EP3430633B1 - Cable for transmitting electrical signals - Google Patents

Description

welche innerhalb des Außenmantels angeordnet sind, wobei jede Leitung n mit n ∈ [1,N] insgesamt M Adern aus einem elektrisch leitfähigen Werkstoff mit M ≥ 1 und $M\in \mathbb{N},$

aufweist, wobei die Ader m mit m ∈ [1,M], $m\in \mathbb{N}$

der Leitung n mit n ∈ [1,N] , $n\in \mathbb{N}$

von einem Dielektrikum mit einem vorbestimmten Wert für die relative Permittivität ε_r(m,n) > 1 umgeben ist, wobei für jede Leitung n der Wert der relativen Permittivität der Dielektrikas der Adern dieser Leitung n bis auf herstellungsbedingte Abweichungen identisch ist, so dass gilt ε_r(p,n) = ε_r(p+q,n), wobei q ∈ [1,M - p], $q\in \mathbb{N},$

p ∈ [1,M - 1], $p\in \mathbb{N},$

wobei für mindestens zwei verschiedene Leitungen n = j und n = (j+s) gilt ε_r(m,j) = ε_r(m,j+s) - k(s) mit m ∈ [1,M], $m\in \mathbb{N},$

j ∈ [1, N - 1], $j\in \mathbb{N},$

s ∈ [1,N - j], $s\in \mathbb{N},$

wobei $k\left(s\right)\in ℝ$

und k(s) ∈ [-2.0,-0,01] und k(s) ∈ [0.01,2.0], gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a cable for transmitting electrical signals with an outer jacket made of an electrically insulating material and at least N lines n with N ≥ 2 and $N\in \mathbb{N}.$

which are arranged inside the outer jacket, each line n with n ∈ [1, N ] having a total of M wires made of an electrically conductive material with M ≥ 1 and $M\in \mathbb{N}.$

has, the vein m with m ∈ [1, M ], $m\in \mathbb{N}$

the line n with n ∈ [1, N ], $n\in \mathbb{N}$

is surrounded by a dielectric with a predetermined value for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n)> 1, the value of the relative permittivity of the dielectrics of the wires of this line n being identical for each line n except for manufacturing-related deviations, so that applies ε _r (p, n) = ε _r (p + q, n), where q ∈ [1 , M - p ] , $q\in \mathbb{N}.$

p ∈ [1 , M - 1], $p\in \mathbb{N}.$

where for at least two different lines n = j and n = (j + s), ε _r (m, j) = ε _r (m, j + s) - k (s) with m ∈ [1, M ], $m\in \mathbb{N}.$

j ∈ [1, N - 1], $j\in \mathbb{N}.$

s ∈ [1, N - j ] , $s\in \mathbb{N}.$

in which $k\left(s\right)\in ℝ$

and k (s) ∈ [-2.0, -0.01] and k ( s ) ∈ [0.01.2.0], according to the preamble of claim 1.

A cable for transmitting electrical signals contains wires made of a conductive material, each of which is surrounded by an electrical insulator for the purpose of mutual electrical insulation. Electrical insulators have dielectric properties and essentially determine the propagation or conduction properties of the cable for electrical signals, which are essentially are electromagnetic waves. An essential property of dielectric materials or a dielectric is their permittivity ε.

The permittivity ε (from lat. Permittere: allow, leave, let through), also called "dielectric conductivity" or "dielectric function", indicates the permeability of a material to electric fields. A permittivity is also assigned to the vacuum, since electric fields can also set in the vacuum or electromagnetic fields can spread.

The relative permittivity ε _{r of} a medium, also called the permittivity or dielectric number, is the ratio of its permittivity ε to that of the vacuum (electric field constant ε ₀ ): $${\epsilon }_r=\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="0"\; label="\epsilon \; \epsilon "\; filenames="imgf0003.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\epsilon \; </figure-callout>}}{{\epsilon }_{}}$$

It is a measure of the field-weakening effects of the dielectric polarization of the medium and is closely related to the electrical susceptibility χ _e = ε _r - 1. In English-language literature and in semiconductor technology, the relative permittivity is also denoted by κ (kappa) or - as with the low-k dielectrics - by k. The earlier term "dielectric constant" is also used as a synonym for relative permittivity.

For electromagnetic shielding of a cable for the transmission of electrical signals, it is customary to surround the cable with a shielding jacket made of an electrically conductive material. This reduces an unhindered emergence of electrical or electromagnetic signals, which are transmitted via the cable, out of the cable and, at the same time, the entry of electromagnetic signals from outside into the lines of the cable is also reduced. When several electrical signals are transmitted via different lines of a cable, in addition to the increasing diameter and weight of the cable, there is also the problem that electrical signals crosstalk from one line of the cable into another line of the cable. To prevent this, it is known to also provide the individual lines of the cable with a shielding jacket made of an electrically conductive material. However, this makes the cable expensive and inflexible to lay because the cable overall is very rigid and certain bending radii must not be undercut, so as not to damage the shield sheaths of the cables.

In order to reduce the crosstalk of electric signals from one line to another line within a cable, without this necessarily an additional shielding casing for each line in the cable has to be the present, the so-called star quad cable has been proposed (engl .: T Wisted / Star Q uad (TQ); German: stranded star quad cable (hereinafter also referred to as "star quad"). The star quad cable is like the STP cable (S hielded T Wisted P air; dt .: shielded twisted pair), and the UTP cable (U nshielded T Wisted P air; unshielded twisted pair) to the balanced copper cables. With the star quad cable, two lines, each with two wires, each made of an electrically conductive material, are combined to form one cable. Each wire is surrounded by a dielectric and the four wires are stranded together in a cross shape, with opposite wires each forming a pair of wires in the cross-section of the star-quad cable, so that the star-quad cable has two wire pairs or lines. The four wires stranded together are surrounded by a common protective sheath, which can include braid or foil shielding. This mechanical structure determines the transmission parameters such as near and far crosstalk. This type of cable is characterized above all by its small diameter and the resulting small bending radius. In addition to the mechanical stabilization of the arrangement of the conductors or wires relative to one another, a further advantage of star quad stranding is the higher packing density than with pair stranding.

The star quad cable essentially corresponds to the UTP and STP cable and can be classified accordingly: Star quad cables in unshielded design are referred to as twisted quad (UTQ).

In the star quad cable, one wire with a jacket made of insulating material arranged around it forms a conductor and two wires or conductors each form a line. Two pairs of conductors or two lines are twisted together and then form two cross-stranded double conductors (one double conductor corresponds to one line). Two in the cross section of the star quad Opposing conductors or wires form a pair, an electrical signal being transmitted on each pair. In other words, the four conductors or wires in the cross section of the star quad are arranged at the corners of a square, the conductors or wires of a pair being arranged at diagonally opposite corners. As a result of the mutually perpendicular conductor pairs or wire pairs, there is a desired high crosstalk attenuation from one pair to the other pair or there is only very low crosstalk from one pair to the other pair. By the expression "conductor pairs or wire pairs standing perpendicular to one another" it is meant that, seen in the cross section of the cable, a first straight line which runs through the center points of the conductors or wires of a pair is perpendicular to a second straight line which passes through the center points of the The other pair's conductor or wires run.

pamphlet US 2010/307790 A1 relates to a cable with at least one pair of core conductors, each of which is formed from a conductor and a dielectric surrounding this conductor. The surrounding dielectric is formed in two parts with an inner dielectric and an outer dielectric. pamphlet US 2010/307790 A1 deals with the problem that the dielectrics of the two conductors should be colored differently. This is according to US 2010/307790 A1 problematic because the introduction of different color pigments into the respective dielectric results in different permittivities for the dielectrics. The core conductors are all identical and differ only in the color (" hue ") of the outer dielectric. pamphlet US 2010/307790 A1 explicitly teaches that different permittivity of the dielectrics of different core conductors must be minimized. This is achieved in that the color pigments, which produce an undesired change in the permittivity, are only introduced into the thin outer dielectric, in order to minimize differences in the permittivity. Differences in the permittivity of the dielectrics of core conductors of a pair of up to 0.05 are to be accepted in order to be able to implement desired color selections.

pamphlet JP H11 25765 A deals with the problem of different signal propagation times on different stranded wire pairs, if for different ones Wire pairs of different stranding lengths are formed. Runtime differences between stranded wire pairs with different stranding lengths are reduced in that the permittivity for the dielectric is chosen to be 0.1 or more greater for a wire pair with the greatest stranding length compared to a wire pair with the smallest stranding length in a cable with several stranded wire pairs becomes. This is said to improve the attenuation of the near-end crosstalk (crosstalk at the end of the cable at which the signal is fed in), since different stranding lengths can be maintained.

The invention has for its object a cable of the above. Kind of improving the crosstalk between two lines.

This object is achieved by a cable of the above. Kind with the features characterized in claim 1 solved. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are described in the further claims.

For this it is with a cable of the above. Art provided according to the invention that the cable is a star quad cable with M = 2 and N = 2, in which the four wires of the two lines are twisted together in a cross shape.

The dielectrics of the wires of one line show a | k (s) | compared to the wires of another line between 0.01 to 2.0 different value for the relative permittivity ε _{r of} the respective dielectric surrounding the wires. This results in different speeds of propagation for electrical signals on these lines with different dielectrics around the wires. For example, the value for k (s) is different for different values for s ( k (1) ≠ k (2) ... ≠ k ( N - j )) , but alternatively the values for k (s) can be different for some or all values for s should also be identical ( k (1) = k (2) = ... = k ( N - j )) . The values of k (s) can also be identical for several subsets of values for s in the range from 1 to (Nj), so that, for example, there are three or more identical values for k (s) within a cable (if N is greater than or equal to) 4), the values for k (s) being different for different subsets.

This has the advantage that, surprisingly, the different propagation speed of the electrical signals in the two lines with a different value of the permittivity of the dielectric of the respective wires results in less crosstalk of signals from one line into the other line.

A different value for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the dielectric of the wires of different lines with a value | k | of approximately 0.3 can be achieved in a particularly simple and cost-effective manner in that the dielectric of the wires of at least one line made of polypropylene (PP; ε _r ≈ 2.1) and the dielectric of the wires of at least one other line made of polyethylene (PE, ε _r ≈ 2.4) is produced.

A value that deviates in total for the relative permittivity ε _{r of} the dielectric of the wires of a line with a targeted setting of a value for k for the deviation of the value for the relative permittivity ε _{r of} the dielectric of the wires of another line can be achieved in a simple manner in that the dielectric of the wires of at least one line is made up of a concentric layer structure of two or more dielectric materials with different values for the relative permittivity ε _r .

A particularly advantageous setting of the value for the relative permittivity ε _{r of} the dielectric of the wires of a line with high effectiveness is achieved in that with the wires of at least one line there is a space between the wires of this line and the outer jacket facing the wires of this line with a additional dielectric material is filled, which has a different value for the relative permittivity ε _r than the dielectric surrounding the wires of this line. The filling dielectric is in the area of high field strength densities and is therefore particularly effective.

An alternative possibility of changing the relative permittivity ε _{r of} the wires of individual lines without having to change the mechanical structure of the individual wires for this purpose is achieved by coating on an inside of the outer jacket which faces the wires of a line an additional dielectric is provided, which has a value for the relative permittivity ε _r that differs from the dielectric surrounding the wires of this line.

A particularly strong influence on the resulting relative permittivity ε _r for individual cores is achieved in that the additional dielectric is constructed as a layer sequence of dielectric materials with different values for the relative permittivity ε _r .

A high effect of the dielectric is achieved in that the dielectric of at least one wire is arranged in a space between the wire and the outer sheath in such a way that the cross section of the cable is parabolically delimited from the adjacent wires. As a result, the dielectric fills a room with a high field line density.

The following is preferred for possible value ranges of k (s): k ( s ) ∈ [ -u, -w ] and k ( s ) ∈ [ w, u ] , where w = 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 , 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 or 1.6 and u = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 or 1.8 and | w | <| u | is. For example 0.01 <k (s) <1.0; 0.03 <k (s) <0.3 or 0.1 <k (s) <0.2.

Additional electromagnetic shielding is achieved by additionally providing a shield jacket made of an electrically conductive material, within which the lines are arranged. This shielding jacket is arranged, for example, radially outside or inside the outer jacket or integrated in the outer jacket.

Fig. 1

eine erste bevorzugte Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Kabels in perspektivischer Schnittansicht;

Fig. 2

ein erfindungsgemäßes Kabel als Vier-Tor.;

Fig. 3

eine graphische Darstellung der rechnerischen Ermittlung des Übersprechens eines elektrischen Signals von einer Leitung in eine andere Leitung mit verschiedenen Werten für k(s) auf Basis eines Kabelmodells;

Fig. 4

eine zweite bevorzugte Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Kabels in Schnittansicht;

Fig. 5

eine dritte bevorzugte Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Kabels in Schnittansicht;

Fig. 6

eine vierte bevorzugte Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Kabels in Schnittansicht;

Fig. 7

eine fünfte bevorzugte Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Kabels in Schnittansicht und

Fig. 8

eine sechste bevorzugte Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Kabels in Schnittansicht.

The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing. This shows in

Fig. 1

a first preferred embodiment of a cable according to the invention in a perspective sectional view;

Fig. 2

an inventive cable as a four-gate .;

Fig. 3

a graphical representation of the computational determination of the crosstalk of an electrical signal from one line to another line with different values for k (s) based on a cable model;

Fig. 4

a second preferred embodiment of a cable according to the invention in sectional view;

Fig. 5

a third preferred embodiment of a cable according to the invention in sectional view;

Fig. 6

a fourth preferred embodiment of a cable according to the invention in sectional view;

Fig. 7

a fifth preferred embodiment of a cable according to the invention in sectional view and

Fig. 8

a sixth preferred embodiment of a cable according to the invention in sectional view.

In the case of signal transmission in multi-conductor cables or cables with multiple cores, signal transmission with differential pairs of lines or differential conductor pairs is preferably used for fast data transmission. A typical cable for such an application is the star quad cable.

angeordnet, wobei jede Leitung n mit n ∈ [1,N] insgesamt M Adern aus einem elektrisch leitfähigen Werkstoff mit M ≥ 1 und $M\in \mathbb{N},$

aufweist. Die Ader m mit m ∈ [1,M], $m\in \mathbb{N}$

der Leitung n mit n ∈ [1,N], $n\in \mathbb{N}$

ist von einem Dielektrikum mit einem vorbestimmten Wert für die relative Permittivität ε_r(m,n) > 1 umgeben. Hierbei ist es bevorzugt, dass die Dielektrikas der verschiedenen Adern mit unterschiedlichen Farben ausgeführt sind, so dass man die Adern an jedem Ende des Kabels eineindeutig identifizieren kann. Die M Adern einer Leitung n sind dabei jeweils von einem Dielektrikum umgeben, wobei alle Dielektrikas der M Adern einer Leitung n einen im Wesentlichen identischen Wert für die relative Permittivität ε_r(m,n) mit m = 1, ... M aufweisen sollen. Durch herstellungsbedingte Abweichungen und auch durch die Einfärbung ergeben sich jedoch für die Werte der relativen Permittivität ε_r(m,n) der Dielektrikas der M Adern einer Leitung n etwas unterschiedliche Werte. Diese Abweichungen bewegen sich üblicherweise im Bereich von 5/1000 und sind eigentlich unerwünscht, jedoch unvermeidlich.In general, a cable for electrical signal transmission has a tubular outer jacket made of an electrically insulating material. Furthermore, for example, a shield jacket made of an electrically conductive material is provided, which is coaxially surrounded by the outer jacket. Alternatively, the shield jacket is integrated in the outer jacket. Radially inside the shield jacket are N lines with N ≥ 2 and $N\in \mathbb{N}$

arranged, each line n with n ∈ [1 , N ] a total of M wires made of an electrically conductive material with M ≥ 1 and $M\in \mathbb{N}.$

having. The vein m with m ∈ [1, M ], $m\in \mathbb{N}$

the line n with n ∈ [1 , N ], $n\in \mathbb{N}$

is of a dielectric with a predetermined value for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n)> 1 surrounded. It is preferred here that the dielectrics of the different wires are designed with different colors, so that the wires can be uniquely identified at each end of the cable. The M wires of a line n are each surrounded by a dielectric, with all dielectrics of the M wires of a line n having an essentially identical value for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) with m = 1,... M , Due to manufacturing-related deviations and also due to the coloring, the values for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the dielectrics of the M wires of a line n are somewhat different values. These deviations typically range from 5/1000 and are actually undesirable but inevitable.

und q ∈ [1,M - p], $q\in \mathbb{N}$

ist. Mit anderen Worten läuft der Laufindex p von 1 bis (M-1) und ist eine ganze Zahl größer Null und der Laufindex q läuft von 1 bis (M-p) und ist eine ganze Zahl größer Null. Dies ergibt jeweils für jede Leitung n mit n = 1 bis N:

In other words, the value of the relative permittivity ε _{r of} the dielectrics of the M wires of this line n should be identical for each line n, except for manufacturing-related deviations, so that ε _r (p, n) = ε _r (p + q, n) , where p ∈ [1, M - 1], $p\in \mathbb{N}$

and q ∈ [1 , M - p ], $q\in \mathbb{N}$

is. In other words, the running index p runs from 1 to (M-1) and is an integer greater than zero and the running index q runs from 1 to (Mp) and is an integer greater than zero. For each line this results in n with n = 1 to N:

j ∈ [1,N - 1], $j\in \mathbb{N},$

s ∈ [1,N - j], $s\in \mathbb{N},$

wobei $k\left(s\right)\in ℝ$

und k(s) ∈ [-2.0, -0,01] und k(s) ∈ [0.01,2.0], bzw. der Index m-für die Ader läuft von 1 bis M und ist eine ganze Zahl größer Null, der Index j für die Leitung j läuft von 1 bis (N-1) und ist eine ganze Zahl größer Null, der Index s für die Leitung (j+s) läuft von 1 bis (N-j) und ist eine ganze Zahl größer Null. Ausgeschrieben ergibt sich beispielsweise für die Leitungen 1 und 2 (j = 1; s = 1) für die M Adern mit m = 1 bis M:

It is provided according to the invention that the value for the relative permittivity ε _{r of} the dielectrics of the total M cores of a line j deviates by a value k (s) from a value for the relative permittivity ε _{r of} the dielectrics of the M cores of at least one other line (j + s), for example the line (j + 1). For at least two different lines, ε _r (m, j) = ε _r (m, j + s) - k (s) with m ∈ [1 , M ] , $m\in \mathbb{N}.$

j ∈ [1, N - 1] , $j\in \mathbb{N}.$

s ∈ [1 , N - j ] , $s\in \mathbb{N}.$

in which $k\left(s\right)\in ℝ$

and k ( s ) ∈ [-2.0, -0.01] and k ( s ) ∈ [0.01.2.0], or the index m- for the wire runs from 1 to M and is an integer greater than zero, the Index j for line j runs from 1 to (N-1) and is an integer greater than zero, the index s for line (j + s) runs from 1 to (Nj) and is an integer greater than zero. The following is written out for lines 1 and 2 (j = 1; s = 1) for the M wires with m = 1 to M:

The value k (1) is a number whose amount | k (1) | is greater than the above-mentioned undesired deviation of, for example, 5/1000 between the values of relative permittivities ε _r which are said to be essentially identical. At the same time, the value of k (s) for two other lines (different value for s) can be different or identical. Preferred values for | k (s) | are, for example, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0.

Fig. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment for a cable 10 according to the invention with N = 2 and M = 2 in the form of a star-quad arrangement, the four wires of the two lines being stranded together in a cross shape. The cable 10 has an outer jacket 12 made of an electrically insulating material, a shield jacket 14 made of an electrically conductive material and a first wire 16 made of an electrically conductive material of a first line (m = 1, n = 1), a second wire 18 made of one electrically conductive material of the first line (m = 2, n = 1), a first wire 20 made of an electrically conductive material of a second line (m = 1, n = 2) and a second wire 22 made of an electrically conductive material of the second line (m = 2, n = 2). The first wire 16 (m = 1) of the first line (n = 1) is encased by a first dielectric 24 with a relative permittivity ε _r (1,1), the numbers in parentheses here and below after the expression "ε _r "Represent indices, here the indices m and n. The second wire 18 (m = 2) of the first line (n = 1) is encased by a second dielectric 26 with a relative permittivity ε _r (2,1). The first wire 20 (m = 1) of the second line (n = 2) is sheathed by a third dielectric 28 with a relative permittivity ε _r (1,2). The second Core 22 (m = 2) of the second line (n = 2) is sheathed by a fourth dielectric 30 with a relative permittivity ε _r (2.2).

The wires 16, 18 thus form a first pair of conductors or the first line and the wires 20, 22 form a second pair of conductors or the second line.

When viewed in cross section of the cable, a first straight line 32 runs through the centers of the wires 16 and 18 of the first line and a second straight line 34 runs through the centers of the wires 20, 22 of the second line. The two straight lines 32, 34 are at each location in a sectional plane parallel to the representation or the drawing plane in FIG Fig. 1 perpendicular to each other.

Each wire 16, 18, 20, 22 forms a conductor with the associated dielectric 24, 26, 28, 30. The conductors 16/24, 18/26, 20/28, 22/30 are twisted or twisted together in a cross shape in the axial direction in such a way that the known star-quad arrangement results. The conductors 16/24, 18/26, 20/28, 22/30 are stranded together around a central core 36.

und $$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{m}=1:{\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{1,1}\right)={\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{1,2}\right)-\mathrm{k}\left(1\right)\\ \mathrm{m}=2:{\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,1}\right)={\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,2}\right)-\mathrm{k}\left(1\right)\end{array}$$

For this example of the star quad cable (M = 2, N = 2), the above equations for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the dielectrics 24, 26, 28, 30 of the wires 16, 18, 20, 22 are also m = 1, 2 and n = 1, 2 and j = 1 and s = 1 as follows: $$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{n}=1:{\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.1\right)={\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.1\right)\\ \mathrm{n}=2:{\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.2\right)={\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.2\right)\end{array}$$

and $$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{m}=1:{\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.1\right)={\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.2\right)-\mathrm{k}\left(1\right)\\ \mathrm{m}=2:{\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.1\right)={\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.2\right)-\mathrm{k}\left(1\right)\end{array}$$

Fig. 2 shows the star quad cable as a 4-port with a first end 38 and a second end 40. The first line with the wires 16, 18 and the dielectrics 24, 26 ( Fig. 1 ) forms a first differential gate 42 at the first end 38 and a third differential gate 46 at the second end. The second line with the wires 20, 22 and the dielectrics 28, 30 ( Fig. 1 ) forms a second differential gate 44 at the first end 38 and a fourth differential gate 48 at the second end.

If a shaft is now fed in at the first end 38 at the first gate 42 of the first line with the wires 16, 18, part of the shaft can be measured at the second, third and fourth gates 44, 46, 48. The wave component measurable at the third gate 46 is a transmission. The part of the wave measurable at the second gate 44 is a so-called "crosstalk" at the near end 38 "NEXT" (Near End Crosstalk) i.e. it is a crosstalk from the first line with the wires 16, 18 to the second line with the wires 20, 22 which is reflected back to the first end 38. The shaft component that can be measured at the fourth gate is a so-called "crosstalk" at the far end 40 "FEXT" (Far End Crosstalk) i.e. it is a crosstalk from the first line with the wires 16, 18 to the second line with the wires 20, 22 which is transmitted to the second end 40. This "FEXT" is an undesirable effect that should be avoided. Accordingly, reducing this wave portion "FEXT" at the second end 40 improves the transmission properties of the cable 10.

In order to check whether the difference in the relative permittivities ε _r (m, n) brings an improvement with respect to the FEXT, this FEXT was calculated with a cable model for a star quad cable designed according to the invention, as described above. The result is in Fig. 3 shown. In Fig. 3 50 denotes a vertical axis on which the FEXT is plotted in [dB]. 52 denotes a horizontal axis on which a frequency f of the input signal at the first gate 42 ( Fig. 2 ) is plotted in [MHz].

A first graph 54 shows the course of the FEXT over the frequency with a conventional star quad cable, as it was actually measured.

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,1}\right)=2.240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{1,2}\right)=2.235$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,2}\right)=2.240$$

A second graph 56 shows the course of the FEXT over the frequency in the case of a conventional star quad cable, as was calculated from the cable model with k (1) = 0. The following values for the relative permittivities ε _r (m, n) of the dielectrics 24, 26, 28, 30 were assumed for the calculation using the cable model: $${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.1\right)=2235$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.1\right)=2240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.2\right)=2235$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.2\right)=2240$$

For the relative permittivities ε _r (m, n) of the dielectrics 24, 26, 28. 30, a spread of the values due to inaccuracies in the manufacture and influences of the coloring of the dielectrics with a deviation of 5/1000 was assumed. The course of the second graph 56 close to the first graph 54 confirms that the cable model is usable.

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,1}\right)=2.240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{1,2}\right)=2.135$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,2}\right)=2.140$$

A third graph 58 shows the course of the FEXT over the frequency in a star quad cable according to the invention, as was calculated from the cable model with k (1) = 0.1. The following values for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the dielectrics 24, 26, 28, 30 were assumed for the calculation using the cable model: $${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.1\right)=2235$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.1\right)=2240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.2\right)=2135$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.2\right)=2140$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,1}\right)=2.240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{1,2}\right)=1.935$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,2}\right)=1.940$$

A fourth graph 60 shows the course of the FEXT over the frequency in a star quad cable according to the invention, as was calculated from the cable model with k (1) = 0.3. The following values for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the dielectrics 24, 26, 28, 30 were assumed for the calculation using the cable model: $${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.1\right)=2235$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.1\right)=2240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.2\right)=1935$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.2\right)=1940$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,1}\right)=2.240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{1,2}\right)=1.735$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,2}\right)=1.740$$

A fifth graph 62 shows the course of the FEXT over the frequency in the case of a star quad cable according to the invention, as was calculated from the cable model with k (1) = 0.5. The following values for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the dielectrics 24, 26, 28, 30 were assumed for the calculation using the cable model: $${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.1\right)=2235$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.1\right)=2240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.2\right)=1735$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.2\right)=1740$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,1}\right)=2.240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{1,2}\right)=1.535$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,2}\right)=1.540$$

A sixth graph 64 shows the course of the FEXT over the frequency in a star quad cable according to the invention, as was calculated from the cable model with k (1) = 0.7. The following values for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the dielectrics 24, 26, 28, 30 were assumed for the calculation using the cable model: $${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.1\right)=2235$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.1\right)=2240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.2\right)=1535$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.2\right)=1540$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,1}\right)=2.240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{1,2}\right)=1.335$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{2,2}\right)=1.340$$

A seventh graph 66 shows the course of the FEXT over the frequency in a star quad cable according to the invention, as was calculated from the cable model with k (1) = 0.9. The following values for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the dielectrics 24, 26, 28, 30 were assumed for the calculation using the cable model: $${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.1\right)=2235$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.1\right)=2240$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(1.2\right)=1335$$

$${\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(2.2\right)=1340$$

The more the nominal value of the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) deviates from one another between the two lines, the less the crosstalk (FEXT) into the other line. Thus, surprisingly, the transmission property of the cable 10 can be improved by a difference k (s) of the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the dielectrics 24, 26, 28, 30 without an additional shield sheath for each individual conductor pair 16, 18 and 20, 22 is necessary.

Fig. 4 shows a second preferred embodiment of a cable 10 according to the invention, parts having the same function having the same reference numerals as in FIG Fig. 1 , are referred to, so that to explain them refer to the above description of the Fig. 1 is referred. In Fig. 4 show different hatching or fillings of the dielectrics 24, 26, 28, 30 different values for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n). An outer jacket is in Fig. 4 not shown. It can thus be seen that the dielectrics 24, 26, 28, 30 are basically designed with the same value for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n), but the dielectrics 24 and 26 are in two parts, each with two materials with different relative permittivity ε _r built up. A first material with the same relative permittivity ε _r as the dielectrics 28 and 30 encases the wire 16, 18, but in addition there is a second material 70 with a different value for the relative permittivity ε _r radially between the wire 16, 18 and the first material, so that the dielectrics 24, 26 effectively have a different value for the relative permittivity ε _r than the dielectrics 28 and 30. The first and second dielectric materials are arranged concentrically to one another and to the respective wires 16, 18.

Fig. 5 shows a third preferred embodiment of a cable 10 according to the invention, parts having the same function having the same reference numerals as in FIG Fig. 1 and 4 , are referred to, so that to explain them refer to the above description of the Fig. 1 and 4 is referred. In Fig. 5 different hatches or fillings show different values for the relative permittivity ε _r . An outer jacket is in Fig. 5 not shown. In this embodiment, the wires 16, 18, 20, 22 are surrounded by an identical dielectric, so that their relative permittivity ε _r is essentially identical. However, a respective intermediate space between the conductors 16/24, 18/26, 20/28 and 22/30 and the shield jacket 14 is additionally filled with a further first dielectric 72 and a further second dielectric 74, each of which is provided by the dielectrics 24, 26 , 28, 30 and other values for the relative permittivity ε _r . In this way, the effective value for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the line with wires 16, 18 differs from that for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the line with wires 20, 22. The filling with the further first and second dielectrics 72 and 74 is such that in cross-section they fill an area which is parabolic from the respectively adjacent conductors 16/24, 18/26, 20/28 and 22/30 is delimited. In this way, the other dielectrics 72 and 74 are located precisely in areas with an increased field line density and thus have a great effect.

Fig. 6 shows a fourth preferred embodiment of a cable 10 according to the invention, parts with the same function having the same reference numerals as in FIG Fig. 1 . 4 and 5 , are referred to, so that to explain them refer to the above description of the Fig. 1 . 4 and 5 is referred. In Fig. 6 different hatches or fillings show different values for the relative permittivity ε _r . An outer jacket is in Fig. 6 not shown. In this embodiment, the wires 16, 18, 20, 22 are surrounded by an identical dielectric 24, 26, 28, 30, so that their relative permittivity ε _r is essentially identical. The additional dielectrics 72 and 74 are arranged on the inside of the shielding jacket 14 and in each case in such a way that they are each located between a dielectric 24, 26, 28, 30 of the wires 16, 18, 20, 22 and the shielding jacket 14. In this way, the effective value for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the line with wires 16, 18 differs from that for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the line with wires 20, 22.

Fig. 7 shows a fifth preferred embodiment of a cable 10 according to the invention, parts having the same function having the same reference numerals as in FIG Fig. 1 . 4 . 5 and 6 , are referred to, so that to explain them refer to the above description of the Fig. 1 . 4 . 5 and 6 is referred. In Fig. 7 different hatches or fillings show different values for the relative permittivity ε _r . An outer jacket is in Fig. 7 not shown. In this embodiment, the wires 16, 18, 20, 22 are surrounded by an identical dielectric 24, 26, 28, 30, so that their relative permittivity ε _r is essentially identical. The additional dielectrics 72 and 74 are arranged on the inside of the shielding jacket 14 and in each case in such a way that they are each located between a dielectric 24, 26, 28, 30 of the wires 16, 18, 20, 22 and the shielding jacket 14. In contrast to the fourth embodiment according to Fig. 6 the additional dielectrics 72 and 74 are built up in layers with the further dielectric 70. In this way, the effective value for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the line with wires 16, 18 differs from that for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the line with wires 20, 22.

Fig. 8 shows a sixth preferred embodiment of a cable 10 according to the invention, parts having the same function having the same reference numerals as in FIG Fig. 1 . 4 . 5 . 6 and 7 , are referred to, so that to explain them refer to the above description of the Fig. 1 . 4 . 5 . 6 and 7 is referred. In Fig. 8 different hatches or fillings show different values for the relative permittivity ε _r . An outer jacket is in Fig. 8 not shown. In this embodiment, the wires 16, 18, 20, 22 are exclusively surrounded by the further dielectric 72 to 74 and the dielectric 72, 74 extends in each case analogously to the second embodiment in accordance with Fig. 4 from the wires 16, 18, 20, 22 to the shield jacket 14 and in each case fills a space which is delimited with a parabolic cross section. In this way, the effective values for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the line with wires 16, 18 differ from that for the relative permittivity ε _r (m, n) of the line with wires 20, 22 and the dielectrics 72, 74 fill exactly that space within the shield jacket 14 in which the highest field line density occurs.

Claims (11)

1. Cable (10) for transmitting electrical signals with an outer sheath (12) made of an electrically insulating material and at least N lines n with N ≥ 2 and $N\in \mathbb{N}$

   

   which are arranged within the outer sheath (12), wherein each line n with n ∈ [1,N] comprises a total of M wires (16, 18, 20, 22) made of an electrically conductive material with M ≥ 1 and $M\in \mathbb{N},$

   

   wherein the wire m (16, 18, 20, 22) with m ∈ [1,M], $m\in \mathbb{N}$

   

   of the line n with n ∈ [1,N], $n\in \mathbb{N}$

   

   is surrounded by a dielectric (24, 26, 28, 30) with a predetermined value for the relative permittivity ε_r(m,n) > 1, wherein for each line n the value for the relative permittivity of the dielectric (24, 26, 28, 30) of the wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of this line n is identical, except for deviations resulting from the manufacturing process, so that ε_r(p,n) = ε_r(p+q,n), wherein q ∈ [1,M - p], $q\in \mathbb{N},$

   

   p ∈ [1,M - 1], $p\in \mathbb{N},$

   

   wherein, for at least two different lines n = j and n = j and n = (j+s): ε_r(m,j) = ε_r (m,j+s) - k(s) with m ∈ [1,M], $m\in \mathbb{N},$

   

   j ∈ [1,N - 1], $j\in \mathbb{N},$

   

   s ∈ [1,N - j], $s\in \mathbb{N},$

   

   wherein $k\left(s\right)\in ℝ$

   

   and k(s) ∈ [-2,0,-0.01] and k(s) ∈ [0.01,2.0],
   characterised in that the cable (10) is a star quad cable with M = 2 and N = 2, wherein the four wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of the two lines are twisted with one another in a cruciform manner.
2. Cable (10) according to claim 1, characterised in that the dielectric (24, 26, 28, 30) of the wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of at least one line is made of the material polypropylene (PP) and the dielectric (24, 26, 28, 30) of the wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of at least one other line is made of the material polyethylene (PE).
3. Cable (10) according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the dielectric (24, 26, 28, 30) of the wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of at least one line is structured as a concentric layered structure of two or more dielectric materials (70) with different values for the relative permittivity ε_r.
4. Cable (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that in the case of the wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of at least one line a space between the wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of this line and the outer sheath (12) facing the wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of this line is filled with a dielectric material (72, 74) which has a different value for the relative permittivity ε_r than the dielectric (24, 26, 28, 30) surrounding the wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of this line.
5. Cable (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that a coating with an additional dielectric (70, 72, 74) is provided on an inner side of the outer sheath (12) which faces the wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of a line, said coating having a different value for the relative permittivity ε_r than the dielectric (24, 26, 28, 30) surrounding the wires (16, 18, 20, 22) of this line.
6. Cable (10) according to claim 5, characterised in that the additional dielectric is structured as a sequence of layers of dielectric materials (70, 72, 74) with in each case different values for the relative permittivity ε_r.
7. Cable (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the dielectric (24, 26, 28, 30) of at least one wire (16, 18, 20, 22) is arranged in a space between the wire (16, 18, 20, 22) and the outer sheath (12) such that, within the cross section of the cable (10), this space is delimited parabolically from the adjacant wires (16, 18, 20, 22).
8. Cable (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that k ∈ [-u,-w] and k ∈ [w,u], where w = 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 or 1.6 and u = 0.03, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 or 1.8 and lwl<lu|.
9. Cable (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that, in addition, a shield sheath (14) made of an electrically conductive material is provided within which the lines are arranged.
10. Cable (10) according to claim 9, characterised in that the shield sheath (14) is arranged radially outside of or within the outer sheath (12).
11. Cable (10) according to claim 9, characterised in that the shield sheath (14) is integrated in the outer sheath (12).

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