EP3109397A1

EP3109397A1 - A downhole expandable tubular

Info

Publication number: EP3109397A1
Application number: EP15173632.9A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Ricardo Reves Vasques; Dean Richard Massey
Original assignee: Welltec AS
Current assignee: Welltec AS
Priority date: 2015-06-24
Filing date: 2015-06-24
Publication date: 2016-12-28

Abstract

The present invention relates to a downhole expandable tubular to be expanded in a well downhole from a first outer diameter to a second outer diameter to abut against an inner face of a casing or borehole, the downhole expandable tubular having an axial extension, a first end section and a second end section, and an intermediate section between the first end section and the second end section, wherein the downhole expandable tubular is made from one metal tubular blank of one metal material, the metal material of the end sections having a higher yield strength than the metal material of the intermediate section. The present invention furthermore relates to an annular barrier to be expanded in an annulus, to a downhole completion system and to a manufacturing method for the manufacture of the downhole expandable tubular according to the present invention.

Description

Field of the invention

The present invention relates to a downhole expandable tubular to be expanded in a well downhole. The present invention furthermore relates to an annular barrier to be expanded in an annulus, to a downhole completion system and to a manufacturing method for the manufacture of the downhole expandable tubular according to the present invention.

Background art

In some completions, annular barriers are often used for providing zone isolation, i.e. isolation of production zones from non-producing zones. The annular barriers are mounted as part of the well tubular structure and an expandable sleeve of the annular barrier is arranged around the well tubular structure and is expanded to provide the zone isolation. In some wells, the annular space surrounding the annular barrier is so limited that the expandable sleeve cannot be mounted by means of connection sleeve parts surrounding the expandable sleeve to fasten the expandable sleeve to the base pipe. A mere welding of the ends of the expandable sleeve to the base pipe does not suffice, since tests have shown that there is a risk that the expandable sleeve will rupture or depart from the base pipe. This is due to the fact that the connection sleeve parts prevent free expansion of the expandable sleeve and thus limit the risk of the expandable sleeve rupturing during expansion.

Summary of the invention

It is an object of the present invention to wholly or partly overcome the above disadvantages and drawbacks of the prior art. More specifically, it is an object to provide an improved expandable tubular which can be expanded without rupturing and without the use of parts preventing free expansion.
A further object is to provide an improved annular barrier which has a limited outer diameter without decreasing the expansion ability of the expandable tubular of the annular barrier.
The above objects, together with numerous other objects, advantages and features, which will become evident from the below description, are accomplished by a solution in accordance with the present invention by a downhole expandable tubular to be expanded in a well downhole from a first outer diameter to a second outer diameter to abut against an inner face of a casing or borehole, the downhole expandable tubular having an axial extension, a first end section and a second end section, and an intermediate section between the first end section and the second end section,
wherein the downhole expandable tubular is made from one metal tubular blank of one metal material, the metal material of the end sections having a higher yield strength than the metal material of the intermediate section.
The metal material of the end sections may have a higher yield strength than the metal material of the intermediate section after metalworking of the end sections and/or the intermediate section.
Further, metalworking may be performed by means of one of the following processes: cold-working, heat treating, annealing, induction annealing or any combination thereof.
Moreover, the end sections may be cold-worked or the intermediate section may be heat-treated, annealed or induction-annealed.
The end sections may be metalworked so that the metal material of the end sections has a higher yield strength than the metal material of the intermediate section.
Also, the yield strength of the metal material of the end sections may be at least 25% higher than the yield strength of the material of the intermediate section, preferably at least 40% higher than the yield strength of the material of the intermediate section, and more preferably at least 50% higher than the yield strength of the material of the intermediate section.
Furthermore, the downhole expandable tubular may subsequently be machined, providing the downhole expandable tubular with at least one groove.
Said machining may be performed by milling, cutting or grinding or latheing.
Moreover, the yield strength of the metal material of the end sections may be at least 350 MPa at room temperature.
Additionally, the metal tubular blank may be cast, or made by centrifugal or spin casting.
The end sections and the intermediate section may have substantially the same thickness along the axial extension.
Also, the metal tubular blank may be made from steel or stainless steel.
Further, the intermediate section may comprise subsections having a higher yield strength than the intermediate section.
The yield strength of the subsections may be lower than that of the end sections.
Moreover, the subsections may be distributed along the axial extension of the intermediate section with a predetermined distance between them.
Furthermore, the intermediate section may extend between the subsections so that the expandable tubular has varying yield strengths along the axial extension.
In addition, the metal tubular blank may have an inner diameter and an outer diameter, said blank being machined so as to increase the inner diameter and/or decrease the outer diameter.
Also, the downhole expandable tubular may have a length and the downhole expandable tubular may be machined along the entire length.
The downhole expandable tubular may comprise several projections and/or at least one groove.
Additionally, a sealing element may be arranged between two adjacent projections or in the groove.
Said sealing element may be made of an elastomer, rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or another polymer.
Moreover, a ring-shaped retaining element may be arranged between two adjacent projections or in the groove for pressing the sealing element in the axial extension towards an edge of the projection or groove.
The ring-shaped retaining element may be a split ring.
Furthermore, a back-up element may be arranged between the ring-shaped retaining element and the sealing element.
Further, the intermediate element may be made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polymer.
Also, the downhole expandable tubular may be a patch to be expanded within a casing or well tubular structure in a well, a liner hanger to be at least partly expanded within a casing or well tubular structure in a well, or a casing to be at least partly expanded within another casing.
In addition, the metal tubular blank may have an outer blank diameter which is larger than the first outer diameter.
Moreover, the metal tubular blank may have a blank thickness which is larger than a thickness of the expandable tubular when metalworking has been performed.
The present invention also relates to an annular barrier to be expanded in an annulus between a well tubular structure and an inside face of a casing or borehole downhole for providing zone isolation between a first zone and a second zone of the casing or borehole, the annular barrier having an axial extension and comprising:

a tubular part, the tubular part being a separate tubular part or a casing part for mounting as part of the well tubular structure,
a downhole expandable tubular according to any of the preceding claims, the expandable tubular surrounding the tubular part, each end section of the expandable tubular being connected with the tubular part and extending along the axial extension, and
an annular barrier space between the tubular part and the expandable tubular.

The annular barrier according to the present invention may comprise an expansion opening in the tubular part through which fluid may enter the space in order to expand the expandable tubular.
The tubular part may be made of metal.
Furthermore, the end sections of the downhole expandable tubular may be welded to the tubular part.
Hereby a slim design of the annular barrier is obtained, which facilitates submersions and renders the annular barrier capable of also fitting into smaller boreholes.
The end sections of the downhole expandable tubular may be shrinked onto the tubular part.
Also, the end sections of the downhole expandable tubular may be connected with the tubular part by means of connection parts. The connection parts may be configured to protect the downhole expandable tubular when it is being submerged.
The annular barrier as described above may further comprise at least one sealing element surrounding the downhole expandable tubular.
Moreover, a sleeve may be arranged between the downhole expandable tubular and the tubular part, the sleeve being connected with the tubular part and the downhole expandable tubular, thus dividing the space into a first space section and a second space section.
Further, the downhole expandable tubular may have an opening providing fluid communication between the first or the second zone and one of the space sections.
The projection may be a ring-shaped projection of an increased thickness in relation to other parts of the downhole expandable tubular, the ring-shaped projection providing an enforcement of the annular barrier when the annular barrier is expanded.
The present invention also relates to a downhole completion system comprising

a well tubular structure, and
an annular barrier as described above.

The tubular part of the annular barrier may be mounted as part of the well tubular structure.
Also, the completion system may comprise a plurality of annular barriers.
The present invention furthermore relates to a manufacturing method for the manufacture of the downhole expandable tubular according to the present invention, comprising the steps of:

providing a metal tubular blank made of a metal material, and
metalworking the end sections or the intermediate section so that the metal meterial of the end sections has a higer yield strength than the metal material of the intermediate section.

In the manufacturing method as described above, the step of metalworking may comprise the steps of cold-working the intermediate section to a thickness which is smaller than that of the end sections, heat treating the intermediate section and cold-working the end sections.
Furthermore, the step of metalworking may comprise the steps of cold-working the intermediate section and the end sections and heat treating the intermediate section.
The heat treatment of the intermediate section may be performed by annealing, e.g. induction annealing.
The method as described above may further comprise the step of machining the downhole expandable tubular, providing it with at least one circumferential projection or groove.

Brief description of the drawings

The invention and its many advantages will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings, which for the purpose of illustration show some non-limiting embodiments and in which

Fig. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a downhole expandable tubular,
Fig. 2 shows a metal tubular blank seen from one end,
Fig. 3 shows part of a lathe machine machining a metal tubular blank,
Fig. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a machined downhole expandable tubular,
Fig. 5 shows a downhole completion system having an annular barrier with a downhole expandable tubular,
Fig. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of an annular barrier comprising a downhole expandable tubular,
Fig. 7 shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of a downhole expandable tubular having a sealing element and two retainer elements,
Fig. 8 shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of a downhole expandable tubular having an intermediate element between a sealing element and two retainer elements,
Fig. 9 shows a cross-sectional view of another downhole expandable tubular in its unexpanded condition,
Fig. 10 shows a cross-sectional view of the downhole expandable tubular of Fig. 9 in its expanded condition,
Fig. 11 shows another annular barrier having an intermediate sleeve for equalising the pressure across the downhole expandable tubular, and
Fig. 12 shows a cross-sectional view of another annular barrier comprising a downhole expandable tubular.

All the figures are highly schematic and not necessarily to scale, and they show only those parts which are necessary in order to elucidate the invention, other parts being omitted or merely suggested.

Detailed description of the invention

Fig. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a downhole expandable tubular 1 to be at least partly expanded in a well 2 (as shown in Fig. 5) downhole from a first outer diameter D₁ to a second outer diameter D₂ (shown in Figs. 6 and 12) to abut against an inner face of a casing or borehole. The downhole expandable tubular has an axial extension 22, and along the axial extention the downhole expandable tubular has a first end section 31 and a second end section 32, and an intermediate section 33 between the first end section and the second end section. The downhole expandable tubular 1 is made from one metal tubular blank 6 (shown in Fig. 2) of one metal material. The metal material of the blank has the same properties through-out the metal tubular blank. The metal material of the end sections 31, 32 has a higher yield strength than the metal material of the intermediate section after after metalworking of the end sections 31, 32 and/or the intermediate section 33, so that when expanded, the end sections are more reluctant to expand.
When using the downhole expandable tubular 1 as an expandable sleeve 1 of an annular barrier (shown in Fig. 6), connection parts 30 (shown in Fig. 12) connecting the expandable sleeve to the tubular part or base pipe and controlling the expansion of the ends of the expandable sleeve are no longer required, since the restriction in expansion is thus incorporated in the end sections of the downhole expandable tubular in the form of the expandable sleeve. This is due to the fact that the end sections have a higher yield strength than the intermediate section, so the end sections restrict and control the expansion at the ends, while the intermediate section of the expandable sleeve/downhole expandable tubular 1 is not restricted during expansion and can therefore comply with the requested expansion ratio. The ends of the downhole expandable tubular 1 can therefore be fastened by a simple welded connection 39 (shown in Fig. 6) to the tubular part of the annular barrier and the end sections having a higher yield strength thus prevents these ends from departing from the tubular part and destroying the welded connection. Such simple design with welded ends is especially useful when manufacturing an annular barrier having a small outer diameter, since the connection parts take up more space than the downhole expandable tubular 1 which is welded directly to the tubular part.
The metalworking is performed by means of one of the following processes: cold-working, heat treating, annealing, induction annealing or any combination thereof. To obtain end sections having a higher yield strength than the intermediate section, the end sections are cold-worked and/or the intermediate section is heat-treated, annealed or induction-annealed. Thus, the end sections may be metalworked so that the metal material of the end sections has a higher yield strength than the metal material of the intermediate section. The yield strength of the metal material of the end sections is at least 25% higher than the yield strength of the material of the intermediate section, preferably at least 40% higher than the yield strength of the material of the intermediate section, and more preferably at least 50% higher than the yield strength of the material of the intermediate section. The yield strength of the metal material of the end sections is at least 350 MPa at room temperature.
The metal tubular blank may be cast, such as made by spin or centrifugal casting. As the material cools down or is quenched, the metal tubular blank is formed as shown from one end in Fig. 2. Impurities 18 in the material are located near the surface of the blank, and as the blank is machined and material is removed to form the downhole expandable tubular having projections as shown in Fig. 3, the impurities are also removed, leaving a tubular to have a very low content of impurities. This tubular made of a very uniform material or "pure" material with a low content of impurities is indicated with the dotted lines 19 in Fig. 2. The material with the low content of impurities has a higher ductility than the border material having a higher impurity content. The metal tubular blank may also be cold-worked or heat treated without the blank first being machined.
One way of obtaining a downhole expandable tubular with end sections having a higher yield strength is to cold-work the intermediate section of the metal tubular blank into a thickness which is smaller than that of the end sections, then heat treat the intermediate section, and subsequently cold-work the end sections into having a higher yield strength than the intermediate section.
Another way of obtaining a downhole expandable tubular with end sections having a higher yield strength is to cold-work the intermediate section and the end sections of the metal tubular blank into a thickness which is smaller than that of the blank, and then heat treat the intermediate section, e.g. by means of annealing or induction annealing, whereby the intermediate section obtains a lower yield strength than the end sections.
The yield strength along the axial extension of the downhole expandable tubular is thus controlled so as to match the need to control the radial expansion of e.g. an annular barrier providing isolation of a zone 103, such as a production zone 400 as shown in Fig. 5. In Fig. 5, two annular barriers 100 are used to isolate the production zone 400. A fracturing valve or section 600, also called a frac port, is arranged between the annular barriers, so that when the annular barriers have been expanded, the frac port 600 is opened and fluid is let into the formation for creating fractures in the formation to ease the flow of hydrocarbon-containing fluid, such as oil, into the well tubular structure. The fracturing valve or section 600 may also comprise an inlet section which may be the same as the frac port. A screen may be arranged so that the fluid is filtered before flowing into the casing. Both annular barriers have downhole expandable tubulars as expandable sleeves, which downhole expandable tubulars are connected to the tubular part of the annular barrier by means of a welded connection in each end. The annular barriers are expanded by pressurising the well tubular structure 4 and allowing the pressurised fluid to enter through expansion openings 23 in the tubular part and thus hydraulically expand the downhole expandable tubular. The end sections of the downhole expandable tubular 1 form the transition from a fully extended sleeve to the welded connection to the tubular part.
After processing the downhole expandable tubular with end sections having a higher yield strength by means of cold-working and/or heat treatment, the downhole expandable tubular may be machined, providing it with at least one circumferential projection or groove 8 as shown in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, the downhole expandable tubular 1 has six projections 7 and two grooves 8, and the blank is indicated with dotted lines illustrating the material which has been metalworked and maybe also machined away to form the downhole expandable tubular 1 in one piece without subsequent use of connection parts or welded connection of rings creating projections and grooves. Hence, the downhole expandable tubular is merely fastened at its ends to the tubular part by a simple welded connection. By machining the downhole expandable tubular from a blank having a substantially larger wall thickness, the downhole expandable tubular can be made with increased thickness, projections and grooves without having to weld rings onto the downhole expandable tubular, which may result in the subsequent deterioration of the expansion ability of the downhole expandable tubular.
The tubular blank of Fig. 2 has an inner diameter D_i and an outer diameter D_o, and the blank may be machined so as to increase the inner diameter D_i and decrease the outer diameter D_o to remove the material with the highest content of impurities. The machining is performed by means of milling, cutting, grinding, latheing or by means of similar machining methods for removing material from the blank to form the downhole expandable tubular. In Fig. 3, metal material is being removed from the tubular blank in a lathe machine 50 to form the expandable tubular 1. The tubular blank is fastened between two points 51, and a lathe bit 52 is machining material away from the blank 6. As shown in Fig. 3, the tubular blank may be a solid cylinder or a hollow cylinder as shown in Fig. 2. The tubular blank is made from any suitable metal material, such as steel or stainless steel. As can be seen in Fig. 4, the downhole expandable tubular has a length l, and the downhole expandable tubular 1 is machined along the entire length, thus removing material from the blank to form the downhole expandable tubular 1 of a "pure" material.
In Fig. 7, a sealing element 9 is arranged in the groove 8 and between two projections 7. As can be seen, the thicknes t of the expandable tubular 1 is not the same in the groove as between two adjacent projections which are not adjacent the same groove. In another embodiment, the sealing element 9 may be arranged merely between two adjacent projections, so that the downhole expandable tubular 1 does not have grooves and thus has the same thickness t between the projections 7 and opposite the sealing element 9, as shown in Fig. 6.
As shown in Fig. 7, in order to maintain the sealing element 9 in place, also during expansion of the downhole expandable tubular 1, a ring-shaped retainer element 10 is arranged between two adjacent projections 7 or in the groove 8 for pressing the sealing element 9 in the axial extension towards an edge 11 of the projection or groove. The retainer element 10 functions as a back-up ring for the sealing element, so that the sealing element 9 is not squeezed in between the expandable tubular and the inner face of the borehole or casing when the expandable tubular is expanded. The retainer element is a split ring with several windings and is made of a metal material. When the expandable tubular is expanded by 30%, the retainer element 10 is partly "unwound" by 30% of the circumference of the retainer element 10, and thus the retainer element decreases its number of windings so that it is still capable of pressing the sealing element against the edge of the groove or the projection. As shown, a retainer element 10 is arranged on opposite sides of the sealing element 9 squeezing the sealing element along its circumferential edges. Each retainer element 10 in Fig. 8 has approximately 3.5 windings, and after expansion of the expandable tubular, the retainer element 10 has approximately 2.7 windings and thus maintains its extension in the axial extension of the expandable tubular even though the retainer element has been partly unwound.
The retainer element may also be made of a spring material, so that when the downhole expandable tubular 1 is expanded, the retainer element is also expanded, resulting in an inherent spring force in the retainer element. However, the spring effect of the metal is not essential to the operation of the retainer ring.
As shown in Fig. 8, a back-up element 12 is arranged between the ring-shaped retaining element 10 and the sealing element 9. The sealing element 9 is typically made of an elastomeric material and the retainer element is made of a metallic material, and in order to protect the sealing element, the back-up element arranged therebetween is made of non-metallic material which is less flexible than the sealing material.
In another embodiment, the downhole expandable tubular 1 may be a patch which is expanded within a casing part of a well tubular structure in a well. The patch is typically used for sealing off a leak or a perforated zone of openings in the casing. The downhole expandable tubular is inserted into the casing having a first diameter, and when positioned opposite the openings, the expandable tubular is expanded to a second and larger diameter until the sealing elements are sqeezed in between the downhole expandable tubular and the inner face of the casing. Since the sealing elements are arranged between projections on opposite sites of the perforated zone of openings, the zone is sealed off and the well fluid from the formation is prevented from flowing in through the openings. The downhole expandable tubular 1 may also be a liner hanger where the downhole expandable tubular has been partly expanded within an upper casing forming part of a well tubular structure in a well.
Fig. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of an annular barrier 100 which has been expanded in an annulus 101 between a well tubular structure 300 and an inside face 3 of the borehole 5. The annular barrier provides zone isolation between a first zone 102 and a second zone 103 of the borehole. The annular barrier has an axial extension 22 which coincides with the longitudinal extension of the casing and well tubular structure. The annular barrier comprises a tubular part 20, which may be a separate tubular part or a casing part for mounting a part of the well tubular structure 300. Furthermore, the annular barrier comprises the downhole expandable tubular 1 which surrounds the tubular part, and each end 31, 32 of the expandable tubular 1 is connected with the tubular part by means of welded connections. The downhole expandable tubular 1 and the tubular part 20 enclose an annular barrier space 21, and an expansion opening 23 is provided in the tubular part through which fluid may enter the space in order to expand the expandable tubular as shown in Fig. 6. The downhole expandable tubular 1 is expanded until the sealing elements or the projections abut the inner face 3 of the borehole 5, so that fluid is prevented from flowing freely from the first zone 102 to the second zone 103.
In Fig. 9, the end sections 31, 32 and the intermediate section 33 have substantially the same thickness along the axial extension of the downhole expandable tubular 1. The intermediate section 33 comprises subsections 38 having a higher yield strength than the intermediate section 33. And when expanding the downhole expandable tubular 1 as part of an annular barrier as shown in Fig. 10, the subsections 38 do not expand as much as the rest of the intermediate section 33. The subsections 38 therefore change the cross-sectional shape of the expanded downhole expandable tubular 1 into a more bulged shape, creating cavities between the downhole expandable tubular 1 and the inner face 3 of the borehole 5, strengthening the downhole expandable tubular 1 and substantially increasing the collapse rating of the annular barrier of Fig. 10. The yield strength of the subsections is lower than that of the end sections. The subsections are distributed along the axial extension of the intermediate section with a predetermined distance between them, creating several cavities in which sealing elements 9 are arranged. Thus, the intermediate section may extend between the subsections, so that the expandable tubular has varying yield strengths along the axial extension.
As shown in Fig. 12, the end sections of the downhole expandable tubular may be connected with the tubular part by means of connection parts 30. The connection parts 30 may be configured to protect the downhole expandable tubular when it is being submerged, and the connection parts may also be provided with helical grooves to ease the insertion of the well tubular structure 4 into the borehole.
As shown in Fig. 11, the annular barrier further comprises a sleeve 25 arranged between the downhole expandable tubular 1 and the tubular part 20. The sleeve 25 is connected with the tubular part 20 and the downhole expandable tubular 1, thus dividing the space into a first space section 21a and a second space section 21b. The sleeve is squeezed in between the tubular part and the downhole expandable tubular. The sleeve 25 may also be connected with the tubular part in another manner, such as shrink-fitted onto the tubular part. In order to equalise the pressure, the downhole expandable tubular has an opening 24 providing fluid communication between the first or the second zone and one of the space sections, thus equalising the pressure between the space and that zone. When e.g. performing hydraulic fracturing or another well treatment, the pressure in one of the zones in which hydraulic fracturing is performed is increasing, and in order to prevent the expandable tubular from collapsing, the fluid is let in through the opening 24 and into the first space section 21a. When exposed to the increased pressure, the sleeve 25 moves towards the tubular part, thus yielding to the increased pressure in the first space section 21a, and the first space 21a increases until the pressure equalises or the sleeve abuts the tubular part.
The annular barrier space of the annular barrier may comprise at least one thermally decomposable compound adapted to generate gas or super-critical fluid upon decomposition. This compound may be thermally decomposable below a temperature of 400°C and above 100°C, preferably above 180°C. Thus, the downhole expandable tubular of the annular barrier may be expanded by supplying heat to the annular barrier instead of pressurised fluid. The compound may comprise nitrogen in the form of ammonium, nitrite, azide or nitrate or be selected from a group consisting of: ammonium dichromate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrite, barium azide, sodium nitrate, or a combination thereof.
The metal material of the end sections after being metal worked has a yield strength of 250-1000 MPa at room temperature, preferably 300-700 MPa at room temperature. The metal material of the intermediate section after being metal worked has a yield strength of 200-400 MPa at room temperature, preferably 200-350 MPa at room temperature.
The tubular blank may be made of any kind of metal, such as iron, steel or stainless steel, or more ductile materials, such as copper, aluminium, lead, tin, nickel, or a combination thereof. By blank is meant a preform or similar intermediate product.
Cold-working may be performed by rollers pressing on the outer face of the blank or downhole expandable tubular while the rollers are moved along the axial extension, extending the length of the blank or downhole expandable tubular along the axial extension and decreasing the thickness of the blank or downhole expandable tubular.
The expansion of the downhole expandable tubular may be performed by tool isolation of a section of the well tubular structure opposite the opening 23 in the tubular part 20 of the annular barrier of Fig. 6, and then pressurising that section.
By fluid or well fluid is meant any kind of fluid that may be present in oil or gas wells downhole, such as natural gas, oil, oil mud, crude oil, water, etc. By gas is meant any kind of gas composition present in a well, completion, or open hole, and by oil is meant any kind of oil composition, such as crude oil, an oil-containing fluid, etc. Gas, oil, and water fluids may thus all comprise other elements or substances than gas, oil, and/or water, respectively.
By a well tubular structure, casing or production casing is meant any kind of pipe, tubing, tubular, liner, string etc. used downhole in relation to oil or natural gas production.
In the event that the tool is not submergible all the way into the casing, a downhole tractor can be used to push the tool all the way into position in the well. The downhole tractor may have projectable arms having wheels, wherein the wheels contact the inner surface of the casing for propelling the tractor and the tool forward in the casing. A downhole tractor is any kind of driving tool capable of pushing or pulling tools in a well downhole, such as a Well Tractor®.
Although the invention has been described in the above in connection with preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be evident for a person skilled in the art that several modifications are conceivable without departing from the invention as defined by the following claims.

Claims

A downhole expandable tubular (1) to be expanded in a well (2) downhole from a first outer diameter (D₁) to a second outer diameter (D₂) to abut against an inner face (3) of a casing (4) or borehole (5), the downhole expandable tubular having an axial extension (22), a first end section (31) and a second end section (32), and an intermediate section (33) between the first end section and the second end section,
wherein the downhole expandable tubular is made from one metal tubular blank (6) of one metal material, the metal material of the end sections having a higher yield strength than the metal material of the intermediate section.
A downhole expandable tubular according to claim 1, wherein the metal material of the end sections has a higher yield strength than the metal material of the intermediate section after metalworking of the end sections or the intermediate section.
A downhole expandable tubular according to claim 1 or 2, wherein metalworking is performed by means of one of the following processes: cold-working, heat treating, annealing, induction annealing or any combination thereof.
A downhole expandable tubular according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the end sections are cold-worked or the intermediate section is heat-treated, annealed or induction-annealed.
A downhole expandable tubular according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the yield strength of the metal material of the end sections is at least 25% higher than the yield strength of the material of the intermediate section, preferably at least 40% higher than the yield strength of the material of the intermediate section, and more preferably at least 50% higher than the yield strength of the material of the intermediate section.
A downhole expandable tubular according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the yield strength of the metal material of the end sections is at least 350 MPa.
A downhole expandable tubular according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the end sections and the intermediate section have substantially the same thickness along the axial extension.
A downhole expandable tubular according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the tubular blank is made from steel or stainless steel.
An annular barrier (100) to be expanded in an annulus (101) between a well tubular structure (300) and an inside face (3) of a casing (4) or borehole (5) downhole for providing zone isolation between a first zone (102) and a second zone (103) of the casing or borehole, the annular barrier having an axial extension (22) and comprising:
- a tubular part (20), the tubular part being a separate tubular part or a casing part for mounting as part of the well tubular structure,

- a downhole expandable tubular (1) according to any of the preceding claims, the expandable tubular surrounding the tubular part, each end section (31, 32) of the expandable tubular being connected with the tubular part and extending along the axial extension, and

- an annular barrier space (21) between the tubular part and the expandable tubular.
An annular barrier according to claim 9, wherein the end sections of the downhole expandable tubular are welded to the tubular part.
An annular barrier according to claim 9, further comprising at least one sealing element (9) surrounding the downhole expandable tubular.
A downhole completion system comprising
- a well tubular structure (300), and

- an annular barrier (100) according to any of the claims 9-11.
A manufacturing method for the manufacture of the downhole expandable tubular according to any of claims 1-8, comprising the steps of:
- providing a metal tubular blank (6) made of a metal material, and

- metalworking the end sections or the intermediate section so that the metal meterial of the end sections has a higer yield strength than the metal material of the intermediate section.
A manufacturing method according to claim 13, wherein the step of metalworking comprises the steps of:
- cold-working the intermediate section to a thickness which is smaller than that of the end sections,

- heat treating the intermediate section, and

- cold-working the end sections.
A manufacturing method according to claim 13, wherein the step of metalworking comprises the steps of:
- cold-working the intermediate section and the end sections, and

- heat treating the intermediate section.