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EP3545127B1 - Dispositif d'écartement de câbles tendeurs, dispositif et procédé de lubrification de câbles tendeurs - Google Patents

Dispositif d'écartement de câbles tendeurs, dispositif et procédé de lubrification de câbles tendeurs Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3545127B1
EP3545127B1 EP17811251.2A EP17811251A EP3545127B1 EP 3545127 B1 EP3545127 B1 EP 3545127B1 EP 17811251 A EP17811251 A EP 17811251A EP 3545127 B1 EP3545127 B1 EP 3545127B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tensioning cable
lubricant
spreading
passage
tensioning
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP17811251.2A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3545127C0 (fr
EP3545127A1 (fr
Inventor
Ingo Meyer
Karsten Albers
Joachim Jung
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wobben Properties GmbH
Original Assignee
Wobben Properties GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wobben Properties GmbH filed Critical Wobben Properties GmbH
Publication of EP3545127A1 publication Critical patent/EP3545127A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3545127C0 publication Critical patent/EP3545127C0/fr
Publication of EP3545127B1 publication Critical patent/EP3545127B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B7/00—Details of, or auxiliary devices incorporated in, rope- or cable-making machines; Auxiliary apparatus associated with such machines
    • D07B7/16—Auxiliary apparatus
    • D07B7/18—Auxiliary apparatus for spreading or untwisting ropes or cables into constituent parts for treatment or splicing purposes
    • D07B7/185—Auxiliary apparatus for spreading or untwisting ropes or cables into constituent parts for treatment or splicing purposes for temporarily untwisting ropes or cables into constituent parts for applying a coating
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B7/00—Details of, or auxiliary devices incorporated in, rope- or cable-making machines; Auxiliary apparatus associated with such machines
    • D07B7/02—Machine details; Auxiliary devices
    • D07B7/12—Machine details; Auxiliary devices for softening, lubricating or impregnating ropes, cables, or component strands thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B7/00—Details of, or auxiliary devices incorporated in, rope- or cable-making machines; Auxiliary apparatus associated with such machines
    • D07B7/16—Auxiliary apparatus
    • D07B7/18—Auxiliary apparatus for spreading or untwisting ropes or cables into constituent parts for treatment or splicing purposes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for lubricating a multi-strand tensioning strand, in particular a steel tensioning strand according to the preamble of claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for lubricating a multi-strand tensioning strand, in particular a steel tensioning strand according to the preamble of claim 12.
  • German Patent and Trademark Office has searched the following prior art in the priority application for the present application: DE 20 2014 004 947 U1 , DE 600 16 582 T2 , US 2 010 184 A .
  • GB858,832A shows a device for cleaning wire ropes, which has a band anchoring element with a central opening for the wire rope to be passed through.
  • the anchoring element comprises a series of scrapers at one end, which are intended to carry out a pre-cleaning of the rope passed through the device.
  • a pressure lubrication device for greasing the outside of the pre-cleaned rope can be arranged at the opposite end of the anchoring element.
  • GB790,551A shows a device for lubricating a multi-strand tensioning strand according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention was therefore based on the object of developing a device of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that the disadvantages found in the prior art are eliminated as far as possible.
  • the invention was based on the object of specifying a device for lubricating a multi-strand tensioning strand, by means of which the introduction of lubricant into the interior of the tensioning strand is made easier without having to thread the beginning of the tensioning strand, which also enables a continuous production method in particular.
  • the invention solves the underlying problem in a device for lubricating a multi-strand tensioning strand, in particular steel tensioning strands, with the features of claim 1. It is proposed that a device for spreading the multi-strand tensioning strand, in particular steel tensioning strands, is assigned to the lubricant channel in order to introduce lubricant into the interior of the tensioning strand, which has a base body with a through-opening for the entire tensioning strand, and spreading elements which are arranged in the base body so as to be radially movable, and each have a contour which tapers inwards in the radial direction for engaging and creating a gap between adjacent strands of the tensioning strand.
  • the invention takes advantage of the fact that according to this concept the tensioning strand does not have to be frayed into the individual strands at its strand end, but that the entire tensioning strand is introduced into a common through-opening so that the spreading elements can act on the exposed strands of the tensioning strand from the outside.
  • the invention takes advantage of the knowledge that no large distances between the strands of the tensioning strand are necessary. Small gaps are sufficient for the penetration of lubricants such as grease.
  • a strand of the tensioning strand is understood to mean both a wire and a strand.
  • a number of strands is understood to mean a number comprising 1 and a whole multiple of 1.
  • the device particularly preferably has 2, 3, 4 or 6 spreading elements.
  • the expansion elements are pin-shaped.
  • the expansion elements are particularly preferably essentially cylindrical expansion mandrels which have a tip designed for expansion at their radially inner end relative to the feedthrough opening.
  • the spreading elements each have a spreading roller that is rotatably mounted in a radially movable piston.
  • the radial mobility of the piston also relates to the feedthrough opening.
  • the advantage of the spreading rollers is the reduced sliding friction when pulling the tensioning strand through the device for spreading the tensioning strand.
  • the base body is mounted in the device so that it can rotate about a rotation axis, at least about a predetermined angular range, with the rotation axis being aligned essentially parallel, in particular coaxially, to a feed-through direction of the tensioning strand through the feed-through opening.
  • the easy rotation of the base body makes it possible for tensioning strands that are twisted in themselves and in which the strands do not run in a straight line to be but are wound in a spiral shape, for example.
  • the base body then simply follows the rotation caused by the twisting when the tensioning strand is pulled through the opening. Slight irregularities in the alignment of the strands in otherwise essentially un-twisted tensioning strands can also be ensured by the at least limited rotatability of the base body.
  • the expansion elements are each arranged in the base body so that they can move radially by means of a thread.
  • a thread By screwing the expansion elements into the thread, it is possible to set quite precisely how much the tensioning strand should be expanded, and it is easy to ensure that it is adapted to different tensioning strand diameters. If the threads are designed with a sufficiently low thread pitch, for example as self-locking threads, automatic adjustment of the expansion elements is almost impossible.
  • counter elements or other fixing mechanisms can be provided, for example.
  • the expansion elements are each hydraulically or pneumatically operated.
  • the expansion elements each have a piston surface that is arranged in a piston chamber, wherein the piston chamber can each be subjected to a fluid pressure.
  • the piston chambers are preferably connected in a fluid-conducting manner to a control pressure line, in particular a common one.
  • the spreading elements are each electromagnetically actuated.
  • the expansion elements are designed to be deflected by means of a wedge slide.
  • the respective wedge slides are particularly preferably arranged so as to be guided in the direction of passage of the steel tensioning strand.
  • the expansion elements are preferably moved inwards or outwards in a radial direction.
  • the expansion elements particularly preferably have a sliding surface or a rolling body that is operatively connected to the wedge slide.
  • the wedge slides are in turn driven mechanically, electromagnetically, pneumatically or hydraulically, for example.
  • the device for spreading the tensioning strand is arranged in the feedthrough passage.
  • the at least one pressure generator is preferably designed to convey lubricant under overpressure through the lubricant channel into the feedthrough passage.
  • the device has a first lubricant channel, which is arranged upstream of the spreading device, and a second lubricant channel, which is arranged downstream of the spreading device. While the first lubricant channel preferably serves to introduce lubricant into the feedthrough passage, which is then intended to penetrate the spread-out tensioning strand, the second lubricant channel is intended to introduce lubricant into the feedthrough passage in order to additionally lubricate the tensioning strand, which is already lubricated on the inside, on the outside as well.
  • the device has a lubricant scraper which is arranged at the outlet end of the feedthrough passage and is dimensioned to scrape off excess lubricant and hold it in the feedthrough passage so that the tensioning strand emerges from the feedthrough passage covered by a defined lubricant film with a mean outer lubricant diameter defined by the lubricant scraper.
  • the at least one pressure generator is particularly preferably designed to deliver a predetermined amount of lubricant through the lubricant channel depending on a conveying speed of the tensioning strand through the feedthrough passage.
  • the at least one pressure generator is also preferably designed to deliver lubricant at a delivery rate in a range of approximately 25 g/meter of tensioning cable or more, more preferably 50 g/meter of tensioning cable or more, in particular in a range of 55 g/meter to 100 g/meter of tensioning cable.
  • the invention relates to a method for lubricating a multi-strand tensioning strand, in particular steel tensioning strands according to the features of claim 12.
  • the lubrication method according to the invention makes use of the advantages and embodiments described above with reference to the device according to the invention.
  • a device with a base body, with a through-opening for the entire tensioning strand, and spreading elements, which are arranged radially movable in the base body and each have a contour tapered inward in the radial direction, for spreading a multi-strand tensioning strand, in particular steel tensioning strands, is described, wherein the spreading elements engage between adjacent strands of the tensioning cable and create a gap between the adjacent strands.
  • a lubricating device 100 for lubricating a steel tensioning cable 301 is shown, which consists of several strands.
  • the lubricating device 100 has a spreading device 1 for spreading the multi-strand steel tensioning cable 301.
  • the spreading device 1 has a base body 3 in which spreading elements 5a, b, c are arranged to be radially movable.
  • the radial mobility here refers to a through-opening 7 which is formed in the base body 3.
  • the spreading elements 5a, b, c can therefore be moved essentially towards and away from the center of the through-opening 7.
  • the spreading elements 5a, b, c On their radially inner side, in relation to the through-opening 7, the spreading elements 5a, b, c have a tapered contour which is designed to engage between adjacent strands of the steel tensioning cable 301 and to displace them laterally in this way, indicated by small arrows that a small gap 13 is created between the adjacent strands of the steel tensioning cable 301.
  • lubricant 200 is pressed through a lubrication channel 101 into a through-passage 105, which is preferably coaxial with the through-opening 7 of the spreading device 1.
  • a lubricant supply with a pressure generator 103, which is preferably electronically controlled and releases a predetermined release rate of the lubricant 200 depending on the conveying speed of the steel tensioning cable 301 through the through-passage 105.
  • the base body 3 can preferably be pivoted or rotated, at least by a certain angle, in the direction of the arrows 15.
  • the axis of rotation is preferably the designated center axis of the through-opening 7 or through-passage 105.
  • the second embodiment according to Figure 1b Structurally very similar to the embodiment according to Figure 1a . Identical or functionally identical elements are provided with the same reference numerals.
  • the spreading elements 9a-c according to the second embodiment each have spreading rollers 11a-c which are rotatably mounted in the piston-shaped spreading elements 9a-c. The displacement operation is, however, essentially the same.
  • the spreading elements 11a-c are moved radially inwards, whereby they engage between adjacent strands of the steel tensioning cable 301 and displace the adjacent strands in the direction of the small arrows, so that gaps 13 are formed between the adjacent strands, through which gaps lubricant 200 can then be introduced into an adjacent lubrication plane B through a lubricant channel 101.
  • the spreading elements 5a-c and 9a-c are preferably hydraulically or pneumatically operated, or electromagnetically. Alternatively, the spreading elements 5a-c and/or 9a-c are mechanically radially movable by means of thread adjustment.
  • FIG 2 a partial section of the spreading device 1 is shown.
  • the passage 105 and the opening 7 of the base body 3 are aligned coaxially with respect to the longitudinal axis A.
  • the running direction of the tensioning strand is indicated by the arrow L.
  • the actuation of the spreading elements (spreading elements 9a, b shown).
  • Rolling bodies 17 are arranged on the spreading elements 9a, b, which are in operative connection with a wedge surface 19.
  • the wedge surface 19 is formed on a cylindrical hollow body 22, which can be moved in a translational manner in the direction of the arrow P 1 , essentially parallel to the axis A.
  • the rolling bodies 17 are moved in the direction of the arrow P 2 essentially radially towards the axis A.
  • the movement of the hollow body 22 is triggered by a lever 21 provided on the spreading device 1 (see below for Figure 3 ).
  • the spreading device 1 has a tensioning strand inlet side 25 and a tensioning strand outlet side 27 arranged opposite.
  • a flange is attached to the housing of the spreading device 1, in which an inlet opening 23 is formed for supplying lubricant 200 into the feedthrough passage 105.
  • this inlet opening 23 the entire interior, i.e. the feedthrough passage 105 and the feedthrough opening 7, can be filled with lubricant 200.
  • the spreading device further comprises a bend 31 which is connected to the passage 105 in a fluid-conducting manner and can be opened and closed by means of a shut-off element 29. Lubricant can be selectively drained from the passage 105 by means of this bend.
  • the lever 21 can be pivoted from a first starting position 35 to a second starting position 37.
  • the first starting position 35 represents a release position in which the tensioning strand is guided through the passageway essentially unhindered, while the expansion elements in the second starting position 37 are in a spreading position, penetrate into the tensioning strand and spread it open.
  • the sliding guide 33 has a helical course with respect to the axis A, so that the lever position in the second starting position 37 is rotated relative to the first starting position 35 by an angle alpha and offset by an offset x in the direction of the axis A. This offset corresponds to the movement of the wedge surface 19 ( Figure 2 ), which, depending on the angle of the wedge surface, results in a radial expansion of the expansion elements (9 a, b shown).
  • FIG 4 A schematic representation of the complete lubricating device 100 is shown as an example.
  • the lubricating device 100 has an access 201 for supplying lubricant 200.
  • the access 201 is fluidically connected to the first lubricant channel 101 (see Figure 1a, b ) and a lubricant channel 102.
  • at least one pressure generator is interposed as part of the lubricant dispensing device.
  • a first pressure generator 103 and a second pressure generator 104 are provided for the two lubrication channels 101 and 102. With the two pressure generators 103, 104, it is possible to specify the pressure of the first lubricant channel 101 independently of the pressure of the second lubricant channel 102.
  • the second lubricant channel 102 is arranged downstream of the spreading device 1 and subsequently feeds lubricant from the outside into the feedthrough passage 105.
  • the portion of the lubricant that was supplied via the second lubricant channel 102 contributes to lubricating the tensioning strand 301 on its periphery.
  • Excess lubricant is removed from the tensioning strand 301 by means of a scraper 107 arranged on the outlet side of the lubricating device 100, so that the tensioning strand 301 has a lubricant film of defined thickness when it exits the lubricating device 100.

Landscapes

  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Flexible Shafts (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Dispositif (100) de lubrification d'un câble tendeur (301) à plusieurs brins, en particulier de câbles tendeurs en acier, avec
    un passage de transfert (105) pour le câble tendeur,
    un canal de lubrifiant (101) débouchant dans le passage de transfert, qui est relié de manière à acheminer le fluide à au moins un générateur de pression (103, 104),
    caractérisé en ce qu'un dispositif (1) pour l'écartement d'un câble tendeur (301) à plusieurs brins, en particulier de câbles tendeurs en acier, est associé au canal de lubrifiant afin d'introduire du lubrifiant à l'intérieur du câble tendeur, avec
    un corps de base (3) avec une ouverture de passage (7) pour le câble tendeur entier, et des éléments d'écartement (5a-c, 9a-c) qui sont agencés de manière radialement mobile dans le corps de base (3) et présentent respectivement un contour réalisé rétréci vers l'intérieur dans le sens radial pour l'engagement et la génération d'une fente (13) entre des brins contigus respectivement du câble tendeur.
  2. Dispositif (1) selon la revendication 1,
    dans lequel les éléments d'écartement (5a-c) sont réalisés en forme de tige.
  3. Dispositif (1) selon la revendication 1,
    dans lequel les éléments d'écartement (9a-c) présentent respectivement un rouleau d'écartement (11a-c) qui est logé de manière rotative dans un piston radialement mobile.
  4. Dispositif (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    dans lequel le corps de base (3) est logé de manière rotative autour d'un axe de rotation dans le dispositif, dans lequel l'axe de rotation est orienté sensiblement parallèlement, en particulier coaxialement, à une direction de passage du câble tendeur (301) à travers l'ouverture de passage (7).
  5. Dispositif (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    dans lequel les éléments d'écartement sont respectivement agencés de manière mobile radialement au moyen d'un filet dans le corps de base.
  6. Dispositif (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4,
    dans lequel les éléments d'écartement sont conçus afin d'être déviés au moyen d'au moins un coulisseau à clavette.
  7. Dispositif selon la revendication 6,
    dans lequel les éléments d'écartement sont conçus afin d'être déplacés vers l'intérieur ou l'extérieur par déroulement ou glissement le long du coulisseau à clavette dans le sens radial.
  8. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7,
    dans lequel le canal de lubrifiant est un premier canal de lubrifiant qui est agencé en amont du dispositif d'écartement, et le dispositif présente de plus un second canal de lubrifiant qui est agencé en aval du dispositif d'écartement.
  9. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8,
    avec une racle de lubrifiant qui est agencée à l'extrémité côté sortie du passage de transfert et dimensionnée afin de racler du lubrifiant excédentaire et de le maintenir dans le passage de transfert.
  10. Dispositif (100) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9,
    dans lequel le dispositif (1) pour l'écartement du câble tendeur est agencé dans le passage de transfert (105).
  11. Dispositif (100) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10,
    dans lequel l'au moins un générateur de pression est conçu afin d'émettre, en fonction d'une vitesse de transport du câble tendeur par le passage de transfert, une quantité prédéterminée du lubrifiant (200) par le canal de lubrifiant (101).
  12. Procédé de lubrification d'un câble tendeur à plusieurs brins, en particulier de câbles tendeurs en acier, comprenant les étapes suivantes :
    - le passage du câble tendeur par un passage de transfert (105),
    - l'émission de lubrifiant (200) sur le câble tendeur (301) à l'intérieur du passage de transfert (105), et
    - l'écartement du câble tendeur avant l'émission du lubrifiant,
    caractérisé en ce que l'écartement du câble tendeur à plusieurs brins, en particulier de câbles tendeurs en acier, comprend les étapes suivantes :
    - le passage du câble tendeur (301) à travers une ouverture de passage (7),
    - le déplacement d'un nombre d'éléments d'écartement (5a-c, 9a-c) radialement vers l'intérieur à l'intérieur de l'ouverture de passage de sorte que les éléments d'écartement s'engagent avec leur contour réalisé rétréci vers l'intérieur respectivement dans le sens radial
    - entre des brins contigus et
    - génèrent une fente (13) entre les brins contigus afin d'introduire du lubrifiant à l'intérieur du câble tendeur.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12, comprenant l'étape suivante :
    - l'émission de lubrifiant (200) au moyen d'un générateur de pression (103), dans lequel le lubrifiant (200) est émis avec un taux d'émission dans une plage d'environ 25 g par mètre de câble tendeur ou plus, de préférence de 50 g par mètre de câble tendeur ou plus, de manière particulièrement préférée de 55 g par mètre de câble tendeur à 100 g par mètre de câble tendeur.
EP17811251.2A 2016-11-28 2017-11-28 Dispositif d'écartement de câbles tendeurs, dispositif et procédé de lubrification de câbles tendeurs Active EP3545127B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102016122905.9A DE102016122905A1 (de) 2016-11-28 2016-11-28 Spannlitzenaufspreizvorrichtung, Spannlitzenschmiervorrichtung und -verfahren
PCT/EP2017/080629 WO2018096165A1 (fr) 2016-11-28 2017-11-28 Dispositif d'écartement de câbles tendeurs, dispositif et procédé de lubrification de câbles tendeurs

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3545127A1 EP3545127A1 (fr) 2019-10-02
EP3545127C0 EP3545127C0 (fr) 2024-04-24
EP3545127B1 true EP3545127B1 (fr) 2024-04-24

Family

ID=60627602

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP17811251.2A Active EP3545127B1 (fr) 2016-11-28 2017-11-28 Dispositif d'écartement de câbles tendeurs, dispositif et procédé de lubrification de câbles tendeurs

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US11248341B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP3545127B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2020501033A (fr)
KR (1) KR20190084325A (fr)
CN (1) CN110023559A (fr)
BR (1) BR112019010558A2 (fr)
CA (1) CA3043968C (fr)
DE (1) DE102016122905A1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2714764C1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2018096165A1 (fr)

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BE397764A (fr) * 1932-08-05
GB790551A (en) * 1955-01-28 1958-02-12 David Gladstone Balfour Reekie An improved apparatus for lubricating wire cables or ropes
GB858832A (en) * 1957-04-17 1961-01-18 David Gladstone Balfour Reekie Improvements in and relating to apparatus for cleaning wire ropes or cables
JPS53101064U (fr) 1977-01-18 1978-08-15
JPS55102457A (en) * 1979-02-01 1980-08-05 Ookon:Kk Grease coating device for wire rope
NO164671C (no) 1980-10-06 1995-04-03 Steinar Johansen Fremgangsmåte til smöring av ståltau.
US4422208A (en) * 1981-07-29 1983-12-27 Rohrbaugh Galen V Wire rope cleaning tool
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EP1172476B1 (fr) * 1999-12-27 2004-12-08 Fuji Seiko Co. Ltd. Dispositif pour la fabrication d'un fil recouvert de caoutchouc
JP3474536B2 (ja) * 2000-12-21 2003-12-08 株式会社酒井鉄工所 ワイヤロープ潤滑装置及び潤滑システム
AT5699U1 (de) * 2001-12-20 2002-10-25 Teufelberger Seil Ges M B H Drahtseil mit mehreren litzen sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zum einbringen einer stützlitze
US20090077765A1 (en) * 2007-09-25 2009-03-26 Heumann Steven A Cylndrical member conditioning device
KR101010545B1 (ko) 2008-07-17 2011-01-24 김홍섭 와이어로프 도포장치
US9649667B2 (en) * 2013-08-15 2017-05-16 Muehlhan Ag Apparatus for surface treatment of an elongate object
CN103757954B (zh) * 2014-01-16 2016-06-01 江苏赛福天钢索股份有限公司 一种钢丝绳股勒油装置
DE202014004947U1 (de) * 2014-06-20 2014-10-10 Diagnose- und Ingenieurgesellschaft Dr. Boué mbH Einrichtung zum Spreizen von statischen Kabeln aus Einzelseilen oder Seilbündel zum Zweck der Wartung und Inspektion des Oberflächenzustandes im Innern des Kabels oder Seilbündels

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE102016122905A1 (de) 2018-05-30
RU2714764C1 (ru) 2020-02-19
US20190284759A1 (en) 2019-09-19
EP3545127C0 (fr) 2024-04-24
CA3043968C (fr) 2021-02-16
CA3043968A1 (fr) 2018-05-31
JP2020501033A (ja) 2020-01-16
US11248341B2 (en) 2022-02-15
CN110023559A (zh) 2019-07-16
EP3545127A1 (fr) 2019-10-02
BR112019010558A2 (pt) 2019-09-10
KR20190084325A (ko) 2019-07-16
WO2018096165A1 (fr) 2018-05-31

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