% (measured at 20 ° C. and normal pressure) Filing date).

As Wandflussmonolithe or Wandflussfilter all common in the art ceramic materials can be used. Preference is given to using porous wall flow filter substrates of cordierite, silicon carbide or aluminum titanate. These wall-flow filter substrates have inflow and outflow ducts, wherein the outflow-side ends of the inflow ducts and the inflow-side ends of the outflow ducts are sealed off from one another with gas-tight "stoppers". In this case, the exhaust gas to be purified, which flows through the filter substrate, is forced to pass through the porous wall between the inlet and outlet channels, which causes an excellent particle filter effect. Due to the porosity, pore / radius distribution, and thickness of the wall, the filtration property can be designed for particles. The porosity of the uncoated wall-flow filters is generally more than 40%, generally from 40% to 75%, in particular from 50% to 70% [measured according to DIN 66133 - latest version on filing date]. The average pore size of the uncoated filters is at least 7 pm, e.g. B. from 7 pm to 34 pm, preferably more than 10 pm, in particular more preferably from 10 pm to 25 pm or more preferably from 15 pm to 20 pm [measured according to DIN 66134 latest version on filing date]. The finished filters with a pore size of usually 10 pm to 20 pm and a porosity of 50% to 65% are particularly preferred.

The aerosol from the gas and the powder can be prepared according to the specifications of the person skilled in the art. For this purpose, a powder is commonly mixed with a gas (http://www.tsi.com/Aerosolgeneratoren-und-disperqierer/; https://www.palas.de/de/product/ aerosolgeneratorssolidparticles). This mixture of the gas and the powder thus produced is then advantageously conducted via a gas stream into the inlet side of the wall-flow filter. On the inlet side, the part of the filter formed by the inflow channels / inlet channels is seen. The same applies to the outlet side. The input surface is formed by the wall surfaces of the inflow channels / input channels on the input side of the wall flow filter.

As gases for the production of the aerosol and for entries in the filter all the skilled in the art for the purpose in question eligible gases can be used. Very particularly preferred is the use of air. However, it is also possible to use other reaction gases which can develop either an oxidizing or a reducing activity towards the powder used. Likewise, the use of noble gases may prove advantageous for certain powders. Mixtures of the enumerated gases are conceivable.

The filter according to the invention has an increasing gradient with respect to the concentration of the powder in the longitudinal direction of the filter from the inlet to the outlet side. This can be set by selected parameters and also varied. According to the invention, "increasing gradient" means the fact that the gradient of the powder concentration in the filter increases in the axial direction, from the inlet side to the outlet side, possibly from negative values to more positive values. In a preferred embodiment, there is more powder in the vicinity of the outlet plug of the inlet channel and significantly less powder at the inlet of the filter. To describe the gradient, the filter is divided along its longitudinal axis into three equally long successive areas. In a preferred form, the filter is powder-coated in a region near the inlet side and in a region in the center of the filter less than 40% of the wall surface of the input channel, while in a region near the outlet side more than 40% of the wall surface powder in an especially preferred form in an area near the inlet side between 5% and 35%, in an area in the middle of the filter between 8% and 38% and in an area near the outlet side between 40% and 60% of the wall surface of the inlet channel are powdered and in a most preferred form in a region near the inlet side between 5% and 25%, in an area in the middle of the filter between 8% and 30% and in an area near the outlet side between 45% and 60% of the Wall surface of the input channel are covered with powder. The degree of coverage of the wall surface was determined by means of image analysis from light microscopy images (FIG. 4). Corresponding images of the inlet and outlet channels were created. In this type of analysis, the average color of the wall surface of the non-powdered outlet channel is determined as a reference. This reference is subtracted from the corresponding intake of the powdered areas in the inlet channel, where the color spacing was set to CIE76 of the International Commission on Illumination with a least distinguishable color spacing of 2.33 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki / Color_difference # CIE76).

The gradient formed in the powder coating is advantageous for a further increased filtration efficiency. In particular, the powder fills the large pores of the filter substrate. It is important that in this process no "powder membrane"

- so no complete or continuous powder layer (see definition below)

- arises on the filter wall. In a likewise advantageous embodiment, the concentration gradient, for. B. by varying the pollination speed be designed so that more powder is deposited on the inlet side of the filter than in the middle of the filter and the outlet side (at the other end of the filter) more than the inlet side. In another embodiment, the concentration gradient, e.g. B. by varying the pollination speed, be designed so that more powder is deposited on the inlet side of the filter than in the middle of the filter and on the outlet side. Simulati onsergebnisse results of the gas flow in a filter show that the fine particles are carried with the gas flow into the pores. According to the simulation results, for the filtration characteristic of the total filter is mainly responsible (to more than 50%) the last third of the substrate. By increased application of a Pulverbe coating in the last third of the filter, the dynamic pressure is increased there, which is due to the lower permeability, and the flow moves more into the first two-thirds of the filter. Therefore, the dusted filter should have a more gradual gradient of coating from entrance to exit to increase its filtration efficiency. For setting an advantageous exhaust back pressure this applies mutatis mutandis. Accordingly, a less pronounced gradient of the concentration of the powder should accordingly be set here.

Furthermore, a preferred embodiment of the powder coating is characterized in that when using filter substrates with square channels, the powder coating is higher in the corners of the channels than in the corresponding center of the entrance surface (Figure 5). This has a further improved effect on the Filtrationseffizi- enz with not excessively increasing exhaust back pressure. By the term "the corresponding center" is meant the location in the middle of the inlet channel between the corners of the channels, which is axially the same distance from the inlet end as the corresponding location in the corners of the channels.

Powders which are preferably used in the present invention for producing the aerosol are well known to the person skilled in the art. As a rule, these are refractory metal compounds, which are commonly used as support materials for catalysts in the automobile exhaust gas sector. Corresponding metal oxide, metal sulfate, metal phosphate, metal carbonate or metal hydroxide powders or mixtures thereof are preferably used. The metals which are suitable for the metal compounds are in particular those selected from the group of alkali, alkaline earth or earth metals or transition metals. Preferably, such metals are selected from the group calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, zirconium, cerium used. These metals can preferably be used as oxides as mentioned. Very particular preference is given to the use of cerium oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide or mixtures or mixed oxides thereof. Very particularly preferred is the use of an aerosol, which is a mixture of air and one of these metal oxide powder. The term mixed oxide (solid solu conditions of a metal oxide in at least one other) is understood in this case also the use of zeolites and zeolites. Within the scope of the invention, zeolites and zeotypes are defined as in WO2015049110A1.

In order for the powder of the powder gas aerosol to deposit sufficiently well in the pores of the kata lytically coated wall flow filter, the particle diameter in the aerosol should be at least smaller than the pores of the wall flow filter. This can be expressed by the fact that the ratio of mean particle diameter d50 (measured with Tornado dry dispersion module from Beckmann according to the latest ISO 13320-1 on the filing date) in the dry aerosol and the average pore diameter of the wall flow filter (measured according to DIN 66134 - latest version am Filing date) is between 0.03 and 2, preferably between 0.05 and 1, 43 and very particularly preferably between 0.05 and 0.63. This ensures that the particles of the powder following the flow of gas in the pores of the walls of the wall-flow filter and thus can not form a coherent layer on the wall.

It is obvious to the person skilled in the art that a certain amount of powder must not be exceeded for the purpose of separating the particles of the powder exclusively in the pores of the walls of the wall-flow filter. Otherwise, the pores would fill according to the invention and all other material would then be able to settle only on the channel walls of the wall-flow filter. Therefore, the upper limit of the loading of the wall-flow filter with the powder, depending on the porosity and pore size of the wall-flow filter, is a value at which the gas-permeable pores in the input surface are filled up with the powder and no complete or continuous coherent powder layer is deposited on the input surfaces Has. Particularly preferably, the gas-permeable pores are filled with powder only up to their surface on the input surface. As a rule, the loading of the filter with the powder is less than 50 g / l, preferably not more than 20 g / l, based on the filter volume. Further preferably, the value is not more than 15 g / l, very particularly preferably not more than 10 g / l. A lower limit naturally forms the desired increase in filtration efficiency. In this case, preference is given to> 0.5 g / l and very preferably> 1 g / l.

For a better separation of the soot particles is a sufficient, flow around the surface advantageous (see below). Preferably, the entire outer surface of the powder in the pores of the filter walls should be greater than 5 m ² per liter, preferably greater than 10 m ² and very preferably greater than 15 m ^z, based on the outer filter volume in liters.

The total surface area of the particles SV is given by the particle size x according to:

(M. Stieß, Mechanical Process Engineering - Particle Technology 1, Springer, 3rd edition 2009, page 35), and with the density of the particles p one obtains therefrom the mass-related surface (M. Stieß, Mechanical Process Engineering - Particle Technology 1, Springer, 3. Edition 2009, page 16):

outer surface of the powder 5 _outer [m ^z ] = S _m m _Puiver

A loose cross-linking of the powder is advantageous for a low pressure loss and at the same time good adhesion in the pores of the substrate. This is achieved by powder with a defined particle size distribution. For the large pores, a proportion of larger particles must be present. The powder used should have a broad, ideally at least bimodal particle size distribution. The loose crosslinking of the powder in the pores of the substrate can advantageously be achieved, in particular, by powders having a multimodal or broad q3 particle size distribution. The multimodal particle distribution can be achieved by z. B. the mixing of powders with different d50 values are generated.

For the definition of the particle size distribution of the powder one differentiates depending on the method with which the quantity of the particles is determined, among other things. between number-related (qO) and volume-related (q3) particle size distributions (M. Stieß, Mechanical Process Engineering - Particle Technology 1, Springer, 3rd edition 2009, page 29).

The size of the coarse particles (defined by the d90 value of the q3 grain size distribution, measured using the Tornado dry dispersion module from Beckmann according to the latest ISO 13320-1 on the filing date) of the powder used should be less than or equal to 60% of the mean volume-related q3 Pore size (d50) of the filter used (measured according to DIN 66134 - latest version on the filing date), preferably less than 50%. The mean q3 grain size of the powder (d50) should correspond to 5% to 30% of the mean q3 pore size (d50) of the filter used, preferably 7% to 25% and very preferably 10% to 25%. The d10 value of the q3 grain size distribution of the powder, which describes the fine fraction of the powder, should be 20% to 60% of the average q3 grain size (d50) of the powder, preferably 25% to 50% and especially preferably 25% to 40%. The d10 value of the number-related qO particle size distribution should generally be greater than 0.05 μm, preferably greater than 0.08 μm, and particularly preferably greater than 0.1 μmol.

A further feature of an advantageous filter according to the invention is that the incorporated powder particles should be located, above all, in the large and thus through-flowed pores of the filter. To ensure that the increase in ram pressure after pollination is as low as possible, the powder volume, which corresponds to the summation of all individual particle volumes, should not be too high. To determine a suitable range of the powder volume and thus the appropriate amount of powder, regardless of the powder material, the powder volume is calculated from powder mass and porosity. It follows that advantageously at most 10% of the total pore volume of the filter substrate should be filled with particles, preferably between 1% and 5% and more preferably between 1, 5% and 3%. The filled pore volume in% corresponds to the ratio of the sum of the volume of all powder particles to the pore volume of the filter to be coated (see also FIG. 6).

Furthermore, a preferred embodiment of the powder composition is characterized in that 5% to 35% of the total pore volume of the porous filter wall between inlet and outlet channels is filled with a loose powder bed, particularly preferably 5% to 25%, very particularly preferably 8%. to 15 %. The degree of occupancy of the pore volume of the porous filter walls was determined by means of image analysis from light microscopy images (area "wall interior" in FIG. 4). In doing so, corresponding recordings of the inlet and outlet channels were made. In this type of analysis, the average color of the wall surface of the non-powdered outlet channel is determined as a reference. This reference is subtracted from the corresponding image of the powdered areas in the wall, where the color spacing was set to CIE76 of the International Commission on Illumination with a least distinguishable color difference of 2.33 (https: //en.wikipedia. org / wiki / color_difference # CIE76).

The powder can be used according to the invention as described above as such. However, it is also conceivable to use dry powder which has a catalytic activity with regard to the exhaust gas aftertreatment. Accordingly, the powder itself also with regard to the reduction of pollutants in the exhaust gas of a Combustion engine be catalytically active. For this purpose, all be known to those skilled in activities, such as TWC, DOC, SCR, LNT or Rußabbrand accelerating catalysts. In this respect, it may be that, for example, aluminum oxide impregnated with a noble metal is used for the production of the powder gas aerosol.

The wall flow filter produced according to the present invention exhibits excellent filtration efficiency with only a modest increase in exhaust back pressure as compared to a non-powder wall flow filter in the fresh state. The wall-flow filter according to the invention preferably exhibits an increase in the filtration efficiency of at least 5 absolute%, preferably at least 20 absolute% and very particularly preferably at least 40 absolute% with a relative increase in the exhaust gas back pressure of the fresh wall-flow filter of at most 40%, preferably of the highest 20 % and most preferably at most 10% compared to a non-powdered fresh filter. An improvement in the filtration efficiency of at least 20% with a maximum increase in the back pressure of at most 40% is particularly advantageous. The powder accumulates - as I said - exclusive only in the open pores of the filter and forms a porous matrix. The small back pressure increase is probably due to the fact that the inventive loading of the filter with a powder, the cross section of the channels on the input side is not significantly reduced. It is believed that the powder forms a porous structure in itself, which is believed to have a positive effect on the dynamic pressure. Therefore, a filter according to the present invention should also show better exhaust back pressure than those of the prior art in which a powder has been deposited on the walls of the inlet side of a filter.

Likewise provided by the present invention is a method for producing a wall-flow filter according to the invention. In principle, the person skilled in the art knows how to produce an aerosol from a powder and a gas in order to then guide it through the filter to be charged with the powder. According to the invention, a carrier gas is charged with a powder and this is sucked into a filter. This ensures that the powder can distribute sufficiently well to be able to penetrate into the inlet channels of the filter on the inlet side of the wall-flow filter.

In this case, the powder deposits exclusively in the accessible pores of the filter walls, without forming a complete or continuous layer on the filter wall in the inlet channels. A concentration gradient of the powder over the axial length of the As described above, the carrier can advantageously be adjusted, for example, by using different flow breakers in the aerosol gas stream upstream of the inlet side of the carrier and by adapting the coating parameters, such as the flow rate of the carrier gas and atomizer gas. The physical parameters of the powder used, such as the bulk density, residual moisture content and particle size distribution, can also be used specifically for the formation of the desired gradient described above. The addition can be made in a continuous manner until the sufficient amount of powder is deposited in the filter. Also possible is a pulsed addition in such a way that the charged with compressed gas powder periodically metered into the gas stream sucked through the filter until the sufficient amount of powder is deposited in the filter. The powder can not only be continuously or pulsed injected into a permanently flowing through the filter gas stream, but also sprayed in advance sprayed into a separate buffer chamber. After spraying the powder, a flap opens to a chamber in which the substrate is clamped. By means of a suction pulse, the gas-powder mixture can then be introduced from the buffer chamber into the substrate. Depending on which amount of powder is to be introduced into the substrate, this process can be repeated as often as desired. Apparatus and methods which describe such a dosage of powder are appreciated in the art (DE4225970C1, US8495968B2, US8632852B2, US8534221 B2, US8277880B2, see also earlier).

In order to be able to draw the powder sufficiently deep into the pores on the surface of the filter wall on the inlet side of the filter, there is a certain suction power (if the powder is sucked through the filter) or a pressure power (if the powder is pressed through the filter) or if necessary both. The person skilled in the art can make an image of themselves in orienting experiments for the respective filter and the respective powder. It has been found that the aerosol (powder-gas mixture) is preferably at a speed of 5 m / s to 50 m / s, more preferably 10 m / s to 40 m / s and most preferably 15 m / s. s is sucked and / or pressed through the filter up to 35 m / s. As a result, an advantageous adhesion of the applied powder is likewise achieved.

As already described, the powder is converted into an aerosol. This can be done according to the specifications of the person skilled in the art (EP2371451 B1; EP2371452B1; EP2388072A1). A gas stream carries the finely divided powder into the inlet side of the wall-flow filter. Here then the powder separates only in the pores of the channel walls. This is accomplished essentially by the fact that the powder is dry in the application of the wall flow filter according to the invention. If necessary, the powder is mixed with the ambient air and applied to the filter. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that this manner of application of the powder counteracts caking or agglomeration of the individual powder constituents. This preserves the original particle size of the powder particles in the aerosol. This makes it possible to deposit the powder particles in the wall pores of the wall flow filter and not on the pores and on the walls of the inlet channels as described in the prior art.

Likewise provided by the present invention is the use of a wall-flow filter according to the invention for reducing harmful exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. In principle, all the catalytic exhaust aftertreatments which are suitable for the person skilled in the art (see above) can be used as intended purposes, but in particular those in which the filter in an exhaust system together with one or more catalytically active aggregates selected from the group consisting of nitrogen oxide storage catalyst , SCR catalyst, three-way catalyst and diesel oxidation catalyst is used. Very advantageously, the filter according to the invention is used in combination with a three-way catalyst, in particular downstream thereof. It is particularly advantageous if the filter itself is a three-way catalytically active filter. For all these applications, the filter produced by the process according to the invention, optionally coated with catalytically active powder are suitable. Preference is given to the application of the filter according to the invention for the treatment of exhaust gases of a stoichiometrically operated internal combustion engine.

Wall-flow filters with a catalytic activity which eliminate nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (HC, CO and NOx) in the stoichiometric exhaust gas (l = 1 conditions) are usually referred to as Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filters (cGPF). Furthermore, they can react the oxides of the nitrogen under rich exhaust conditions and CO and HC under lean conditions. The powders used here can be designed to be catalytically active. They contain as the catalytically active components mostly platinum group metals, such as Pt, Pd and Rh, with Pd and Rh being particularly preferred. The catalytically active metals are often highly dispersed on high surface area oxides of aluminum, zirconium ums and titanium or mixtures thereof deposited, which by further transition elements such. As lanthanum, yttrium, praseodymium, etc. can be stabilized. Further, such three-way catalysts contain oxygen storage materials (eg, Ce / Zr mixed oxides, see below). A suitable three-way catalytic coating is, for example, in EP1 181970B1, EP1541220B1, WO20081 13445A1,

W02008000449A2, which is hereby incorporated by reference to the use of catalytically active powders.

The requirements for gasoline particle filters differ significantly from the requirements for diesel particulate filters (DPF). Diesel engines without DPF can have up to ten times higher particle emissions, based on the particle mass, than gasoline engines without GPF (Maricq et al., SAE 1999-01-01530). In addition, the gasoline engine significantly less primary particles and the secondary particles (agglomerates) are significantly smaller than the diesel engine. Emissions from gasoline engines range from particle sizes less than 200 nm (Hall et al., SAE 1999-01-3530) to 400 nm (Mathis et al., Atmospheric Environment 38 4347) with the maximum in the range of about 60 nm to 80 nm. Therefore, the filtration of the nanoparticles in the GPF must be done mainly by diffusion deposition. For particles smaller than 300 nm, as the size decreases, diffusion (Brownian motion) and electrostatic forces become more important (Hinds, W. Aerosol technology: Properties and behavior and measurement of airborne particles., Wiley, 2nd edition, 1999).

Small particles follow the streamlines almost inertially due to their low particle relaxation time. This smooth, convection-driven movement is superimposed by a random "dithering motion". Following this theory results for a good filtration effect of the GPF, that one should offer as large as possible flow around surfaces. The powder should thus have a high fines content, since the same total volume of the oxide small particles offer much larger surfaces. At the same time, however, the pressure loss may increase only insignificantly. This requires a looser crosslinking of the powders. The powder should advantageously be fixed on the carrier without prior or subsequent treatment. For a suitable powder for the production of the filters according to the invention, an optimization between the largest possible surface area of the powders used, the crosslinking and the adhesive strength is advantageous. Various catalytic functions can also be combined. Thus, the aforementioned three-way catalysts can be equipped with a nitrogen oxide storage functionality in the powder (TWNSC). As stated above, these catalysts consist of materials which give the catalyst the function of a three-way catalyst under stoichiometric exhaust gas conditions and which have a function for the storage of nitrogen oxides under lean exhaust gas conditions. These stored nitrogen oxides are regenerated during short fat operating phases to restore their storage capacity. The preparation of a corresponding TWNSC is preferably accomplished by combining materials used to construct a three-way catalyst and a nitrogen oxide storage catalyst. A particularly preferred embodiment of such a catalyst is described, for example, in WO2010097146A1 or WO2015143191A1. Preferably, during the regeneration an air-fuel mixture is maintained, which corresponds to a l of 0.8 to 1. This value is particularly preferably between 0.85 and 0.99, very particularly preferably between 0.95 and 0.99.

In the context of the invention, the feature of the absence of a coherent layer on the walls of the filter is to be understood in that at least no completely continuous layer of powder is present on the input surfaces of the filter (FIG. 1). Advantageously, the powder occupancy of the filter is stopped when this continuous layer begins to form. It is also more preferable to avoid hillock formation by the powder. Very advantageous is the deposition of a quantity of powder that fills the gas-permeable pores just to a transitional surface. The amount of powder that can be deposited thus depends on the type of powder and the volume of the pores available and can be determined by the skilled person in preliminary tests under the given boundary conditions.

The filter according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a high filtration efficiency, in particular for particulate carbon blacks emitted from gasoline engines. The exhaust backpressure does not increase excessively. The filters - if catalytically active - show excellent catalytic activity. Exhaust backpressure and filtration efficiency can be tailored to customer requirements. A accordingly produced wall-flow filter was not known from the prior art. Characters:

1: Image of a wall flow filter wall dusted according to the invention.

Fig. 2: increase the exhaust back pressure by the pollination

FIG. 4: Section through a dusted wall flow filter wall and the graphic analysis of the points of pollination

Fig. 5: Pollination in the corner of a filter wall

Fig. 6: Schematic drawing for filling a pore with particles

Examples:

Cordierite wall flow filters with a diameter of 15.8 cm and a length of 14.7 cm were used to produce the particle filter VGPF described in the Examples and Comparative Examples, as well as GPF1 and GPF2. The wall flow filters had a cell density of 31 cells per square centimeter with a wall thickness of 0.203 mm. The mean q3 pore size (d50) of the filters was 18 μm, with the porosity of the filters being about 50%.

An air / powder aerosol of a dry alumina having a d10 value of the q3 grain size of 0.8 μm, a d50 value of the q3 grain size of 2.9 μm and a d90 value of q3 ~ grain size of 6.9 pm used. This corresponds to a ratio of the average particle size of the powder used to the mean pore size of the filter of 0.16 and a ratio of d10 to d50 of 28%.

As comparative example VGPF an untreated filter was used as described above.

Example 1 :

GPF1: The open pores of a filter were coated with 6 g / l, based on the total filter volume, of the dry alumina.

Example 2: GPF2: The open pores of a filter were occupied with 1 1, 7 g / l, based on the total filter volume, of the dry alumina.

The particulate filters GPF1 and GPF2 according to the invention were investigated in comparison with the conventional VGPF. After the coating, the particle filters were measured for their dynamic pressure, after which the filtration measurement took place on the highly dynamic engine test bench. The increase in the dynamic pressure of the filters according to the invention, measured on a dynamic pressure test stand (Superflow ProBench SF1020) at room temperature at an air throughput of 600 m ³ / h, is shown in FIG. 2.

The described filters VGPF, GPF1 and GPF2 were tested on the engine test bench in real exhaust gas of an average stoichiometric air / fuel mixture engine in terms of fresh filtration efficiency. A globally standardized test procedure for the determination of exhaust emissions, WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure) was used. The driving cycle used was WLTC Class 3. The respective filters were installed 30 cm after a conventional three-way catalytic converter. This three-way catalyst was the same for all measured filters. Each filter was subjected to a WLTP. In order to be able to detect the particulate emissions during the test, the particulate counters were installed before the three-way catalytic converter and after the particulate filter. FIG. 3 shows the results of the filtration efficiency measurement in the WLTP. Fig. 3 shows the results of the filtration efficiency measurement. Depending on the amount of powder applied, an improvement in the filtration efficiency of up to 10% can already be observed in the first WLTP cycle with a slight increase in the back pressure (FIG. 2).

The measured data show that the selective coating of the open pores of a conventional ceramic wall-flow filter leads to a significant improvement in the filtration efficiency with only a slightly increased dynamic pressure.

Claims

claims

1. Wall-flow filter for reducing the pollutants in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, wherein a dry, non-catalytically coated filter on the input surface such with a dry powder-gas aerosol, which has at least one high-melting compound, targeted beauf beat that the powder is in precipitates the pores of the filter walls and fills them up to the entrance surface, but does not form a coherent layer on the walls of the filter, and the amount of powder remaining in the filter is below 50 g / l and the powder occupancy has an increasing concentration gradient over the length of the filter from the inlet side to the outlet side.

2. wall-flow filter according to claim 1,

characterized in that

the powder occupancy has an increasing concentration gradient over the length of the filter from the inlet side to the outlet side, such that in a region near the inlet side and in an area in the middle of the filter less than 40% of the wall surface of the inlet channel is filled with powder while in an area near the outlet side, more than 40% of the wall surface of the entrance channel is filled with powder.

3. wall-flow filter according to claim 1 and / or 2,

characterized in that

when using filter substrates with square channels, the powder coverage near the corners of the channels is higher than in the corresponding center of the input surface.

4. wall-flow filter according to claim 1 and / or 2,

characterized in that

the aerosol is a mixture of air and a refractory metal oxide, metal sulfate, metal phosphate, metal carbonate or metal hydroxide powder or mixtures thereof.

5. wall-flow filter according to claim 4,

characterized in that the refractory powder has an outer surface area of at least 5 m ² per liter of filter volume.

6. Wall-flow filter according to one of the preceding claims,

characterized in that

a) the d90 value of the volume-related q3 particle size distribution of the powder used is less than or equal to 60% of the mean volume-related q3 pore size (d50) of the filter used,

b) the average volume-related q3 grain size of the powder (d50) 5% to 30% of the average volume-related q3 pore size (d50) of the filter used and

c) the d10 value of the volume-related q3 grain size distribution of the powder is at least 20% to 60% of the average volume-related q3 grain size (d50) of the powder used, and

d) the d10 value of the number-related qO particle size distribution of the powder used is greater than 0.05 pm.

7. Wandflussfilter according to any one of the preceding claims,

characterized in that

the powder is catalytically active with regard to the reduction of pollutants in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine.

8. Wall-flow filter according to one of the preceding claims,

characterized in that

this has an increase in filtration efficiency of at least 5% with a relative increase in exhaust back pressure of at most 40% compared to a non-powder treated fresh filter.

9. A method for producing a wall-flow filter according to one of the preceding claims,

characterized in that

a carrier gas is charged with a powder and this is sucked into a filter.

10. A method for producing a wall-flow filter according to claim 9,

characterized in that the aerosol is sucked through the filter at a speed of 5 m / s to 50 m / s.

11. Use of a wall-flow filter according to one of claims 1 to 9 for the reduction of harmful exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine.

12. Use according to claim 12,

characterized in that

the filter is used in an exhaust gas system together with one or more catalytically active aggregates selected from the group consisting of nitrogen oxide storage catalyst, SCR catalyst, three-way catalyst and diesel oxidation catalyst.